College of Engineering and Computer Science

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 370
Thermodynamics
Fall 2010 Course Number: 14319
Instructor: Larry Caretto
Unit Two Homework Solutions, September 9, 2010
1 A frictionless piston-cylinder device initially contains 200 L of saturated liuid refrigerant-
1!"a# $he piston is free to move% and its mass is such that it maintains a pressure of &00
'(a on the refrigerant# $he refrigerant is no) heated until its temperature rises to *0
o
C#
Calculate the )or' done during this process#
The freely-movn! "ston can be nter"rete# as !vn! a constant "ressure "rocess such that $1 %
$2 % $ % 900 &$a' For a constant "ressure "rocess( the conce"t that the )or& s the area un#er
the "ath s "artcularly sm"le' That area s a rectan!le )hose area s $ *+2 , +1-' .e &no) that
$ s 900 &$a( an# the ntal volume s 200 L % 0'2 m
3
( but )e have to fn# the fnal volume'
/ecause ths s a constant "ressure "rocess( the fnal "ressure e0uals the ntal "ressure of 900
&$a *0'9 1$a- an# )e are !ven that the fnal state has a tem"erature of 20
o
C' From the
su"erheat tables for refr!erant-134a n Table 3-13 on "a!e 930( )e fn# that the specific volume
at ths tem"erature an# "ressure s 0'022413 m
3
4&!'
In or#er to fn# the volume *+ n m
3
as o""ose# to the s"ecfc volume( v( from the "ro"erty tables
n m
3
4&!-( )e have to &no) the mass' .e can fn# the mass from the ntal volume an# the value
of the s"ecfc volume at the ntal state of saturate# l0u# at 900 &$a' 3t ths "ressure( )e use
the saturaton table( 3-12( on "a!e 925( to fn# the s"ecfc volume of the saturate# l0u#( vf %
0'0005650 m
3
4&! at 900 &$a' .e can then fn# the mass as follo)s'
kg
L
m
kg
m
L
v
V
m 1 . 233
1000
0008580 . 0
200
3
3
1
1

.e can no) com"ute +2 % mv2 an# fn# the )or& #one'
3
3
3
1 2 1 2
1
2 . 0 027413 . 0 ) 1 . 233 ( ) 900 ( ) ( ) (
m kPa
kJ
m
kg
m
kg kPa V mv P V V P W
1
1
]
1

,
_

+ , -%-*1 '.
2 A mass of 2#" 'g of air at 1-0 '(a and 12
o
C is contained in a gas-tight% frictionless piston-
cylinder device# $he air is no) compressed to a final pressure of /00 '(a# During the
process% heat is transferred from the air such that the temperature inside the cylinder
remains constant# Calculate the )or' input during this process#
In ths case the "ath s a constant tem"erature "ath' If )e assume that ar s an #eal !as( )e can
)rte the #eal-!as e0uaton of state( at a constant tem"erature( as follo)s:
V
mRT
P
7nce m8T s a constant n a constant tem"erature "rocess( )e can )rte the e0uaton for )or&
as follo)s'
9acaran#a *:n!neern!- 3619 1al Co#e $hone: 515';22';445
:-mal: lcaretto<csun'e#u 5345 Fa=: 515';22'20;2
[ ]

,
_

1
2
ln ) ln(
2
1
2
1
2
1
V
V
mRT V mRT
V
dV
mRT dV
V
mRT
PdV W
V
V
V
V
V
V path
.e can fn# the rato( +24+1 as follo)s for the constant tem"erature "rocess'
2
1
1
2
1
2
P
P
P
mRT
P
mRT
V
V

7ubsttutn! $14$2 n "lace of +24+1( usn! the !as constant for ar % 0'2520 &94*&!>?- from Table
3-1 on "a!e 905( an# usn! the !ven values of m % 2'4 &!( an# T % 12
o
C % 256'16 ?( !ves the
follo)n! result for the )or&'

,
_

,
_

kPa
kPa
K
K kg
kJ
kg
P
P
mRT W
600
150
ln ) 15 . 285 (
2870 . 0
) 4 . 2 ( ln
2
1
02*2 '.
The ne!atve s!n for the )or& n#cates that ths s a )or& n"ut of 222 &9
! A frictionless piston0cylinder device contains 2 'g of nitrogen at 100 '(a and !00 1#
2itrogen is no) compressed slo)ly according to the relation (3
1#"
, constant until it
reaches a final temperature of !/0 1# Calculate the )or' done during this process#
In ths case the "ath e0uaton s $+
n
% C )th n % 1'4' .e can re)rte ths e0uaton as $ % C+
-n
(
an# nte!rate ths revse# "ath e0uaton to fn# the )or& as follo)s'
[ ] ( )
n n
V
V
n
V
V
n
path
V V
n
C
V
n
C
dV CV PdV W
+

+


1
1
1
2
1
1 1
2
1
2
1
To re#uce ths e0uaton further )e can use a trc&' 7nce $+
n
% C( the constant C may be )rtten
ether as $1+1
n
or as $2+2
n
' /y carefully choosn! )hch )ay )e )rte ths constant( )e can
sm"lfy our result'
( )
n
V P V P
n
V V P V V P
n
CV CV
V V
n
C
W
n n n n n n
n n

1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2
1
1 1 1
1
2 2 2
1
1
1
2 1
1
1
2
The e0uaton above s val# for any substance' For an #eal !as( )e can obtan a sm"ler result
for the )or& by usn! the #eal !as e0uaton of state( )rtn! each $&+& "ro#uct as m8T&'
n
T T mR
n
mRT mRT
n
V P V P
W

1
) (
1 1
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
.e can fn# the !as constant for ntro!en from Table 3-1 on "a!e 905@ 8 % 0'29;5 &94*&!>?-' .e
are !ven m % 2 &!( T1 % 300 ?( T2 % 3;0 ? an# n % 1'4' 7ubsttutn! these values nto the
e0uaton for the )or& !ves the ans)er as follo)s'
4 . 1 1
) 300 360 (
2968 . 0
) 2 (
1
) (
1 2

K K
K kg
kJ
kg
n
T T mR
W
%04&#0 '.
The ne!atve s!n for the )or& n#cates that ths s a )or& n"ut of 59'0 &9
9acaran#a *:n!neern!- 3619 1al Co#e $hone: 515';22';445
:-mal: lcaretto<csun'e#u 5345 Fa=: 515';22'20;2
" 5ydrogen is contained in a piston-cylinder device at 1"#* psia and 1- ft
!
# At this state% a
linear spring 67 89 )ith a spring constant of 1-%000 l:f;ft is touching the piston% :ut e8erts
no force on it# $he cross sectional area of the piston is ! ft
2
# 5eat is transferred to the
hydrogen% causing it to e8pand until its volume dou:les# Determine 6a9 the final pressure%
6:9 the total )or' done :y the hydrogen% and 6c9 the fraction of this )or' done against the
spring# Also sho) the process on a (-3 diagram#
In ths "roblem there are t)o com"onents of the "ressure' The ntal "ressure of 14'2 "sa s #ue
to the atmos"herc "ressure "lus the )e!ht of the "ston' Call ths ntal "ressure $1' The
secon# com"onent s the "ressure e=erte# by the s"rn!' If the s"rn! force s F an# the cross
sectonal area of the "ston s 3( then the "ressure e=erte# by the s"rn! s $s"rn! % F43'
For the lnear s"rn!( F % &*= , =e-( )here =e s the e0ulbrum #s"lacement for the s"rn! an# & %
16(000 lbf4ft for ths s"rn!' The #s"lacement( =( can be )rtten as the #fference n volume
#v#e# by the cross-sectonal area( 3' If =e s the e0ulbrum "oston of the s"rn! an# +e s the
system volume at ths "ont( )e can relate the s"rn! #s"lacement to volume as follo)s'
A
V V
x x
e
e


.e can nter"ret the statement that the s"rn! s Aust touchn! the "ston( but e=erts no force on t
at the ntal volume as sayn! that the e0ulbrum "oston of the s"rn! occurs )hen the system
volume s e0ual to the ntal volume@ that s( +e % +1' No) the "ressure #ue to the s"rn! s sm"ly
the s"rn! force #v#e# by the area of the cyln#er' The s"rn! force s "ro"ortonal to ts
#s"lacement an# )e have Aust #erve# an e0uaton that relates s"rn! #s"lacement to volume
chan!e' .e can combne all these to !et a "ath e0uaton as follo)s'
2
1
1
) (
A
V V
k
A
A
V V
k
A
x x k
A
F
P
e
spring

7nce "art *c- of the "roblem as&s for the fracton of the )or& #one a!anst the s"rn!( letBs &ee"
trac& of both se"arately' The total "ressure( $( )ll be the sum of the constant "ressure from the
)e!ht of the "ston *an# atmos"herc "ressure-( $1( an# $s"rn!'
2
1
1 1
A
V V
k P P P P
spring

+ +
.e can thus )rte the )or& as follo)s'
( )

+ +
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 1
V
V
spring
V
V
V
V
spring
path
dV P dV P dV P P PdV W
.e can re!ar# the fnal t)o nte!rals as t)o com"onents of )or&' The frst nte!ral s sm"le to
nte!rate snce the "ressure( $1( s constant' .e can thus )rte the follo)n! com"onents of the
)or&'
) (
1 2 1 1
2
1
2
1
V V P dV P W W dV P W
V
V
spring
V
V
spring spring


Csn! the e0uaton for $s"rn! !ven above )e can fn# the s"rn! )or& as sho)n belo)' In ths
nte!raton )e ntro#uce the varable y % + , +1' Note that #+ % #y an# the lo)er an# u""er
nte!ral lmts of + % +1 an# + % +2 are e0uvalent to y % 0 an# y % +2 , +1( res"ectvely'
9acaran#a *:n!neern!- 3619 1al Co#e $hone: 515';22';445
:-mal: lcaretto<csun'e#u 5345 Fa=: 515';22'20;2
2
1 2
0
2
2
0
2
1
2 2
1
2 2
) (
1 2
1 2
2
1
2
1
2
1

,
_

1
1
]
1

A
V V k y
A
k
ydy
A
k
dV V V
A
k
dV
A
V V
k dV P W
V V
V V y
y
V
V
V
V
V
V
spring spring
.e have no) com"lete# the analyss of the e0uatons for the "ressure an# the )or&@ no) )e
have to a""ly the !ven values: $1 % 14'2 "sa@ +1 % 16 ft
3
@ +2 % 2 +1 % 30 ft
3
@ 3 % 3 ft
2
@ & %
16(000 lbf4ft'
.e can #etermne the fnal "ressure by settn! + % +2 n the e0uaton for the total "ressure as a
functon of +'
2
2
2 2
3 3
2 2
1 2
1 2
144 ) 3 (
15 30
15000
7 . 14
in
ft
ft
ft ft
ft
lb
in
lb
A
V V
k P P
f f

+

+
(2 , 144#! psia
.e can evaluate the com"onents of the total )or& term from the a""ro"rate e0uatons

,
_

,
_

2
2
3 3
2
1 2
3
15 30
15000
2
1
2 ft
ft ft
ft
lb
A
V V k
W
f
spring
1#4*-810
-
ft<l:f
( )
2
2
3 3
2
5
1 2 1
144
15 30 7 . 14 10 875 . 1 ) (
ft
in
ft ft
in
lb
lb ft x V V P W W
f
f spring
+ +
+ , 2#1&!810
-
ft<l:f
The "ro"orton of )or& #ue to the s"rn! s sm"ly the
rato of the s"rn! )or&( 1'526=10
6
ft>lbf to the total
)or&( 1'526=10
6
ft>lbf ' Ths rato sho)s that
4-#-= of the )or' is due to the spring'
From the e0uaton for the "ath( )e )ee that $ s a
lnear functon of +' Thus the "lot of the "ath on a $-+
#a!ram )ll be a stra!ht lne from the ntal "ont *$1(
+1- to the fnal "ont *$2( +2-' Ths "ath s sho)n on
the #a!ram at the left' *Note that )e coul# have
foun# the total )or& as the area un#er ths "ath' Dou
can chec& the calculaton to see f ths s correct' Eo
you !et the same ans)er for the total )or& )hen you
com"ute t as *$1 F $2-*+2 , +1-42G
Note that )e never have to ma&e use of the nature of the substance( hy#ro!en' The ans)er to
ths "roblem )oul# be the same for any substance' If )e )ere !ven or as&e# to fn# tem"erature
#ata( )e coul# use the #eal !as e0uaton of state )th the !as constant for hy#ro!en'
9acaran#a *:n!neern!- 3619 1al Co#e $hone: 515';22';445
:-mal: lcaretto<csun'e#u 5345 Fa=: 515';22'20;2
P
1
P
P
2
V
V
1
V
2
- A piston-cylinder device contains -0 'g of )ater at 2-0 '(a and 2-
o
C# $he cross sectional
area of the piston is is 0#1 m
2
# 5eat is no) transferred to the )ater% causing part of it to
evaporate and e8pand# +hen the volume reaches 0#2 m
!
% the piston reaches a linear
spring )hose spring constant is 100 '2;m# More heat is transferred until the piston rises
20 cm more# Determine 6a9 the final pressure and temperature and 6:9 the )or' done
during the process# Also sho) the process on a (-3 diagram#
Ths "roblem s smlar to the "revous one( e=ce"t that there are t)o ste"s to the "rocess an# )e
are not !ven all the "ressure an# volume #ata #rectly@ )e )ll have to use the "ro"erty tables for
)ater to !et some of the #ata'
The "rocess ta&es "lace n t)o ste"s' No nformaton s !ven about the frst ste" )here the
volume ncreases to 0'2 m
3
' LetBs assume that ths "rocess ta&es "lace at constant "ressure(
)hch s the "ressure #ue to atmos"herc "ressure "lus the )e!ht of the "ston'
The ntal state of the )ater at 260 &$a an# 26
o
C s a com"resse# l0u#' .e can confrm ths by
loo&n! at the saturaton "ro"ertes n Table 3-4 on "a!e 914' The !ven "ressure of 260 &$a s
!reater than the saturaton "ressure at the !ven tem"erature of 26
o
C( )hch s only 3'1;95 &$a'
.e can reach the same concluson by e=amnn! the #ata n Table 3-6 on "a!e 91; )hch sho)s
that the saturaton tem"erature at the !ven "ressure of 260 &$a( )hch s 122'41
o
C s !reater
than the !ven tem"erature of 26
o
C' .e can use the a""ro=maton that the s"ecfc volume of
the com"resse# l0u# at 260 &$a an# 26
o
C s the same as the s"ecfc volume of the saturate#
l0u# at 26
o
C( )hch s 0'001003 m
3
4&! from Table 3-4'
.e thus &no) that the ntal volume( +1 % m v1 % *60 &!- *0'001003 m
3
4&!- % 0'06016 m
3
'
From the assum"ton that the frst ste" of the "rocess occurs at constant "ressure( )e &no) that
the "ressure at the en# of ths ste"( $2 e0uals $1 % 260 &$a'
In the secon# ste"( the "ressure s the sum of ths 260 &$a #ue to the "ston )e!ht an#
atmos"herc "ressure "lus the "ressure of the s"rn!' From "roblem 4 )e sa) that the s"rn!
"ressure s !ven by the follo)n! e0uaton'
2
1
1
) (
A
V V
k
A
A
V V
k
A
x x k
A
F
P
e
spring

In ths "roblem the e0ulbrum "ont of the s"rn! occurs )hen the volume s +2' The total
"ressure s then !ven by the follo)n! e0uaton' *In ths e0uaton )e )rte the constant "ressure
bet)een ste"s 1 an# 2 as $1-2 to remn# us that )e have ths constant "ressure'-
2
2
2 1
2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
) (
A
V V
k P
A
A
V V
k
P
A
x x k
P
A
F
P P P P
e
spring

+

+ + +

Csn! the #ata !ven for the s"rn! constant( & % 100 &N4m( )e can fn# the s"rn! #s"lacement
at the fnal state( =3 , =e % 20 cm % 0'2 m( an# are !ven the "ston area( 3 % 0'1 m
2
' .e can thus
solve for the fnal "ressure as follo)s'
kPa
kN
m kPa
m
m
m
kN
kPa
A
x x k
P P
e
450
1
1 . 0
2 . 0 100
250
) (
2
2
3
2 1 3

+

The fnal volume( +3( s the sum of the volume at "ont 2( )hch s !ven as 0'2 m
3
"lus the
ncrease n volume #ue to the "ston moton' Ths volume ncrease s sm"ly the "ston area *3 %
9acaran#a *:n!neern!- 3619 1al Co#e $hone: 515';22';445
:-mal: lcaretto<csun'e#u 5345 Fa=: 515';22'20;2
0'1 m
2
- tmes the "ston #s"lacement of 20 cm % 0'2 m' Thus )e com"ute the fnal volume as
follo)s'
+3 % 0'2 m
3
F *0'1 m
2
-*0'2 m- % 0'22 m
3
.e have alrea#y foun# the fnal "ressure' To #etermne the fnal tem"erature( )e have to
#etermne the fnal s"ecfc volume( v3'
v3 % +34m % 0'22 m
3
4 60 &! % 0'0044 m
3
4&!
3t the fnal "ressure of 460 &$a( the s"ecfc volumes of the saturate# l0u# an# saturate# va"or
are 0'001055 m
3
4&! an# 0'41392 m
3
4&!( res"ectvely' *Table 3-6( "a!e 91;-' Thus the fnal
tem"erature must be the saturaton tem"erature at 460 &$a' Table 3-6 !ves $! , 1"*#&0
o
C'
The $-+ #a!ram for ths "rocess s sho)n on the r!ht'
From ths #a!ram )e see that )e can com"ute the )or&
for each ste" n the "rocess' The frst ste" from "ont 1
to "ont 2 s a constant "ressure "rocess' Call ths
constant "ressure bet)een "onts one an# t)o $1-2(
)here $1-2 % $1 % $2 260 &$3' The )or& for ths constant
"ressure ste" s sm"ly $1-2 *+2 , +1-'
The secon# ste" from *$2( +2- to *$3( +3- s a stra!ht lne'
Ths s true because of the e0uaton for total "ressure
alon! the "ath( )hch )e #erve# earler( an# s sho)n
belo)( !ves $ as a lnear functon of +'
2
2
2 1
A
V V
k P P

+

/ecause of ths lnear relatonsh"( the )or& for the secon# ste"( from *$2( +2- to *$3( +3- s !ven
by the formula for the area of a tra"eHo#' *$2 F $3- *+3 , +1-42' 3##n! the )or& for both ste"s n
ths "rocess !ves the follo)n! result for the )or&'
. % $1-2 *+2 , +1- F *$2 F $3- *+3 , +2-42
.e no) &no) the values for all the "ressures an# volumes n ths e0uaton so )e can com"ute
the )or&'
3
3 3
3 3
1
2
) 2 . 0 22 . 0 )( 450 250 (
) 05015 . 0 2 . 0 )( 250 (
m kPa
kJ m m kPa kPa
m m kPa W
1
1
]
1

+
+
+ , ""#- '.
Iere( the "ostve s!n for )or& n#cates that there s a )or& out"ut'
9acaran#a *:n!neern!- 3619 1al Co#e $hone: 515';22';445
:-mal: lcaretto<csun'e#u 5345 Fa=: 515';22'20;2
P
1
=P
2
P
P
33
V
V
1
V
2
V
3