International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications

2014; 2(1): 1-4 Published online January 10, 2014 (http://www.s ien epublishin!!roup. o"/#/i#"ea) doi: 10.11$4%/#.i#"ea.20140201.11

Analysing the implementation of six stroke engine in a hybrid car

Chinmayee Karmalkar, Vivek Raut
&e hani al 'n!ineerin!, (idya)ardhini*s +olle!e o, 'n!ineerin! and -e hnolo!y, &u"bai, .ndia

Email address:
./ar"al/ar0yahoo. o" (+. 1ar"al/ar), )i)e/.raut230!"ail. o" ((. 4aut)

To cite this article:

+hin"ayee 1ar"al/ar, (i)e/ 4aut. 5nalysin! the ."ple"entation o, 6i7 6tro/e 'n!ine in a 8ybrid +ar. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications. (ol. 2, 9o. 1, 2014, pp. 1-4. doi: 10.11$4%/#.i#"ea.20140201.11

Abstract: -he ai" o, the presented paper is to understand the latest trends in .nternal +o"bustion 'n!ine while "aintainin! its pri"e ,o us on si7 stro/e en!ine. -he underlyin! idea to write this paper is to try and i"ple"ent a $ stro/e en!ine oupled to an ele tri "otor in hybrid ar. -his would then be nu"eri ally analy:ed with e7istin! hybrid ars. -he i"portant aspe t is to a tually o"bine the bene,i ial a tions o, both hybrid te hnolo!y and $ stro/e en!ines and to study its a,ter e,,e ts. -he para"eters durin! the o"parison are e,,i ien ies, ,uel onsu"ption, et . -he paper pro!resses with the !o)ernin! prin iples in ideal ase and then slowly i"ple"entin! the idea in pra ti al sense. 5lso the predi ted ,uel e ono"y is been dis ussed below. Keywords: 6i7 6tro/e +y le, 5ir .ndu tion 6yste", ;ater .n#e tion 6yste", 8ybrid +ars

1. ntroduction
5"idst the e)er pro!ressin! auto"obile en!ineerin! o"es a new trend o, en!ines popularly /nown as the $ stro/e en!ines. -he si7 stro/e en!ines are "ostly re o""ended ,or their e7tra power output and thus "ost pre,erred in hea)y )ehi les where the pri"e ,o us is on load arryin! apa ity rather than ,uel e ono"y. .t onsists o, si7 stro/es whi h are due to the radi al hybridi:ation o, 2 stro/es and 4stro/es, i.e. the piston in ea h "o)e !oes up and down si7 ti"es ,or the in#e tion o, ,uel. -he si7 stro/e en!ine onsists o, 2 ha"bers ha)in! internal o"bustion and e7ternal o"bustion wherein, the unused or waste heat ,ro" the 4 stro/e <tto y le is then used to arry out ,urther stro/es. -hese 2 additional stro/es in rease the wor/ e7tra ted per unit input o, ener!y, whi h then lead to 40= in rease in ,uel e,,i ien y than the ,our stro/e <tto y le. 5 ordin! to the literature sur)ey done, the 9iy/ado si7 stro/e en!ine was the )ery 1stsi7 stro/e en!ine "odel arried out, whi h then see"ed to ,ail. >ollowed by ?a:ula:, +rowers and @ri,,ins* "odel o, si7 stro/e en!ines. &al ol" ?eare was the "ost su ess,ul in)entor o, si7 stro/e en!ines. -he si7 stro/es o, the si7 stro/e y les are as ,ollows: .nta/e stro/e +o"pression stro/e .!nition stro/e

4e o"pression stro/e 6tea" e7pansion stro/e and '7haust stro/e -he ,irst 4 stro/es are si"ilar to those in 4stro/e <tto y le en!ine. -he ,irst stro/e i.e. in the inta/e stro/e air ,uel "i7ture by the arburetor is supplied in the inta/e )al)e wherein the e7haust )al)e is losed and the piston is said to "o)e ,ro" -A+ (-op Aead +enter) to ?A+ (?otto" Aead +enter). -he se ond stro/e o, o"pression is wherein the inta/e as well as the e7haust )al)es is losed, onsists o, o"pression o, the air ,uel "i7ture and the piston "o)es ,ro" ?A+ to -A+. .n the third stro/e, i!nition ta/es pla e as a spar/ plu! is used to i!nite the o"pressed "i7ture and here be!ins the 2ndre)olution wherein the piston a!ain "o)es ,ro" -A+ to ?A+. .n the ,ourth stro/e, these burnt !ases are led out ,ro" the ylinder throu!h e7haust )al)e and reed )al)e whi h then o"pletes the 2ndre)olution and the ,ourth stro/e as the piston "o)es ,ro" ?A+ to -A+. B4C -he di,,erentiatin! points are the re"ainin! two stro/es i.e. the Dth and the $th stro/e. -he ,i,th stro/e initiates the power stro/e, wherein instead o, air- ,uel "i7ture only air is su /ed into the ylinder ,ro" the air ,ilter throu!h the se ondary air indu tion line and the piston "o)es ,ro" -A+ to ?A+. .n the si7th stro/e then the air ,ro" the ylinder is led to the at"osphere by the e7haust )al)e. 6o in !eneral to su""ari:e the abo)e state"ents we say

+hin"ayee 1ar"al/ar and (i)e/ 4aut: 5nalysin! ."ple"entation o, 6i7 6tro/e 'n!ine in 8ybrid +ar

that the power stro/es are the 3rd and the Dth stro/e. -he e7haust stro/es are the 4th and the $th stro/e.

!. "iterature #urvey
2.1. Six Stroke Engine -his se tion e7plains the bene,i ial aspe ts ina si7 stro/e en!ine whi h does not e7ist in a 4 stro/e en!ine. -he "a#or di,,eren es between 4 are $ stro/e en!ines are the e7tra 2 stro/es o, whi h the Dth stro/e is the power stro/e. .t is o, 2 types listed below: 2.1.1. Air Induction System -he si7 stro/es en!ines as dis ussed earlier are basi ally used ,or hi!h power output and hi!h ,uel e,,i ien y. .n the air indu tion syste", the air ,ro" air ,ilter is then passed to the "ass ,low sensor. -he "ass air,low sensor in the syste" indi ates the air,low whereas there is also an inta/e te"perature sensor whi h helps in deter"inin! the te"perature. 5s there is hi!h power and ,uel e,,i ien y, it will be re!ardless in sayin! that there will be hi!h o"pression ratio in the syste". BEC -his leads to detonation e,,e t or pre-i!nition in the syste". -his e,,e t produ es noise whi h is nowadays eli"inated by usin! a silen er. -he air indu tion syste" thus onsists o, hi!h te"perature inta/e air, as there are the turbo har!ers and super har!ers in the en!ine whi h pro)ide heat to the inta/e air. -his heat an ,urther be eli"inated by the inter oolers whi h help in oolin! the te"perature o, the hot o"pressed air and thus de rease its pressure. -his in reases the per,or"an e by re#e tin! heat into the at"osphere. 5s it pro)ides hi!her power and is use,ul in hi!h load apa ity en!ine, this syste" an be seen in air ra,ts. 2.1.2. Water Injection ;ater as it is /nown ,or its reliable properties has a spe i,i heat )alue o, about 4.1% J/! o+ -he )apori:ation o, water or any liFuid is ta/en into a ount by its property alled as Gthe latent heat o, )apori:ation* whi h deter"ines the han!e in state o, water ,ro" liFuid to !aseous state. 5s seen in the $ stro/e en!ine, there is an e7tra power stro/e apart ,ro" the one e7istin! power stro/e in the ,our stro/e en!ine. 5,ter the inta/e, o"pression, i!nition and e7haust stro/es there is water in#e tion in the syste". .t is done in order to pre)ent detonation in the syste". 5s the air is then ,eed ba / into the Dth stro/e it leads to a )ery hi!h pressure in the syste" whi h !i)es rise to hi!her pressures.B1C -hese pressures and te"peratures lead to an e7plosi)e burnin! o, air whi h pro)es to be har",ul ,or the en!ine. -he water in#e tion syste" is initiali:ed a,ter the te"perature e7 eeds 40o+. .t !i)es hi!her o"pression ratios and thus pro)ides anti/no / properties to the syste" whi h help in prote tin! the syste" ,ro" detonation as well as pro)ide an e,,i ient power stro/e. ?oein! ?-D2 initially "ade use o, water in#e tion ,or ta/eo,,s as these syste"s are reFuired ,or hi!her load arryin! apa ity auto"obiles.

-he water in#e tion "ethod is presu"ed to be better than air indu tion "ethod sin e water has a hi!her heat absorption apa ity than air also when air absorbs the heat and e7pands in the Dth stro/e it !enerates hi!h pressures in the en!ine head leadin! to hi!h stress on ylinder. -he si7-stro/e en!ine has the ,ollowin! ad)anta!es:B3C -her"al e,,i ien y rea hin! D0=. (30= ,or the a tual internal o"bustion en!ines) >uel onsu"ption redu ed by "ore than 40=. 4edu tion o, he"i al, noise and the r"alpollution. -wo e7pansions (wor/) throu!h si7 stro/es. Aire t in#e tion and opti"al ,uel o"bustion at e)ery en!ine speed >a tors a,,e tin! ,uel e,,i ien y: -he heat that is e)a uated durin! the oolin! o, a on)entional en!ine*s ylinder head is re o)ered in the si7-stro/e en!ine by the air-heatin! ha"ber surroundin! the o"bustion ha"ber. 5,ter inta/e, air is o"pressed in the heatin! ha"ber and heated throu!h E20 de!rees o, ran/sha,t an!le, 3$0 de!rees o, whi h in losed ha"ber (e7ternal o"bustion). -he trans,er o, heat ,ro" the )ery thin walls o, the o"bustion ha"ber to the air heatin! ha"bers lowers the te"perature and pressure o, the !ases one7pansion and e7haust (internal o"bustion).B3C ?etter o"bustion and e7pansion o, !ases that ta/e pla e o)er D40 de!rees o, ran/sha,t rotation, 3$0H o, whi h is in losed o"bustion ha"ber, and 1%0H ,ore7pansion. -he !lowin! o"bustion ha"ber allows the opti"al burnin! o, any ,uel and al ination o, the residues. Aistribution o, the wor/: two e7pansions (power stro/es) o)er si7 stro/es, or a third "ore than the in a ,our-stro/e en!ine. ?etter ,illin! o, the ylinder on the inta/e due to the lower te"perature o, the ylinder walls and the piston head. 'li"ination o, the e7haust !ases rossin! with ,resh air on inta/e. .n the si7 stro/e-en!ines, inta/e ta/es pla e on the ,irst stro/e and e7haust on the ,ourth stro/e. Iar!e redu tion in oolin! power. -he water pu"p and ,an outputs are redu ed. Possibility to suppress the water ooler.B3C Iess inertia due to the li!htness o, the "o)in! parts. Iower oil te"perature. ;ith o"bustion ta/in! pla e in a losed ha"ber, the hi!h te"peratures less stress the oil and the ris/ o, dilution is redu ed, e)en in old starts. 6in e the si7-stro/e en!ine has a third less inta/e and e7haust than a ,our stro/e en!ine, there is depression on the piston durin! inta/e and the ba /.BDC Pressure durin! e7haust is redu ed by a third. -he !ain in e,,i ien y balan es out the losses due to the passa!e o, air throu!h the o"bustion ha"ber and heatin! ha"ber )al)es, durin! o"pression o, ,resh and superheated air.

.nternational Journal o, &e hani al 'n!ineerin! and 5ppli ations 2014; 2(1): 1-4

2.2. Hybrid Technology -he !asoline-ele tri hybrid ar is #ust what it sounds li/e -- a ross between a !asoline-powered ar and an ele tri ar. 5 !as-powered ar has a ,uel tan/, whi h supplies !asoline to the en!ine. -he en!ine then turns atrans"ission, whi h turns the wheels. B2C -he hybrid is a o"pro"ise. .t atte"pts to si!ni,i antly in rease the "ilea!e and redu e the e"issions o, a !aspowered ar while o)er o"in! the short o"in!s o, an ele tri ar. -o be use,ul to you or "e, a ar "ust "eet ertain "ini"u" reFuire"ents. -he ar should be able to: Ari)e at least 300 "iles (4%2 /") be,ore re-,uelin! ?e re,ueled Fui /ly and easily 1eep up with the other tra,,i on the road 5 !asoline ar "eets these reFuire"ents but produ es a relati)ely lar!e a"ount o, pollution and !enerally !ets poor !as "ilea!e. 5n ele tri ar, howe)er, produ es al"ost no pollution, but it an only !o D0 to 100 "iles (%0 to 1$1 /") between har!es. 5nd the proble" has been that the ele tri ar is )ery slow and in on)enient to re har!e. 5 !asoline-ele tri ar o"bines these two setups into one syste" that le)era!es both !as power and ele tri power. @asoline-ele tri hybrid ars ontain the ,ollowin! parts:B2C @asoline en!ine$ -he hybrid ar has a !asoline en!ine "u h li/e the one you will ,ind on "ost ars. 8owe)er, the en!ine on a hybrid is s"aller and uses ad)an ed te hnolo!ies to redu e e"issions and in rease e,,i ien y. >uel tan/%-he ,uel tan/ in a hybrid is the ener!y stora!e de)i e ,or the !asoline en!ine. @asoline has a "u h hi!her ener!y density than batteries do. >or e7a"ple, it ta/es about 1,000 pounds o, batteries to store as "u h ener!y as 1 !allon (E pounds) o, !asoline. 'le tri "otor- -he ele tri "otoron a hybrid ar is )ery sophisti ated. 5d)an ed ele troni s allow it to a t as a "otor as well as a !enerator. >or e7a"ple, when it needs to, it an draw ener!y ,ro" the batteries to a elerate the ar. ?ut a tin! as a !enerator, it an slow the ar down and return ener!y to the batteries. @enerator% -he !enerator is si"ilar to an ele tri "otor, but it a ts only to produ e ele tri al power. .t is used "ostly on series hybrids. ?atteries%-he batteries in a hybrid ar are the ener!y stora!e de)i e ,or the ele tri "otor. Jnli/e the !asoline in the ,uel tan/, whi h an only power the !asoline en!ine, the ele tri "otor on a hybrid ar an put ener!y into the batteries as well as draw ener!y ,ro" the". -rans"ission%-he trans"ission on a hybrid ar per,or"s the sa"e basi ,un tion as the trans"ission on a on)entional ar. 6o"e hybrids, li/e the 8onda .nsi!ht, ha)e on)entional trans"issions. <thers, li/e

the -oyota Prius, ha)e radi ally di,,erent ones.

&. Aim and 'b(ective

-he pri"e ai" to analy:e a si7 stro/e en!ine alon! with a hybrid ar is ta/en into onsideration on the basis o, its ,uel e,,i ien y and power sa)in!. -he wor/in! o, 4stro/e en!ine is )ery well /nown and the re"ainin! 2 stro/es i.e. the Dth and $th stro/e, as dis ussed earlier, will be arried out as an en!ine is started; it predo"inantly helps in utili:ation o, ,uel. 5s seen in today*s s enario, it has been e)ident that the ,uel onsu"ption is "a7i"i:ed due to the e)er in reasin! urbani:ation. -he hybrid ars orroborate a re!enerati)e bra/in! syste" whi h helps in "aintainin! the ,uel e,,i ien y by har!in! the re!enerati)e batteries a,ter the en!ine is stopped. -hus, the o"bination o, si7 stro/es and a hybrid ar would lead into an e7traordinary ar en!ine "e hanis", whi h will not only in rease the e7istin! ,uel e,,i ien y in total o, the syste" with re!ards to its indi)idual ,uel e,,i ien ies but would also renew the entire syste" in ter"s o, its "ilea!e, power output and "ost i"portantly its de"and.

). *umerical Calculation
-he pri"e idea is to "er!e the si7 stro/e en!ine alon! with hybrid te hnolo!y. -he "ilea!e o, a nor"al ar is 11.E$ /"pl i.e. it o)ers 100 /" in %.DD liters o, !asoline on a)era!e. -he hybrid ar o)ers 100 /" in 3.22 liters i.e. has a "ilea!e o, 2D.D2 /"pl. ?ut an e7istin! hybrid ar has a 4 stro/e en!ine installed with the ele tri "otor. ., a $ stro/e en!ine is oupled instead o, 4 stro/e en!ine then pra ti ally it is obser)ed that the ,uel reFuire"ent is de reased by 2D= thou!h the "anu,a turers lai" it to be 40=. 6o e)entually the o"bo ar o)ers 100/" in 2.24 liters i.e. at an a)era!e o, 34 /"pl.

+. Advanta,es and -isadvanta,es

1. 5d)anta!es: ')en lower ,uel onsu"ption than an e7istin! hybrid ar. 2. @reater "ilea!e 3. Iow pollution due to o"bined e,,e t o, hybrid te hnolo!y and $ stro/e en!ine 4. -he load arryin! apa ity o, hybrid ar is in reased due to e7tra power stro/e. D. Iess load on en!ine as the load is proportionately di)ided a"on! en!ine and batteries. Aisad)anta!es: 1. 8i!h initial ost due to han!es in !ear stru ture onne tin! the ele tri "otor and !asoline en!ine.B$C 2. 8i!h "anu,a turin! ost o, si7 stro/e en!ine 3. 'n!ine si:e in reases due to "any nu"bers o, ylinders and additional o"ponents.

+hin"ayee 1ar"al/ar and (i)e/ 4aut: 5nalysin! ."ple"entation o, 6i7 6tro/e 'n!ine in 8ybrid +ar

4. D.

?ra/e power and indi ated power per y le is low. -he upper li"it o, speed is restri ted.B$C

Re/erences
B1C L5 hi!hly e,,i ient si7-stro/e internal o"bustion en!ine y le with water in#e tion ,or in- ylinder e7haust heat re o)eryM- Ja"es +. +on/lin, Ja"es P. 6:ybistN<a/ 4id!e 9ational Iaboratory, 23$0 +herahala ?l)d, 1no7)ille, -9 3E232, J65 5uto"oti)e 8ybrid te hnolo!y- @usta, Ia!un o,, -her"odyna"i 6tro/e 'n!ine 5nalysis, -estin! and ')aulation o, $

.. Conclusion
-he in reased e,,i ien y is a result o, re o)erin! heat pri"arily ,ro" the en!ine o"bustion !ases. -he re o)ered heat is on)erted to "e hani al ener!y at the ran/sha,t by e7pandin! stea" in the en!ine o"bustion ha"ber. -his ,or" o, waste heat is re o)ered K is a o"plished by usin! a $-stro/e en!ine y le. -he paper on ludes that the adoption o, o"bined e,,e t o, a hybrid ar and si7 stro/e en!ine would help in the better"ent o, world e ono"y as it helps in redu tion o, pollution and it would also support the ad)an e"ent o, auto"obile industry as it ,o uses on ,uel e,,i ien y whi h has be o"e a pri"e ob#e ti)e in today*s s enario.
B2C B3C B4C BDC B$C BEC

?. I. 6in!hal, internal o"bustion en!ine 6. .. @a)hale, power en!ineerin! Aa)id 6i"s, hybrid ele ti re!ular ars )ehi les are no better than

4obert. +. -ibbs (12E$), 6i7 y le o"bustion and ,luid )apori:ation; J6 Patent $,E%2,D13.