The Logarithmic Function: L = log b N The inverse function is: N = b L For example: log 2 8 = 3 since 8 = 2 3 log10 0.

01 = 2 since 0.01 = 10 2

log 5 5 = 1 since 5 = 51 log b 1 = 0 since 1 = b 0

Selected Algebra Topics Basic Laws of Exponents Law Example m n m+ n a a =a x 5 x 2 = x 3 x5 am mn = x2 = a , a 0 an x3

(ab )m
m

(a )

m n

= a mn
= a mb m

(xy )2 = x 2 y 2
x x2 = y y2 1 x 3 = 3 x 0 2(3x ) = 2(1) = 2
2

(x )

2 3

= x 6

am a = m ,b 0 b b 1 a m = m , a 0 a 0 a = 1, a 0

a1 = a

(3x )

2 1

= 3x 2

Laws for fractional exponents Law Example

a
n n m n

= n am =n a ,b 0 b

x
3 3

= 3 x2 =3 8=2

a b
1 2

16

= 2 a1 = a , a 0

2 25 = 5, (not 5)

Trigonometric Identities

sin ( ) =

a c b cos( ) = c sin ( ) a tan ( ) = = cos( ) b

1 c = sin ( ) a 1 c sec( ) = = cos( ) b cos( ) b cot ( ) = = sin ( ) a

csc( ) =

sin ( x ) = sin ( x ) csc( x ) = csc( x ) cos( x ) = cos( x ) sec( x ) = sec( x ) tan ( x ) = tan ( x ) cot ( x ) = cot ( x )

sin 2 ( x ) + cos 2 ( x ) = 1 tan 2 ( x ) + 1 = sec 2 ( x ) cot 2 ( x ) + 1 = csc 2 ( x ) sin ( x y ) = sin ( x ) cos( y ) cos( x )sin ( y ) cos( x y ) = cos( x ) cos( y ) sin ( x )sin ( y ) tan ( x ) tan ( y ) tan ( x y ) = 1 tan ( x ) tan ( y ) sin (2 x ) = 2 sin (x ) cos(x ) cos(2 x ) = cos 2 ( x ) sin 2 (x ) = 2 cos 2 ( x) 1 = 1 2 sin 2 ( x ) 2 tan ( x ) tan (2 x ) = 1 tan 2 ( x ) 1 1 sin 2 ( x ) = cos(2 x ) 2 2

1 1 + cos(2 x ) 2 2 (x y ) (x + y ) sin ( x ) sin ( y ) = 2 sin cos 2 2 (x y ) (x + y ) cos( x ) cos( y ) = 2 sin sin 2 2 Given Triangle abc, with angles A,B,C; a is opposite to A, b is opposite to B, and c is opposite to C: Law of Sines: a b c = = sin ( A) sin (B ) sin (C )

cos 2 ( x ) =

Law of Cosines: c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos(C ) b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac cos(B ) a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos( A)

Law of Tangents:

(a b ) = tan (12 ( A B )) (a + b ) tan (1 ( A + B ))

2

Important Statistics Formulas: Parameters:

Population mean: =

(X i ) N
( X i ) 2 N

Population Standard Deviation: = Population Variance: 2 = Standardized Score: Z =

( X i ) 2 N (X )

( X x ) (Yi y ) 1 Population Correlation Coefficient: = * i * N y x Statistics: Sample mean: x =

( x i ) n

Sample standard deviation: s =

( xi x ) 2 (n 1)

Sample variance: s 2 =

( xi x ) 2 (n 1)

1 ( x x) ( y i y ) * i Sample Correlation coefficient: r = * (n 1) sy s x Normal Distribution Formula: Or

(x )2 exp 2 2 2 z2 1 exp 2 2 1

Simple Linear Regression: Simple linear regression line: y = b0 + b1 x Regression coefficient: b1 =

^

xi x y i y xi x

[(

)(

)]
2

Regression slope intercept: b0 = y b1 * x

^ y i y i (n 2)

Standard error of regression slope: s b1 =

xi x

Random Variables: Expected value of X: E ( X ) = x = [xi * P( xi )]

2

Variance of X: Var ( X ) = 2 = [xi E ( x) )] * P( xi ) = [xi x ] * P( xi ) (x ) Normal Random Variable: z score = z =

2

Expected value of sum of random variables: E ( X + Y ) = E ( X ) + E (Y ) Expected value of difference between random variables: E ( X Y ) = E ( X ) E (Y ) Variance of the sum of independent random variables: Var ( X + Y ) = Var ( X ) + Var (Y ) Variance of the difference between independent random variables: Var ( X Y ) = Var ( X ) Var (Y ) Sampling Distributions: Standard deviation of the mean: x = Standard Error: Standard error of the mean: SE x = s x =

s n

Taylor series expansion:

f ( x + x ) =
n =0

f ( n ) ( x ) x n f ' ' ( x ) x 2 f ' ' ' ( x ) x 3 = f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) x + + +L n! 2! 3!

Maclaurin series expansion:

f ( x) =
n =0 5

f ( n ) ( 0) x n n!

x x x x + + + +L 2! 3! 4! 5! x3 x5 x7 x9 sin x = x + + +L 3! 5! 7! 9! x 2 x 4 x6 x8 cos x = 1 + + +L 2! 4! 6! 8! ex = 1 + x +