1.

AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE TEST

AIM (i) to determine crushing !"ue o# gi en ro!d !ggreg!tes$ (ii) to !ssess suit!%i"it& o# !ggreg!tes #or use in di##erent t&'es o# ro!d '! ements. APPARATUS The !''!r!tus !s 'er IS( )*+,-1.,* ('!rt IV) consists o# the #o""o/ing( (i) The test mou"d-! 10.) cm di!meter o'en ended stee" c&"inder /ith s1u!re %!se '"!te$ '"unger h! ing ! 'iston o# di!meter 10cm2 /ith ! ho"e 'ro ided !cross the stem o# the '"unger so th!t ! rod cou"d %e inserted #or "i#ting or '"!cing the '"unger in the c&"inder. (ii) A str!ight met!" t!m'ing rod o# circu"!r cross-section 1,mm in di!meter !nd !nd 30 to ,4 cm "ong2 rounded !t one end. (iii) A %!"!nce o# c!'!cit& 0 5g2 re!d!%"e !nd !ccur!te u' to 1 gm. (i ) IS sie es o# si6es )0mm2 )4mm !nd 3.70mm. ( ) A com'ression testing m!chine c!'!%"e o# !''"&ing "o!d u' to 34 tonnes !t ! uni#orm r!te o# 3 tonnes 'er minute. (vi) A c&"indric!" me!sure h! ing intern!" di!meter 11.0cm !nd height 1+cm. THEORY The 'Aggregate crushing value' gi es ! re"!ti e me!sure o# the resist!nce o# !n !ggreg!te to crushing under ! gr!du!""& !''"ied com'ressi e "o!d. It is the 'ercent!ge %& /eight o# the crushed (or #iner) m!teri!" o%t!ined /hen the test !ggreg!tes !re su%8ected to ! s'eci#ied "o!d under st!nd!rdi6ed conditions2 !nd is ! numeric!" inde9 o# the strength o# the !ggreg!te used in ro!d construction. Aggreg!tes /ith "o/er crushing !"ue indic!te ! "o/er crushed #r!ction under "o!d !nd /ou"d gi e ! "onger ser ice "i#e to the ro!d !nd hence ! more economic!" 'er#orm!nce. :e!5er !ggreg!tes i# used /ou"d get crushed under tr!##ic "o!ds2 /ou"d 'roduce sm!""er 'ieces not co!ted /ith %inder !nd these /ou"d %e e!si"& dis'"!ced or "oosened out resu"ting in "oss o# the sur#!ce;"!&er. In short2 the !ggreg!tes used in ro!d construction must %e strong enough to /ithst!nd crushing under tr!##ic. PROCEDURE The Aggregate Sample: The m!teri!" #or the st!nd!rd test consists o# !ggreg!tes si6ed )0.4 mm to )4. mm. The !ggreg!tes m!& %e dried %& he!ting !t 144<-114< C #or not more th!n 3 hours !nd coo"ed to room tem'er!ture %e#ore testing2 i# necess!r&. (i) Sie e the m!teri!" through )0 mm !nd )4 mm IS sie es. The !ggreg!tes '!ssing through )0.4mm sie e !nd ret!ined on )4.4 mm sie e com'rise the test m!teri!". (ii) T!5e !%out *.)0 5g o# this m!teri!". (iii) =our the !ggreg!tes to #i"" !%out 8ust more th!n 1;*rd de'th o# me!suring c&"inder. (i ) Com'!ct the m!teri!" %& gi ing )0 gent"e %"o/s /ith rounded end o# t!m'ing rod. ( ) Add t/o more "!&ers in simi"!r m!nner2 such th!t the c&"inder is #u"". ( i) Remo e the e9cess m!teri!" /ith ! str!ight edge. The me!suring c&"inder cont!ins the !mount o# !ggreg!tes to %e used to 're'!re the test s'ecimen. ( ii) Em't& the c&"inder !nd /eigh the !ggreg!tes2 !ccur!te u' to 1 gm. ( iii) Tr!ns#er the /ho"e o# this /eighed 1u!ntit& to the test mou"d %& #i""ing it in three "!&ers in the s!me m!nner !s #or c&"indric!" me!sure. (i9) Le e" o## the sur#!ce !nd '"!ce the '"unger o er it so th!t it rests hori6ont!""& on the

sur#!ce o# the !ggreg!tes. (9) ="!ce this !ssem%"& on the 'edest!" o# the com'ression testing m!chine. (9i) A''"& the "o!d !t ! uni#orm r!te o# 3 tonnes 'er minute unti" the tot!" !''"ied "o!d is 34 tonnes. (9ii) Re"e!se the "o!d. (9iii) T!5e the !ggreg!te out o# the c&"inder !nd sie e them through 3.70 mm IS sie e. :eigh the #r!ction '!ssing through it to !n !ccur!c& o# 4.1 gm. This #r!ction is ! me!sure o# "oss o# m!teri!" due to crushing. Com'ute the !ggreg!te crushing !"ue. The me!n o# t/o o%ser !tions2 rounded to ne!rest /ho"e num%er is re'orted !s the Aggreg!te Crushing V!"ue. OBSERVATIONS: S!m'"e 1 Tot!" /eight o# dr& s!m'"e ( :1 gm) :eight o# 'ortion '!ssing 3.70 mm sie e (:) gm) Aggreg!te Crushing V!"ue ('ercent) > :) ; :1 ? 144 @e!n = RESULT Aggreg!te Crushing V!"ue > RECOMMENDED VALUES The suit!%i"it& o# !ggreg!te is !d8udged2 de'ending on its 'ro'osed use in the '! ement "!&ers. S'eci#ied "imits o# 'ercent !ggreg!te crushing !"ue #or di##erent t&'es o# ro!d construction is gi en %e"o/. Aggreg!te crushing S" No T&'e o# ro!d construction !"ue not more th!n 1. A"e9i%"e =! ements !) So"ing 04 %) :!ter %ound m!c!d!m 34 c) Bituminous m!c!d!m 34 d) Bituminous sur#!ce dressing or thin 'remi9 c!r'et *4 e) Cense mi9 c!r'et *4 ). Rigid =! ements !) Dther th!n /e!ring course 30 %) Sur#!ce or /e!ring course *4 INFERENCE: S!m'"e )

). DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

AIM:
(i) to determine the im'!ct !"ue o# the ro!d !ggreg!tes$ (ii) to !ssess their suit!%i"it& in ro!d construction on the %!sis o# im'!ct !"ue.

APPARATUS: The !''!r!tus !s 'er IS( )*+, (=!rt IV) - 1.,* consists o#( (i) A testing m!chine /eighing 30 to ,4 5g !nd h! ing ! met!" %!se /ith ! '!inted "o/er sur#!ce o# not "ess th!n *4 cm in di!meter. It is su''orted on "e e" !nd '"!ne concrete #"oor o# minimum 30 cm thic5ness. The m!chine shou"d !"so h! e 'ro isions #or #i9ing its %!se. (ii) A c&"indric!" stee" cu' o# intern!" di!meter 14) mm2 de'th 04 mm !nd minimum thic5ness ,.* mm. . (iii) A met!" h!mmer or tu' /eighing 1*.0 to 13.4 5g the "o/er end %eing c&"indric!" in sh!'e2 04 mm "ong2 144.4 mm in di!meter2 /ith ! ) mm ch!m#er !t the "o/er edge !nd c!se h!rdened. The h!mmer shou"d s"ide #ree"& %et/een ertic!" guides !nd %e concentric /ith the cu'. Aree #!"" o# h!mmer shou"d %e /ithin *+4E0 mm. (i ) A c&"indric!" met!" me!sure h! ing intern!" di!meter 70 mm !nd de'th 04 mm #or me!suring !ggreg!tes. ( ) T!m'ing rod 14 mm in di!meter !nd )*4 mm "ong2 rounded !t one end. ( i)A %!"!nce o# c!'!cit& not "ess th!n 044g2 re!d!%"e !nd !ccur!te u'to 4.1 g. THEORY: The 'ro'ert& o# ! m!teri!" to resist im'!ct is 5no/n !s toughness. Cue to mo ement o# ehic"es on the ro!d the !ggreg!tes !re su%8ected to im'!ct resu"ting in their %re!5ing do/n into sm!""er 'ieces. The !ggreg!tes shou"d there#ore h! e su##icient toughness to resist their disintegr!tion due to im'!ct. This ch!r!cteristic is me!sured %& im'!ct !"ue test. The !ggreg!te im'!ct !"ue is ! me!sure o# resist!nce to sudden im'!ct or shoc52 /hich m!& di##er #rom its resist!nce to gr!du!""& !''"ied com'ressi e "o!d. PROCEDURE: The test s!m'"e consists o# !ggreg!tes si6ed 14.4 mm 1).0 mm. Aggreg!tes m!& %e dried %& he!ting !t 144-114< C #or ! 'eriod o# 3 hours !nd coo"ed. (i) Sie e the m!teri!" through 1).0 mm !nd 14.4mm IS sie es. The !ggreg!tes '!ssing through 1).0mm sie e !nd ret!ined on 14.4mm sie e com'rises the test m!teri!". (ii) =our the !ggreg!tes to #i"" !%out 8ust 1;* rd de'th o# me!suring c&"inder. (iii) Com'!ct the m!teri!" %& gi ing )0 gent"e %"o/s /ith the rounded end o# the t!m'ing rod. (i ) Add t/o more "!&ers in simi"!r m!nner2 so th!t c&"inder is #u"". ( ) Stri5e o## the sur'"us !ggreg!tes. ( i) Cetermine the net /eight o# the !ggreg!tes to the ne!rest gr!m(:). ( ii) Bring the im'!ct m!chine to rest /ithout /edging or '!c5ing u' on the "e e" '"!te2 %"oc5 or #"oor2 so th!t it is rigid !nd the h!mmer guide co"umns !re ertic!". ( iii) Ai9 the cu' #irm"& in 'osition on the %!se o# m!chine !nd '"!ce /ho"e o# the test s!m'"e in it !nd com'!ct %& gi ing )0 gent"e stro5es /ith t!m'ing rod. (i9) R!ise the h!mmer unti" its "o/er #!ce is *+4 mm !%o e the sur#!ce o# !ggreg!te

s!m'"e in the cu' !nd !""o/ it to #!"" #ree"& on the !ggreg!te s!m'"e. Gi e 10 such %"o/s !t !n inter !" o# not "ess th!n one second %et/een successi e #!""s. (9) Remo e the crushed !ggreg!te #rom the cu' !nd sie e it through ).*, mm IS sie es unti" no #urther signi#ic!nt !mount '!sses in one minute. :eigh the #r!ction '!ssing the sie e to !n !ccur!c& o# 1 gm. A"so2 /eigh the #r!ction ret!ined in the sie e. Com'ute the !ggreg!te im'!ct !"ue. The me!n o# t/o o%ser !tions2 rounded to ne!rest /ho"e num%er is re'orted !s the Aggreg!te Im'!ct V!"ue. OBSERVATIONS S!m'"e 1 S!m'"e ) Tot!" /eight o# dr& s!m'"e ( :1 gm) :eight o# 'ortion '!ssing ).*, mm sie e (:) gm) Aggreg!te Im'!ct V!"ue ('ercent) > :) ; :1 ? 144 @e!n = RESULT: Aggreg!te Im'!ct V!"ue > RECOMMENDED VALUES C"!ssi#ic!tion o# !ggreg!tes using Aggreg!te Im'!ct V!"ue is !s gi en %e"o/( Aggreg!te Im'!ct V!"ue C"!ssi#ic!tion F)4G E9ce'tion!""& Strong 14 H )4G Strong )4-*4G S!tis#!ctor& #or ro!d sur#!cing I*0G :e!5 #or ro!d sur#!cing S'eci#ied "imits o# 'ercent !ggreg!te im'!ct !"ue #or di##erent t&'es o# ro!d construction %& Indi!n Ro!ds Congress is gi en %e"o/. Aggreg!te im'!ct S" No T&'e o# '! ement !"ue not more th!n 1. :e!ring Course !) Bituminous sur#!ce dressing %) =enetr!tion m!c!d!m *4 c) Bituminous c!r'et concrete d) Cement concrete ). Bitumen %ound m!c!d!m %!se course *0 *. :B@ %!se course /ith %itumen sur#!cing 34 3 Cement concrete %!se course 30 INFERENCE:

*. S=ECIAIC GRAVITJ ANC :ATER ABSDR=TIDN TEST

AIM: i) To me!sure the strength or 1u!"it& o# the m!teri!" ii) To determine the /!ter !%sor'tion o# !ggreg!tes APPARATUS: The !''!r!tus consists o# the #o""o/ing (!) A %!"!nce o# c!'!cit& !%out *5g2 to /eigh !ccur!te 4.0g2 !nd o# such ! t&'e !nd sh!'e !s to 'ermit /eighing o# the s!m'"e cont!iner /hen sus'ended in /!ter. (%) A thermost!tic!""& contro""ed o en to m!int!in tem'er!ture !t 144-114< C. (c) A /ire %!s5et o# not more th!n ,.* mm mesh or ! 'er#or!ted cont!iner o# con enient si6e /ith thin /ire h!ngers #or sus'ending it #rom the %!"!nce. (d) A cont!iner #or #i""ing /!ter !nd sus'ending the %!s5et (e) An !ir tight cont!iner o# c!'!cit& simi"!r to th!t o# the %!s5et (#) A sh!""o/ tr!& !nd t/o !%sor%ent c"othes2 e!ch not "ess th!n 70930cm. THEORY: The s'eci#ic gr! it& o# !n !ggreg!te is considered to %e ! me!sure o# strength or 1u!"it& o# the m!teri!". Stones h! ing "o/ s'eci#ic gr! it& !re gener!""& /e!5er th!n those /ith higher s'eci#ic gr! it& !"ues. PROCEDURE: (i) A%out ) 5g o# !ggreg!te s!m'"e is /!shed thorough"& to remo e #ines2 dr!ined !nd '"!ced in /ire %!s5et !nd immersed in disti""ed /!ter !t ! tem'er!ture %et/een ))- *)K C !nd ! co er o# !t "e!st 0cm o# /!ter !%o e the to' o# %!s5et. (ii) Immedi!te"& !#ter immersion the entr!''ed !ir is remo ed #rom the s!m'"e %& "i#ting the %!s5et cont!ining it )0 mm !%o e the %!se o# the t!n5 !nd !""o/ing it to dro' !t the r!te o# !%out one dro' 'er second. The %!s5et !nd !ggreg!te shou"d rem!in com'"ete"& immersed in /!ter #or ! 'eriod o# )3 hour !#ter/!rds. (iii) The %!s5et !nd the s!m'"e !re /eighed /hi"e sus'ended in /!ter !t ! tem'er!ture o# ))< - *)<C. The /eight /hi"e sus'ended in /!ter is noted >:1g. (i ) The %!s5et !nd !ggreg!tes !re remo ed #rom /!ter !nd !""o/ed to dr!in #or ! #e/ minutes2 !#ter /hich the !ggreg!tes !re tr!ns#erred to the dr& !%sor%ent c"othes. The em't& %!s5et is then returned to the t!n5 o# /!ter 8o"ted )0 times !nd /eighed in /!ter>:)g. . ( ) The !ggreg!tes '"!ced on the !%sor%ent c"othes !re sur#!ce dried ti"" no #urther moisture cou"d %e remo ed %& this c"oth. Then the !ggreg!tes !re tr!ns#erred to the second dr& c"oth s're!d in sing"e "!&er !nd !""o/ed to dr& #or !t "e!st 14 minutes unti" the !ggreg!tes !re com'"ete"& sur#!ce dr&. The sur#!ce dried !ggreg!te is then /eighed >:* g ( i) The !ggreg!te is '"!ced in ! sh!""o/ tr!& !nd 5e't in !n o en m!int!ined !t ! tem'er!ture o# 114< C #or )3 hrs. It is then remo ed #rom the o en2 coo"ed in !n !ir tight cont!iner !nd /eighted>:3 g.

(1)

S'eci#ic gr! it&

>

dr& /eight o# the !ggreg!te :eight o# e1u!" o"ume o# /!ter dr& /eight o# the !ggreg!te :eight o# e1u!" o"ume o# /!ter e9c"uding !ir oids in !ggreg!te

()) A''!rent s'eci#ic gr! it&

>

OBSERVATIONS :eight o# s!tur!ted !ggreg!te sus'ended in /!ter /ith %!s5et > :1 g :eight o# %!s5et sus'ended in /!ter > :) g :eight o# s!tur!ted !ggreg!te in /!ter > :1 H :) g :eight o# s!tur!ted sur#!ce dr& !ggreg!te in !ir > :* g :eight o# /!ter e1u!" to the o"ume o# the !ggreg!te > :*H(:1H:))g :eight o# o en dr& !ggreg!te > :3 g (1) S'eci#ic gr! it& > > > :* ; (:*H (:1H :))) :3 ; (:3H (:1H :))) ((:* H :3) ; :3) ? 144

()) A''!rent s'eci#ic gr! it& (*) :!ter A%sor'tion RESULT: (1) S'eci#ic gr! it& ()) A''!rent s'eci#ic gr! it& (*) :!ter A%sor'tion

> > >

RECOMMENDED VALUE: The si6e o# the !ggreg!te !nd /hether it h!s %een !rti#ici!""& he!ted shou"d %e indic!ted. ISI s'eci#ies three methods o# testing #or the determin!tion o# the s'eci#ic gr! it& o# !ggreg!tes2 !ccording to the si6e o# the !ggreg!tes. The three si6e r!nges used !re !ggreg!tes "!rger th!n 14 mm2 34 mm !nd sm!""er th!n 14 mm. The s'eci#ic gr! it& o# !ggreg!tes norm!""& used in ro!d construction r!nges #rom !%out ).0 to *.4 /ith !n ! er!ge o# !%out ).,+. Though high s'eci#ic gr! it& is considered !s !n indic!tion o# high strength2 it is not 'ossi%"e to 8udge the suit!%i"it& o# ! s!m'"e ro!d !ggreg!te /ithout #inding the mech!nic!" 'ro'erties such !s !ggreg!te crushing2 im'!ct !nd !%r!sion !"ues. :!ter !%sor'tion sh!"" not %e more th!n 4., 'er unit %& /eight. INFERENCE:

3. CETER@INATIDN DA LDS ANGELES ABRASIDN VALUE

AIM: (i) to determine the Los Ange"es !%r!sion !"ue. (ii) to #ind the suit!%i"it& o# !ggreg!tes #or use in ro!d construction. APPARATUS: The !''!r!tus !s 'er IS( )*+, (=!rt IV) - 1.,* consists o#( (i) Los Ange"es @!chine( It consists o# ! ho""o/ stee" c&"inder2 c"osed !t %oth the ends /ith !n intern!" di!meter o# 744 mm !nd "ength 044 mm !nd c!'!%"e o# rot!ting !%out its hori6ont!" !9is. A remo !%"e stee" sh!#t 'ro8ecting r!di!""& ++ mm into c&"inder !nd e9tending #u"" "ength (i.e.044 mm) is mounted #irm"& on the interior o# c&"inder. The she"# is '"!ced !t ! dist!nce 1)04 mm minimum #rom the o'ening in the direction o# rot!tion. (ii) A%r!si e ch!rge( C!st iron or stee" %!""s2 !''ro9im!te"& 3+mm in di!meter !nd e!ch /eighing %et/een *.4 to 330g$ si9 to t/e" e %!""s !re re1uired. (iii) Sie e( 1.742 ).*,23.702,.*21421).02)42)02342042,*2+4 mm IS Sie es. (i ) B!"!nce o# c!'!cit& 05g or 145g ( ) Cr&ing o en ( i)@isce""!neous "i5e tr!& THEORY: The !ggreg!te used in sur#!ce course o# the high/!& '! ements !re su%8ected to /e!ring due to mo ement o# tr!##ic. :hen ehic"es mo e on the ro!d2 the soi" '!rtic"es 'resent %et/een the 'neum!tic t&res !nd ro!d sur#!ce c!use !%r!sion o# ro!d !ggreg!tes. The stee" re!med /hee"s o# !nim!" dri en ehic"es !"so c!use consider!%"e !%r!sion o# the ro!d sur#!ce. There#ore2 the ro!d !ggreg!tes shou"d %e h!rd enough to resist !%r!sion. Resist!nce to !%r!sion o# !ggreg!te is determined in "!%or!tor& %& Los Ange"es test m!chine. The 'rinci'"e o# Los Ange"es !%r!sion test is to 'roduce !%r!si e !ction %& use o# st!nd!rd stee" %!""s /hich /hen mi9ed /ith !ggreg!tes !nd rot!ted in ! drum #or s'eci#ic num%er o# re o"utions !"so c!uses im'!ct on !ggreg!tes. The 'ercent!ge /e!r o# the !ggreg!tes due to ru%%ing /ith stee" %!""s is determined !nd is 5no/n !s Los Ange"es A%r!sion V!"ue. PROCEDURE: The test s!m'"e consists o# c"e!n !ggreg!tes dried in o en !t 140< - 114<C. The s!m'"e shou"d con#orm to !n& o# the gr!dings sho/n in t!%"e 1. (i) (ii) (iii) (i ) ( ) Se"ect the gr!ding to %e used in the test such th!t it con#orms to the gr!ding to %e used in construction2 to the m!9imum e9tent 'ossi%"e. T!5e 0 5g o# s!m'"e #or gr!dings A2 B2 C L C !nd 14 5g #or gr!dings E2 A L G. Choose the !%r!si e ch!rge !s 'er T!%"e ) de'ending on gr!ding o# !ggreg!tes. ="!ce the !ggreg!tes !nd !%r!si e ch!rge on the c&"inder !nd #i9 the co er. Rot!te the m!chine !t ! s'eed o# *4 H ** re o"utions 'er minute. The num%er o# re o"utions is 044 #or gr!dings A2 B2 C L C !nd 1444 #or gr!dings E2 A L G. The m!chine shou"d %e %!"!nced !nd dri en such th!t there is uni#orm 'eri'her!" s'eed. The m!chine is sto''ed !#ter the desired num%er o# re o"utions !nd

( i)

m!teri!" is disch!rged to ! tr!&. ( ii) The entire stone dust is sie ed on 1.74 mm IS sie e. ( iii) The m!teri!" co!rser th!n 1.7mm si6e is /eighed correct to one gr!m.

Sie e si6e (s1u!re ho"e) =!ssing (mm) +4 ,* 04 34 )0 )4 1).0 14 ,.* 3.70 Ret!ined on (mm) ,* 04 34 )0 )4 1).0 14 ,.* 3.70 ).*, A

:eight o# test s!m'"e in gm

E )044M )044M 0444M

1)04 1)04 1)04 1)04

0444M 0444M

0444M 0444M

)044 )044 )044 )044 0444

T!%"e 1( Gr!ding o# Test S!m'"es MTo"er!nce o# E 1) 'ercent 'ermitted. Gr!ding A B C C E A G No o# Stee" %!""s :eight o# ch!rge in gm 1) 11 + , 1) 1) 1) 0444 E )0 30+3 E)0 ***4 E )4 )044 E 10 0444 E )0 0444 E )0 0444 E )0

T!%"e )( Se"ection o# A%r!si e Ch!rge OBSERVATIONS: Drigin!" /eight o# !ggreg!te s!m'"e :eight o# !ggreg!te s!m'"e ret!ined :eight '!ssing 1.7mm IS sie e A%r!sion V!"ue > :1 g > :) g > :1 - :) g > (:1 - :) ) ; :1 ? 144

RESULT: Los Ange"es A%r!sion V!"ue RECOMMENDED VALUE: Los Ange"es test is common"& used to e !"u!te the h!rdness o# !ggreg!tes. The test h!s more !cce't!%i"it& %ec!use the resist!nce to !%r!sion !nd im'!ct is determined simu"t!neous"&. Ce'ending u'on the !"ue2 the suit!%i"it& o# !ggreg!tes #or di##erent ro!d constructions c!n %e 8udged !s 'er IRC s'eci#ic!tions !s gi en( S" No( 1 ) * 3 0 , 7 @!9( 'ermissi%"e !%r!sion !"ue in G ,4 04 04 34 34 *0 *4 >

T&'e o# '! ement :!ter %ound m!c!d!m su% %!se course :B@ %!se course /ith %ituminous sur#!cing Bituminous %ound m!c!d!m :B@ sur#!cing course Bituminous 'enetr!tion m!c!d!m Bituminous sur#!ce dressing2 Cement concrete sur#!ce course Bituminous concrete sur#!ce course

INFERENCE:

0. SHA=E TESTS
Flakin !! in" # an" EI$n%a&i$n In" # $' C$a(! A%%( %a& ! AIM: i. ii. APPARATUS: The !''!r!tus #or the sh!'e tests consists o# the #o""o/ing( (i) A st!nd!rd thic5ness g!uge (ii) A st!nd!rd "ength g!uge (iii) IS sie es o# si6es ,*2 04 342 *1.02 )02 )42 1,2 1).0214 !nd ,.*mm (i )A %!"!nce o# c!'!cit& 05g2 re!d!%"e !nd !ccur!te u' to 1 gm. THEORY: The '!rtic"e sh!'e o# !ggreg!tes is determined %& the 'ercent!ges o# #"!5& !nd e"ong!ted '!rtic"es cont!ined in it. Aor %!se course !nd construction o# %ituminous !nd cement concrete t&'es2 the 'resence o# #"!5& !nd e"ong!ted '!rtic"es !re considered undesir!%"e !s these c!use inherent /e!5ness /ith 'ossi%i"ities o# %re!5ing do/n under he! & "o!ds. Thus2 e !"u!tion o# sh!'e o# the '!rtic"es2 '!rticu"!r"& /ith re#erence to #"!5iness !nd e"ong!tion is necess!r&. The A"!5iness inde9 o# !ggreg!tes is the 'ercent!ge %& /eight o# '!rtic"es /hose "e!st dimension (thic5ness) is "ess th!n three- #i#ths (4.,times) o# their me!n dimension. This test is not !''"ic!%"e to si6es sm!""er th!n ,.*mm. The E"ong!tion inde9 o# !n !ggreg!te is the 'ercent!ge %& /eight o# '!rtic"es /hose gre!test dimension ("ength) is gre!ter th!n nine-#i#ths (1.+times) their me!n dimension. This test is not !''"ic!%"e #or si6es sm!""er th!n ,.*mm. PROCEDURE: i) Sie e the s!m'"e through the IS sie es (!s s'eci#ied in the t!%"e). ii)T!5e ! minimum o# )44 'ieces o# e!ch #r!ction to %e tested !nd /eigh them. (iii) In order to se'!r!te the #"!5& m!teri!"s2 g!uge e!ch #r!ction #or thic5ness on ! thic5ness g!uge. The /idth o# the s"ot used shou"d %e o# the dimensions s'eci#ied in co"umn (3) o# the t!%"e #or the !''ro'ri!te si6e o# the m!teri!". (i ) :eigh the #"!5& m!teri!" '!ssing the g!uge to !n !ccur!c& o# !t "e!st 4.1 'er cent o# the test s!m'"e. ( ) In order to se'!r!te the e"ong!ted m!teri!"s2 g!uge e!ch #r!ction #or "ength on ! "ength g!uge. The /idth o# the s"ot used shou"d %e o# the dimensions s'eci#ied in co"umn (,) o# the t!%"e #or the !''ro'ri!te si6e o# the m!teri!". ( i) :eigh the e"ong!ted m!teri!" ret!ined on the g!uge to !n !ccur!c& o# !t "e!st 4.1 'er cent o# the test s!m'"e. to determine the e"ong!tion inde9 o# the gi en !ggreg!tes to determine the #"!5iness inde9 o# the gi en !ggreg!tes

DBSERVATIDNS( S :eight o# Length :eight o# !ggreg!tes g!uge !ggreg!tes in e!ch si6e2 in e!ch #r!ction mm #r!ction '!ssing ret!ined on thic5ness "ength g!uge2mm g!uge2mm ) * + , . / ,* 04 0) )*..4 1) 2 04 34 0* )7.44 1* +1.44 Y) 34 *1.0 0+ 1..04 1+ 0+.44 Y* *1.0 )0 0, 1,..0 1, 2 )0 )4 01*.04 134.0 Y+ )4 1, 0. 14.+4 1. *).3 Y, 1, 1).0 0/ +.00 1/ )0.0 Y1).0 14 03 ,.70 13 )4.) Y. 14 ,.* 04 3.+. 14 13.7 Y/ T$&al 0= 1= Y= A"!5iness Inde9 = (?1N ?)NO..) ; (:1 N :) N O.) ? 144 E"ong!tion Inde9 > (J1 N J) N O) ; (:1 N :) N O.) ? 144 RESULT: i) A"!5iness Inde9 = ii) E"ong!tion Inde9 > RECOMMENDED VALUE: The sh!'e tests gi e on"& ! rough ide! o# the re"!ti e sh!'es o# !ggreg!tes. A"!5& !nd e"ong!ted '!rtic"es shou"d %e ! oided in '! ement construction2 '!rticu"!r"& in sur#!ce course. I# such '!rtic"es !re 'resent in !''reci!%"e 'ro'ortions2 the strength o# '! ement "!&er /ou"d %e !d erse"& !##ected due to 'ossi%i"it& o# %re!5ing under "o!ds. :or5!%i"it& is reduced #or cement concrete. IRC recommend!tions #or m!9imum "imits o# #"!5iness inde9 !re !s gi en. S" No( 1 ) (i) (ii) (iii) (i ) * (i) (ii) INFERENCE: T&'e o# '! ement Bituminous c!r'et Bituminous ; As'h!"tic concrete Bituminous =enetr!tion m!c!d!m Bituminous sur#!ce dressing (sing"e co!t2 t/o co!ts L 'reco!ted) Bui"t u' s'r!& grout Bituminous m!c!d!m :B@ %!se course !nd sur#!ce course @!9imum "imits o# #"!5iness inde92 G *4 )0 Si6e o# !ggreg!tes =!ssing Ret!ined through on IS IS Sie e2 Sie e2 mm mm :eight o# Thic5ness #r!ction g!uge consisting si6e2 mm o# !t "e!st )44 'ieces2g

10

/5 PENETRATION VALUE OF BITUMEN

AIM: (i) To determine the consistenc& o# %ituminous m!teri!" (ii) To !ssess the suit!%i"it& o# %itumen #or use under di##erent c"im!tic conditions !nd !rious t&'es o# construction. APPARATUS: (i) Cont!iner( A #"!t %ottomed c&"indric!" met!""ic dish 00 mm in di!meter !nd *0 mm in de'th is re1uired. I# the 'enetr!tion is o# the order o# ))0 or more2 dish o# 74mm di!meter !nd 30mm de'th is re1uired. (ii) Need"e( A str!ight2 high"& 'o"ished2 c&"indric!" h!rd stee" rod. (iii):!ter %!th( :!ter %!th m!int!ined !t )0< E 4.1 <C2 cont!ining not "ess th!n 14 "itres o# /!ter2 the s!m'"e %eing immersed to ! de'th not "ess th!n 144 mm #rom to'L su''orted on 'er#or!ted she"# not "ess th!n 04 mm #rom %ottom o# the %!th. (i )Tr!ns#er dish or tr!&( Shou"d 'ro ide su''ort to the cont!iner L shou"d not roc5 it. It shou"d %e o# such c!'!cit& !s to com'"ete"& immerse cont!iner during test. ( ) =enetr!tion !''!r!tus( Shou"d %e such th!t it !""o/s need"e to 'enetr!te /ithout much #rictionL is !ccur!te"& c!"i%r!ted to gi e resu"ts in one tenth o# ! mi""imeter. ( i)Thermometer( R!nge 4- 33 <C !nd in re!d!%"e u'to 4.)4 C. ( ii)Time me!suring de ice( :ith !n !ccur!c& o# " second. THEORY: =enetr!tion !"ue is ! me!sure o# h!rdness or consistenc& o# %ituminous m!teri!". It is the ertic!" dist!nce tr! ersed or 'enetr!ted %& the 'oint o# ! st!nd!rd need"e in to the %ituminous m!teri!" under s'eci#ic conditions o# "o!d2 time !nd tem'er!ture. This dist!nce is me!sured in one tenths o# ! mi""imeter. This test is used #or e !"u!ting consistenc& o# %itumen. It is not reg!rded !s suit!%"e #or use in connection /ith the testing o# ro!d t!r %ec!use o# the high sur#!ce tension e9hi%ited %& these m!teri!"s. PROCEDURE: (i) =re'!r!tion o# test s'ecimen( So#ten the m!teri!" to ! 'ouring consistenc& !t ! tem'er!ture not more th!n ,4<C #or t!rs !nd .4<C #or %itumen !%o e the !''ro9im!te so#tening 'oint !nd stir it thorough"& unti" it is homogeneous !nd is #ree #rom !ir %u%%"es !nd /!ter. =our the me"t into the cont!iner to ! de'th !t "e!st 14mm in e9cess o# the e9'ected 'enetr!tion. =rotect the s!m'"e #rom dust !nd !""o/ it to coo" in !n !tmos'here !t ! tem'er!ture %et/een 10< to *4< C #or one hour. Then '"!ce it !"ong /ith the tr!ns#er dish in the /!ter %!th !t )0< E 4.1 <C2 un"ess other/ise st!ted. (ii) Ai"" the tr!ns#er dish /ith /!ter #rom the /!ter %!th to de'th su##icient to co er the cont!iner com'"ete"&2 '"!ce the s!m'"e in it !nd 'ut it u'on the st!nd o# the 'enetr!tion !''!r!tus. (iii) C"e!n the need"e /ith %en6ene2 dr& it !nd "o!d /ith the /eight. The tot!" mo ing "o!d re1uired is 144 E 4.)0 gms2 inc"uding the /eight o# the need"e2 c!rrier !nd

su'er-im'osed /eights. (i ) Ad8ust the need"e to m!5e cont!ct /ith the sur#!ce o# the s!m'"e. This m!& %e done %& '"!cing the need"e'oint in cont!ct /ith its im!ge re#"ected %& the sur#!ce o# the %ituminous m!teri!". (i) @!5e the 'ointer o# the di!" to re!d 6ero or note the initi!" di!" re!ding. (ii) Re"e!se the need"e #or e9!ct"& #i e seconds. ( i) Ad8ust the 'enetr!tion m!chine to me!sure the dist!nce 'enetr!ted. ( ii)@!5e !t "e!st * re!dings !t 'oints on the sur#!ce o# the s!m'"e not "ess th!n 14 mm !'!rt !nd not "ess th!n "4mm #rom the side o# the dish. A#ter e!ch test return the s!m'"e !nd tr!ns#er dish to the /!ter %!th !nd /!sh the need"e c"e!n /ith %en6ene !nd dr& it. In c!se o# m!teri!" o# 'enetr!tion gre!ter th!n ))02 three determin!tions on e!ch o# the t/o identic!" test s'ecimens using ! se'!r!te need"e #or e!ch determin!tion shou"d %e m!de2 "e! ing the need"e in the s!m'"e on com'"etion o# e!ch determin!tion to ! oid distur%!nce o# the s'ecimen. PRECAUTIONS: (i) There shou"d %e no mo ement o# the cont!iner /hi"e need"e 'enetr!tes into s!m'"e. (ii) The s!m'"e shou"d %e #ree #rom !n& e9tr!neous m!tter. (iii)The need"e shou"d %e c"e!ned /ith %en6ene !nd dried %e#ore 'enetr!tion. OBSERVATIONS Actu!" test tem'er!ture > <C Test ) Test *

=enetr!tion di!" re!ding Test 1 (!) Initi!" (%) Ain!" =enetr!tion V!"ue @e!n RESULT: @e!n =enetr!tion V!"ue >

RECOMMENDED VALUE: =enetr!tion test is ! common"& !do'ted test on %itumen to gr!de the m!teri!" in terms o# its h!rdness. A +4;144 gr!de %itumen indic!tes th!t its 'enetr!tion !"ue "ies %et/een +4 L 144.Gr!ding o# %itumen he"'s to !ssess its suit!%i"it& in di##erent c"im!tic conditions !nd t&'es o# construction. Aor %ituminous m!c!d!m !nd 'enetr!tion m!c!d!m2 IRC suggests %itumen gr!des *4;342 ,4;742 +4;144. In /!rmer regions2 "o/er 'enetr!tion gr!des !re 're#erred to ! oid so#tening /here!s higher 'enetr!tion gr!des "i5e 1+4;)44 !re used in co"der regions to 're ent the occurrence o# e9cessi e %ritt"eness. High 'enetr!tion gr!de is used in s'r!& !''"ic!tion /or5s. INFERENCE:

35 DUCTILITY OF BITUMEN
AIM: (i) To me!sure the ducti"it& o# ! gi en s!m'"e o# %itumen (ii) To determine the suit!%i"it& o# %itumen #or its use in ro!d construction. APPARATUS: The !''!r!tus !s 'er IS( 1)4+-1.7+ consists o# (i) Bri1uette mou"d( It is m!de o# %r!ss. Circu"!r ho"es !re 'ro ided !t ends c!""ed c"i's to gri' the #i9ed !nd mo !%"e ends o# the testing m!chine. The mou"d /hen 'ro'er"& !ssem%"ed #orm ! %ri1uette s'ecimen o# #o""o/ing dimensions. Tot!" "ength 70.4 E 4.0 mm Cist!nce %et/een c"i's *4.4 E 4.*mm :idth !t mount o# s"i' )4.4 E 4.)mm :idth !t minimum cross-section (h!"# /!& %et/een c"i's) 14.4 E 4.1mm Thic5ness throughout 14.4 E 4.1mm (ii) :!ter %!th( A %!th m!int!ined /ithin )7.4< E4.1 <C o# the s'eci#ied test tem'er!ture cont!ining not "ess th!n 14 "itres o# /!ter2 the s'ecimen %eing su%merged to ! de'th o# not "ess th!n 14 cms !nd su''orted on ! 'er#or!ted she"" !nd "ess th!n 0 cms #rom the %ottom o# the %!th. (iii) Testing m!chine ( Aor 'u""ing the %ri1uette o# %ituminous m!teri!" !'!rt2 !n& !''!r!tus m!& %e used /hich is so constructed th!t the s'ecimen /i"" %e continuous"& su%merged in /!ter /hi"e the t/o c"i's !re %eing 'u""ed !'!rt hori6ont!""& !t ! uni#orm s'eed o# 04 E ).0 mm 'er minute. (i ) Thermometer. R!nge 4-33<C !nd re!d!%"e u' to 4.)<C THEORY: The ducti"it& test gi es ! me!sure o# !dhesi e 'ro'ert& o# %itumen !nd its !%i"it& to stretch. In #"e9i%"e '! ement design2 it is necess!r& th!t %inder shou"d #orm ! thin ducti"e #i"m !round !ggreg!tes so th!t 'h&sic!" inter"oc5ing o# the !ggreg!tes is im'ro ed. Binder m!teri!" h! ing insu##icient ducti"it& gets cr!c5ed /hen su%8ected to re'e!ted tr!##ic "o!ds !nd it 'ro ides 'er ious '! ement sur#!ce. Cucti"it& o# ! %ituminous m!teri!" is me!sured %& the dist!nce in centimeters to /hich it /i"" e"ong!te %e#ore %re!5ing /hen t/o ends o# st!nd!rd %ri1uette s'ecimen o# m!teri!" !re 'u""ed !'!rt !t ! s'eci#ied s'eed !nd s'eci#ied tem'er!ture. PROCEDURE: (i) @e"t the %ituminous test m!teri!" com'"ete"& !t ! tem'er!ture o# 70<C to 144< C !%o e the !''ro9im!te so#tening 'oint unti" it %ecomes thorough"& #"uid. (ii) Str!in the #"uid through IS sie e *4. (iii) A#ter stirring the #"uid2 'our it in the mou"d !ssem%"& !nd '"!ce it on ! %r!ss '"!te. In order to 're ent the m!teri!" under test #rom stic5ing2 co!t the sur#!ce o# the '"!te !nd interior sur#!ces o# the sides o# the mou"d /ith mercur& or %& ! mi9ture o# e1u!" '!rts o# g"&cerine !nd de9trine. (i ) A#ter !%out *4-34 minutes2 5ee' the '"!te !ssem%"& !"ong /ith the s!m'"e in ! /!ter %!th. @!int!in the tem'er!ture o# the /!ter %!th !t )7< C #or h!"# !n hour. ( ) Remo e the s!m'"e !nd mou"d !ssem%"& #rom the /!ter %!th !nd trim the

s'ecimen %& "e e""ing the sur#!ce using ! hot 5ni#e. ( i) Re'"!ce the mou"d !ssem%"& in /!ter %!th #or +4 to .4 minutes. ( ii) Remo e the sides o# the mou"d. ( iii)Hoo5 the c"i's c!re#u""& on the m!chine /ithout c!using !n& initi!" str!in. (i9) Ad8ust the 'ointer to re!d 6ero. (9) St!rt the m!chine !nd 'u"" c"i's hori6ont!""& !t ! s'eed o# 04 mm 'er minute. (9i) Note the dist!nce !t /hich the %itumen thre!d o# s'ecimen %re!5s. @e!n o# t/o o%ser !tions rounded to ne!rest /ho"e num%er is ducti"it& !"ue. Note: @!chine m!& h! e ! 'ro ision to #i9 t/o or more mou"ds so !s to test three s'ecimens simu"t!neous"&. PRECAUTIONS: (i) The '"!te !ssem%"& u'on /hich the mou"d is '"!ced sh!"" %e 'er#ect"& #"!t !nd "e e" so th!t the %ottom sur#!ce o# the mou"d touches it throughout. (ii) In #i""ing the mou"d2 c!re shou"d %e t!5en not to distort the %ri1uette !nd to see th!t no !ir 'oc5et is /ithin the mou"ded s!m'"e. OBSERVATIONS: (i) Bitumen Gr!de > (ii) =ouring Tem'er!ture > (iii) Test Tem'er!ture > (i ) =eriod o# coo"ing in minutes (!) In !ir > (%) In /!ter %!th %e#ore trimming > (c) In /!ter %!th !#ter trimming > 1 (!) Initi!" Re!ding (%) Ain!" Re!ding ) *

RESULT: Cucti"it& !"ue >

RECOMMENDED VALUE: Suit!%i"it& o# %itumen is 8udged de'ending on its t&'e !nd 'ro'osed use. Bitumen /ith "o/ ducti"it& !"ue m!& get cr!c5ed es'eci!""& in co"d /e!ther. @inimum !"ues o# ducti"it& s'eci#ied %& ISI #or !rious gr!des !re !s #o""o/s. Source o# '! ing %itumen !nd 'enetr!tion gr!de Ass!m =etro"eum A)0 A*0 A30 A,02 A.4 L A)44 Bitumen #rom sources other th!n Ass!m =etro"eum S*0 S302 S,0 L S.4 @in ducti"it& !"ue (cms) 0 14 1) 10 04 70

INFERENCE:

45 SOFTENING POINT OF BIUMINOUS MATERIAL

AIM: To determine the so#tening 'oint o# %itumen; t!r. APPARATUS: (i) The ring !nd %!"" !''!r!tus consisting o# (!) Stee" %!""s-t/o num%ers e!ch o#..0 mm di!meter /eighing *.0 E 4.40 g. (%) Br!ss rings-t/o num%ers e!ch h! ing de'th o# ,.3 mm. The inside di!meter !t %ottom !nd to' is 10..mm !nd 17.0 mm res'ecti e"&. (c) B!"" guides to guide the mo ement o# stee" %!""s centr!""&. (d) Su''ort -th!t c!n ho"d rings in 'osition !nd !"so !""o/s #or sus'ension o# ! thermometer. The dist!nce %et/een the %ottom o# the rings !nd the to' sur#!ce o# the %ottom '"!te o# the su''ort is )0mm. (ii) Thermometer th!t c!n re!d u' to 144< C /ith !n !ccur!c& o# 4.)< C. (iii) B!th-he!t resist!nt g"!ss %e!5er not "ess th!n +0 mm in di!meter L1))4mm dee'. (i ) Stirrer THEORY: The So#tening =oint o# %itumen or t!r is the tem'er!ture !t /hich the su%st!nce !tt!ins '!rticu"!r degree o# so#tening. As 'er IS( **3-1.+)2 it is the tem'er!ture in KC !t /hich ! st!nd!rd %!"" '!sses through ! s!m'"e o# %itumen in ! mou"d !nd #!""s through ! height o# ).0 cm2 /hen he!ted under /!ter or g"&cerine !t s'eci#ied conditions o# test. The %inder shou"d h! e su##icient #"uidit& %e#ore its !''"ic!tions in ro!d uses. The determin!tion o# so#tening 'oint he"'s to 5no/ the tem'er!ture u' to /hich ! %ituminous %inder shou"d %e he!ted #or !rious ro!d use !''"ic!tions. So#tening 'oint is determined %& ring !nd %!"" !''!r!tus. PROCEDURE: (i) =re'!r!tion o# test s!m'"e( He!t the m!teri!" to ! tem'er!ture %et/een 70-144< C !%o e its so#tening 'oint$ stir unti"2 it is com'"ete"& #"uid !nd #ree #rom !ir %u%%"es !nd /!ter. I# necess!r&2 #i"ter it through IS sie e *4. ="!ce the rings 're ious"& he!ted to ! tem'er!ture !''ro9im!ting to th!t o# the mo"ten m!teri!"2 on ! met!" '"!te /hich h!s %een co!ted /ith ! mi9ture o# e1u!" '!rts o# g"&cerine !nd de9trine. A#ter coo"ing #or *4 minutes in !ir2 "e e" the m!teri!" in the ring %& remo ing the e9cess m!teri!" /ith ! /!rmed2 sh!r' 5ni#e. (ii) Assem%"e the !''!r!tus /ith the rings$ thermometer !nd %!"" guides in 'osition (iii) Ai"" the %!th /ith disti""ed /!ter to ! height o# 04mm !%o e the u''er sur#!ce o# the rings. The st!rting tem'er!ture shou"d %e 0< C. Note( Use g"&cerine in '"!ce o# /!ter i# the so#tening 'oint is e9'ected to %e !%o e +4< C$ the st!rting tem'er!ture m!& %e 5e't *0< C. (i ) A''"& he!t to the %!th !nd stir the "i1uid so th!t the tem'er!ture rises !t ! uni#orm

r!te o# 0 E 4.0 <C 'er minute. ( ) As the tem'er!ture incre!ses the %ituminous m!teri!" so#tens !nd the %!""s sin5 through the rings c!rr&ing ! 'ortion o# the m!teri!" /ith it. ( i) Note the tem'er!ture /hen !n& o# the stee" %!""s /ith %ituminous co!ting touches the %ottom '"!te. (iii) Record the tem'er!ture /hen the second %!"" touches the %ottom '"!te. The ! er!ge o# the t/o re!dings to the ne!rest 4.0<C is re'orted !s so#tening 'oint. PRECAUTIONS: (i) Cisti""ed /!ter shou"d %e used !s the he!ting medium. (ii) Curing the conduct o# test the !''!r!tus shou"d not %e su%8ected to i%r!tions. (iii)The %u"% o# the thermometer shou"d %e !t !%out the s!me "e e" !s the rings. OBSERVATIONS: 1 Tem'er!ture /hen the %!"" touches %ottom2 <C A er!ge > RESULT: So#tening 'oint o# %itumen ; t!r > <C )

RECOMMENDED VALUE: So#tening 'oint indic!tes the tem'er!ture !t /hich %inders 'ossess the s!me iscosit&. Bituminous m!teri!"s do not h! e ! me"ting 'oint. R!ther2 the ch!nge o# st!te #rom so"id to "i1uid is gr!du!" o er ! /ide r!nge o# tem'er!ture. So#tening 'oint h!s '!rticu"!r signi#ic!nce #or m!teri!"s to %e used !s 8oint !nd cr!c5 #i""ers. Higher so#tening 'oint ensures th!t the& /i"" not #"o/ during ser ice. Higher the so#tening 'oint2 "esser the tem'er!ture susce'ti%i"it&. Bitumen /ith higher so#tening 'oint is 're#erred in /!rmer '"!ces. INFERENCE:

)65 VISCOSITY TEST FOR CUTBAC7 BITUMEN AIM: To determine the iscosit& o# %itumen using t!r iscometer APPARATUS: T!r iscometer2 cu'2 !" e2 recei er2 thermometer etc. THEORY: Viscosit& is the in erse o# #"uidit&. The degree o# #"uidit& !t the !''"ic!tion tem'er!ture gre!t"& in#"uences the !%i"it& o# %ituminous m!teri!" to s're!d2 'enetr!te into oids !nd !"so co!t the !ggreg!te !nd hence !##ect the strength !nd ch!r!cteristics o# resu"ting '! ing mi9es. At high #"uidit& or "o/ iscosit&2 %itumen %inder sim'"& "u%ric!tes the !ggreg!te '!rtic"es inste!d o# 'ro iding !n uni#orm #i"m thic5ness #or %inding !ction. Lo/ #"uidit& or high iscosit& doesnot en!%"e the %itumen to co!t the entire sur#!ce o# !ggreg!te in the mi9 e!si"& !nd !"so resists the com'!cti e e##ort !nd resu"ting mi9 is heterogeneous in ch!r!cter. PROCEDURE: The t!r cu' is 'ro'er"& "e e""ed !nd /!ter in the %!th is he!ted to the test tem'er!ture. Stirring is !"so continued. @!teri!" is he!ted to )4<C !%o e the test tem'er!ture !nd m!&eri!" is !""o/ed to coo". Curing this m!teri!" is continuous"& stirred. :hen tem'er!ture re!ches 34<C2 it is 'oured into cu' o# the t!r iscometer unti" "e e""ing 'eg on !" e rod is 8ust immersed. Recei er is '"!ced under the ori#ice. V!" e is o'ened !#ter !''"&ing 5erosene in the recei er. Sto' /!tch is st!rted /hen c&"inder records 04 m". Time is recorded #or #"o/ u'to ! m!r5 o# 144m". RESULT: Viscosit& o# cut%!c5 %itumen > ---------seconds. RECOMMENDED VALUES: Cut%!c5 %itumen SC2@C2RC o# gr!des Dri#ice si6e (mm) Test Tem'er!tures(<C) Viscosit& R!nges INFERENCE: 3.4 )0 )0-70 4 3.4 )0 1 ) 14.4 )0 * 14.4 )0 )0-70 3 14.4 34 13-30 0 14.4 34 ,4-134

*4-)04 14-)4

))5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF BITUMEN AIM: To determine the s'eci#ic gr! it& o# gi en s!m'"e o# %itumen APPARATUS: =&cnometer !nd %!"!nce THEORY: S'eci#ic gr! it& o# %ituminous m!teri!" is de#ined !s r!tio o# m!ss o# gi en o"ume o# su%st!nce to the e1u!" o"ume o# /!ter2 tem'er!ture o# %oth %eing )7<C. PROCEDURE: The s'eci#ic gr! it& %ott"e is c"e!ned2 dried !nd /eighed. :!ter is #i""ed in it !nd /eight o# %ott"e !"ong /ith /!ter is t!5en. Bituminous m!teri!" is he!ted to 'ouring tem'er!ture !nd 'oured in the %ott"e to its one-#ourth. S!m'"e is coo"ed #or *4 minutes in !ir !ns then /eighed. Then /!ter is #i""ed in it !nd /eight is t!5en. Arom the /eights t!5en2 the s'eci#ic gr! it& o# %itumen c!n %e #ound out. RECOMMENDED VALUES: The s'eci#ic gr! it& o# 'ure %itumen r!nges #rom 4..7 to 1.4). !ccording to Indi!n St!nd!rd (BIS) minimum s'eci#ic gr! it& o# '! ing %itumen !t )7<C sh!"" %e 4... #or gr!des A)02 A*02 A302 A,02 S*02 S30 !nd S,0 2 4..+ #or A.4 !nd S.4 !nd 4..7 #or A)44 !nd S)44. RESULT: S'eci#ic Gr! it& o# %itumen >-----------INFERENCE: OBSERVATIONS: :eight o# em't& s'eci#ic gr! it& %ott"e2 :1 > :eight o# %ott"eN%itumen2 :) > :eight o# %ott"e N/!ter2 :* > :eight o# %ott"e N /!ter N%itumen2 :3 > S'eci#ic Gr! it& > (:)-:1) (:*-:1)-(:3-:))

)*5

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

AIM: To determine the C!"i#orni! Be!ring R!tio !"ue o# the su%gr!de soi". APPARATUS: Lo!ding m!chine-!n& com'ression m!chine c!n o'er!te !t const!nt r!teo# 1.)0mm 'er minute c!n %e used. C&"indric!" mou"ds- mou"ds o# 104mm di!meter !nd 170mm height 'ro ided /ith ! co""!r o# !%out 04mm "ength !nd det!ch!%"e 'er#or!ted %!se. Com'!ction r!mmer2 surch!rge /eight-!nnu"!r /eights e!ch o# ).05g !nd 137mm di!meter. IS sie e )4mm2 Co!rse #i"ter '!'er2 %!"!nce etc. THEORY: The C!"i#orni! Be!ring R!tio(CBR) test /!s de e"o'ed %& the C!"i#orni! Ci ision o# High/!&s !s ! method o# c"!ssi#&ing !nd e !"u!ting soi"- su%gr!de !nd %!se course m!teri!"s #or #"e9i%"e '! ements. CBR is ! me!sure o# resist!nce o# ! m!teri!" to 'enetr!tion o# st!nd!rd '"unger under contro""ed densit& !nd moisture conditions. CBR test m!& %e conducted in remou"ded or undistur%ed s!m'"e. Test consists o# c!using ! c&"indric!" '"unger o# 04mm di!meter to 'enetr!te ! '! ement com'onent m!teri!" !t 1.)0mm;minute. The "o!ds #or ).0mm !nd 0mm !re recorded. This "o!d is e9'ressed !s ! 'ercent!ge o# st!nd!rd "o!d !"ue !t ! res'ecti e de#orm!tion "e e" to o%t!in CBR !"ue. =ROCEDURE: Sie e the s!m'"e through )4mm IS sie e. T!5e 05g o# the s!m'"e o# soi" s'ecimen. Add /!ter to the soi" in the 1u!ntit& such th!t o'timum moisture content or #ie"d moisture content is re!ched. Then soi" !nd /!ter !re mi9ed thorough"&. S'!cer disc is '"!ced o er the %!se'"!te !t the %ottom o# mou"d !nd ! co!rse #i"ter '!'er is '"!ced o er the s'!cer disc. The 're'!red soi" /!ter mi9 is di ided into #i e. The mou"d is c"e!ned !nd oi" is !''"ied. Then #i"" one #i#th o# the mou"d /ith the 're'!red soi". Th!t "!&er is com'!cted %& gi ing 0, e en"& distri%uted %"o/s using ! h!mmer o# /eight 3.+.5g. The to' "!&er o# the com'!cted soi" is scr!tched. Ag!in second "!&er is #i""ed !nd 'rocess is re'e!ted. A#ter *rd "!&er2 co""!r is !"so !tt!ched to the mou"d !nd 'rocess is continued. A#ter #i#th "!&er co""!r is remo ed !nd e9cess soi" is struc5 o##. Remo e %!se '"!te !nd in ert the mou"d. Then it is c"!m'ed to %!se'"!te. Surch!rge /eights o# ).05g is '"!ced on to' sur#!ce o# soi". @ou"d cont!ining s'ecimen is '"!ced in 'osition on the testing m!chine. The 'enetr!tion '"unger is %rought in cont!ct /ith the soi" !nd ! "o!d o# 35g(se!ting "o!d) is !''"ied so th!t cont!ct %et/een soi" !nd '"unger is est!%"ished. Then di!" re!dings !re !d8usted to 6ero. Lo!d is !''"ied

such th!t 'enetr!tion r!te is 1.)0mm 'er minute. Lo!d !t 'enetr!tion o# 4.02121.02)2).02*232027.0214 !nd 1).0mm !re noted. S&an"a(" L$a" Val8 ! =enetr!tion(mm) ).0 0 7.0 14.4 1).0 RESULT: C!"i#orni! Be!ring R!tio !t ).0mm 'enetr!tion > C!"i#orni! Be!ring R!tio !t 0.4mm 'enetr!tion > C!"i#orni! Be!ring R!tio o# su%gr!de soi" > INFERENCE: St!nd!rd Lo!d(5g) 1*74 )400 ),*4 *1+4 *,44 Unit St!nd!rd Lo!d(5g;cm)) 74 140 1*3 1,) 1+*

OBSERVATION: :eight o# soi" t!5en > :eight o# surch!rge > Are! o# '"unger2A > =ro ing Ring C!"i%r!tionA!ctor > Sl N$5 P n &(a&i$ n(99) P($vin% "ial ( a"in% L$a" $n C$(( ;& :l8n% ((k% " l$a" ) Uni& L$a"

)+5 FLASH AND FIRE POINT AIM: To determine the #"!sh !nd #ire 'oint o# %itumen APPARATUS: =ens5&-@!rten C"osed Tester2 Thermometer THEORY: Bituminous m!teri!" "e! e out o"!ti"es !t high tem'er!tures de'ending u'on their gr!de. These o"!ti"e !'our c!tch #ire c!using ! #"!sh. The #"!sh 'oint is the "o/est tem'er!ture !t /hich #"!sh occurs due to ignition o# o"!ti"e !'ours /hen ! sm!"" #"!me is %rought in cont!ct /ith the !'ours o# ! %ituminous 'roduct2 gr!du!""& he!ted under st!nd!rdised condition. :hen %ituminous m!teri!" is #urther he!ted to ! higher tem'er!ture2 the m!teri!" itse"# c!tches !nd continues to %urn$ the "o/est tem'er!ture c!using this is the #ire 'oint. Aire 'oint is !"/!&s higher th!n #"!sh 'oint. The 'la!< :$in& o# ! m!teri!" is the "o/est tem'er!ture !t /hich !'our o# ! su%st!nce moment!ri"& t!5e #ire in the #orm o# #"!sh. The 'i( :$in& is the "o/est tem'er!ture !t /hich the m!teri!" gets ignited !nd %urns under s'eci#ic conditions o# test. PROCEDURE: A"" '!rts o# cu' !re c"e!ned !nd dried thorough"&. @!teri!" is #i""ed into cu' u'to #i""ing m!r5. Lid is '"!ced to c"ose the cu' in ! c"osed s&stem. A"" !ccessories inc"uding thermometer o# s'eci#ied r!nge !re suit!%"& #i9ed. Bitumen s!m'"e is then he!ted. Stirring is done !t regu"!r inter !"s. The test #"!me is "it !nd !''"ied !t inter !"s de'ending u'on e9'ected #"!sh !nd #ire 'oint. Airst !''"ic!tion is m!de !t !%out 17<C %e"o/ !ctu!" #"!sh 'oint !nd then !t e er& 1<C. Stirring is discontinued during the !''"ic!tion o# the test #"!me. RESULT: A"!sh 'oint o# %itumen > Aire 'oint o# %itumen > RECOMMENDED VALUES: The minimum !"ue o# #"!sh 'oint %& =ens5& @!rtens c"osed t&'e !''!r!tus is 170<C #or !"" gr!des o# %itumen. INFERENCE: