_____________________________________________ Chng 8.

Bin i AD & DA
VIII - 1

CHNG 8 :

BIN I AD & DA
BN I S - TNG T (DAC)

DAC dng mng in tr c trng lng khc nhau

DAC dng mng in tr hnh thang
DAC dng ngun dng c trng lng khc nhau
c tnh k thut ca DAC

BIN I TNG T - S (ADC)

Mch ly mu v gi
Nguyn tc mch ADC
ADC dng in th tham chiu nc thang
ADC gn ng k tip
ADC dc n
ADC tch phn
ADC lng cc
ADC song song
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_
C th ni s bin i qua li gia cc tn hiu t dng tng t sang dng s l cn
thit v:
- H thng s x l tn hiu s m tn hiu trong t nhin l tn hiu tng t: cn thit
c mch i tng t sang s.
- Kt qu t cc h thng s l cc i lng s: cn thit phi i thnh tn hiu tng
t c th tc ng vo cc h thng vt l v th hin ra bn ngoi (th d ti to m thanh
hay hnh nh) hay dng vo vic iu khin sau (th d dng in th tng t iu
khin vn tc ng c)

8.1. Bin i s - tng t (digital to analog converter,

ADC)
8.1.1 Mch bin i DAC dng mng in tr c trng lng khc nhau
(Weighted resistor network)

(H 8.1)

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_____________________________________________ Chng 8. Bin i AD & DA

VIII - 2

Trong mch trn, nu thay OP-AMP bi mt in tr ti, ta c tn hiu ra l dng in.

Nh vy OP-AMP gi vai tr bin dng in ra thnh in th ra, ng thi n l mt
mch cng
Ta c v0 = -RF.I = -(23b3 + 22b2 + 2b1+b0)Vr.RF/23R
= -(2n-1 bn-1 + 2n-2 bn-2 + ........+ 2b1 + b0)Vr.RF /2n-1.R
Nu RF = R th:
v0 =-(2n-1 bn-1 + 2n-2 bn-2 + ........+ 2b1 + b0)Vr. /2n-1.
Th d:
1/ Khi s nh phn l 0000 th v0 = 0
1111 th v0 = -15Vr / 8
2/ Vi Vr = 5V ; R = RF = 1k
Ta c kt qu chuyn i nh sau:
b3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

b2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

b1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

b0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

v0 (V)
0
-0,625 LSB
-1,250
-1,875
-2.500
-3,125
-3,750
-4,375
-5,000
-5,625
-6,250
-6,875
-7,500
-8,125
-8,750
-9,375 Full Scale (VFS)

Mch c mt s hn ch:
- S chnh xc ty thuc vo in tr v mc n nh ca ngun tham chiu Vr
- Vi s nh phn nhiu bit th cn cc in tr c gi tr rt ln, kh thc hin.

8.1.2 Mch i DAC dng mng in tr hnh thang

(H 8.2)

Cho RF = 2R v ln lt
Cho b3 = 1 cc bit khc = 0, ta c: v0 = -8(Vr /24)
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_____________________________________________ Chng 8. Bin i AD & DA

VIII - 3

Cho b2 = 1 cc bit khc = 0, ta c: v0 = -4(Vr /24)

Cho b1 = 1 cc bit khc = 0, ta c: v0 = -2(Vr /24)
Cho b0 = 1 cc bit khc = 0, ta c: v0 = - (Vr /24)
Ta thy v0 t l vi gi tr B ca t hp bit B = (b3 b2 b1 b0 )2 v0 = -B(Vr /24)

8.1.3 Mch i DAC dng ngun dng c trng lng khc nhau

(H 8.3)

8.1.4 c tnh k thut ca mch i DAC

8.1.4.1. Bit c ngha thp nht (LSB) v bit c ngha cao nht (MSB)
Qua cc mch bin i DAC k trn ta thy v tr khc nhau ca cc bit trong s nh
phn cho gi tr bin i khc nhau, ni cch khc tr bin i ca mt bit ty thuc vo trng
lng ca bit .
Nu ta gi tr ton giai l VFS th bit LSB c gi tr l:
LSB = VFS / (2n - 1)
v bit
MSB = VFS .2n-1/ (2n - 1)
iu ny c th hin trong kt qu ca th d 2 trn.
(H 8.4) l c tuyn chuyn i ca mt s nh phn 3 bit

(a)

(b)
(H 8.4)

(H 8.4a) l c tuyn l tng, tuy nhin, trong thc t ng trung bnh ca c

tnh chuyn i i qua im 0 in th tng t ra c lm lch (1/2)LSB (H 8.4b). Nh vy
in th tng t ra c xem nh thay i ngay gia hai m s nh phn vo k nhau. Th
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d khi m s nh phn vo l 000 th in th tng t ra l 0 v in th tng t ra s ln

nc k 000+(1/2)LSB ri nc k tip 001+(1/2)LSB.v.v....Tr tng t ra ng vi 001 gi tt
l 1LSB v tr ton giai VFS = 7LSB tng ng vi s 111

8.1.4.2 Sai s nguyn lng ha (quantization error)

Trong s bin i, ta thy ng vi mt gi tr nh phn vo, ta c mt khong in th
tng t ra. Nh vy c mt sai s trong bin i gi l sai s nguyn lng ha v
=(1/2)LSB

8.1.4.3. phn gii (resolution)

phn gii c hiu l gi tr thay i nh nht ca tn hiu tng t ra c th c
khi s nh phn vo thay i. phn gii cn c gi l tr bc (step size) v bng trng
lng bit LSB.
S nh phn n bit c 2n gi tr v 2n - 1 bc
Hiu th tng t ra xc nh bi v0 = k.(B)2
Trong k chnh l phn gii v (B)2 l s nh phn
Ngi ta thng tnh phn trm phn gii:
%res = (k / VFS)100 %
Vi s nh phn n bit

%res = [1 / (2n - 1)]100 %

Cc nh sn xut thng dng s bit ca s nh phn c th c bin i ch

phn gii. S bit cng ln th phn gii cng cao (finer resolution)

8.1.4.4. tuyn tnh (linearity)

Khi in th tng t ra thay i u vi s nh phn vo ta ni mch bin i c tnh
tuyn tnh

8.1.4.5. ng (accuracy)
ng (cn gi l chnh xc) tuyt i ca mt DAC l hiu s gia in th
tng t ra v in th ra l thuyt tng ng vi m s nh phn vo. Hai s nh phn k
nhau phi cho ra hai in th tng t khc nhau ng 1LSB, nu khng mch c th tuyn
tnh nhng khng ng (H 8.5)

a/ Tuyn tnh

b/ Tuyn tnh nhng khng ng

(H 8.5)

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_____________________________________________ Chng 8. Bin i AD & DA

VIII - 5

8.2. Bin i tng t - s (analog

to digital converter, ADC)

8.2.1 Mch ly mu v gi (sample anh hold)

bin i mt tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s, ngi ta khng th bin i mi gi
tr ca tn hiu tng t m ch c th bin i mt s ga tr c th bng cch ly mu tn
hiu theo mt chu k xc nh nh mt tn hiu c dng xung. Ngoi ra, mch bin i cn
mt khong thi gian c th (khong 1s - 1ms) do cn gi mc tn hiu bin i trong
khong thi gian ny mch c th thc hin vic bin i chnh xc. l nhim v ca
mch ly mu v gi.
(H 8.6) l dng mch ly mu v gi c bn: in th tng t cn bin i c ly
mu trong thi gian rt ngn do t np in nhanh qua tng tr ra thp ca OP-AMP khi cc
transistor dn v gi gi tr ny trong khong thi gian transistor ngng (t phng rt chm
qua tng tr vo rt ln ca OP-AMP)

(H 8.6)

8.2.2 Nguyn tc mch bin i ADC

Mch bin i ADC gm b phn trung tm l mt mch so snh (H 8.7). in th
tng t cha bit va p vo mt ng vo ca mch so snh, cn ng vo kia ni n mt in
th tham chiu thay i theo thi gian Vr(t). Khi chuyn i in th tham chiu tng theo
thi gian cho n khi bng hoc gn bng vi in th tng t (vi mt sai s nguyn lng
ha). Lc mch to m s ra c gi tr ng vi in th vo cha bit. Vy nhim v ca
mch to m s l th mt b s nh phn sao cho hiu s gia va v tr nguyn lng ha sau
cng nh hn 1/2 LSB
|va - (VFS / 2n - 1)(B)2 | < 1/2 LSB

(H 8.7)

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_____________________________________________ Chng 8. Bin i AD & DA

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8.2.3 Mch i dng in th tham chiu nc thang

(a)

(H 8.8)

(b)

Mt cch n gin to in th tham chiu c dng nc thang l dng mt mch

DAC m s nh phn vo c ly t mch m ln (H 8.8). Khi c xung bt u FlipFlop v
mch m c t v 0 nn ng ra Q ca FF ln 1, m cng AND cho xung CK vo mch
m. Ng ra mch m tng dn theo dng nc thang (VDAC), y chnh l in th tham
chiu, khi Vr cn nh hn va, ng ra mch so snh cn mc thp v Q vn tip tc mc
cao, nhng khi Vr va vt va ng ra mch so snh ln cao khin Q xung thp, ng cng
AND khng cho xung CK qua v mch m ngng. ng thi ng ra Q ln cao bo kt thc
s chuyn i. S m mch m chnh l s nh phn tng ng vi in th vo.
Gi thi gian chuyn i l tc. Thi gian chuyn i ty thuc in th cn chuyn
i. Thi gian lu nht ng vi in th vo bng tr ton giai:
tc(max) = 2n / fCK=2n .TCK
Mch i ny c tc chm. Mt cch ci tin l thay mch m ln bi mt mch
m ln/xung (H 8.9). Nu ng ra mch so snh cho thy Vr nh hn va, mch Logic s iu
khin m ln v ngc lai th mch s m xung. Nu va khng i Vr s dao ng quanh
tr va vi hai tr s khc nhau 1 LSB

(H 8.9)

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8.2.4 Mch i ly gn ng k tip (sucessive approximation converter)

(H 8.10)

Mch i ly gn ng k tip dng cch to in th tham chiu mt cch c hiu

qu hn khin vic chuyn i ra m s n bit ch tn n chu k xung CK. Mch ny bao gm:
mt mch so snh, mt mch ghi dch c bit (SAR) v mt mch DAC (H 8.11).

(H 8.11)

Mch SAR (H 8.11) l mch ghi dch c kt hp iu khin Logic. Mch gm 6 FF D

mc thnh chui, ng ra FF cui (F) hi tip v FF u (A) , khi iu khin gm 4 cng
AND v 4 FF RS c ng vo tc ng mc cao, cc ng ra Q ca cc FF RS c a vo
mch DAC to in th tng t Vr (dng so snh vi in th ra t mch ly mu v gi
va), ng thi y cng l m s ra khi s bin i kt thc.
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Vn hnh: Lc c xung bt u, mch SAR c t v 0. Ng ra DAC c lm

lch 1/2 LSB to c tnh chuyn i nh ni trong phn trc, k SAR a bit MSB
ln cao (bng cch preset FF A), cc bit khc bng 0, s ny c a vo mch DAC to
in th tham chiu Vr so snh vi va. Ty theo kt qu so snh, nu Vr > va th ng ra
mch so snh mc cao khin SAR b i bit MSB khi c xung CK k tip xut hin, cn nu
Vr < va th ng ra mch so snh mc thp, khin SAR gi bit MSB li (FF RS 4 gi
nguyn trng thi) ng thi a bit c ngha k tip ln cao (do FF 3 c set t gi tr 1
ng ra FF B, tr 1 ny c chuyn t FF A sang). Mch so snh tip tc lm vic v kt qu
s c quyt nh theo cng cch thc nh i vi bit MSB.... Tip tc nh vy cho n bit
cui cng ca SAR, lc va gn Vr nht v ta c kt qu chuyn i trong thi gian ti a
l n chu k xung ng h. Mch chuyn i chm dt khi ng ra FF F ln mc cao cho php
m cc m cho m s ra.

8.2.5 Mch i dng tn hiu dc n (single ramp converter)

in th chun tng nc to bi mch DAC c th c thay th bi in th tham
chiu c dc ln lin tc to bi mch to tn hiu dc ln (thng l mch tch phn).

(H 8.12)

Xung bt u t mch m n bit v 0 v khi ng mch to dc ln to Vr, t

mt tr hi m, khi Vr ct trc 0 ng ra mch so snh 2 ln cao m cng AND cho xung CK
vo mch m. Khi ng dc t tr s bng tr tng t cn bin i ng ra mch so snh 1
ln cao a ng ra Q ca FF xung thp, cng AND ng v kt thc s chuyn i. S m
c mch m t l vi in th tng t vo. Mch c khuyt im l dc ca Vr ty
thuc thng s RC ca mch tch phn nn khng chnh xc.

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(H 8.13)

8.2.6 Mch i ly tch phn (Integrating Converter)

(H 8.14)

Mch ny gii quyt c khuyt im ca mch bin i dng tn hiu dc n,

ngha l chnh xc khng ty thuc RC.
Xung bt u a mch m v 0, mch iu khin m kha S3 ca mch tch phn,
ng kha S1 a tn hiu tng t va (gi s m) vo mch tch phn ng thi m kha
S2. Ng ra mch tch phn c tr m nh ban u. Tn hiu tng t vo c ly tch phn,
dc -va /RC. Khi ng ra mch tch phn vt trc 0, ng ra mch so snh ln cao m cng
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AND a xung CK vo mch m. Khng k lng lch m ban u, hiu th ng ra mch

tch phn l:
VI(t) =

va
dt
RC

Gi s va khng i trong thi gian chuyn i

VI(t) = -(va.t /RC)
Nu va m th ng ra mch tch phn l ng dc ln u.
Khi mch m trn (tc m ht dung lng v t ng quay v 0) mch Logic iu
khin m kha S1 v ng kha S2 a in th tham chiu Vr (dng) n mch ly tch
phn. Ng ra mch tch phn by gi l ng dc xung vi dc l -Vr /RC. Khi VI
xung 0, mch so snh xung thp ng cng AND v kt thc qu trnh bin i. S m sau
cng ca mch m t l vi in th tng t vo.
Gi s RC khng i trong qu trnh bin i, tch phn trong thi gian t1 bng tch
phn trong thi gian t2 nn ta c:
| va | t1 = Vr.t2
t1 l thi gian m t 0 cho n khi trn nn
t1 = 2n / fCK
v t2 = N / fCK.
N l s m sau cng.
Tm li ta thy s m c khng ph thuc RC

(H 8.15)

8.2.7 Mch i lng cc

Mt cch n gin thc hin chuyn i mt tn hiu tng t lng cc l dng
mt mch o tng t v mt mch so snh xc nh va m hay dng o hay khng
trc khi a vo mch ADC n cc (H 8.16)

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(H 8.16)

8.2.8 Mch i song song (parallel hay flash conversion)

y l mch i c tc chuyn i rt nhanh, c th t vi triu ln trong mt
giy, p dng vo vic chuyn i tn hiu hnh trong k thut video. Th d c mch i 3
bit, ngi ta dng 7 mch so snh ng vo v mt mch m ha u tin to m s nh
phn ng ra (H 8.17).
- Khi va < Vr /10, cc ng ra mch so snh u ln cao khin m s ra l 000
- Khi Vr /10 <va < 2Vr /10, ng ra mch so snh 1 xung thp khin m s ra l 001
- Khi 2Vr /10 <va < 3Vr /10, ng ra mch so snh 2 xung thp khin m s ra l 010
C nh th, ta thy m s ra t l vi in th tng t vo

(H 8.17)

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