jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;zGHΘzd;wdk;wufa&;

awG;jrifcsufESifh r[mAsL[m
 jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;zGHΘzd;wdk;wufa&;
awG;jrifcsufESifh r[mAsL[m

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OD;atmifol+idrf;ESifh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;bmom&yf avhvmqnf;yl;ol jrefrmausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u

0kdif;0ef;bmomjyefqkd=u+yD;/ ygarmuQ a'gufwmOD;cifarmif=unf/ OD;aZmfOD;ESifh a':ar+idrf;wd@k u
wnf;jzwfygonf? ygarmuQa'gufwmOD;cifarmif=unf. xyfrH&Sif;vif;jznfhpGufcsufrsm; yg0ifygonf?

Tpmwrf;a&;om;avhvmcsufudk puFmylEdkifiH/ puFmyltrsKd;om;wuUodv k f/ pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGJa&;qdkif&m

r[mXme (Faculty of Business Administration)/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m okawoeESifh
zGH@òz;r_A[dkXme (Center for Business Research and Development) . }uD;=uyfr_atmufY
aqmif&GufcJjh cif;jzpfygonf?

tdkavmhyrf; EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;A[dkXmerS xkwfa0onf?

pmtkyfrSwfwrf;

yxrt}udrfxkwfa0jcif;? t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh (2000) ckESpf?

rlydkifcGifh?
yHkESdyfjzef@csd?
Olof Palme International Center
PO Box (3221)
S-10364 Stockholm, Sweden.
ISBN 918-883616-9
Singapore University Press (Pte) Ltd
Yusof Ishak House, 31 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119078
Fax: (65) 774 0652; E-mail: supbooks@nus.edu.sg
http://www.nus.edu.sg/SUP

'kwd,t}udrfxkwfa0jcif;? jrefrmbmomjzifh (2007) ckESpf/ rwfv?

tkyfa&? 000000
yHkESdyfjzef@csD? Vahu Institute
P.O Box (32)
Chinag Mai University P.O
Chiang Mai 50202 Thailand.
ISBN 000-000000-0

Tpmtkyfygtcsuftvufrsm;udk wckvHk;aomfvnf;aumif;/ wpdwfwydkif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ rlydkif&Sif.

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tDvufx&pfenf;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ "gwkenf;/ vufjzifh/ pmul;pufjzifh/ zdkwdak umfyDenf;tm;jzifhaomf
vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ rnfonfeh nf;ESifhr# aqmif&GufcGifhrðyyg? rlydkifcGifh
tm;vH;k udk rSwfyHkwifxm;+yD; jzpfygonf?
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 rmwdum
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tcef; (3) pdkufysKd;a&;u¾
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ñuHawG@&rnfjh y\emrsm;
tcef; (13) ed*Hk;

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t[kefjzifh wd;k wufvmcJhaom umvjzpfonf? xl;jcm;wd;k wufr_rSm odoo d momyifjzpfonf? ,cifumvrsm;
ESifhrwl/ TuJhodk@pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufr_ t&Sdeft[kefudk urBmtESH@tjym;&Sd/ 0ifaiGtqifhtwef; toD;oD;&Sd=u
aomEdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGifyg &&Sd cHpm;cJh=u&jcif; jzpfonf? trSefwu,fyif/ qif;&JaomEdkifiHrsm;onf csrf;om
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EdkifiH}uD;rsm;udk trDvdkufvmcJh=uonf? xdk twGuaf =umifhyif EdkifiHtm;vH;k &Sdjynfolrsm;taejzifh vlaer_tqifh
twef;jrifhrm;pGm/ wurBmvH;k twdik f;twmjzifhaygif;qHkrdvmjcif;[kyif ajymqdkvmcJh=uonf?
od@k aomfvnf; tcsKd@aomEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl TumvwGif/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_rSm pdwf"gwfusp&m
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jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctaerSmvnf; txl;yifowdðyp&myif jzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsufwGif ae&mtESH@
tjym;wGif&Sdae=uaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif u|rf;usifolrsm;twGuf txl;pdk;&drfylyef
zG,f&myif jzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsufonfyif/ jynfwGif;Yaexdik f=uaom jrefrmEdkifiHolEdkifiHom;rsm;/
tjcm;urBmae&mrsm;odk@ c&D;oGm;ae =u&aomjrefrmjynfojl ynfom;rsm;twGufvnf; txl;pdk;&drfylyefzG,fyif
jzpfonf? xdt k wGufa=umifhyif vGefcJhaom &mpkESpfw0ufumvu wurBmvHk;twdik f;twmjzifh pD;yGm;a&;
w[kefxd;k tHkºuGwdk;wufvmcJhaoma&pD;a=umif;ay:odk@ jrefrmEdkifiHyg0ifyl;aygif;Edkifa&;twGuf vrf;c&D;wGif
wpfqdk@[ef@wm;aeaom t"duusaom udpPrsm;udk pepfwusoH;k oyf ppfaq;=u&efrSm/ txl;ta&;}uD;vmyg
onf? ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm EdkifiHtaejzifh TtcuftcJtwm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmv f $m;oGm;Edkifrnfhvrf;
a=umif;rsm; &SmazGazmfxkwfa&;ESifh/ ydkIwqifhjrifhaom pD;yGGg;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_&&Sdap&efyif jzpfygonf?
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. jy\emrsm;tay: yk*~dKvfa&;avhvmr_rsm;ESifh a&S@a&Smufjzpfvmrnfh tajctaewGuq f csufrsm;udkvnf;
aygif;pyfcJh=uygonf? xdkr#ru TtpD&ifpmudk pkpnf;a&;om;cJh=uaom ynm&Sifrsm;rSm/ EdkifiHwumtESH@
tjym;vSnfhvnfc&D;oGm;ae=u+yD;/ urBmwv$m;&SdtqifhjrifhwuUokv d frsm;wGif zGH@òz;a&;txl;ðyynm&Sifrsm;
e,fy,fY ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mt&vnf; *k%fowif;}uD;ausm=f um;olrsm;jzpf=uygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifhyif
Tynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh olwd@k teD;uyfod&Sdaom wdik f;jynf. tajctaejy\emrsm;ESifh/ pD;yGm;a&;odyH̀ynm.
aemufqHk;jzpfay:wdk;wufaer_rsm;udk aygif;pyfay;Edkif=u+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtem*wfzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf rnfonfh
enf;vrf;jzifh taumif;qHk;taumiftxnfazmfEdkif=urnfqdkonfukv d nf; tao;pdwftwGif;usus azmfjyay;
EdkifcJh=uygonf?
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vdak om &nfrSef;csufypfrSwfrsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm; tao;pdwfudk taumiftxnfazmfrnfh tcsdefZ,m;rsm;/ xdk
&nfrSef;csufudk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifa&;twGuf pGrf;tm;rsm;udk rnfod@k &SmazGazmfxkw&f ,lrnf? ukefus
rnfh cef@rSef;aiGa=u; pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ESifh &&Sdvmaom&v'frsm;udk rnfuJo h dk@xdef;csKyfrnfenf;paom tcsuf
rsm;yg0ifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? Tazmfjyygtajctaetwdik f;qdkv#if pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;udk ynm&Siftkyfpki,f
av;r#ESifh xda&muf pGma&;qGJEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? xdkynm&Sifrsm;rSm vufiif;pDrHcsufrsm;udk a&;qGJtaumif
azmfae=uonfhwm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh eD;eD;pyfpyf yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufae=uolrsm;vnf; r[kwfyg? txl;qdk&v#if
Tynm&Sifrsm;pGmrSm EdkifiHrSa0;I&yfa0;ajrjcm;odk@ a&muf&SdaecJhonfrSm vGefcJhaomESpfumvrsm;uyif jzpfyg
onf?

2
 od@k ygaomfvnf; Tynm&Sif}uD;rsm; wwfpGrf;aqmif&GufEdkifor#/ ,ckavhvmcsufwGif pkpnf;aqmif
&Gufxm;or#rSm EdkifiHwcktaejzifh a&&SnfumvwGif zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmapa&;twGuf rjzpfraepOf;pm;=u&rnfh
jy\emrsm;udk rD;armif;xd;k azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ordkif;xl;jcm;csufukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;I/
wdik f;jynf. jyifywGif jzpfay:ajymif;vJaeaom tajctaersm;udk csifhcsdefI/ tem*wfumvwGif jzpfvmEdkif
aomtvm;tvmrsm;ESifh rSef;qcsufrsm;udk cef@rSef;wGucf sufI azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? Tod@k wGucf suf
cef@rSef;r_rsm;rSaeI rnfonfhudpPrsKd;ud&k nf ±G,fcsufxm;&rnf[laom tjrifudjk zpfay:vmap+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH
tem*wfwGif a&&SnfzGH@òz; wdk;wufapa&;twGuf rnfonfv h rf;a=umif;rsKd;jzifh csOf;uyfoifhonf/ rnfonfh
vm;&mudk a&G;cs,foifhonf[laom tjriftm&Hkudk &vmaprnfjzpfonf? Tavhvmcsufpmwrf;tm;jzifh
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd pepfopfyHkpHcsrSwfa&;qGJrnf/h rl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif=urnfh EdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk tjrif&&Sdap&ef&nf&G,f+yD;/ tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;rSEdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;udv k nf; vdktyfrnfh
ulnyD Hhydk;r_ aiGa=u;yrm%ESifh enf;ynmqdkif&myHhydk;r_rsm;udk rSef;qwGucf sufEdkifaprnf jzpfygonf? TuJhod@k
r[mAsL[mqdkif&m avhvmcsufrsm;udk ðy&mY wbufwGiftar&duefEdkifiHyHkpHudk avhvmouJo h dk@/ tjcm;
wbufwGif csDvDEdkifiHOyrmpojzifh tvSrf;us,fajympGm avhvmaqmif&GufcJ=h ujcif; jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh
eD;pyfaomEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh puFmylESifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif qdkv#if TuJhodk@aomavhvmr_rsm;udk olwkd@EdkifiH
. rl0g'rsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvma&;qGJ&eftwGuf aqmif&Gufavh&Sd=uygonf? TOyrmudk,lI ,ckwifjy
xm;aom avhvmcsufpmwrf;udk tajccHtjzpfðyI jrefrmEdkifiHjynfov l lxktrsm; zlvHºk uG,f0apa&;twGuf
qifhyGm; =uHqjcif;/ qufvufaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefjcif;rsm;jzifh a&S@qufwk;d wufatmif aqmif&Guf=uap&ef &nf&G,f
csufyHk=urf; jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfolrsm;. zlvHkºu,f0apa&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHtwGif; EdkifiHa&;
pepfrsm; tajymif;tvJjzpfay:vmjcif; r&SdbJ/ &&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfygacs?
Tpmwrf;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf avhvma&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk qGD'ifEdkifiH/ EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif
&Gufa&;at*sifpD. axmufyHhulnDr_rsm;jzifh +yD;ajrmufaqmif&GufEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?

,ef [dk'if
tm&Sqdkif&m pDrHcsufrefae*sm
tdkavmhyrf; EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;A[dkXme
(The Olof Palme International Center)

3
aus;Zl;pum;
Tpmtkyfonf jrefrmEdkifiHjynfwGif;ESifh jynfy&Sd jrefrmpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_
&v'fa=umifhay:xGuv f mcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf a&&Snftjrifjzifh tpDtpOfrsm;
yl;aygif;a&;qGJ=u&ef t=uHtpnfudk jrefrmpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifwpku (1980) ckESpfydkif;uyif =uHpnfcJ=h uygonf?
yxrOD;qHk; tajccHoabm w&m;a&;qdkif&mtjrif rl=urf;udk (1991) ckESpfwGif pwifa&;qGJcJh=uygonf? TtpD
tpOfudk pwifóu;yrf;=uolrsm;u aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;yGJrsm;ðyvkyfusif;yEdkif&ef/ okawoevkyfief;rsm;ESifh&Hk;vkyfief;
rsm;vnfywfEdkif&eftwGuf vHak vmufaom &efykHaiG&&Sd&ef&SmazGcJh=uygonf? tcsdefumvwcktxd rnfod@k
aom apwem&Sif toif;ur# TtpDtpOfudk pdwf0ifpm;[ef/ ulnv D d[
k efrjycJh=uyg? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vdyfcJ
wif;vif;wnf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;. yuwdtajctaeud=k unhfI rjzpfEdkif[k pOf;pm;aecJh=uyHk&yg
onf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHonfom/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;vrf;a=umif;twdik f;om acwfrDEdkifiHawmfopf
tjzpf zGH@òz;wd;k wufcGifhom&&Sdrnfqdkygu/ tem*wfwdkif;jynf. acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh a&S@ñuHawG@&rnfh }uD;
rm;aom tcuftcJumvrsm;udk jzwfausmfEdkif&efqdkonfrSm rnfokd@rnfyHkjzwfoef;rnf[laom vrf;jyajryHk
w&yf rvGJraoG vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@uvnf; xdkod@k acgif;aqmifrsm; pOf;pm;Edkifap&ef ulnDoifhygonf?
rdrdwd@k tiftm;pkxJrS tcsKd@aom yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; umv=um&Snfwm0efxrf;aqmifzl;cJh
ouJo h dk@/ wdik f;jynfjyifywGifvnf; cufcJjyif;xefaom pdefac:r_/ tawG@tñuHrsm;udk jzwfoef;zl;cJh=uolrsm;jzpf
&m/ TuJo h dk@ EdkifiH.a&S@odk@qufoGm;&rnfh r[mAsL[mqdkif&mtjrifw&yfðypkI yHhydk;a&;twGuf txl;oifhavsmf
olrsm; jzpf=uygonf? wbufwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_a&;yuwdtajctaersm;udk xif[yfazmfjyEdkif
rnfjzpf+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwGifvnf;/ tm&Swdu k fESifh tjcm;aomurBmhae&mrsm;rS zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifh zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiH
}uD;rsm; jzwfoef;cJh&aom tawG@tñuHrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
aemufqHk;wGif TtpDtpOfonf a&&nfar#mfjrifI/ jrefrmEdkifiHtay:pdwfaumif;apwem tjynfhxm;
aom tdkavmhzfyrf; EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; A[dkXme (Olof Palme International Center) .
ulnaD xmufyHhr_jzifh pwifEdkifcJhygawmhonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmuf aus;Zl;pum;qdk&rnf jzpfyg
onf? TtultnDom r&&SdcJhygu/ Todk@ }uD;rm;cufcJaom vkyfief;&yf}uD;udk taumiftxnf azmfEdkifvdrfh
rnf r[kwfay?
xd@k tjyif rdrdwdk@taejzifh Tavhvmr_udpPrsm;/ Tpmwrf;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf enf;aygif;pHkjzifh
taxmuftyHhðycJh=uaom rsm;pGmaom jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;/ ynma&;qdkif&mynm
&Sifrsm;/ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;. tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom aus;Zl;udk todtrSwfðy&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;yk*~dKvfrsm;
teuf tcsKd@rSm ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh emrnfazmfjy&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? puFmylEdkifiH&Sd/ eD;tJef ydkvDwuUedcfausmif;
wGif tDvufx&Gefepf bmom&yfoif=um;ydk@csaeol a'gufwmat;odef;ausmftaejzifhvnf; tzdk;rjzwfEdkif
aom t=uHay;r_rsm;jzifh Tpmwrf;. ynma&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tydkif;wGif jznfhpGufay;cJhygonf?
Tpmwrf;jzpfajrmufa&;tawG@tñuHrsm;xJrS ta&;}uD;aomtpdwftydkif;wckrSm (1997) ckESpf/ ar
vwGif 0g&Sifwef'DpDòr@awmfwGif usif;ycJhaom vkyfazmfudik fzufrsm;xHrS Tr[mAsL[mtjrif pmwrf;tay:
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; tjrifzvS,f t=uH&,lr_jzpfygonf? TESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiH
wum A[dkXme (Center for International Private Enterprise) . }uD;=uyfapmifh=unfhr_atmufwGif
aqmif&GufcJjh cif; jzpfygonf? tm&S/ Oa&myESifh tar&duEdkifiHrsm;rS xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom ygarmuQESifh ynm
&Sif (16) OD;udk zdwf=um;+yD;/ Tr[mAsL[m tjrif pmwrf;rl=urf;udk jyefvnfpDppfI t=uHðyapcJhygonf? xdk
ynm&Sifrsm;. tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaomt=uHðycsufrsm;rSm Tpmwrf;udk aemufxyfxyfrH zGH@òz;ap&efqufvuf
aqmif&Guf&efESifh pmom;rsm;udjk yefvnf jyifqifwnf;jzwfEdkif&ef taxmuftulrsm;pGm jzpfapcJhygonf? xdk
ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tcsdefukefcH/ tiftm;pdkufxkwf yHhydk;ay;cJhr_udk rdrdwdk@taejzifh rsm;pGm aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif;

4
azmfjyvdkygonf? tu,fI rjynfph Hkr_rsm;/ vdt k yfcsufrsm;&Sdygu Tonftm;vH;k wdk@rSm rdrdwd@k .wm0efomjzpf
ygonf?
aemufwESpft=um (1998) ckESpf/ arvwGif aemufxyfaemufqufwJG nd‡Ed_if;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm;udk
usif;yEdkifcJhygonf? xdik f;EdkifiH/ csLvmavmifuGefwuUodkvf/ tm&Savhvma&;odyH̀Xme. txl;yHhydk;ulnrD _/ ae&m
xdik fcif;/ tcif;tusif;rsm; yHhydk;r_r&Sdygu Tnd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;yGJ atmifjrif&efjzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? tm&S
avhvma&;odyH̀Xme. !$ef=um;a&;rSL; a'gufwm 0dx,m qlcsm&pfxefe&wfpD tygt0if xdXk merS vkyfazmf
udik fzufrsm;jzpfaom a'gufwm qledwf csLwDem&mEGef ESifh rpPyGefyDrGef w&DcsKwf wdk@udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sd
a=umif;azmfjy&rnf jzpfygonf? TpDrHcsuf tqHk;owfed*Hk;csKyfEdkifa&;twGuf TuJhod@k aomnDvmcHrsm; usif;y
Edkif&ef ukefusp&dwfrsm; yHhydk;ulnDay;cJhaom yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumA[dkXme (Center for
International Private Enterprise) udk aemufxyfw}udrf aus;Zl;pum;xyfqdk&ygvdrfhrnf?
TpDrHcsufudk puFmyltrsKd;om;wuUodv k f/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m okawoeESifh zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mA[dkXme
(Center for Business Research and Development) . }uD;=uyfr_atmufY aqmif&GufcJjh cif;jzpfygonf?
tapmydkif;umv jyifqifa&;nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;/ OD;aESmufrkefwdik f;qifonfhaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk TXme. }uD;=uyf
r_atmufYyif aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpDrHcef@cGJr_XmerS r[mXmerSL; ygarmuQ 0DcsKda,mif.
wdu k fwGef;tm;ay;r_rsm;ESifh yHhydk;ay;r_rsm;/ tvm;wl,if;Xme.'g&dkufwmjzpfol rpP acsmifupf bdka0wdk@. ulnD
r_rsm;/ xdk@tjyif Xme0efxrf;wOD;jzpfol rpP zD,dkemwdik f. yl;aygif;ulnDr_rsm;udv k nf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sd
a=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf?
aemufqHk;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH ulnaD xmufyHha&;twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if rpPwm [efanmifa&$udkvnf;
ol. uruxðy yHhydk;r_rsm;ESifh a&S@óujrifaom t=uHay;r_rsm;twGuf aus;Zl;pum;qdk&rnf jzpfygonf? ol.
taumif;zufudk ar#mfjrifwwfaom pdwfxm;rsKd;/ tm;ay;wdu k fwGef;r_rsKd; r&cJhygv#if Tpmwrf;jzpfajrmufvm
oD;yGifhvma&;twGuf rsm;pGmtcuftcJñuH=u&rnf jzpfonf? rjzpfEdkif[kyif qdk&ygvdrfhrnf?
TtpDtpOfudk pwifpOfuyif wdusaocsmaom pOf;pm;r_rsm;jzifh pwifcJh=uygonf? Tpmwrf;rsm;
onf tquftpyfr&Sd jyef@usaJ eaompmwrf;rsm;/ pmpDpmuH;k tufaq;rsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm;aom pmwrf;
rsKd;rjzpfap&[k pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfcJh=uygonf? Tpkpnf;wifjycsufonf jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh vGwv f yfaom
aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufwGif rnfodk@rnfyHkzGH@òz;wdk;wufEdkifrnfukd usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfaom qifajcrsm;
jzifh &_axmifhw&yfrSpkpnf; csOf;uyfwifjyyHkrsKd; jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fcJh=uygonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh vGwfvyfaomaps;
uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepfESifh òyifqdkifr_udk tav;ay;vufcHr_=um;rSyif/ rdrdwdk@tiftm;pkt=um;Y EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh
aps;uGuft=um; rnfokd@rnfyHkqufpyf=urnfukd aqG;aEG;pOf;pm;=u&mwGif/ rwluGJjym;aom taoG;ta&mif
rsm;/ tjrifrsm;&SdcJh=uygonf? Tod@k jzpf&onfrSm obm0usygonf? ta=umif;rSm rdrdwd@k toD;oD;onf urBm
}uD;. rwluJjG ym;aom a'otoD;oD;Y rwluGJjym;aomtawG@tñuHrsm;udk vufcH&&Sdvmaoma=umifhjzpfyg
onf? xdk@tjyif rwluJjG ym;aom OD;pm;ay;bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJh=uolrsm;jzpf=uygonf?
TuJo h kd@rwluJjG ym;aomtjrifrsm;udk pkpnf;&onfrSm ,cifucef@rSef;xm;onfxuf/ wu,fvufawG@ tvkyf
vky=f u&mwGif cufcJvSygonf? od@k aomfvnf; rdrdwd@k tm;vHk;. jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf wlnDaomtjrifw&yf
pkpnf;azmfjyay;vdak om jyif;xefonfhqENa=umifh aemufqHk;jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_. u¾pHk/ bufpHkaxmifhpHk
twGuf trsm;óuufnaD omqENoabmwlncD sufrsm; &,lEdkifcJh=uygonf? aemufqHk; Tod@k rwluJjG ym;aom
tjrifjy\emrsm;udk tajzxkwf=u&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH.a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm;udak r#mfjrifaomtjrifu tm;vHk;
. qENrsm;udk v$rf;ðcHtqHk;tjzwfay;apcJhaom pHwefzdk;w&yf jzpfcJh&ygonf?
Twifjycsufpmwrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifapvdrfhrnf/ wpfck
wnf;aomtjrifjzpfrnf[laom &nf&G,fpdwf rdrdwd@k wGif r&SdcJh=ua=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf? rdrdwdk@ Tae&mwGif
wifjyvdak omtcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tao;pdwf twdtusvku d femusifhoH;k &rnf[laom tpDtpOf
r[kwfyg? odk@aomf trsm;uxyfrHrGrf;rHcsJ@xGifðyjyifEdkifaom/ ydkrdkwd;k wufatmifaqmif&GufEdkifaom csOf;uyfyHk
enf;emwpfckom jzpfygonf? tvkyfjzpfapEdkifaom a&&SnfpDrHudef;rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH.acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh

5
tpDtpOfa&;qGJolrsm;uom qufvufa&;qGJaqmif &Guf=u&rnfjzpfygonf? od@k aomf rdrdwdk@.óu;yrf;aqmif
&Gufcsuof nf Tbmom&yfESifhywfoufI vltrsm; qufvuf=uHqEdkifap&ef aphaqmfr_wGef;tm; jzpfapvdrfh
rnf[k ,H=k unfygonf? TwifjycsufwiG f rdrdwdk@tae jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH. twdwu f pGrf;aqmif xm;csufrsm;udk/
wwfpGrf;oavmuf tqdk;jrifuJaom tjrifzufrS r=unfhrdap&ef óu;yrf;xm;=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tjcm;
wpfbufwGif rdrdwdk@taejzifh twdwuf mvrS qHk;&_H; cJh&r_rsm;udk tðyoabmqefaoma0zefa&;jzifh avhvm
axmufjy&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k cH,lygonf? odk@rSom tem*wftwGuf rdrdwdk@udf, k fwdik fjyifqifEdkif=uvdrfhrnf
jzpfygonf? twdwu f mvESifh vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfaeaom tpdk;&tay: tqdk;jrifazmfjyr_rsm; &SdaeEdkifygonf?
TonfrSmvnf; rdrdwd@k taejzifh wrifoufouf&nf&G,f azmfjyvdjk cif;r[kwfbJ/ EdkifiH.tem*wftwGuf
ta&;ygvSaom rl0g'qdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk udik fwG,faqG;aEG; ae&aom tpD&ifcHpma&;om;ae&aom tcsdef
wGif/ rv$Jra&Smifom oifcef;pm,l&rnfh tawG@tñuHrsm; yg0ifazmfjyr_[o k m &_jrif=uapvdkygonf?

6
Tpmtkyfudk b,fvdkpkaygif;a&;om;-uygoenf;?
Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&mwGif u|efawmfonf/ acgif;aqmifa&;om;ol jzpfygonf? odk@aomfxdyfwef;
ynm&Sifrsm;pGmvnf; yg0if a&;om;=uojzifh/ rnfolu rnfonfudk OD;aqmifwifjyonf/ ponfh yk*~dKvf
toD;oD;. óu;yrf;r_rsm;yg0ifr_rsm;udk odomxif &Sm;atmifvkyfzdk@ vdv k mygonf? Tpmtkyfudak &;om;&mwGif
ynm&Sif (6) OD;u yg0ifa&;om;=uonfqdkjcif;a=umifh/ rnfou l rnfonft h axuftulðyonf/ acgif;aqmif
onf/ a&;om;aomtcsufrsm;tb,fah =umifh nD!w G faeygoenf; ponfhwd@k udk aESmif;acwfyk*~dKvfrsm; odom
Edkif&ef rSwfwrf;wifxm;zdk@ vdktyfygonf?
xd@k a=umifh T&Sif;vif;csufudkwifjy&ygonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf pma&;&efjyifqifpOfuyif ta=umif;
t&mwckpDudk wa,mufpD a&;om;+yD;/ pkaygif;pmtkyfxkwfjcif;udk rvdkvm;yg? wdik f;jynfu wu,ftoH;k csEdkif
&ef u|efawmfwdk@. wajy;wnf;nD!w G f aomt,ltqrsm;udk odomxif&Sm;pGm wifjyzdk@vdkygonf? xdk@a=umifh
yxrtpnf;ta0;rwdik frDuyif/ u|efawmfwd@k tzGJ@xJrS jzpfap/ jyifyrSjzpfap/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rSjzpfap acgif;pOf
trsKd;rsKd;atmufwGif a&;om;=uonfh wifjycsufrsm;udk yxrydk@ay;=u&ef zdwfac:cJhygonf? acgif;aqmif
a&;om;aomyk*~dKvfrsm;rSm q&m (Findlay)/ q&mqGef'&rfESifh OD;cifarmif=unfwdk@jzpfygonf?
xdyk k*~dKvf (3) OD;uvnf; olwdk@.tawG@tñuH/ avhvmcsufrsm;t& tm;om;csufrsm;&SdaecJh=uyg
onf? q&m (Findlay) rSm (Neoclassical economist) tkyfpk yxr rlvabm*aA'ynmudk jyefvnf
qef;opfapaom urBmausmfynm&SifwOD;jzpfojzifh/ ,if;onf abm*aA'ynm rlv ynm&SiftkyfpkwGif yg0if
aeygonf? q&mqGef'&rfrSm umv tawmf=umu qdk&S,fvpft,ltqv$rf;rdk;vufcHaeaom vef'ef
wuUodv k fygarmuQrsm;. wynfhjzpfojzifh/ rlvu qdk&S,fvpfqefqef jzpfaeaomfvnf;/ jrefrmjynfESifhwuG
tjcm;zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;.tawG@tñuHrsm;udk oH;k oyf&onft h cgwGif/ vGwf vyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; (free
competitive enterprice) . tm;omyHkudk rrSdwfroHkvufcHoGm;ygonf?
u|efawmfonf ,cifu b0tawG@tñuHt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfa&;r&rD trsKd;om;a&;
wdu k fyGJrsm;paepOfuyif/ ausmif;om;acgif; aqmifwpfOD; jzpf+yD;/ wd@k Armtpnf;t&Hk;ESifh eD;pyfcJhojzifh/ jrefrm
jynf uGefjrLepfygwDu ppfóuacwfuyifpDpOfcJhaom/ uGefjrLepf oifwef;rsm;wGif yg0ifavhvmcsufrsm;t&
vnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfvrf;a=umif;xJ a&mufaecJhygonf? od@k &mwGif (1947-48) ckESpfwGif ppf+yD;p
qdk&S,fvpftkyfpk.vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk us,fus,jf yef@jyef@avhvm&onft h cgwGif/ pwmvifESifh &k&Sm;uGefjrL
epfygwD.acwf/ txl;ojzifh rdrdpdwfwdik f;ustajz r&&Sdaom/ vufrcHEdkifaomowWaA'ynm&SifawGudk
okwo f ifypfonfudk awG@vm&onft h cgwGif/ oHo,pdwfawG0ifae+yD;/ ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh uGefjrLepf
tkyfpkESifh vrf;uGo J Gm;cJhygonf? wuUodvk fwGif ynmqHk;atmif oifaecJhygonf? xd@k aemuf ynmawmfoif
ta&G;cH&onft h cgwGif/ tpdk;&.pdwfwdik f;us [m;AwfwuUodkvfok@d t&if;&Sifaumif;jzpf&ef oifay;onfh/
Harvard Business School / wenf;tm;jzifhvnf; t&if;&SifpepfAdkvf oifwef;ausmif; (Westpoint of
Capitalism) [kwGifaom ausmif;odk@a&mufoGm;ygonf? od@k aomf [m;AwfwuUodv k f. tjcm;aom
ausmif;awmf}uD;rsm;wGif oif=um;ay;aeaom/ urBmausmygarmuQrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfoif=um;&onft h cg t&if;
&Sifpepfonf pif;vHk;acsm aumif;rGefonfr[kwf/ csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;/ rjynfhpHkr_rsm;ESifh rsm;jym;pGm&Sdonfukd jrifvm
cJhygonf?
ud,k fwkid fuvnf; puFmylwd;k wufp tajctaewGif/ ,if;EdkifiHod@k a&muf&Sdvm+yD;/ (Singapore
model) wnfaqmufyHkudkvnf; tao;pdwfyg0ifI vkyfaqmifolwpfOD;tjzpf avhvmcGifh&cJhygonf? ta&S@
tm&Swd;k wufr_yHkpHrSmvnf;/ EdkifiHtm;vH;k rSmyif wdk; wufa&;udk aps;uGufuwm0ef,lcJah omfvnf;/ tpdk;&u
acgif;aqmifay;onfhu¾rsm;udkvnf; awG@jrifcJh&ygonf?

7
 tpxJu ,Ofoudk qdkovd/k TuJo h d@k tjrifuGaJ wG&Sdaeaomyk*~dKvfrsm;u/ waygif;wpnf;aom t,l
tqudk wifjyEdkif&efrSm cJ,Of;vSonfukd od&Sdvmygonf? r+yD;Edkifaom jiif;cHkyGJrsm;/ apm'emrsm;/ aom'em
rsm;ESifh wpfcgw&HwGif atmf[pfjiif;cHk=u&if; tqHk;owf&rnfuhJod@k jzpfvmygonf? tm;vHk;pkaygif;+yD; jrefrm
jynftwGuf taumif;qHk;tajz&Edkif&efrSm wpfcgw&HwGif rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;vm;[kyif xif&ygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfaumif;pm;a&;/ OD;armhvma&;rSm u|efawmfwdk@. t"du&nfrSef;xm;csuf
jzpfojzifh aps;uGufudrk lwnf I jrefrmjynfpD;yGm;a&;udk xlaxmifrnf/ odk@aomf aps;uGufwpfckwnf;. rjynfhpHk
r_/ csKd@,Gif;r_rsm;&Sdaeojzifh tpdk;&aomfvnf; aumif;/ tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; xdef;ay;onft h jyif/
wd;k wufr_ydkrdkjrefqefatmif usm;uefay;r_rsm;udv k nf; vdt k yfvdrfhrnf[laom rludk vufcH=uygonf? odk@aomf
vnf; aps;uGuu f dkxdef;ay;&mwGif/ rnfr# twdik f;twmtxd vufcHEdkifrnfenf; qdkonfrSm/ tjiif;yGm;p&m
awmh usefaeygonf? odk@aomf ,if;udpPrSm vufawG@tajctaet& oH;k oyfqHk;jzwf&rnf jzpfojzifh/ wu,fh
pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfqef;opf vkyfaqmif&rnf/h vufawG@jy\emrsm;[lI owfrSwfxm;cJhygonf?
u|efawmfwd@k wifjyonfhrlrSm jrefrmjynfpD;yGm;wd;k wufzGH@òz;a&;ud/k aps;uGufudk rlwnf+yD; tpGef;
ra&mufatmif xdef;odrf;jr‡ifh wifonfh rlyif jzpfygonf? ,if;udkvnf; vufawG@wu,f usifhoHk;olrsm;tae
ESifh xyfrHjznfhpGuf&rnfukdvnf; vufcHxm;cJhygonf?
pma&;&mwGif yg0ifrnfo h lrsm;. tpnf;ta0;ud/k puFmyltrsKd;om;wuUodkvf pmoifcef;wpfckwGif
usif;ycJhygonf? u|efawmf wdk@onf pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifvla[mif;rdwfaqGrsm;/ q&mrsm; todik f;t0dkif;udk =unfh
aomtcg tcsKd@q&m}uD;rsm; ta=umif; a=umif;a=umifh ryg0ifEdkifawmhonfukd awG@&ygonf? tcsKd@q&m}uD;
rsm;uvnf; usef;rma&;rjynfhpHkojzifh/ cGifhv$wf&ef awmif; yef=uygonf?
yxrpmrl=urf;udk a&;om;&mwGif/ a'gufwmqGef'&rfu OD;aqmif&efjzpfygonf? rlv tpnf;ta0;Y
yif/ jrefrmjynft&yf&yfESifh EdkifiHjcm;&Sd jrefrmynm&Sifrsm;ay;ydk@xm;aom pmwrf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;pkaygif;xm;
onfh tcsuftvufrsm;tay: rlwnfI a&;yg onf? t=urf;zsOf;tm;jzifh aiGa&;a=u;a&; ay:vpDESifh b¾m
a&;u¾udk ygarmuQ (Findlay) u t=urf;a&;om;ay;+yD;/ Industry, Agriculture, social, infrastructure
wd@k udk u|efawmfu pm=urf;a&;om;ay;&ef/ jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@udk tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;ay;&ef
a'gufwmrsKd;!Gef@ESifh udak ZmfOD;wdk@udk wm0efay;cJhygonf? pdkufysKd;a&;ay:vpDudka&;qGJ&eftwGuf/ jrefrmjynfY
pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh aus;vufabm*aA' okawoevkyfief;rsm;vkyf&mwGif/ u|efawmf.vufaxmuftjzpf
a'gufwmrsKd;!Gef@u u|efawmhudk uln&D efjzpfygonf? y&dk*suf. okawoevufaxmuf udak ZmfOD;u tjcm;
acgif;pOfrsm; a&;&mwGif tultnDay;&ef/ pDpOfxm;cJhygonf?
tpkd;&taqmuftODðyjyifa&; Infrastructure a&;&mwGif/ u|efawmfESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tpdk;&.
wm0efay;csuft& jynfol@tkyf csKyfa&;udk jyefvnfcdkifcef@atmif ðyjyifa&;twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif wGzJ uf
aqmif&Gufbl;aoma=umifh ,if;tawG@tñuHrsm;onf txl;toH;k 0ifygonf?
yxrpmrl=urf;+yD;aomtcg/ q&mqGef'&rfu/ udk,fv h lwd@k u|efawmfajymcsifwmawG ajym+yD;+yD/
cifAsm;wd@k quf+yD; jyifqifa&;om;=uygawmh[lI u|efawmfESifh (Professor Findlay) vufod@k tyfvdu k fyg
onf? xdkpmrlwGif rlvpmrla&;pOfu/ tpDtpOfu bmom&yfwdik f;wGif jrefrmjynf. u¾tvdu k f/ ordkif;
tawG@tñuHukd yxrp+yD;rS ðyjyif&rnft h csuftvufrsm;/ ajymif;vJ&rnfrsm;udk wifjy&efjzpfygonf? q&m
qGef'&rf. pmrl=urf;udk zwfonft h cgwGif/ jy\em (2) ckudk awG@jrif&ygonf? wrsKd;rSm ta=umif;t&m
vduk fI ordkif;a=umif;a&;onfhtcgwGif/ Oyrm- pdkufysKd;a&;u¾udk a&;&mwGif/ ,if;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;tawG@
tñuHordkif;udk wifjy&ygrnf? xdek nf;wl pufr_u¾udk wifjyonft h cgvnf;/ xdu k ¾. vGefcJhaomtawG@
tñuHukd jyefvnf wifjy&ygrnf? xdo k d@k wifjy&mwGif pD;yGm;a&; buftoD;oD;wGifysufpD;&jcif; ta=umif;&if;
rsm;rSm zGH@òz;a&;yHkpH ta&G@rsm;cJh+yD;/ ,if;. tusKd;qufrsm;a=umifh u¾toD;oD;wGifvnf;/ xdcdkufcHpm;&onfh
ta=umif;rsm;udk wifjyzdk@vdyk gonf? pD;yGm;a&;ordkif;ta=umif; t&mwd@k udk u¾toD;oD;wGif/ jyefvnf
a&;om;&rnf jzpfojzifh tyfa=umif;xyfaeygonf? ,if;udk a'gufwmqGef'&rf.rl=urf;zwf&mwGif awG@&yg
onf? xdk@tjyif a'gufwmqGef'&rfu zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufa&;udk usrf;wpfapmifwpfzGJ@

8
a&;om;cJhol jzpfjcif;a=umifh/ bmom&yfwdik f;udk a&;om;&mwGif/ wcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif tus,f0dwW& csJ@vGef;onf
[k xifygonf? xd@k a=umifh ,if;wd@k udkcsK@Hypf&efESifh ay:vpDa&;&mwGif vdt k yfonfrsm;om wduspGm jyefvnf
jyifqifa&;om;zdk@ jzpfvmygonf? xdk@a=umifh a'gufwm (Findlay) u/ jrefrmjynf pD;yGm;a&;ordkif;a=umif;udk
tusOf;csKH;wifjy&ef tydkif;wpfydkif;ud/k ed'gef; taejzifh a&;om;ay;&ef pDpOfcJhygonf?
xd@k a=umifh yxrtcef;wGif jrefrmjynf. pD;yGm;a&;ordkif;twdck sKyfud/k rD;armif;xd;k jy&ef pDpOfcJh&mwGif/
jrefrmjynf. t"dujy\ emrsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifcJhygonf? od@k &mwGif EdkifiHa&;tpdk;&ESifh tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&
wd@k . tul;tajymif;umv ta=umif;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjy&mwGif/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tay: tjypfwifcsufrsm;
ae+yD;/ ppfwyftm%modrf;onfrSm jrefrmjynf . wd;k wufa&;twGuf vrf;pyGifhvmovdk jzpfvmonfqdkaom/
tawG;ay:apojzifh ,if;udkvnf; jyifqifa&;om;=u&jyefygonf?
yxrrl=urf;+yD;pD;aomtcg/ ynm&Siftm;vH;k udk zwfapcJh+yD;/ yxrt}udrfaqG;aEG;yGJudk 0g&Sifwefòr@wGif
urBmhvGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ynmAdrRmef (Free Enterprises Institute) wGif usif;ycJhygonf?
,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif a'gufwmqGef'&rfu/ u|efawmfwdk@ (2) a,mufud/k “udk,fv h lESpfa,muf jyifa&;wmu/
t&ifrlv ud, k fa&;xm;wmESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeygyaum” [k ajymygonf? odk@aomftm;vHk;udk oifhjrwfpGm oH;k
oyfxm;ojzifh/ aumif;ygonf/ vufcHEdkifygonf[lI ajymygonf? u|efawmfuvnf; rnfonfhtwGuaf =umifh
rlvpm=urf;udk jyifqif&a=umif;/ &Sif;jyygonf? a'gufwmjrarmif. rlvpmrl=urf;xJrSvnf; tESpftajccHwdk@
udk qGJoGif;pOf;pm;xm;a=umif; awG@&ojzifh/ a'gufwmjrarmifuvnf;/ yxrrl=urf;tay: auseyfr_&&SdcJhyg
onf?
od@k &mwGif u|efawmfwdk@ (2) OD;wm0ef,lxm;aom/ pufr_xGef;um;a&;/ pdkufysKd;a&;u¾ESifh
aiGa&;a=u;a&;jy\emrsm;rSm u|ef awmfwd@k ygarmuQ (2) OD; oabmrwlEdkif jzpfaeojzifh/ pmydk'fwdik f;vdv k dkyif
tjiif;yGm;aqG;aEG;cJh&ygonf? aemufqHk;Y aps;uGuf udrk lwnfI tpdk;&uvnf;/ nifompGm wdu k f&dkuf
0ifa&mufxdef;odrf; jr‡ifhwifay;aom pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk vufcH=uygonf? EdkbJ qk&ygarmuQ (Stiglitz) wifjy
aom “aps;uGuu f aumif;ygonf? ,if;udk tajccHaomfvnf; tpdk;&u OD;aqmifxdef;odrf;ay;&rnfh ae&m
rsm; &Sdaeygonf? aps;uGufcsn;f jzifh rvHak vmufyg” qdkaom rludk vufcHygonf? xdkenf;twlyif/ tpdk;&onf
ol@ae&mESifhol jynfol@tusKd;udk xdcdu k fEdkifaom/ aps;uGufpepf. pnf;urf;vGefr_rsm;udk xdef;odrf;ay;Edkifaomf
vnf;/ tpdk;&uvnf; vHk;0 wm0ef,lEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg/ [laomrludk vufcHvdkuf=uygonf?
&v'fwGif u|efawmf. t,ltqrsm;rSm aps;uGufbufukd ydkrdkeD;pyfvmouJhod@k / a'gufwm (Findlay)
wd@k vd/k (neoclassical economist) awGuvnf;/ tpdk;&. wd;k wufwm0ef,lr_udk vufcHoifhonfah e&mwGif/
vufcHEdkif&ef a&;om;cJhygonf? &v'frSm jrefrmjynftwGuf taumif;qHk;aq;enf;azmfjrLvm[lI xifjrif=u
ygonf?
,if;onfvnf; EdkbJqk&ygarmuQ (Stiglitz) wifjyaom/ “aps;uGuo f nf aumif;ygonf? ,if;udk
tajccHaomfvnf; txdef; tuGyfESifh tpdk;&u OD;aqmifay;&rnfah e&mrsm;vnf;/ &Sdygonf? tpdk;&.
u¾onfvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? odk@aomf ,if;ESifh rvHkavmufyg? tpdk;&u OD;aqmifay;&rnfah e&mrsm;
wGif/ vlwpfOD;/ yk*~dKvfwpfpktm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tcGifhta&;ay;aom tajctae ra&muf&ef a&Smif&Sm;&
rnf?” qdkaom tcsufrsm;udk vufcH+yD;/ ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&u OD;aqmif wdk;wufapr_rsm;udk
vnf;/ tajctaet& vufcHoifhonfah e&mwGif vufcH&efudk pOf;pm;=uygonf?
u|efawmf wm0efusaom pdkufysKd;a&;u¾ud/k a&;om;&mwGif a'gufwmrsKd;!$ef@u u|efawmhudk
txl;ulnaD y;cJhygonf? useftcef;rsm;udak &;&mwGif/ okawoevufaxmuf udkaZmfOD;u tultnDtxl;
ay;cJhygonf? yg&*l bGJ@usrf;twGuf avhvmae aomausmif;om;wpfOD;tzdk@/ u|efawmfwdk@ESifh yl;wGJ aqmif&Guf
cGifh&onfrSm ol@twGuf taumif;qHk;oif=um;r_tawG@tñuH wpf&yf[lI ajym&rnf jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwd@k
ESpfOD;. pOf;pm;yHkrsm;/ uGJvGcJ sufrsm;/ jiif;csufrsm;onf ol@twGuf txl; toHk;0ifrnfh tawG@tñuHyif jzpfyg
rnf?

9
 aemufqHk;wGif pmrludk (copy editing) vkyf&mwGif/ pmrlpma&;[ef (styles) ESifh rSefuefr_rsm;udk
aemufqHk;wnf;jzwf&rnfh tydkif;a&mufvmygonf? ,if;u¾udk okwo f ifwnf;jzwfay;&mwGif t*Fvdyf
pum;udk arG;uwnf;uajymaom/ wnf;jzwf jcif;/ tacsmudkifjcif;udk A[kokw&Sdaom t,f'DwmwpfOD;udk
tcay;iSm;I jyifap&ef qHk;jzwfcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; u|efawmfwdk@pdwfóuufoifhavsmfaom yk*~dKvf r&&Sd
ojzifh/ u|efawmfwd@k (2) OD;/ q&m (Findlay) ESifh u|efawmf tjyeftvSefðyjyif vdu k f=uygonf? aemufqHk;wGif
xkwaf 0olu u|efawmfwdk@ (2) OD;pvHk;u aocsmvGef;ojzifh “uJ æq&m}uD;wdk@/ r+yD;Edkif=u awmhbl;vm;?
xkwaf 0&rnft h csdefvnf; awmfaeyg+yD? ”qdkawmhrSyJ &yfvdkuf+yD;/ tqHk;owfay;vdu k fygonf?
&v'fum; pmayynm&Sifrsm;u oH;k oyfonft h wdik f;/ yk*~dKvf (6) OD;u yg0ifa&;om;aomfvnf;/
wifjycsufrsm;rSm wajy;wnf; wom;wnf;nD!w G fpGm &Sdae=uonf[laom csD;usL;jcif;udk cH&ygonf?
Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&mwGif/ trnfrazmfvkad om jrefrmynm&Sifrsm;. wifjycsufrsm;udkvnf;
qDavsmo f nfah e&mrsm;wGif toH;k cscJhygonf? ynm&Siftm;vHk; pkaygif;óu;yrf;r_rS ay:xGufvmaom toD;
tyGifh[lI owfrSwf&ygrnf?

10
bmomjyefqdkxm;aom jrefrmjyefpmtkyf. ed'gef;
Tpmtkyfonf/ jrefrmjynftwGuf ta&;}uD;aom pD;yGm;a&;vrf;!$efpmwrf; jzpfvmrnf[k &nf
&G,f awG;qcJhygonf? u|efawmfwd@k onf pD;yGm;a&;ynma0g[m&awG/ oabmw&m;awGudk tus,0f dwWm&
rcsJ@/ t&Sif;EdkifqHk;/ em;vnf tEdkifqHk;jzpfatmif a&;om;cJhygonf? od@k aomf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;xm;
aom usrf;wapmifud/k jrefrmjynfol oef; (50) xJu rnfr# zwf=urnfenf;? tusKd;&SdpGm zwfEdkif=uygrnf
vm;[k ar;p&mjzpfvmygonf? tpdk;&ydkif;wGif tkyfcsKyfolrsm;uvnf;/ ta&;}uD;aom tcsufrsm;udk jrefrmpm
jzifh a&;om;ay;&ef pDpOfr_rsm; ðyvkyfonf[k =um;od&ygonf?
xdt k ajctaewGif jrefrmjynfpD;yGm;a&;acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;ozG,f vkyfaqmif&efvdo k nfh tcg
wGif/ pdwf0ifpm;ol/ =oZm wduUr&Sdolrsm; em;vnfEdkifzdk@ vdkvmygonf? xdk@a=umifh Tpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmom
jzifh jyefqdka&;om;&ef vdo k nfudk u|efawmf wdk@ em;vnf=uygonf? vltrsm;u u|efawmfwd@k a&;om;onfrsm;
ud/k em;vnfygu wdkif;jynfjyefvnfxal xmifa&;twGu/f tusKd;rsm;pGm &SdEdkifonfudk odygonf?
xd@k a=umifh jrefrmjyefqdk&ef/ &efyHkaiG&&Sda&;ESifh bmomjyefqdka&;wd@k udk apmpD;pGmuyif/ pwifcJhygonf?
od@k aomf jrefrmvdjk yefaomtcg/ &Sif;vif;csufawG trsm;}uD;xnf+h yD;/ oabmw&m;rsm;udv k nf; trsm;em;
vnfatmifa&;Edkifzdk@rSm/ rvG,fonfudk awG@& ygonf? u|efawmf. wynfhrsm;xJrS jrefrmESifh t*FvdyfpmESpfck
vH;k udk ydkifEdkifaom bmomjyefolukd &SmazGwm0efay;cJhaomf vnf;/ ZGJESifh vkyfEdkifol r&cJhyg? ,if;od@k jzpfaepOf
wGif/ udak ZmfOD;ESifh 0g&Sifwef&Sd jrefrm&efyHkaiGtzGJ@&Sd yk*~dKvfrsm;. óu;yrf;csuft& t+yD;qHk;wdik f bmomjyefEdkifol
udak tmifol+idrf;udk &&SdcJhygonf? ,if;yk*~dKvfrSm aq;ynmudk oif=um;cJhaomfvnf;/ jrefrmpmudv k nf;u|rf;usif
onfudk awG@&ygonf? tcef;wdik f;vdv k dk u|efawmfzwf&_ jyifqifI&&Sdaompmrlrsm;rSm/ ,ckyHkESdyfxm;aomjrefrm
jyefyif jzpfygonf? udak tmifol+idrf;rSm (1988) ckESpf/ awmfvSefa&;0ifausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ tar&duef
axmufyHhr_t& [m;AwfwuUodkvf/ jynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&;ynmoifwef;ausmif;wGif wpfESpfoifwef;wufa&muf
atmifjrifpGm bGJ@&cJhojzifh/ ,ck acwfpD;yGm;a&; tac:ta0:/ toH;k tE_ef;rsm;udk em;vnf+yD; u|rf;usifpGmoH;k
EdkifcJhygonf?
Tjrefrmbmomjyefpmrludk u|efawmfESifh udak ZmfOD;/ a':ar+idrf;wdk@u jyefvnfwnf;jzwfay;+yD;/
jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuw f ifjy cJhygonf? csKd@,Gif;csufrsm; &Sdaomfvnf;/ trsm;. t=uHay;csufrsm;udk cH,lI/
aemifxkwaf 0onft h }udrfrsm;wGif jyefvnfðyjyifay;rnf jzpfygonf?
tm;vH;k aom pmzwfy&dowfESifh jrefrmjynfrS pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;u jyifqifjznfhpGuf&ef vdt k yfonf
rsm;&Sdygu t=uHðyay;&ef/ zdwfac:ygonf?

11
tcef; (1)
ed'gef;

12
 tcef; (1)
ed'gef;
vGefcJhaom 'kwd,axmifpkESpfumv tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf/ ta¶S‹awmiftm&S&Sd EkdifiH
trsm;teuf/ tpkpnf;tnD!GwfqHk;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;t& =oZmv$rf;rdk;tiftm;}uD;cJhaom/ vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;tm;aumif;aom EdkifiHwckjzpfcJhonf? Oa&mywGif aemfrefvlrsKd;wkd@jAdwdefEkdifiHukd odrf;ykduftkyfpkd;aeqJ
umvESifhacwfòyifumvwGifyif/ taemf&xmrif; (ouU&mZfESpf 1044-77 ckESpf) u wkid f;jynfwckvkH;ukd/
pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;cJh+yD; jzpfayonf? oD&dvuFmrSwqifh pD;qif;0ifa&mufvmcJhaom ax&0g'Ak'<bmomrSonf
,Ofaus;r_ESifh,k=H unfukd;uG,fr_qkdif&m "avhxkH;pHrsm;/ pepfrsm;zGH@òz;wnfwHv h monfrSm/ ,ae@wdkif ckdfifckdifrmrm
wnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf? tdrfeD;csif;xdik f;EdkifiH/ vmtdkESifhurfabm'D;,m;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhvnf; ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;
wrf;t& rsm;pGmeD;pyfr_&Sd aom EdkifiHwckjzpfonf? tpOftqufrif;aejynfawmfrsm; jzpfaom yk*H/ awmifil/
tif;0/ ukef;abmif tp&Sd onfh rif;qufrsm;wGif jrefrmwkd@. ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;=oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;onf
a'otdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;odk@ jyef‹ESH@cJh+yD;/ taemufwkdif;ukefonfrsm;ESifh a=u;pm;ppfwyfrsm;uyif cef@nm;av;
pm;cJh=u&onf? (19) &mpkESpf twGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd t*Fvdyfwkd@u tqifhqifhe,fcsJ@odrf;ykdufcJh+yD;onfh
aemufykdif;wGif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;onf tdrfeD;csif;wkdif;jynfrsm;ESifh,SOfv#if omvGefwdk;wufaumif;rGefcJhonf?
qefpyg;wifydk@r_/ u|ef;opfESifh tjcm; ukef=urf;wifykd@ukefrsm;a&mif;csEkdifr_wGif jrefrmEkdifiHu omvGefcJhonf? vl@
t&if;tESD;u¾zufwGifvnf;/ jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;wGif xdyfqkH;wGif&SdcJh+yD;/ udv k dek DacwfwiG f
&&Sdonfh acwfynmoif=um;Edkifr_wGifvnf;/ vlenf;pktv$mtcsKd@om qnf;yl;avhvmEdkifcJhonf qdkaomfvnf;/
urBmESifh &ifaygifwef;EkdfifcJhonfhtqifhwGif&SdcJhonf?
atmufazmfjyyg Z,m; (1? 1) wGif jrefrmEdkifiH.EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@r_wefzdk;udk vlwOD;csif;jzifh Ed_if;,SOf
wGucf sufazmjfyxm;&mwGif/ (1936-39) ckESpfrsm;wGif&SdchJaom jrefrmEkdifiH.vlwOD;csif; EdkifiHjcm;ykd@ukefESifhoGif;
ukefwefzdk;rsm;udk tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uonfh qkdif,rf (xkid f;)/ e,fomvef tif'D;pf (tif'kdeD;&Sm;)/
tif'kdcsKdif;em; (AD,uferf)/ jAdwdo# rmvm,k (rav;&Sm;)/ tdENd,/ w&kwfEkdifiHwkd@ESifh E_dif;,SOfazmfjyxm;ygonf?
jrefrmwkd@. wefzkd;onf cef‹rSef;ajctm;jzifh tif'kdeD;&Sm;ESifh xkid f;EkdifiHrsm;xuf ESpfq/ tif'kdcsKdif;em;xuf ok;H q/
tdENd,xuf ajcmufq/ w&kwfEdkifiHxuf (25) qcef@ rsm;aeonfukd avhvmawG‹&SdEkdifayonf?
owWKESifh &mbm ponfh obm0 o,HZmwrsm;jzihf aygºu,f0aom/ vlOD;a&tm;jzifhvnf;enf;aom
jAdwdo#rmvm,kjynfe,fonf Tudef;*%ef;rsm;t&=unfhygu/ jrefrmEkdifiHxufpD;yGm;a&;u ydkwk;d wufonf?
urBmpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh csdwfqufr_twkid f;twmwGifvnf; omonf[k qdkEdkifonf? odk@aomfynma&;wd;k wufr_
wGifum;/ jrefrmEdkifiHu tqrsm;pGmomcJhygonf? uvwWm;wuUodv k f. tcGJ/ aumvdyfwcktjzpf &efukefaum
vdyfonf (20) &mpk rprDuyif/ pwifzGifhvSpfEdkifcJhygonf? (1920) ckESpfwGif/ &efukefwuUodv k fay:xGef;cJh+yD; xdk
wuUodv k fY tr_xrf;cJhaomynm&Sifrsm;rSm/ aemiftcgwGif urBmausmyf nm&Sifrsm; jzpfcJh=uygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHonf 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;.'%fudk wku d f¶kdufcHpm;cJh&onfh jymykHb0rSyif/ ppf+yD;onfESifh&kef;
xGuEf kdifcJh,Hkru/ (1950) ckESpfumvwGif ppf'%fukd rcHcJh&onfh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwckjzpfaom xkid f;EkdifiH. pD;yGm;
a&;ESifh zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mudef;*%ef;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGmruGmjcm;onfudk awG@&Sd&onf? okd@&mwGif ,if;aemufykdif;
(1950) rS (1995) ckESpfumvrsm;twGif; ,if;EkdifiHrsm;&Sd vlwOD;csif;pD. 0ifaiGwefzkd;csif; E_dif;,SOfvku d fonfh
tcg jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vsuf aemufususefcJhonfudk awG‹jrifEkdifavonf? Tudef;*%ef;rsm;
udk yHk (1? 1) wGifjyxm;ygonf? xku d mvtwGif;wGif vlwOD;csif;pD. 0ifaiGonf xkid f;EkdifiHwGif jrefrmEdkifiH.
(5) q/ tif'kdeD;¶Sm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. (2) q ponfhjzifh wk;d wufcJah omfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGifrl rqkdpavmuf
om wk;d wufcJhonfudk awG‹jrifEkdifavonf? yHk (1? 1) wGif tjcm;xif¶Sm;onft h csufrSm vlwOD;csif;pD. 0ifaiG
13
wk;d wufr_E_ef;onf (1950-65) umvrsm;twGif; rsm;pGmuGmjcm;r_ r&Sdaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif rsm;pGmuGm
jcm;cJhonfukd awG‹jrifEkdifavonf?

Z,m; (1? 1) ta¶S‹awmiftm&SESifh tdENd,/ w&kwfEdkifiHrsm;. EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_wGif vlwOD;csif;pD.ysrf;r#

wefzkd; (1936-39 ESpfrsm;twGif;ESpfpOfysrf;r#wefzdk;udk tar&duefa':vmtm;jzifhwGucf sufxm;jcif; jzpfonf?)
jynfyydk@ukef jynfwGif;wifoGif;ukef
(tar&duefa':vmtm;jzifh) (tar&duefa':vmtm;jzifh)
jrefrmEdkifiH 12 ²65 5 ²60
qdik f,rf 5 ²10 3 ²55
e,fomvef tif'D;pf 6 ²70 4 ²00
tif'dkcsKdif;em; 4 ²05 2 ²60
+Adwdo#rmvm,k 75 ²55 63 ²00
tdENd, 2 ²00 1 ²60
w&kwf 0 ²40 1 ²70
rl&if;? J.R. Andrus, Burmese Economic life, Stanford University Press, 1947.

yHk (1? 1) vlwOD;csif;0ifaiGajymif;vJwk;d wufvmr_jyyHk

Figure 1.1. Changes in Per Capita Income

4000

3500

3000 Burma
Indonesia
2500 Philippines
Thailand
2000 Malaysia

1500

1000

500

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

rl&if;? Various issues of World Tables, World Bank and authors' estimate.

aemufa=umif;jyef=unf&h aomf/ (1950) ckESpfrS (1962) ckESpfumvrsm;onf ppf+yD;acwfjrefrmEdkifiH

twGuf ‘a¶$acwf’ [k wifpm;Ekdifavonf? uk&d D;,m;ppfyGJ+yD;qkH;oGm;I ppfa=umifhaps;jrifhwufaeaom qef
aps; usqif;oGm;ojzifh/ &SpfESpf=umaqmif&GufcJah om ‘jynfawmfompDrHudef;’. jrifhrm;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm;
udrk jynfhrDEdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;/ v,f,mu¾ESifh pufr_u¾udk rsm;pGm zGH@òz;wd;k wufap
cJhygonf?
14
 (1962) ckESpfwGif ppfwyfrSwdik f;jynftm%mudkodrf;ydkufcJ+h yD;aemufydkif;wGif ygvDreftpdk;&ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&
onf? aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHudk uyfysuftwGif; usqif;apcJhaom ‘jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qdk&S,fvpfpepf’
udk pwifusifhoHk;cJhonf? trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk tpGef;a&mufonft h aetxm;txd a&S@wef;wifcJh+yD;/ yk*~vdu
aps;qdkifi,frsm;txdukdyg jynfolydkifodrf;cJhonf? jynfwGif;&Sdxkwfvyk fa&;u¾rsm;udk odrf;usKH; aygif;pnf;cJh+yD;/
Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ xdef;csKyfr_rsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;udkwif;usyfpGm csKyfudkifaqmif&GufcJo h nf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;ESifh
ukefoG,fa&;rSmusqif;cJh&onf? wenf;azmfjy&v#if ajratmufpD;yGm;a&;tjzpfikwfv#Kd;oGm;cJh&onf? jynfol
trsm;. rauseyfr_rsm;aemufqHk;pk&Hk;vmum (1988) ckESpfwGif jynfvkH;u|wfqENjyyGJrsm;ay:aygufcJhonf? xdk
qENjyyGJrsm;udk ppftpdk;&opfu jyif;jyif;xefxefòzcGJacsr_ef;cJh+yD;/ rdrdbmomzGJ@pnf;aom EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_
wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) tpdk;&jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhonf? qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk pGef@v$wcf Jh+yD;/ aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&;
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumod@k wHcg;zGifhvGwv f yfcGifhay;aom rl0g'rsm;udk usifo h Hk;rnf[k xkwfjyefa=ujimcJh
onf? aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;acwfopf wckpwifvmcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tae&mwGifowdðy&eftcsufrSm
tpdk;&taejzifh Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;pepf. u¾tawmfrsm;rsm;udk csKyfudik fxm;qJjzpfonf? vGwf
vyfpGm wHcg;zGifh aqmif&GufcGifhðyonf qdkonfrSmvnf; tcsKd@oD;oef@u¾rsm;wGifomjzpfonf? ppftpdk;&
taejzifh wdkuf&dkuf odk@r[kwfoG,f0dkufI wenf;wzHkqufpyfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;onf
om TtusKd;ouf a&mufr_udk cHpm;=u&onf? ‘vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGGg;a&;pepf’[lI trsm;u jrifxm;
aom t"dy`g,fESifh rsm;pGm uGmjcm;onf? jrefrmppftpdk;&taejzifh oabmaygufxm;onfrSm rdrdwd@k vdt k yf
ovdk wpdwfwydkif;vGwfvyfcGifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh/ ‚if;wdk@tzGJ@tpnf;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf ydkrdktusKd;&SdapEdkif+yD;/
,cifusifo h Hk;cJhaom wif;usyfonfh qdk&S,fvpfpepfxuf EdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;ESifh/ EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;ESifh
yGifhvif;jrifomr_r&Sdaom yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufjcif;u ydkI tusKd;jzpfapEdkifonf [lIjzpfonf?
qdk&S,fvpf0g'usifhoH;k r_udkpGef@v$wfcJjh cif;ESifh EdkifiHwumaps;uGufESifhwpdwfwydkif;wHcg;zGifhcJhjcif;twGuf
csufcsif;yif &vmaomtusKd;tjrwfukdwc% cHpm;cJh=u&onf? EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefrsm;wdk;wufvmapcJh+yD;/ EdkifiH&yf
jcm;rS &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;vnf; pwif 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? ,ckumvwGifawmh tajctaerSefudo k dvmaom
a=umifh vGifhys,foGm;=u+yD jzpfonf? Todk@&&Sdvmaom0ifaiGrsm;udk ppfwyftwGuo f m trsm;qHk;toH;k ðycJh
onf? EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDrsm;ESifh ay;qyf&ef&Sdaeaom twd;k rsm;u ydkIjrifhrm;vmaecJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;rSc&D;oGm;
rsm;udk qGJaqmif&ef t"du&nf&G,fcsujf zifh ‘jrefrmhc&D;oGm;ESpf’udk aysmfyGJ&$ifyGJrsm;jzifh tpðycJhaomfvnf;/
aemufydkif;wGif ratmifrjrifjzpfcJh&onf? rkwWryifv,fauG@rS xdik f;EdkifiHod@k wifydk@aeaom obm0"gwfaiG@
a&mif;csr_rS&aeaom EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGom&Sdawmh+yD;/ T0ifaiGa=umifh ppftpdk;&. tajccHpD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk
atmifjrifapaom tajctaetxd ray;Edkifyg? xdk@tjyif Tod@k obm0"gwfaiGydk@aeaom ydkufvkid f;rSmvnf;/
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ obm00ef;usifysufoOk f;&r_rsm;a=umifh jiif;ckefzG,f&m jzpfae&onf? xdk@tjyif
tpdk;&taejzifh jynfoltrsm;. &efykHaiGrsm;udv k nf; ðyef;wD;apcJhonf? aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef;rSm w[kefxdk;
jrifhwufae+yD;/ jyify aygufaps;wGifusyfaiGaps;E_ef;on/f (1994) wGif&Sdaeaom jyifyaygufaps;ESifh,SOfv#if (300)
&mcdkifE_ef;txd usqif;cJh&onf? rdrdwd@k . vHðk cHr_udkom &nfoefI/ ppfwyfudv k nf; wyfom;tiftm; (5) odef;
txdwk;d jr‡ifhjcif;jzifh/ ppfwyfudx
k laxmif&onfh p&dwf/ tukeftuscH&onfo h Hk;aiGrSmvnf; txl;jrifhrm;vmcJhyg
onf?
aemufydkif;pmrsufESmrsm;wGif twdwu f mvuºuif;usefcJh&aom ordkif;qdkif&mtajccHtcsufrsm;ESifh
xduk mvrsm;twGif; jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;tajctaerS oifcef;pmxkwfE_wf,lzG,fudpPrsm;udk wifjyoGm;rnfjzpf
ygonf?

15
ºuif;usef&pfaom twdwf.tarG
(1) udvk dek Dacwfumv
(2) ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& vufxuf (1958-62)
(3) jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf (1962-88)
(4) (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxuf

xd@k aemufydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckvH;k tay: taxGaxGokH;oyfcsufESifh tajccHrl0g'rsm;wnfaqmuf

xm;yHkudk qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;rnf jzpfonf? tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf rdrdwdk@.&_jrifoHk;oyfcsufESifh r[m
AsL[mrsm;udk u¾tvdu k f aemufydkif;wGif/ qufvufazmfjyaqG;aEG;oGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

tem*wftwGuf &_jrifoHk;oyfcsufESifh r[mAsL[m

(1) v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾
(2) pufr_u¾
(3) obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh obm00ef;usif
(4) EdkifiHwum ukefoG,fa&;
(5) b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;
(6) qif;&JrGJawr_ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_
(7) ynma&;u¾
(8) tajccHtaqmuftOD
(9) tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m pepfrsm; wdk@jzpfygonf?

t"duOD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm;/ jy\emrsm;ESifh vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&mwGif ñuH

awG@&rnfjh y\emrsm;udk rdrdwdk@t=uHðycsufrsm;wGif vufawG@tajctaeESifhtnD tav;ay;wifjyxm;yg
onf? aemufqHk;u¾wGif Tr[mAsL[mESifh tjriftqdkðycsuftay: tjiif;yGm;Edkifaomtcsufrsm;ESifh tjcm;
qufvufaqG;aEG;ap&ef wdkufwGef;csufrsm;udkyg aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

ºuif;usef&pfaom twdwf.tarG
udkvdek Dacwfumv
(1998) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhonfrSm ESpfig;q,fjynf+h yDjzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf;
0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;aomtcsufrSm pD;yGm;a&;pepf.tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;onf udkvdkeDpepfumv
twGif;u c|if;csefxm;&pfaom tarGrsm;twdik f; obm0tm;jzifh rajymif;rvJ/ rwdk;wufbJ usef&Sdaeao;
aom tcsufyif jzpfygonf? tajccHukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_tay:wGif rSDcdkae&aomtajctaerSm
vnf; rajymif;rvJ wnf&Sdae+yD;/ vkyfom;tiftm;trsm;pkrSmvnf; v,f,mvkyfief;u¾tay:wGif tajcðy
ae&aomtcsKd;rSm ododomomajymif;vJvmjcif; r&Sdao;yg? trSefpifppfwGif wdkif;jynfwck.pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;
pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_udk azmfjy&mwGif/ tajccHukef=urf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@Edkifaomyrm%jzifh wdik f;wmazmfjy&rnf
qdkonfrSm tvGefqdk;&Gm;aom udpP jzpfygonf? tjcm;aomEdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&SdEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;vnf;
&Sm=uHzefwD;EdkifcJhjcif;r&Sdyg? ukef=urf;udk ukefacsmtjzpf ajymif;vJxw
k fvkyfEdkifjcif; r&SdbJ/ ukef=urf;a&mif;ol
b0ESifh tjrJwrf;wnf&SdaeonfrSm vufcHEdkifp&m r&Sdyg? tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHwcktwGuf r#waom/
a&&SnfwnfwHhaomzGH@òz;r_udk jzpfay:wdk;wufvmap&ef twGu/f tajccHukef=urf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@jcif;
udk ,m,D ckwkef;tjzpftoHk;ðyonfqdkv#if c%wmjzpfEdkif ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; ,ckjzpfaeaom tae

16
txm;onf udv k dkeDtpdk;&vufxufuusifhoH;k cJhaom pepfqdk;. tarGºuif;usef&pfaeqJjzpf+yD;/ eufeuf&d_if;
&d_if;tjrpfwG,af eygao;onf? xd@k tjyifa&&Snfudkr=unfhaom tjrifwdrk _ESifh wm0efcHr_r&Sdaom rl0g'rsm;
a=umifh TuJhod@k jzpfae&jcif;jzpfygonf? aemuftcef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfudk qufvufaqG;aEG; azmfjyoGm;yg
rnf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +Adwdo#udkvdek Dtpdk;&taejzifhusifhoH;k cJhaom rl0g'rSm EdkifiHudk urBmpD;yGm;a&;aps;uGuf
ESifh wHcg;zGifhawG@qHkapcJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ ndE‡ d_if;aqG;aEG;jcif; ðyEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ/ w&Gwfwku
d fqGJac: wHcg;zGifhapcJhjcif; jzpfyg
onf? Tae&mwGif ,ckumvtif'dkeD;&Sm;/ AD,uferfEdkifiHa'orsm;wGif 'wfrsm;/ jyifopfrsm;.udv k dek Dðy aqmif
&GufyHk rl0g'rsm;ESifhvnf; jcm;em;&Hkr#ru/ +Adwdo#uyif udv k dkeDðycJhaom ,ckrav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif aqmif&GufcJyh HkESifh
vnf; jcm;em;aeygao;onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh +Adwdo#rmvm,ku|ef;qG,fwiG f udv k dkeDtpdk;&u a'ocHrsm;.
tm%mydkifr_udk *&kwpdkufqufvuftodrSwfðyxm;cJh+yD;/ rav;&Sm;apmfbGm;rsm;vufod@k ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk
tyfESHcJhygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh O,smOfjcHpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;ESifh owWKwGif;wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiH
wumaps;uGuf tiftm;pkrsm;. zdtm;udk=um;cHxm;ay;EdkifcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a*s-
tufpf-zmeDA,f (J.S. Furnivall) axmufjycJhovd/k vH;k 0aps;uGufvufokd@yHktyfaom vpfZDzJ,m; (laissez-
faire) rl0g'rsm;twdik f; taumiftxnf azmfcJh=uygonf?
xif&Sm;I rSwfom;p&maumif;aomtcsufrSm +Adwdo#wdk@tkyfcsKyfaomudkvdek D atmufjrefrmEdkifiHudk
EdkifiHwumaps;uGuo f dk@ (1852) ckESpfwGif/ wHcg;zGifhay;cJh+yD;aemuf/ yGifhvef;vmcJhaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk
txufjrefrmjynf&Sd jrefrmrsm;wk@H jyefaqmif&Guf=uyHkyif jzpfygonf? xdt k csdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwckvH;k onf
+Adwdo#vufatmuf rusa&mufao;bJ/ (1885) ckESpfa&mufrSom wEdkifiHvHk;udk odrf;ydkufcJjh cif;jzpfygonf?
(1869) ckESpfwGif pl;tufw;l ajrmif;zGifhvSpf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif tdENd,/ ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'orsm;ESifh Oa&my
ul;vl;qufqHr_ydkIvG,fuv l m+yD;/ ydkrdkeD;pyfvmapcJhygonf? {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oudk udkvdek Dodrf;ydkufcJh+yD;
aemufydkif;wGif urBmhpD;yGGg;a&;aps;uGufokd@ qefa&mif;csaompD;yGm;a&;aphaqmfr_a=umifh txufjrefrmjynfrS
v,form;trsm;tjym; {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:od@k ajymif;a&$@tajccsvm=uygonf? olwkd@.vufrsm;jzifhyif
EGHawmrsm;/ opfawmrsm;udk ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;um v,fwDxGifcJh=uygonf? q,fpkESpfwcktwGif;rSmyif qefpyg;
wifydk@r_odoo d mom wd;k wufvm+yD;/ wESpfv#if yHkrSef qefwefcsdef (3) oef;wifydk@Edkifaom taetxm;a&muf
cJhygonf? (1930) ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;a&mufaomtcg pyg;a&mif;&aiGonf a':vm oef; (80) cef@&&Sdae+yD jzpf
onf? xdt k csdefu xdik f;EdkifiH.qefwifydk@r_rSm Tyrm%.w0ufcef@om&Sdygonf? 1
u|ef;opfESifh tjcm;opfrmrsm;xkwv f kyfaom opfawmu¾onfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sdap
aomvkyfief;wck jzpfygonf? +Adwdo#ukr`%Drsm;uom opfxkwfvyk f=uaomfvnf;/ udv k dkeDtpdk;&taejzifh
“a&&Snftrsm;qHk;xkwv f kyfEdkifrnfEh _ef;”2 twdik f;&&Sdap&ef opfawmxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;pnf;urf;rsm;udk
wif;wif;usyfusyf csrSwfaqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm opfawmrsm;ckwfvSJaeaomyrm%tvdu k f/
opfyifrsm;jyefvnfpdkufysKd;jcif;/ opfawmysKd;cif;rsm;pdkufjcif;udk jyefjznfjh cif;tm;jzifh tjrJwrf;xkwfvyk foGm;Edkif
&ef &nf&G,f&if;jzpfygonf? rnfonft h yifudk ckwfvSJcGifh&Sdonf? oufwrf;rnfr#wGif xkwfvJ&S rnf? ponfwdk@
udk pepfwusOya'jyXmef;+yD;/ u|rf;usifI tawG@tñuH&Sdaomynm&Sifrsm;udk opfawmXmersm;wGif cef@tyf
wm0efay;apcdkif;cJhygonf? (1940) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@aomopfyrm%onf wefcsdef (225000) &Sd+yD;/
wefzdk;tm;jzifh a':vm (10) oef;cef@&Sdygonf? tjcm;opfrmrsm;a&mif;cs&aomaiGrSm aemufxyfa':vm (2)
oef;cef@&Sdygonf?
xd@k tjyifa&eHudv k nf; &SmazGazmfxkwcf Jh+yD;/ (1939-40) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;aiG a':vm (55) oef;&&Sd
ap&ef wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifcJhygonf? cJ/ 0lz&ef/ oHjzLponfhwGif;xGufrsm; a&mif;cs&aiGrS a':vm (18) oef;&&SdcJhyg
onf? xdt k csdefu EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@ukefrsm;rS&&Sdaom0ifaiGrSm (1939-40) wGif pkpkaygif; a':vm (173) oef;

1
J. C. Ingram, Economic Changes in Thailand 1850-1970. Oxford University Press, 1971.
2
maximum sustained yield

17
&SdcJh+yD;/ trsm;pkrSm tajccHydk@ukefrsm;rS jzpfygonf? Tyrm%rSm tHh=oav;pm;zG,faumif;vSygonf? (Z,m; 1?
2 udk=unfhyg? )

Z,m; (1? 2) EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@ukefrsm;rS&aiG yrm%wefzdk; (1939-40) (tar&duefa':vm axmifaygif;)

pkpkaygif; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk; 172937
qefESifh qefxGufypPnf; 81149
u|ef;opfESifh tjcm;opfrm 11919
cJ/ 0lz&efESifh oHjzL 18081
a&eHxGufypPnf; 55492
rl&if;? Andrus, 1947.

xdt
k csdefwGifyif jrefrmEdkifiH&SdrD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udkazmufvkyfcJhonf? jrefrmhrD;&xm;.wm0efrSm Tod@k
yrm%}uD;rm;aom tajccHxkwfuek frsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@Edkif&eftwGuf qdyfurf;rsm;od@k ta&mufydk@Edkifa&;yif
jzpfonf? &xm;vrf;rsm;taejzifh ajrmuf-awmifudkoG,w f ef;xm;=u+yD;/ ta&S@-taemufqufpyfxm;r_ r&Sd
oavmufyifjzpfonf? &xm;vrf;pepfrsm;rSmvnf; vspfvsLðyxm;cH&onf[k ajymv#if&Edkifonf? òr@aygif;
(100) ausmfwiG f v#yfppf"gwftm;&&SdoH;k pGJEdkifcJhonf?
qef}udwcf GJjcif;/ a&eHoef@pifcsufvkyfjcif;ESifh tajccHukef=urf;rsm;udx
k kwv f kyfðyjyifay;aompuf&HktcsKd@
rSvGv J #if/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftjcm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rxGef;um;oavmuf&SdcJhonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_rwdik frDu &SdcJh
aom rd&dk;zvmvufr_ukefxkwfvkyfief;rSmvnf; vHk;0okwo f if z,f&Sm;cHvduk f&onf? aus;vufaerdom;pk
rsm;taejzifhv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udkom t"duxm;vkyfudik fvmcJh+yD;/ rdrdpm;oH;k r_twGufvnf;aumif;/
òr#jyrsm;ESifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sdaps;uGufrsm;od@k wifydk@a&mif;cs&eftwGuf xkwfvkyfpdkufysKd;=uonf?
acwfopfynma&;pepfudk pwifcJhaomfvnf;/ vltenf;pk oD;oef@vlwpktwGuo f moif=um;EdkifcGifh&Sd
cJhonf? (1920) ckESpfwGif &efukefwuUodv k fudkwnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mav;pm;avmufaomXme
wcktjzpf zGH@òz;vmcJhonf? xdktcsdefu &efukefwuUodkvfonfta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif taumif;qHk;
wuUodv k fwcktjzpf wnf&SdcJhonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSpmvmoif=uaomygarmuQrsm;wGif ynm&yfydkifqdkif&mt&
xif&Sm;ausm=f um;oltrsm;tjym; &efukefwuUodkvfwiG f vma&mufvkyfudkifcJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@.ausmif;om;
rsm;taejzifh òr@jytkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ Oya'a&;&mpDrHcef@cGJa&;Xmersm;wGifvnf;aumif;
tvkyf0if=uonf? ‚if;ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;umv&efukefwuUodv k fwiG f q&mrsm;/
0efxrf;rsm;jyefjzpfvm=uonf?
Tod@k atmifjrifr_rsm;&&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;onf rw&m;rr#wr_rsm;/
wef;wl&nfwlr&Sdaom vlr_qufqHa&;rsm; w&m;ud, k fuyifygvmaoma=umifh/ aemufqufwJq G dk;usKd;rsm;ESifh
qHk;&_H;epfem&r_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:apcJhonf? rdrdwd@k avhvmawG@&Sdcsuft& jynfwGif;odk@jyefvnfwifydk@vmaom
ukefrsm;rSm/ EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@ukefwefzdk;. w0ufr#om&SdcJhonf? Tonfud=k unfjh cif;tm;jzifh t&if;tESD;rsm;
twGuaf y;&aomtwdk;aiGrsm;/ tjrwftpGef;rsm; rdcifEdkifiHod@k om jyefoGm;=u+yD;/ tajccHxkwu f kefvkyfief;rsm;
udk wd;k wufap&efvdt k yfaomt&if;tESD;rsm;/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;twGuf vdt k yfoavmuf vkyfaqmif
cJhjcif;udk tav;ray;cJha=umif; awG@&onf? a'ocHjrefrmjynfoltrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif v,f,m
pdkufysKd;a&;u¾Yom yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif=uonf? u|rf;usifr_rvdt k yfaomtvkyfrsm;jzpfonfh qef}udwfpuf
vkyfom;rsm;/ qdyfurf;ukefwifukefcsvkyfom;rsm;wGifyif tdENd,rSwifoGif;vmaom vkyfom;rsm;udk toHk;ðycJh
=uonf? u|rf;usifr_vdt k yfaomvkyfom;rsm;ae&mwGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rSm tpdk;&Xme
rsm;. ti,fwef;t&m&Sdae&mrsm;ESifh u|rf;usifolae&mrsm;avmufom &SdcJhonf? v,f,mvkyfief;twGuf
vdt k yfaom aiGa=u;yHhydk;ay;jcif;udk tdENd,EdkifiHawmifydkif;rSvma&muftajccsaom cspfwD;aiGwd;k acs;pm;olrsm;
uom t"duaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? aiGacs;&mwGifvnf; ajraygifcHIomaiGacs;onf? urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;
qdkufI jrefrmEdkifiHodk@&dkufcwfvmaomaomtcg/ tusKd;qufrSmqdk;&Gm;vSonf? aºu; rqyfEdkifaomawmifol
18
v,form;rsm;. ajrtrsm;tjym; cspfwD;rsm;.vufwGif;odk@ usa&mufqHk;&_H;cJh=u&onf? q&mpHOD;aqmifaom
v,form;olykefxr_}uD; (1930-32) umvrsm;wGif jzpfvmcJh&+yD;/ udv k dkeDtpdk;&u &ufpufpGmacsr_ef;cJhonf?
udv k dek Dpepf. t}uD;rm;qHk;aom raumif;onfhaemufqufwJGtusKd;quf[k qdkEdkifaomudpPrSm
(jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdynm&Sifrsm;omru/ omrefjynfolrsm;tm;vHk;) EdkifiHwumukefoG,af &;tay: r,H=k unfjcif;ESifh
oHo,0ifcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsufa=umifhyif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;csdefrSpwifI
tqufqufaomtpdk;&rsm;onf jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;udkuef@owfxm;&efESifh urBmhaps;uGuaf =umifhjzpfay:vm
rnf&h dkufcwfr_rsm;udk Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh vHðk cHr_/ umuG,fay;Edkif&ef pOf;pm;r_rsKd;jzifhaqmif&GufapcJh=uyHk&
onf? xdo k dk@aqmif&GufcJah om rl0g'rsm;.tusKd;qufa=umifh wdik f;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udk rsm;pGm wkH@
aES;ap&Hkomru/ jynfolrsm;. vlaer_tqifhtwef;vnf; edrfhuscJh&onf? txl;ojzifh wdik f;jynf.vlrsm;pk}uD;
jzpfaom qefpdkufoal wmifol v,form;rsm;taejzifh ydkIepfemcJh&onf?

vGwfvyfa&;umvESifh ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk&tkyfcsKyfa&; (1948-62)

'kwd,urBmppfa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;trsm;tjym; ysufpD;qHk;&_H;cJh&onf? jrefrmEdkifiH
taejzifh ppfyGJudk (2) }udrfñuHcJh&onf? (1942) *syef0ifvm+yD; +Adwdo#rsm;udt k dENd,odk@ armif;xkwfpOfu
w}udrf/ (1944-45) r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf+yD;0ifvmpOfu w}udrfjzpfonf? jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;
taejzifh ppfyGJ (2) }udrfvH;k wGif yg0ifwdu
k fcdkufqifE$JcJh=uonf? yxrydkif;wGif *syefwd@k ESifhtwlwdkufcJ+h yD;/ aemuf
ydkif;wGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifhtwl&yfwnfcJh=uonf? ydkIqdk;&Gm;apaomta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHvGwv f yfa&;
&+yD; rsm;r=umrDrSmyif/ t,l0g'a&;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ wdik f;&if;om;ta&;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;
&nf&G,faom a&mifpHkolykefxr_rsm;ESifh ñuHcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? TtusKd;qufrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;u¾wGifrnfod@k
rnfyHk&dkufcwfcJhonfudk pm&if;Z,m;rsm;jzifh Z,m; (1? 3) wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf? TZ,m;rSm (1938-39)
tajctaeudk (100) tjzpf tajcðyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

Z,m; (1? 3) jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;tajctae (1947-52)

1947-48 1949-50 1951-52
jynfwGif; pkpkaygif; 72 61 74
xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD)
vlwOD;csif;tvdkuf jynfwGif; 66 55 64
pkpkaygif; xGufukefwefzdk; 3
pdkufysKd;a&;u¾rS xkwfvkyfr_ 77 65 75
rl&if;? Walinsky, Economic Development of Burma 1951-1960. New York: The Twentieth Century
Fund, 1962.
xdt
k wGuaf =umifh xkwfvkyfEdkifr_rSm ppfóuacwfumv. (av;yHkoHk;yHk) om&Sdawmh+yD;/ vlwOD;csif;
tvdu k fxwk fvkyfEdkifr_E_ef;rSm (oH;k yHkESpfyHk) r#om&Sdygawmhonf? ta=umif;rSm vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmaoma=umifhjzpf
ygonf? wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;wGif t"duxkwfukef (3) rsKd;jzpfaom qefpyg;/ u|ef;opfESifh tjcm;opfrmrsm;xkwf
vkyfEdkifr_tajctaerSm pkpkaygif;!$ef;udef;rsm; (Aggregated Indeces) jzifhaygif;I jyoygu ydkIqdk;&Gm;pGmedrfh
uscJyh gonf?
vGwvf yfcgp jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@ wdkif;jynfwnfaxmifolzcif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0if tjcm;aom
vkyfazmfukid fzufacgif;aqmifrsm;vkyf=uHcH&I/ usqHk;cJh&aoma=umifh rsm;pGmqHk;&_H;epfemcJh&ygonf? xdv k kyf=uHcH&
aomtcsdefonf wdik f;jynfvw G fvyfa&;r&rD (6) vtvdk tcsdefjzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;Ek.OD;aqmifr_

3
GDP per Capita

19
atmufwGif tpdk;&opfudkzGJ@I &J&ifhpGmvSrf;EdkifcJh=uygonf? vufiif;ta&;ay:aeaom a&mifpHkolykefxr_
jy\emudkxdef;odrf;Edkifonft h cg wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;zufodk@jyefI OD;vSnhv f mEdkifygonf?
wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pepf. zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;umvaemufydkif;wGif
tajccHususajymif;vJcJhygonf? pdkufysKd;Edkifaomv,fajrrsm;udk jynfoyl dkifodrf;ydkufcJ+h yD;aemuf/ v,form;rsm;
xHok@d jyefvnfcGJa0ay;cJhygonf? vlwOD;v#if trsm;qHk; (10) {utxdowfrSwfI cGJa0ay;cJhygonf? jynfy
ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rl0g'rsm;/ vpmxkwaf y;aomE_ef;xm;rsm;udkvnf; jyifqifowfrSwfcJhygonf?
,cifudv k dkeDtpdk;&vufxufupI usifo h Hk;vmcJhaomvGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;tay:wGif tpdk;&topfu
tcGefE_ef;xm;rsm; tenf;i,fwdk;I aumufcHcJhygonf? (1937) ckESpfwdkifatmif jrefrmEdkifiHwGifoH;k pGJaeaom
aiGa=u;rSm tdENd,&lyD;udk tajccHIoHk;pGJygonf? aemufydkif;wGif ppfrjzpfrDumvtxd jrefrmaiGa=u;jzifh tpm;
xd;k cJh+yD;/ w&lyD;ESifh nDr#aomaiGa=u;udk jyefvnf&dkufESdyfoH;k pGJcJhygonf? xdk@twGuaf =umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &SdaecJh
aomaiGa=u;pepfrSm (100) &mcdkifE_ef;tjynfh EdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;ESifhvJv, S fokH;pGJEdkifaomaiGjzpfcJhygonf? vGwv f yf
a&;&+yD;aemufydkif;wGif tpdk;&u EdkifiHawmfA[dkb%fudx k laxmifcJh+yD;/ tpdk;&.vdak iGjyr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef
aiGa=u;rsm; &dkufESdyfoH;k pGJcJhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; vdt k yfonfhtaetxm;t& +Adwdo# aygifpwmvifaiGESifh
csdwfqufxm;aomaiGvJE_ef;udk toH;k ðycJhygonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJv, S fr_udk wif;usyfpGmxdef;csKyfxm;cJh+yD;/
jynfwiG f;od@k wifoGif; aomukefrsm;twGuv f nf; oGif;ukefvdkifpifpepfjzifh uef@owfxm;cJhygonf? Tenf;tm;
jzifh jynfwiG f;odk@wif oGif;vmaomukefrsm;. EdkifiHwumaygufaps;ESifh jynfwGif;aygufaps;udk tqufjzwfxm;
+yD;/ uGmjcm;aeapcJhygonf?
jynfyod@k wifydk@r_wGif/ qefwifydk@r_ESifh u|ef;opfwifydk@r_udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uvuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;cJhyg
onf? EdkifiHawmf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJ@ (SAMB) udzk GJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ v,form;rsm;xHrSpyg;udk jyify
aygufaps;xufedrfhaom/ owfrSwfxm;aomaps;E_ef;jzifh 0,f,lcJhygonf? xdk@tjyifjynfwiG f;odk@ukefwifoGif;cGifh
udk cGifhðycsufvdik fpifcsay;aompepfjzifh csKyfudik fxm;aoma=umifh/ jynfwiG f;odk@wifoGif;vmaomvloH;k ukefypPnf;
rsm;rSm EdkifiHwumaygufaps;xufydkI jrifhaeygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh jynfwiG f;wGifpdkufysKd;xkwfvyk faeolrsm;
.0ifaiGrSm Ed_if;,SOfcsuftm;jzifh tvsiftjrefyif usqif;vmcJh+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfoDESHa&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@odk@
a&mif;cs=u&rnfh tydkoD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyf&ef/ rufvkH;aphaqmfr_rsm;vnf; usqif;vmygonf? xdk@tjyif
qefaygufaps;rSm EdkifiHwumaygufaps;xufavsmhenf;aeaoma=umifh jynfwiG f;wGif0,f,lpm;oHk;r_ ydkIrsm;vm
onfESifhtr#/ EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@Edkifaomqefyrm%rSm ydkIydkIavsmhenf;vm&ygonf? EdkifiHwumaps;uGufayguf
aps;ESifh jynfwGif;aygufaps;t=um;uGm[aeaom aps;E_ef;u/ jynfyodk@wifydk@aomqefwwef. tjrwftpGef;udk
qHk;jzwfay;ygonf? Todk@qefwqefv#if&&SdaomtjrwfaiGESifh EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@aomqefwefcsdefudk ajr‡mufygu
&&Sdrnfyh rm%onf/ EdkifiHawmfoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@. 0ifaiGyifjzpfygonf? qef}udwcf GJp&dwf/ xdef;odrf;
ydk@aqmifp&dwf/ odak vSmif&Hkp&dwfrsm;E_wfvku d fygu usefaeaomtjrwfaiGrsm;udk tpdk;&b¾maiGxJok@d v$J
ajymif;ay;=uygonf? TaiGonfom tpdk;&.t"du0ifaiGjzpfygonf?
ygvDreftpdk;&vufxuf pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_a,bk,stajctaeudk Z,m; (1? 4) wGifazmfjy
xm;aom (1951-52) aumfvHESifh (1959-60) aumfvHwdk@t=um; Ed_if;,SOf=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh odomEdkifygonf?
xd@k tjyif (1959-60) tajctaeESifh (1938-39) tajctaeudv k nf; Ed_if;,SOf=unfah pvdkygonf? yxrEd_if;,SOf
csufwiG f=unfhrnfqdkv#if pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpGrf;aqmifr_rSm tm;&txif}uD;p&myifjzpfygonf? wdik f;jynf.pkpk
aygif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) taejzifh (40) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfjrifhwufvmcJh+yD;/ vlwOD;csif;twdkif;twmESifh *sD'DyD/
pdkufysKd;a&;xkwu f kef xkwvf kyfr_ESifh pyg;txGufrSm (oH;k yHkwyHk) wdk;wufvmcJhygonf? u|ef;opfESifhtjcm;opfrm
xkwv f kyfr_wGifvnf; ododomomwd;k wufcJhygonf? u|ef;opfxkwfvyk fr_wGif ESpfqausmfwd;k wufvmcJhygonf?
qefpyg;EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wGifvnf; ta&twGuyf rm%t&=unfrh nfqdkv#if/ ESpfq&SdvmcJhygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; (1938-39) tajctaeESifh Ed_if;,SOf=unfhrnfqdkygu/ pD;yGm;a&;t&pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_rSm
pdwfysufzG,f&myif jzpfygonf? pkpkaygif;jynfwGif;xkwu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) onf (7) &mcdkifE_ef;omjrifhwufvmcJh
+yD;/ pdkufysKd;a&;u¾rS xkwv f kyfr_rSmvnf; jyefvnfemvHxlvmaom tajctaejzpfygonf? vlwOD;csif;pDtae

20
jzifh (*sD'DyD) rSmvnf; ppfóuacwfumvtajctae. atmufwGif&Sdaeygonf? tjcm;opfrmxkwfvkyfr_wGifom
ppfóuacwfumvxuf (20) &mcdkifE_ef;ausm&f Hk/ ydkrsm;ygonf? pkpkaygif;tom;wift&if;tESD;pkaqmif;vmr_rSm
ta&;}uD;onfESifhtr#/ pkpkaygif;t&if;pkaqmif;rdvmr_rSm jynfwGif;xGuu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . (20) &mcdkifE_ef;r#
om&Sdaoma=umifh/ vsmxm;csuftwdik f;rpGrf;aqmifEdkifaom taetxm;udk ydkIcHpm;rdapygonf? xdk@tjyif
xdu k mvwGif tawmftwefrsm;aom EdkifiHwumaxmufyHhulnDr_rsm;ESifh *syefEdkifiHxHrS&&Sdaom ppfavsmfa=u;
aiGrsm;vnf; wdik f;jynf.b¾mtwGif;od@k pD;0ifvmcJhygonf?
TumvtwGif; ratmifjrifcJh&aomta=umif;. t"dutajccHtcsufrSm pdkufysKd;a&;u¾twGuf
rufvkH;aphaqmfr_ r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifhqefpyg;pdkufysKd;a&;wGifjzpf+yD;/ jynfywifydk@r_udk EdkifiHawmf
oD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@rS xdef;csKyfxm;ygonf? jynfwiG f;ukefwifydk@r_udv k nf; vdik fpifpepfjzifhxdef;csKyfxm;
cJha=umif; a&S@ydkif;wGifazmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? tjcm;Ed_if;,SOfavhvmzG,faumif;aomtcsufrSm u|ef;opfESifh
u|ef;opfr[kwfaom tjcm;opfrmxkwfvkyfr_yif jzpfygonf? u|ef;opfxkwfvkyfa&;udk EdkifiHawmfopfvkyfief;
bkwftzGJ@u vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyfxm;+yD;/ tjcm;opfrmrsm;xkwfvyk fr_udk yk*~vduu¾od@k vrf;zGifhay;xm;
cJhygonf? Z,m; (1? 4) wGifazmfjyxm;onft h wkid f;/ u|ef;opfxkwfvyk fr_rSm ppfóuacwfxkwfvkyfr_xuf avsmh
enf;aomfvnf;/ tjcm;opfrmxkwfvyk fr_rSm (20) &mcdkifE_ef;ydkI wd;k wufcJhygonf?

Z,m; (1? 4) t"duvloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;. pkpkaygif;!$ef;udef;rsm; (1938-60)

(Main Commodities Aggregate Indices, 1938-60)
1938-39 1951-52 1959-60
*sD'DyD !$ef;udef; 100 74 107
(GDP Index)
vlwOD;csif;twGuf wGufaom*sD'DyD!$ef;udef; 11 64 85
(Per Capita GDP Index)
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾ xkwfvkyfr_!$ef;udef; 108 75 100
(Agricultural production Index)
pyg;xkwfvkyfr_ (wef&Snf oef;aygif;) 8² 05 5² 25 6² 92
(Paddy Production- million long tons)
u|ef;opfxkwfvkyfr_ (ukAwef axmifaygif;) 453 141 333
(Teak Production--thousand cubic tons)
u|ef;opfr[kwfaom opfxkwfvkyfr_ (ukAwef axmifaygif;) 502 349 611
(Non-Teak Production--thousand cubic tons)
qefEdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_ (wef&Snf oef;aygif;) 3² 3 1² 16 2² 1
(Rice Export --million long tons)
rl&if;? Walinsky.

xd@k tjyifpdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfolrsm;taejzifh aps;E_ef;aumif;&r_tay:wkH@jyefaqmif&Guf=uyHkudk axmufcH

azmfjy&eftajctaew&yfrSm/ xdu k mvtwGif; pdkufysKd;xGufukefoD;ESHrsm; trsKd;tpm;csJ@xGifvmcJhjcif; jzpfyg
onf? tpdk;&.qnfa&ay;pDrHudef;rsm;u ulnDyHhydk;ay;cJhaoma=umifh (1959-60) wGif ajryJxkwv f kyfr_onf
ppfóuacwftajctaexuf (52) &mcdkifE_ef;wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJh+yD;/ ESrf;xkwfvkyfr_rSm (47) &mcdkifE_ef;rsm;jym;
vmcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif=uHxu G frSm (10) &mcdkifE_ef; wdk;wufcJhygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;rSpGrf;aqmifr_onf rsm;pGmnHhzsif;aom taetxm;rSom yg0ifcJh
ygonf? EdkifiHawmfaq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;puf&HkqdkonfrSmvnf; jynfyrSwifoGif;vmaomaq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;udk
ykvif;oGw&f Hk/ xkwfydk;&Hktqifhom&SdcJhygonf? wefzdk;jr‡ifhwifap&efaqmif&Gufay;aom vkyfief;tenf;i,fr#om
aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? oHr%dpuf&HkrSmvnf; t"dy`g,ftenf;i,fr#om&Sdygonf? csnfr#ifxkwfvyk fief;ESifh
txnfpufrsm;ud=k unfhygu wefzdk;ay;&r_ESifh jyef&aomtjrwftajctaeud=k unfyh gu Tpuf&Hkrsm;uyifydkI
tvkyfjzpfonfukd awG@&ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tpuf&Hkrsm;udk nHzh sif;pGm pDrHcef@cGJtkyfcsKyfcJh=uygonf? jynfol
trsm;.0efaqmifvkyfief;rsm;. pDrHcef@cGJr_rSmvnf; pdwfysufp&maumif;avmufatmifnHhzsif;I t&_H;ESifhñuHcJh&

21
ygonf? Todk@nHhzsif;aompDrHcef@cGJr_,EW,m;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;omrubJ/ EdkifiHawmf aumufyJ
oD;ESH a&mif; 0,fa&;tzGJ@/ EdkifiHawmfopfxkwv f kyfa&;bkwftzGJ@ ponfrsm;vnf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? 4
ud&k D;,m;ppfyGJumvqefrsm;wifydk@ae&+yD;/ aps;aumif;&r_a=umifh (1950) ckESpfqefydkif;umvrsm;wGif
EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;azmazmoDoD &SdaecJhygonf?Todk@0ifvmaomEdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;/ EdkifiHwumtaxmuftyHhrsm;ESifh
ppfavsmfa=u;aiGrsm;udk v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwv f kyfa&;/ &xm;vrf;wdk;csJ@azmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;
tajccHtaqmuftODudpPrsm;twGuf tusKd;&SdpGmtoH;k ðyEdkifcJhygonf? tpdk;&.pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif t}uD;pm;
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkItom;ay;cJh=uyg+yD;/ epfemqHk;&_H;&r_ jzpfapcJhygonf? tu,fITpGrf;tm;rsm;udk
yk*~vduu¾ vloH;k ukefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSom &,ltoHk;ðycGifhðycJhrnfqdkygu/ ydkItjrwftpGef;rsm;rsm;
&&SdapEdkifaom tajctaeudjk zpfapEdkifygonf?
xduk mv'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&. tapmydkif;umvpD;yGm;a&;pepfrSm/ tjcm;aom vGwv f yfvm=uonfh
tm&SEdkifiHrsm;&Sd tajctaeESifhwyHkpHwnf; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tdENd,EdkifiHwGif uGef*&ufygwDacgif;aqmif
ae&l;.vufatmuf&Sdtajctae/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;&Sd qlumEdk.tajctae pojzifh twlwjl zpfygonf? xdt k csdefu
xdak cgif;aqmifrsm;pdwf0ifpm;cJh=uonfrSm +Adwdo#avbmygwD. tawG;tac:ynm&Sifacgif;aqmif [m&dk;vf'f
vufpuD (Harold Laski) a&;om;onfh “ta&mtaESmpD;yGGg;a&;pepf”5 yHkpHrsKd; jzpfygonf? ‚if;.t,ltq
t&yk*~vduu¾rsm;udk vkyfydkifcGifhwpHkw&may;xm;aomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf. t"duarmif;ESiftm;udk EdkifiH
awmftpdk;&u¾rSom aqmif&GufomG ;&efjzpfonf? Tt,ltqudv k ufcH=uaomynm&Siftrsm;pku v,fo
rm;ESifh jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;tay: odyfrpGrf;aqmifEdkif/ xdef;ausmif;ay;&rnf[k jrif=uonf? yxr
tcsufrSm wdik f;jynf.zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_vdt k yfcsuftwGuf twif;t=uyfpkaqmif;apcdkif;&rnf[k jrif+yD;/ aemuf
wcsufrSm cGifhðyEdkifor#aomtwdik f;twmtwGif; cGifhðyay;&rnf[kjrifonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm TtjrifwGif T
v,form;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;&SdpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;tay: oHo,tjrifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH&SdydkIvGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom/ aps;uGuftajccHusaom pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkusifo h Hk;&ef arS;rSdef
tm;enf;apaom tjcm;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? ‚if;rSm (1930) ckESpfu jzpfyGm;cJh&aom urBmh
pD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;.&dkufcwfcH&r_/ udv k dkeDpepf. cg;oD;aomqdk;arGudkrarhEdkif=uao;bJ &Sdaeonfhtjyif/ wdik f;
jynf.vufvv D ufum;a&mif;0,fa&; ukefonf}uD;rsm;Y tdENd,ESifh ygupPwefrSqif;oif;vmaomvlrsKd;EG,f
0ifrsm;uom ae&m,lxm;=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? Tukefonf}uD;rsm;trsm;pkrSm jrefrmEdkifiHom;tjzpfcH,l
xm;=uaomfvnf;/ olwdk@udk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;[kom trsm;ujrif=uonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh oGif;ukefvdik fpif
csay;jcif;wdk@uJhod@k aom pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;odk@om csay;cJhonf? Tod@k oGif;
ukev f dik fpif&olrsm;teufrS trsm;pkrSmvnf; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh eD;pyfaomrdwfaqGrsm;/ aqGrsKd;rsm;jzpf
=uonf? ToGif;ukefvdik fpifrsm;udk tajcus+yD;om;/ ,ciftawG@tñuH&Sd+yD;om; pD;yGm;a&;ukefonf}uD;rsm;xH

4
acgif;aqmifpma&;ol. xyfwdk;wifjycsuf?
,if;acwf. wdk;wufr_tvm;tvmudk oHk;oyf&mwGif/ qENapmr_/ umvausmf rjrifEdkifr_ u|efawmfwdk@wGif &SdaecJhygonf? u|efawmfudk,fwdkifyif
tmabmiftm&if; oefoefjzif/h (zqyv) acwf/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. rSm;,Gif;aer_rsm;udk/ wuUodkvfpmoifcef;udk EdkifiHa&;pifjrifhozG,f oabm
xm;+yD; wbufowfajymcJh=uygonf? v#yfppfjzifh wnfaqmufaom tao;pm;oH&nfóudpufonf tvm;tvmr&Sdaom pdwful;,Ofr_jzpf
onf/ rnfonfhenf;ynmoabmt& jzpfap ratmifjrifEdkif/ oHr%dpuf&Hkudk aygif;zdkpepfjzifh a':vmbDv#HESifch sDIoHk;rS xkwftm;aumif;aom
puf&Hkudk wnfaqmufEdkifrnf? aq;0g;pug&HkrSmvnf; enf;ynmtwGuf tqrwefay;&onf/ a&&SnftusKd;r&SdEdkif/ tvm;tvmr&Sd[lI a0zef
cJyh gonf?
u|efawmfwdk@qENapm+yD;/ a0zefcJo h nfrsm; tm;vHk;rSm;cJyh gonf? v#yfppfudk toHk;cs+yD; oHusKd; oHyJhawGudk oH&nfóudcsufaompuf&Hkrsm;u/ aemif
tcgwGif bDv#Ha':vm t&if;ðyxm;aom puf&Hk}uD;awGudk tjywftowftEdkif&cJyh gonf? aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;rSmvnf; tvGef}uD;rSm;,Gif;ae
aom y&dk*sufr[kwfyg? ,if;uJhodk@ tqifhtwef;jrifah om xkwfvkyfenf;rsm;udk &,lvdkv#if/ tbdk;tcay;&rnf jzpfygonf? TuJhodk@puf&Hkrsm;
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tdENd,EdkifiH&Sd aq;0g;xkwfvkyfief;rsm; t&Sdef&,l pwifcJyh gonf? xdkpOfu u|efawmfwdk@. aq;0g;puf&Hku tqifjh rifI h ypPnf;
xGuf trsKd;rSefojzif/h puf&Hkxkwfaq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiHESifh w&kwfEdkifiHodk@ wifydk@a&mif;cscJh&ygonf? ,ckawmh xdkjzpfpOf. ajymif;jyefjzpf
aeyg+yD? w&kwfEdkifiHxkwf t&nftaoG;rjynfhrDaom aq;0g;ypPnf;rsm;udk 0,f,loHk;pGJae&ygonf? xdkif;EdkifiHxkwf ypPnf;rsm;rSmvnf;trsKd;tpm;
rrSefuef/ pHcsdef rudkufonfrsm;udk oHk;ae=u&ygonf? xdkpOfu pwifI pufr_wnfaxmif&ef óud;yrf;cJo h lrsm;udk/ u|efawmfwdk@rSm;cJah om t,l
tqrsm;twGuf awmif;yefvdkygonf? odk@aomf xdkyk*~dKvfrsm; TavmuwGif r&Sd=uawmh+yD jzpfygonf? (ygarmuQ a'gufwmcifarmif=unf)
5
Mixed Economy

22
od@k om jyefa&mif;pm;=uonf? xdo k d@k vdik fpif&olrsm;u jynfwiG f;aps;E_ef;ESifh urBmhaps;uGuaf ps;E_ef;uGmjcm;r_rS
tjrwf&onft h jyif/ tpdk;&uoGif;ukefcGefoufomcGifh&aoma=umifhvnf; ydkI tusKd;tjrwfcHpm;=u&onf?
tjcm;wenf;tm;jzifhazmfjy&rnfqdkv#if TOyrmonf/ usrf;&dk;pmtkyfrsm;wGifazmfjyaeonfhtwdik f; “eD;pyfol
rsm;udk rsufESmomay;/ tcGifhta&;ay;r_”om jzpfonf? xdkodk@wifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;udk urBmhaps;uGu&f Sd
aps;E_ef;xufwifI a&mif;csjcif;/ wifoGif;vmaomukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;uvnf; aps;}uD;pGm0,f,lae&jcif;rsm;
udk xdt k csdefuvlxktrsm;u a0zefaxmufjyaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? oGif;ukefvdik fpifxkwfay;jcif;. &nf&G,fcsuu f dk
ar;cGef;xkwfvm=uonf? oGif;ukefvdik fpifxkwaf y;jcif;. &nf&G,fcsuu f ckwf&mwjcm;/ &S&mwvGJjzpfapcJh
onf? xdkodk@xkwaf y;xm;aom oGif;ukefvdik fpifrsm;wefzdk;&Sdae&aomta=umif;rSm tjcm;r[kwf? jynfwiG f;&Sd
aps;E_ef;onf urBmhaps;uGufaygufaps;xufjrifhrm;aejcif;ESifh cGifhðycsuf&&Sd&ef cufcJ&Sm;yg;jcif;wd@k a=umifhomjzpf
onf? tu,fI ukefoG,fr_udkta&twGufyrm%t& ruef@owfxm;ygu/ jynfwiG f;aps;uGufaygufaps;onf
urBmhaygufaps;ESifh jynfwGif;YowfrSwfxm;aomoGif;ukeftcGefr#om jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
Trl0g'. r&nf&G,fbJ&&Sdvmaom tjcm;&v'fwckrSm jynfwGif;Ypufr_vkyfr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmap
&ef pGef@pm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm; ay:vmjcif;yifjzpfonf? xdt k csdefYjynfwiG f;&Sdukr`%Dtrsm;pkrSm oGif;ukefvdik fpif&
&eftwGuf ol@xufig/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tqifajyap&efcsOf;uyfae=uaomtcsdefY/ trSefwu,fpD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;ta=umif; em;vnfolrsm;rSm TjzpfpOftwGif;rScGJcGgxGuu f kef=uonf? tjcm;wbufwGifwifoGif;
vmaomukefypPnf;rsm;&Sm;yg;jcif;ESifh pufr_ukef=urf;rsm;ESifh pufypPnf;rsm;wifoGif;r_udk tavsmah y;rsufESmom
ay;xm;aom tajctaeudt k cGifhaumif;,lonf? xdpk ufrsm;jzifhjynfwiG f;vdt k yfaeaom vlok;H ukefypPnf;xkwf
aompufr_vufr_ tvkyf&Hkrsm;trsm;tjym; ay:aygufvmawmhonf? oHowWKypPnf;rsm;/ yvyfpwpfypPnf;
rsm;/ csnfxnfESifh qifoufwpfta&mtaESmxnfrsm;/ tpm;taomuf/ tazsmf&nf/ pD;u&uf paomukef
ypPnf;xkwfvkyfolrsm; wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? &efukeftif;pdwfa'ow0dkufwGif ti,fpm;vloH;k ukefypPnf;
xkwaf ompuf&Hkrsm; (1955) ckESpfY rd_vdkrsm;jym;ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
+Adwdo#ESifh tdENd,ukefoG,fa&;ukr`%Drsm; wdik f;jynftwGif; usef&Sdvnfywfaeao;aomtajctae
wGif/ jrefrmukr`%Drsm;taejzifh xdu k kr`%D}uD;rsm;ESifh jynfywifydk@&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ jynfwiG f;wifoGif;&mwGif
vnf;aumif;/ jzef@jzL;a&mif;cs&mwGifvnf;aumif; t}udwt f e,fòyifqdkif=u&onf? xdt k csdefu jrefrmukr`%D
rsm;vnf; ta&twGut f &rsm;jym;vm+yD;/ pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrsm; tcsdefwdt k wGif; jrifhvm=uonf? 'Drdkua&pD
tpdk;&umvtwGif;u jynfwiG f;&Sdyk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tcef;u¾.aqmif&GufEdkifr_rSm txif}uD;
zG,f aumif;vSonf? odk@aomfvnf; xdt k csdefutpdk;&u OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifaeaomtcsufrSm tjcm;wbuf
jzpfaom t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk tm&Hkxm;OD;pm;ay;aecJhonf?
tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; EdkifiHawmfuOD;aqmifI t"duaqmif&Gufot l jzpf pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;
zGH@òz;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf[laomtcsufukd vkyf&if;udik f&if;/ tuef@towfrsm;awG@vm&aom
a=umifh oifcef;pm&vm=uonf? (1956) ckESpfwGif t}uD;tus,f0g'jzef@csdcJhaom jynfawmfompDrHudef;onf
&efykHaiGtcuftcJa=umifh &yfqdkif;vdu k f&onf? ta=umif;rSm xdt k csdefuEdkifiHwumaps;uGufwGif qefaps;E_ef;
usqif;vmae+yD;/ xdkpDrHcsuf.t"du0ifaiGjzpfrSm qefa&mif;&aiGudt k ajcðyxm;aoma=umifh qufvufrvnf
ywfEdkif jzpfvm&onf? xdk@tjyiftjcm;wcsufrSm tpdk;&zufwGifwwfodynm&Sifrsm;ESifh u|rf;usifr_csKd@,Gif;
aoma=umifhjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftrsm;oabmaygufvm=uonfrSm/ yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;u¾. yg0if
yHhydk;r_r&SdbJESifh zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm; raqmif&GufEdkif[k oabmaygufvm=uonf? (1957) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mOya' yxrrl=urf;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;bkwftzGJ@rStwnfðycJh+yD;/ (1962) ckESpfwGif Oya'
tjzpf jyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? (1960) ckESpfqef;ydkif;umvrsm;u tpdk;&taejzifh wdik f;jynf.zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
yk*~vdutcef;u¾udk yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifah y;&ef/ OD;wnfajymif;vJaecJh+yD jzpfonf?
wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif tpdk;&taejzifhoabmaygufem;vnfaecJhaomtcsufrSm/ tpdk;&Xmersm;udk
jyefvnfjyifqif pkzGJ@&efvdt k yfae+yD[laom tcsufjzpfonf? ,cifudv k dkeDtpdk;&vufxufu oHr%dausm&dk;[k
trnfaumif;cJhaom tpdk;&0efxrf;Xmersm;udk opPm&Sdaom/ xda&mufxufjrufaom/ zufrvdu k faomtpdk;&

23
0efxrf;rsm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&wck. vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;usifhpOftwGif; jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;jzpfonf? xdo k dk@jyef
vnfzGJ@pnf;&mY EdkifiHa&;t&rsufESmomay;r_/ qufEG,fr_rsm;udv k nf; a&Smif&Sm;&rnfjzpfonf? xd&k nf&G,f
csufjzifh jynfol@0efxrf;Xmersm;qdkif&mOya'udk jyXmef;cJh+yD;/ 0efxrf;Xmersm;udk 'Drdkua&pDpepftajccHtwGif;Y
oHr%dausm&dk;ozG,fjzpfapa&;twGuf jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&ef jyifqifcJhonf? xdt k csdefrSmyif wdkif;&if;om;tif
tm;pkrsm;uvnf; (1947) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& jyXmef;xm;aom jynfaxmifpkrScGJxGu&f ef tcGifh
ta&;udk olwk@d u pGef@v$wo f nfh cH0efcsufuwdudak y;rnf? tjyeftvSeftaejzifhjynfe,frsm;wGif tm%mcGJa0
ay;a&;ESifh ydkrdktkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sda&;/ ud,k fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&&Sda&;udk awmif;qdkvmcJh=uonf?
Tod@k tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:aepOfrSmyif/ tm%mcGJa0r_rSmvnf; A[dkrSpkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;aom
taetxm;rS ydkIjyef@ESH@um A[kqefvm+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;zufwiG fvnf; ydkIyGifhvif;aom tajccHzufod@k ajymif;vJ
vmaecsdef jzpfonf? xdt k csdefwGifyif u|rf;usifolynm&Siftoif;rsm;/ apwemh0efxrf;toif;rsm;/ pdwfwo l l
rsm; pkzGJ@aomtoif;rsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ bmoma&;toif;tzGJ@rsm; ponfwkd@vnf; trsm;tjym;
ay:ayguf vmae+yD;/ vlxktajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pwnfwnfaqmuftm;aumif;vmcsdef jzpfonf? xdkod@k
jynfwiG f;r+idrfroufr_rsm;ESifh olykefxr_rsm;twGif; tiftm;rsm;pkpnf;rdvmaom tajctaeonf wdik f;jynf
tm%m. yifrtcef;u¾wGif ae&may;cHxm;&onfh jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGuf owday;aeaom pdk;&drfzG,f&m
tajctae jzpfvmonf? wdik f;jynftwGif; olykefxr_rsm;vnf;ajy+idrf;t&SdefusoGm;onfESifhtr#/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
oHr%dausm&dk;uvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmtm;aumif;vmonfESifhtr#/ tm%m. A[dkcsufronf A[dkrSaeI tpGef
tzsm;t&yfrsm;jzpf aomvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;qDodk@ ajymif;a&$@oGm;onfESifhtr#/ ppf
wyftaejzifh ydkIpdwfrcs jzpfvmonf? rvHkrðcHcHpm;vm&onf? aemufqHk; tm%mjyefvnfcsKyfudik fEdkifa&;
twGuf óu;yrf;vmjyefonf?
trSefpifppfwGif ppfwyfutm%modrf;ydkufcJjh cif;twGuf azmfjy&mwGifta=umif;jycsuf (2) rsKd;&SdcJh
onf? wckrSmwdkif;jynf. trsKd;om;zcif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csrSwfcJah om qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHawmfxal xmifa&;
vrf;a=umif;rS aoGzDae+yD;/ t&if;&Sifvrf;a=umif;odk@csDwufaeonf[k ta=umif;jyonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm
wdik f;&if;om;rsm;udk ud, k fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;vdu k fygu wdkif;jynfòyuGaJ pvdrfhrnf[k ta=umif;jyonf? aemuf
qHk;&v'frSm wdik f;jynf.tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;wpHkvH;k udk EdkifiHa&;ygwDwckwnf;ucs,fvS,af om tajctaeudk
qdkufa&mufapcJhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;rygbJ uGefjrLepf0g'udu k sifhoH;k aom/ vDeif0g'pGJudkifaomygwDwck r&SdbJ
vDeif0g'udu k sifhoH;k aomtajctae jzpfonf? wyfrawmfuom EdkifiH.t"dutm%mydkifjzpfvm+yD;/ wdik f;jynf
. EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;jzpfpOfrsm;udck sKyfudik f cs,fvS,fcJhonf?

jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf (1962-1988)
TumvrSm jrefrmEdkifiH.acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;ordkif;wGif oHo,&Sdp&mrvdak vmufatmif t}uD;
tus,u f yf'kuQqdkuf&aomumv jzpfcJhonf? tkyfcsKyfcJhaom ppftpdk;&.tm%mudkrv$wfwrf;udkifxm;vdk
aomqENESifh xdef;csKyfr_trsKd;rsKd;udwk if;wif;usyf=uyfðyxm;&efvdktyfonf[k ,k=H unfaer_a=umifh/ jyifyurBm
ESifh tquftoG,jf zwfawmufcJhonf? r&Sdrjzpfvdt k yfaom taetxm;avmufom EdkifiHwumESifhqufoG,f
a&; xm;&SdcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ydkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omru/ jynfwiG f;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
udv k nf; jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJhonf? jynfwiG f;&SdvufvDvuUm;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,rf _rsm;udk
vnf; jynfolydkifodrf;cJhonf? 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufxufu cGifhðyxm;cJhaom/ jynfwGif;&SdpD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;
vkyfudik faqmif&Gufaeonfh atmifjrifaeaom pufr_vufr_ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k udkvnf;jynfolydkif
odrf;ydkufcJhonf? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾udk jynfolydkifrodrf;ydkufcJah omfvnf;/ v,form;rsm;rSm Oya'pnf;
rsOf;rsm;t& ydkIcsKyfcs,fr_/ aps;E_ef;t&csKyfcs,fr_udk cH=u&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usifhoH;k cJhaomqdk&S,fvpfpepf
yHkpHudk tvnfvma&muf=uaomtpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh qdkAD,uf/ ta&S@Oa&myqdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm;
rSoHwrmefrsm;yifv#if =ocs=u&onf? xdo k lrsm;taejzifh oabmayguf=uonfrSm Tr#wif;usyfpGmzdESdyftkyf
csKyfxm;aompepfudk qdk&S,fvpf0g'trnfwyfygu xdk0g'taejzifhemrnfysuf&&Hkyif&Sdawmhrnf[lI jzpfonf?

24
wdik f;oljynfom;rsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ‚if;wd@k pdwfwdkif;usvkyfudik faqmif&GufcGifhr&=uaoma=umifh
omru/ tjcm;vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;qHk;&_H;=u&aoma=umifh ydkIxdcdkufepfem=u&onf? t&yfom;tpdk;&
t&m&Sdrsm;/ refae*smrsm;/ u|rf;usifolrsm;tm;vHk;udk ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;.wdkuf&dkuf}uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif
xnfo h Gif;zGJ@pnf;aponf? txl;ojzifh vufawG@vkyfief;vkyfaqmif=u&mrsm;wGifyif em;rvnforl sm;.}uD;
=uyfr_udk cH=u&onf? usOf;ajrmif;aomtrsKd;om;a&;tjrifzufrS csOf;uyfr_a=umifh/ wdkif;jynftwGif;usef&Sdae
aom EdkifiHjcm;om;aoG;EG,folvlrsKd;pkrsm; wdik f;jynfrStpktðyHvdu k fxu G fcGmoGm;apjcif;jzpfcJh&onf? ta=umif;
rSm xdo k lrsm;tzdk@ wdik f;jynftwGif; qufvufaexdkifyguvnf;/ b0&SifoefcGifh&&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sd=uaom
a=umifh jzpfonf?
(1963) ckESpfwGifjyXmef;cJhaom v,f,majroD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya't&/ v,f,majrvkyfydkifcGifhrSm
aus;vufa'orsm;wGifzGJ@pnf;xm;cJhaom ajr,maumfrwDYom t"duvkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf? TaumfrwDrSaeI
cGJa0ay;Edkifaomajrrsm;udk tqif;&JqHk;aomv,form;rsm;odk@ cGJa0ay;onf? Tod@k cGJa0ay;&mY TajruGu&f
&Sdrnfo h l. xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;tm;/ vuf&Sd&Sdaeaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;wGufcsujf cif; rðyay? xd@k tjyif
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;wGif vufawG@rusaomvdkufem&ef pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef
ysufuGufolrsm;/ wm0efausoD;ESHray;oGif;olrsm;xHrS v,fajrudjk yefvnfodrf;,ljcif;txd jypf'%fay;EdkifcGifh&Sd
onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- rEWav;ESifh ppfudkif;wdkif;rsm;&Sd qnfa&oGif;pdkufysKd;aoma'orsm;wGif/ v,form;rsm;udk
olwk@d .rd&dk;zvmpdkufysKd;ae=u oD;ESHrsm;jzpfaom pyg;/ ajryJ/ ESrf;/ i&kwfESifh =uufoGefrsm;pdkufysKd;cGifhrðybJ/ tpdk;&
ydkifpuf&Hkodk@oGif;&ef 0gpdkufapcJhonf? trSefwu,f jzpfoifhonfrSm EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@a&mif;&aiG ydkrdk&&SdapEdkif
aom rd&dk;zvm pdkufoD;ESHrsm;xkwv f kyfa&;udk ydkrdkwd;k wufatmif/ enf;ynmESifh t&if;tESD;rsm;jynfhpHkatmif
ðyI/ ydkrdkxGuf&Sdvmaom ypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;odk@ wifydk@a&mif;cs+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;rS csnfr#if&Snf0gjyefvnf wifoGif;
jcif;rsKd; jzpfoihfayonf?
xd@k tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh v,form;rsm;tcGifhta&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&; Oya'udk jyXmef;cJh
ao;onf? xdkOya't& aiGwd;k acs;olu aiGjyefrqyfEdkifygu/ v,fajrodrf;,ljcif;/ u|JEGm;rsm;odrf;,ljcif;ESifh
O,smOfjcHrsm;odrf;,ljcif;wdk@udk wm;jrpfxm;onf? Tod@k v,form;rsm;udk ‘umuG,f’ay;xm;aom tajc
taeonf/ v,form;rsm;udk tjrJEdkifiHawmftpdk;&. taxmuftyHhrsm;udkom rSDcdkI b0&yfwnf&Sifoefae&
aomtaetxm;udk a&mufaponf? oD;ESHrsm;ysufpD;qHk;&_H;&jcif;onf v,form;rsm;wGifom vH;k vH;k wm0ef&Sd
+yD;/ rnfonft h ajctaejzpfap EdkifiHawmftpdk;&xHod@k owfrSwfxm;aom wm0efauscGJwrf;oD;ESHudk owfrSwf
xm;aomaps;E_ef;jzifh ay;oGif;&ef wm0ef&Sdaeonf?
Tod@k v,f,mu¾ESifhywfoufI aqmif&GufcJah omOya'rsm;/ rl0g'rsm;udo k wWKcs=unfhygu/ aemuf
qHk;&v'frSm vlwOD;csif;taejzifh v,f,mxGufukefxkwfvkyfr_usqif;vmapjcif;jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@Edkif
aomqefyrm% usqif;vmapcJhonf? qefpyg;uJo h dk@ wif;usyfpGmcsKyfudkifxm;jcif;r&Sdaom rwfyJESifh yJtrsKd;
rsKd;pdkufysKd;a&;rSmrl xkwfvkyfr_wd;k wufvm+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_yg wd;k wufcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; qefpyg;wifydk@
r_rS&&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;aiGqHk;&_H;&r_udk jyefvnfaxrdapaom taetxm;r&Sdyg?
xd@k tjyif pufr_xkwfukefrsm;wGifvnf;/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&.}uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif ,cif'Drdkua&pD
tpdk;&vufxufuwnf;u tpysKd;xm;cJhaom/ oGif;ukeftpm;xd;k pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk csJ@xGif&efóu;yrf;cJh
onf? xGefpufxkwv f kyfa&;ESifh armfawmfum;wyfqifa&;puf&Hkrsm;/ aºuxnfpuf&Hk/ rSefpuf&HkESifh tjcm;ypPnf;
rsm;xkwfvkyfaom puf&Hkrsm; wdk;csJ@vkyfudkifcJhonf? Tpuf&Hkopfrsm;onf rlv&Sdxm;cJhaomEdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hk
rsm;uJhodk@yif/ jynfyrSwifoGif;vmaom pufr_ukef=urf;ESifh pufrsm;tay:wGif rSDcdkae=u&onf? tajccHxkwu f k ef
wifydk@Edkifr_ usqif;vmonfESifhtr#/ EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGusqif;vm+yD;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif ukef=urf;ESifh enf;
ynm jznfq h nf;toH;k csEdkifr_rsm; usqif;vm&onf? xd@k tjyif 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufxufu tm;ay;cJhaom
yk*~vduydkif pufr_vufr_vkyf ief;rsm;rSmvnf;/ jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufjcif;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_nHhzsif;jcif;wdk@a=umifh zGH@òz;r_
&yfqdkif;cJh&onf? wckwnf;aom taumif;&v'frSm ti,fpm;tdrfwGif;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmcJhjcif; jzpf+yD;/
yvyfpwpfypPnf;rsm;/ vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;/ tpm;taomufxkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ pufjyifvkyfief;rsm;

25
aqmif&Gufvm=uonf? Tu¾rSm tpdk;&utowdrrlrdbJ/ xdef;csKyfjcif;r&Sd v$wfxm;ay;cJhaoma=umifh jzpf
onf? EdkifiHudk txD;wnf;wHcg;ydwfxm;r_a=umifh/ pufr_enf;ynmtopfrsm;&&SdEdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf;
qHk;&_H;cJh&onf?
Tumv. jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;umv=um&Snf usqif;vmaer_ESifh ,d, k Gif;ysufpD;vmr_udk EdkifiHjcm;ESifh
ukeo f G,fr_vkyfief;rS pdwfysufzG,f&mudef;*%ef;rsm;=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh odomEdkifonf? Tudef;*%ef;rsm;udk
Z,m; (1? 5) wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf? (1962) ckESpfrS (1988) txd/ EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@ukefrsm;rS &&Sdaomwefzdk;
onf/ tar&duefa':vm (260) oef;rS/ qdk&S,fvpfpepfaemufydkif;ESpfrsm;jzpfaom (1985) rS (1988) umv
wGif ESpfpOf a':vm (217) txd usqif;cJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@Edkifr_wefzdk;onf wufvdkufusvdu k f rwnf
+idrfbJ &SdaecJhonf? tjrifhqHk;tjzpf (1980) ckESpfwGif tar&duefa':vm (472) oef;&Sd+yD;/ tedrfhqHk;ESpf (1970)
ckESpfwGif tar&duefa':vm (107) oef;&Sdonf? Tudef;*%ef;rsm;u xif[yfazmfjyaeaom tajctaexuf/
vufawG@wGif tajctaeu ydkIqdk;onf? EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@ukefwckcsif;taeESifh (1960) ckESpfrsm;rS (1980)
ckESpfrsm;twGif;/ ukef,lepfwckcsif;.wefzdk; (4) qr#wdk;wufvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; wifydk@Edkifonfhukef
yrm%onf (50) &mcdkifE_ef;r# usqif;cJhonf? jynfwiG f;odk@wifydk@ukeftaejzifh ppftpdk;&tpumvwGif
tar&duefa':vm (220) oef;&Sd&mrS/ ed*Hk;umvrsm;wGif tar&duefa':vm (250) oef;txd wd;k wufvmcJh
onf? rdrdbmomzlvHak &;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufonf[k azmfjycJhaomfvnf;/ EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDrSm rlvu
tenf;i,frxifr&Sm;r#om &Sd&mrS/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif tar&duefa':vmoef; (4000)
txd wd;k wufvmcJhonf?
w&m;0ifvrf;a=umif;rsm;twdik f;ukefoG,f&ef/ rufvk;H aphaqmfr_r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfay:vmcJhaom
aemufqufwJt G ajctaerSm/ xdkif;EdkifiH/ w&kwfESifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH e,fpyfrsm;udkjzwfausmI f w&m;r0ifukef
oG,rf _rsm; jzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf? yifv,fqdyfurf;rsm;rSwqifh/ urBmhaps;uGuaf ygufaps;twdik f; ydkIoufomap
aomo,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepftpm;/ ydkItusKd;tjrwf&&Sdr_enf;aom tjcm;vrf;a=umif;rsm;od@k ajymif;apukef
onf? jynfwGif;xkwfukefrsm;udk jynfwiG f;Ytpdk;&owfrSwfxm;aom yHkrSefr[kwfbJedrfhaomaps;E_ef;rsm;jzifh
a&mif;csI wefzdk;r&SdaomjrefrmusyfaiGrsm;&,lrnft h pm;/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS ukefrsm;jzifhzvS,vf m=uonf? od@k
aomfvnf; w&kwfEdkifiHESifh xdik f;EdkifiHrsm;rSjyefvnfwifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;rSm t&nftaoG;edrfhaom/ aps;}uD;
aomukefrsm; jzpfae=uonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh wdik f;jynftaejzifh tpdk;&.vufawG@rusaom/ t"rRowfrSwf
xm;aom ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;=uyfa&;rl0g'rsm;a=umifh (2) cgepfem=u&onf? odk@aomfvnf; emusn;f zG,f&m
aumif;onfrSm Tod@k w&m;r0ifarSmifcdkukeful;oef;a&mif;0,faejcif;rsm;a=umifhyif/ wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;udk
vnfywfaeapcJh+yD;/ vHk;0òyvJysufpD;&rnfh tajctaerS umuG,fay;xm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? TonfrSm ta&S@
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;ESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,Hwkd@wGifñuHcJh&aom arSmifcdkpD;yGm;a&;/ wenf; pifòyifpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsKd;ESifh
yHko¿mefwlonf? bdef;jzLrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@jcif;ESifhtwl &&Sdvmaom0ifaiGjzifh/ wdik f;jynftwGif; vdt k yfae
aomukefypPnf;rsKd;pHkudk 0,f,lwifoGif;cJh=uonf?
EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGusqifvmjcif;ESifh tvkyfrjzpfaomEdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
quf vufxdef;odrf;xm;&jcif;a=umifh/ tpdk;&b¾maiGtaejzifh vuf&Sdtpdk;&toH;k p&dwfrsm;umrdapavmuf
atmif/ 0ifaiGr&SdbJ jzpfvmcJh&onf? zGH@òz;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;qdkif&moHk;pGJaiGqdkv#if aemufydkif;wGifvH;k 0roH;k Edkfifawmh
aom tajctaeqdkufa&mufcJ&h onf? aemufqHk;ajz&Sif;&ef enf;vrf;rSm/ aiGpuUL&dkufESdyfxkwaf 0a&;yifjzpf+yD;/
aemufydkif;wGif t}udrf}udrfaomaiGpuULzsufodrf;jcif;rsm;vkyfcJhonf? rdrdbmom&dkufESdyfxkwfa0xm;aom
aiGpuULrsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=ujimjcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;vSnhv f nfaeaom aiGa=u;rsm;udzk sufodrf;cJh
onf? Tenf;tm;jzifh aiGpuULvSnhv f nfpD;qif;r_udk ydkrdkjrefqefaponfrSefaomfvnf;/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_udk
ydkqdk;apcJhonf? aiGpuUL&dkufESdyfxnfo h Gif;r_ESifhtwl ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;u (1970) ckESpfrsm;wGif w[kefxd;k wd;k wuf
vmcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;tv,fydkif;a&mufaomtcg xdef;rEdkifawmhavmufatmifwufomG ;+yD jzpfonf?
TonfrSm jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf. pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm; òyvJapcJh&jcif;. ta=umif;w&yfjzpfonf? T
tcsufrsm;a=umifh (1988) ckESpfwGuf vlxktHkºuqENjyyGJrsm;jzpfvmapcJh+yD;/ ppfwyfu t=urf;zufESdrfeif;cJh

26
onf? qdk&S,fvpfpepfjzifh prf;oyf&mwGif/ vHk;0ysufpD;qHk;&_H;oGm;aponft h csufudk todtrSwfðycJh=u+yD;/ tpdk;&
a[mif;udk tpm;xdk;cJhonfh/ EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) u qdk&S,fvpfpepf usifhoH;k
aer_udk pGef@v$wcf Jha=umif; a=ujimcJhonf? vGwv f yfaomwHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk usifhoHk;rnf[k a=u
jimcJhonf? Trl0g'opft& EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifh jyifyurBmESifhukefoG,fr_udk zdwfac:cJhonf?

(e0w§etz) ppftpdk;&vufxuf (1988 aemufydkif;umv)

jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfjzifh aqmif&GufcJph OfuysufpD;cJh&aom pD;yGm;a&;pepftarGqdk;rsm;udk topf
wufvmaom ppftpdk;&u qufvuftarGcH&onf? xdt k cg jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&; tajctaerSm aoG;opf
oGif;uko&ef vdt k yfaeaom vlrrmuJo h dk@jzpfonf? Todk@tajctaewGif tajymif;tvJrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&ef
ESifh ppftkyfpk.tm%mcsKyfudik fxm;r_udk xdef;odrf;xm;&efqdkonfrSm/ w&kwfEdkifiHwGifaqmif&GufcJah om acgif;
aqmif}uD;wdef@ a&Smifyif. pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ rl0g'rsm;uJo h d@k / vGwfvyfaomaps;uGuf xlaxmifrSom
jzpfEdkifawmhrnf? EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_rsm;udzk Gifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh vdt
k yfaeaom t&if;
tjrpfrsm; &vmap+yD;/ òyvJaeaompD;yGm;a&;pepfudk emvHxlapEdkifrnf jzpfonf? wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif
EdkifiHa&;t& twdu k ftcHðyr_rsm;udv
k nf; qufvufESdyfuGyfxm;cJhonf? ppfwyfu 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ðyjyif
ajymif;vJ&efóu;yrf;r_tqifhwpfck taejzifh a&G;aumufyGJ ðyvkyfay;cJhaomfvnf;/ &v'frSm olwd@k twGuf pdwf
ysufzG,fjzpfcJhonf? ppftpdk;& &&Sdvmaom &v'frSm t"dutwdu k ftcHygwD trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu
(1990) ygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJwGif/ awmifòy urf;òytEdkif&cJhjcif; jzpfonf? TtajctaewGif ppftpdk;&u a&G;
aumufyGJ&v'fudk vspfvsLðycJh+yD;/ EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkIwif;usyfpGmcsKyfcs,fvmcJhonf? a':atmifqef;
pk=unfudkyif tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyfjzifhxdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf?
EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_rS &vmaomudef;*%ef;rsm;udk =unfhygu/ wdkif;jynfudkpD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGifhvdu k fjcif;
jzifh atmifjrifr_&onf[k qdkEdkifonf? Z,m; (1? 5) wGif azmfjyxm;onfudk=unfhygu jynfyydk@ukeftaejzifh ESpf
pOfwd;k wufaecJhonf? (1988) wGif jynfyydk@ukefwefzdk; tar&duefa':vm (147) oef;&Sd&mrS (1995) ckESpfwGif
tar&duefa':vm (846) oef; jzpfvmonf? (1987) rS (1989) ckESpfrsm;twGif; EdkifiHjcm;odk@qefwifydk@r_rSm
ysrf;r# (180000) wef&Sdaomfvnf;/ (1994) ckESpfwGif qefwefcsdef (1) oef;txd wd;k wufvmcJhonf? od@k aomf
aemufydkif; (1995) ckESpfwGif (353000) wefodk@ jyefvnfusqif;oGm;onf? qefpyg;xkwv f kyfr_taejzifh (50)
&mcdkifE_ef;ausmfwd;k wufcJhonf? (1988) ckESpfwGif qeftxGufrSm (13) oef;wef&Sd&mrS (1995) ckESpfwGif
(19² 5) oef;wef&SdcJhonf? pdkufysKd;ajr{uwd;k wufvmovdk/ w{utvdu k ftxGufE_ef;vnf; wd;k wufvmcJh
onf?
qefpyg;xkwv f kyfr_wGif/ TuJhod@k &v'f&vmjcif;rSm oD;xyfpdkufysKd;jcif;a=umifhjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH
tv,fydkif; a&oGif;pdkufysKd;&majrrsm;ESifh atmufjrefrmjynfjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orsm;wGifyg oD;xyfpdkufysKd;cJh=u
onf? od@k aomfvnf; TuJhod@k tESHwdkESifhoD;aompyg;rsKd;rsm;pdkufysKd;&jcif;rSm a&v$rf;rdk;jcif;'%fudk ydkIcH&Edkif+yD;/
ydk;ESHaumif'%fudv k nf; cHEdkif&nfenf;onf? orm;&dk;uspdkufaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;u ydkIcHEdkif&nf&Sd=uonf?
Tod@k tajrmuftrsm;xGuf&Sdvmaom oD;ESHrsm;udk odak vSmifxdef;odrf;&ef *dka'gifrsm;vnf; vHv k Hak vmuf
avmuf r&Sdao;ay? xdkr#ru jynfyod@k wifydk@Edkifa&;udOk D;pm;ay;cJhaoma=umifh/ r=umc%qdkovd/k jynfwGif;
oH;k ESifh tydk@txkwfwd@k udk rcsifhcsdefEdkif jzpfcJhonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh òr@jyaeolrsm;qef0,f,lpm;oH;k &aom
ukefusp&dwfwdk;jrifhvmcJhonf? jynfwiG f;qefaps;E_ef; wdk;wufvmapcJhonf? Tta=umif;a=umifhyif EdkifiHjcm;
qefwifydk@r_pHcsdefudk wefwoef;wGif rxdef;xm;EdkifawmhbJ/ (1995) ckESpfwGif wefcsdef (353000) od@k jyefvnf
usqif;cJh&onf?
od@k aomfvnf; Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& ,cifowfrSwfxm;aomcGJwrf;pyg;udk owfrSwfaps;E_ef;jzifha&mif;cs
ae&r_udk tenf;i,fuif;vGwfcGifhay;cJhaoma=umifh/ ,cifuef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rsm;udk av#mhcsay;cJhaom
a=umifh v,form;rsm;wGif aps;E_ef;t&jzpfvmaomrufvkH;aphaqmfr_ jzpfvmcJh&onf? tpydkif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;

27
wifydk@r_ wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJhao;onf? Todk@wdk;wufvmr_udk aemufydkif;wGifqufvufwnfwhaH eatmif
rxdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJhay?
(e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxufwGif EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@Edkifr_yrm% wd;k wufvmcJhonf[kqdkaomfvnf;/
tao;pdwftaetxm; jyef=unfv h #if/ owdðy&rnft h csufrSm qefpyg;wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifr_onf (1960) ckESpf
wGif&Sdaeaom tajctaewefcsdef (2) oef;. w0ufr#om&Sdao;onfudk awG@&ayrnf? ppfóuacwfumv
yrm%ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if (oHk;yHkwyHk) r#om &Sdygao;onf? urBmhqefaps;E_ef;onf (1960) ckESpfaygufaps;xuf
tq (6) qwd;k wufvmcJhaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;qefwifydk@r_rS&&Sdaom0ifaiGpkpkaygif;onf (3) qr#
om wdk;wufcJhygonf?
(1994-95) ckESpfwdkifatmif (e0w) ppftpdk;&twGuf EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGtrsm;qHk;ay;aeaom a&mif;
ukefrSm u|ef;opfjzpfaecJhygonf? u|ef;opfEdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_rS &&SdaomaiGrSm tenf;i,frwnfr+idrf&SdaecJhaomf
vnf;/ ysrf;r#tm;jzifh tar&duefa':vm oef; (120) cef@ESpfpOf &SdaecJhygonf? tjcm;opfrmwifydk@r_u ESpfpOf
aemufxyf a':vm oef; (40) cef@ xyfrH&&Sdapygonf? Tpkpkaygif;opfa&mif;csr_0ifaiG a':vm (160) oef;
onf/ qefESifhqefxGufypPnf;rsm;wifydk@aiGrS&&Sdaom a':vm oef; (40) xuf tqrsm;pGmrsm;ygonf? qefwif
ydk@r_0ifaiGrS xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rsm;jym;pGm&&SdaomESpfrSm (1994-95) ckESpfjzpf+yD;/ qefwefcsdefwoef;wifydk@r_rS0ifaiG
a':vmoef; (200) &&SdcJhygonf? xdEk Spfu opfwifydk@r_rS 0ifaiGrSm a':vm oef; (145) om&Sdygonf? odk@aomf
vnf; rdrdwdk@avhvmawG@&SdcJhonft h wdik f;/ qefwefcsdefwoef;wifydk@Edkifr_udk a&&Snfxed f;xm;&ef rpGrf;omyg?
(1995-96) ckESpfwGif qefwifydk@r_wefcsdef (300000) od@k jyefvnfusqif;cJh+yD;/ (1996-97) ckESpfwGifvnf;
xyfrHusqif;rnf[k cef@rSef;&ygonf? ta=umif;rSm oabFmwifaer_E_ef;rsm; usqif;vmaeaoma=umifh jzpfyg
onf? tpdk;&taejzifh pyg;0,f,lpkaqmif;r_rS&&Sdaom qefwefcsdefrSmvnf;/ vsmxm;r_xufavsmeh nf;ae+yD;/
,cifpHcsdefrsm;xufvnf; avsmhaeygonf?

Z,m; (1? 5) EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_ (1950-95)

rl&if;? World Bank, World Data Series 1995.

rwfyJESifh yJtrsKd;rsKd;onfvnf; EdkifiHjcm;aiG&apaom xGuu f kefrsm;jzpfygonf? yJtrsKd;rsKd;wifydk@r_

yrm%rSm ododomomwdk;wufvmcJhygonf? (1990-91) ckESpfwGif wefcsdef (200000) wifydk@cJh&mrS/ aemuf
qHk;oH;k ESpfumv (1993-95) wGif ESpfpOfysrf;r#wefcsdef (450000) wifydk@cJh+yD;/ 0ifaiGtm;jzifh tar&duefa':vm
(120) oef;&&SdcJhygonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if aps;E_ef;a=umifhjzpfay:vmaomrufvHk;rSm yJtrsKd;rsKd;u qef
pyg;pdkufysKd;r_xuf ydkomygonf? od@k aomfvnf; vuf&SdpdkufysKd;xkwv f kyfaer_xuf ydkIcsJ@xGifpdkufysKd;Edkifaom
tvm;tvm enf;yg;ygonf? EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rSvnf; EdkifiHjcm;aiGwd;k wuf&&SdapcJhygonf? (1990-91)
ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rS 0ifaiG tar&duefa':vm (25) oef;om&&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ (1995-96) ckESpf
wGif a':vm (153) oef;txd wd;k wufvmcJhygonf? r=umao;rDujzpfvmcJhaom EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_rsm;
a=umifh jyefvnfusqif;&ef tvm;tvm&Sdygonf? aemufydkif;jyefIjrifhvmaprnfh tvm;tvmrsm;ESifh ywf
oufIvnf; oHo,&SdzG,f jzpfygonf?
wHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhoH;k cJhr_twGuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;awG@vm&aom&v'frSm jynfwGif;
oGif;ukefzuftydkif;Y ydkIodomxif&Sm;pGm awG@&ygonf? (1988) ckESpfwGif jynfwiG f;odk@oGif;ukefwefzdk;onf
tar&duefa':vm (244) oef;om&Sdaomfvnf;/ (1993) ckESpfESifh (1994) ckESpfwGif a':vmoef; (800) ausmf
jzpfvmygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif txl;jrifhrm;vmonf[kqdkEdkifaom a':vmoef; (1300) txdwd;k jrifhvmcJhyg
onf? (1988) ckESpfwGif ukefoG,fa&;vdak iGjyaiG a':vm (96) oef;&Sdae&mrS/ aemufydkif; (2) ESpft=umtxd

28
tenf;i,fydkaiGjycJhygonf? od@k aomfaemufydkif;wav#mufvHk;wGif vdak iGjyr_t}uD;tus,&f SdcJh+yD;/ worwfwnf;
vdak iGjyaecJhygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&;rS vdak iGjyaiG a':vm (488) oef;&SdcJhygonf?
(1988) ckESpfrSpwifI vdkaiGjyr_udk pkpkaygif;vdkufrnfqdkygu a':vmoef;aygif; (1100) ausm&f Sdae+yD jzpfygonf?
‚if;rSm jynfywdik f;jynfrsm;rSacs;aiG,l&aom yrm%ESifh wajy;nDjzpfygonf? (1990) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rD
a':vmoef;aygif; (4400) &Sd&mrS/ (1995) ckESpfwGif a':vmoef;aygif; (6100) jzpfvmcJhygonf?

yHk (1? 2) aiGa=u;wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmr_ESifh aiGazmif;yGr_E_ef;

Figure 1.2. Inflation and Monetary Growth

360 1,200,000
340
320 Consumer Prices 1,100,000
300 1,000,000
280 Money in circulation (million kyat)
Consumer price index

900,000

Money (million kyat)

260
(base year=1990)

240 800,000
220
200 700,000
180 600,000
160
140 500,000
120 400,000
100
80 300,000
60 200,000
40
20 100,000
0 0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

rl&if;? IMF, International Financial Statistics, Data CD 1995 and Ministry of National Planning and
Economic Development, Review of Financial, Economic and Social Conditions for 1995/ 96, Union of
Myanmar.
(e0w) ppftpdk;&usifo h Hk;aompD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;. tjcm;ta&;}uD;aomtcsufwckrSm/ wdik f;jynf.
aiGa=u;wnf+idrfr_ESifh b¾ma&;&oH;k aiGpm&if;bwf*sufwnf+idrfr_udk vHk;0ypfy,fI tvGeftusL;wm0efrJhpGm
aqmif&Gufaer_yifjzpfonf? aiGa=u;&dkufESdyfxnfhoGif;r_rSm usyfoef;aygif; (16355) rS usyfoef;aygif;
(1108660) txd/ tq (70) ausmw f d;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJhygonf? pm;oH;k olaps;E_ef;q!$ef;udef;rSm (5) qr#
wd;k wufvmcJh+yD;/ Ttajctaeud=k unfhjcif;tm;jzifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_rnfr#wd;k wufvmcJh+yD; jynfot l rsm;
rnfr# 'kuQa&muf=u&onfukd rSef;qEdkifygonf?
b¾ma&;oH;k pGJaiGwdk;csJ@ oH;k pGJaejcif;a=umifh/ aemufydkif;wGif ppftpdk;&u&&SdEdkifaom b¾maiGxuf
rsm;pGm ausmv f Gefrsm;jym;vmygonf? urBmhb%f. (1995) ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufae@wGif xkwaf 0
cJhaom tpD&ifcHpmwckwGif azmfjycJhonft h wdik f;/ tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;rS &&Sdaomb¾maiGrSm ESpfpOf wdik f;jynf
. pkpkaygif;xkwu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) ESifh,SOfv#if avsmu h sqif;aeygonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif &&Sdaom tcGef
b¾maiGrSm *sD'DyD. (10) &mcdkifE_ef;r#&Sd+yD;/ (1995) ckESpfa&mufaomtcg tcGefaiGrSm *sD'DyD. (7) &mcdkifE_ef;
r#yifr&Sdwwfawmhyg? pkpkaygif;toH;k p&dwfrSmvnf; (1991) ckESpfwGif *sD'DyD. (17² 6) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd&mrS avsmh
enf;usqif;vmcJh&m/ (1995) ckESpfwGif pkpkaygif;oHk;pGJaiGrSm *sD'DyD. (12² 3) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om&Sdygawmhonf?
od@k aomfvnf;b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_rSm ESpfpOf*sD'DyD. (6) &mcdkifE_ef;wGif yHkrSef&SdaecJhygonf? Tb¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_
tm;vH;k udk aiGa=u;rsm;&dkufESdyfjznfq h nf;jcif;jzifhom ajz&Sif;cJhygonf?
29
 xdtk csufrsm;a=umifh (e0w) ppftpdk;&. pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmrSm atmifjrifr_&&ef tcGifhtvrf;
rsm; arS;rSdefaeygonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdu
k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS 0ifvmaomaiGrSm yxrydkif;wGiftm;wufp&m
aumif;avmufatmif wdk;wufaecJhaomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif tjrifrSm;zG,f&mjzpfvmapygonf? vufawG@
taetxm;wGif wd;k wufvmaomtaetxm;ESifh udu k fnDr_r&Sdyg? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;0ifa&mufaqmif
&Gufae=uaomvkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf;/ a&wdo k abmydkaqmif+yD;/ qlvG,feyfvG,f aiGay:tjrwf&vG,af om
vkyfief;rsm;wGifom vkyfaqmifae=ujcif; jzpfygonf? ppftpdk;&taejzifh tm;xm;ar#mfvifhp&musefaeaom
wckwnf;aomvrf;rSm ,lEdku,f/ wdw k ,fvfukr`%Drsm;ESifhaqmif&Gufaeaom obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;rS&&Sd
vmrnfh 0ifaiGrsm;om usef&Sdygawmhonf?

30
 tcef;(2)
taxGaxGoHk;oyfcsufESifh
tajccHrl0g'rsm;wnfaqmufxm;yHk

31
 tcef;(2)
taxGaxGoHk;oyfcsufESifh
tajccHrl0g'rsm;wnfaqmufxm;yHk
urBmhpD;yGm;a&;. vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom tajctaeatmufwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh awG@ñuH&ifqdkif
ae&aom jy\emrsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk ,cktcef;wGif avhvmoH;k xyfxm;+yD;/ a,bk,stajctae
tay: taxGaxGok;H oyfcsufESifh vkyfudkifaqmif&GufomG ;rnfhr[mAsL[mrsm;udk wifjyxm;ygonf? aemuf
tcef;wGif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; tvsiftjrefzGHΘz;r_tvm;tvmrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh
tjcm;zGH@òz;r_E_ef;vsifjrefaomEdkifiHrsm;t=um; rwluGjJ ym;csufrsm;udv
k nf; cGJjcm;oHk;oyfr_ðyxm;ygonf? rdrdwd@k
wnfaqmufvdkaom vlr_taqmufttHkyHkpHESifhwuG aemifvmrnft h ESpf (20) twGuf &nfrSef;csufESifh ar#mf
rSef;csuftjrifrsm;udkvnf; wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? qufvufI T&nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfay:vmapa&;
twGuf aqmif&GufEdkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;ESifhwuG vdu k femaqmif&Guf&rnfh vrf;!$efrlrsm;udkvnf; aqG;aEG;wif
jyxm;ygonf? tcsKyftm;jzifh Ttcef;wGif Tavhvmcsufpmwrf;wckvH;k udk ðcHiHkaom taxGaxGok;H oyfcsuf
rsm;ESifh r[mAsL[mqdkif&menf;vrf;rsm;udk wifjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;

jyifyurBmYjzpfay:aeaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m/ enf;ynmqdkif&m/ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&majymif;vJr_rsm;onf

jrefrmEdkifiHuJhod@k aom zGH@òz;pEdkifiHi,fav;wcktwGuf &dkufcwftusKd;oufa&mufr_ rsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf? &&SdEdkif
aomtcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;omru/ xdktajctaetay:toHk;cs+yD; &&SdEdkifaom rdrdwd@k EdkifiH. zGH@òz;r_udkyg
qufvufItusKd;oufa&mufEdkifygonf?
Ttcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH qufvufcsDwuf&rnfh tem*wfzGH@òz;r_vrf;a=umif;tay: aemifvmrnfh
tESpf (20) twGif; =oZmv$rf;rdk;aeaom0ef;usiftajctaersm;/ urBmhtajctae. vm;&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;
wifjyoGm;ygrnf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH.zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_tay: ‚if;wd@k .tusKd;oufa&mufEdkifr_rsm;udyk g oHk;oyf
wifjyygrnf?

urBmhpD;yGm;a&;. yHkrSefzGHŒòz;aer_tajctaeESifh zGHòz;qJEdkifiHrsm;twGif; ydkIt&SdefjrefqefpGm

zGHΘz;aer_
urBmhb%f.aemufqHk;cef@rSef;wGufcsurf _ESifh tjcm;aomcef@rSef;csufrsm;t& pufr_zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiH}uD;rsm;
wGif zGH@òz;r_onf t&SdefrSefrSef qufvufwnf&SdaeEdkif+yD;/ zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;/ txl;ojzifh }uD;ig;}uD;jzpfaom
b&mZD;/ w&kwf/ tdENd,/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwdk@wGif vmrnfh (25) ESpftwGif; t&Sdeft[kefjrifhrm;pGm zGH@òz;
wd;k wufr_rsm; &Sdvmvdrfhrnf[k cef@rSef;xm;=uygonf? t&dSeft[kefjrifhrm;pGm wdk;wufv#uf&Sdaom ta&S@
tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl vGefcJhaom (15) ESpfu ñuHcJh&ouJhodk@ jrifhrm;aomzGH@òz;r_E_ef;udk qufvufxdef;xm;&ef
tcuftcJ&Sdrnf? od@k aomfvnf;/ zGH@òz;r_E_ef;toifhtwifhjzifh cyfajz;ajz;qufvufzGH@òz;oGm;Edkifacs &Sdygonf[k
urBmhb%frS oHk;oyfcsufðyxm;cJhygonf?
zGH@òz;r_'Dvdi_ f;t&Sdefonf urBmw0Srf;Y qufvufjzpfay:aeaomumvwGif/ t&yfa'owck.zGH@òz;r_
onf tjcm;t&yfa'owckudk wGef;tm;ay;r_/ v_@H aqmfr_rsm;&Sdaeap+yD;/ EdkifiHwckESifhwckt=um;/ a'owckkESifh
wckt=um; ukefoG,fr_rsm;vnf; csJ@xGifðyvkyfv#uf&Sdygonf? xd@k tjyif tcsKdŒaomta&S@tm&Sa'owGifyif/
32
EdkifiHrsm;. wckESifhwcktòyiftqdkifozG,f/ a&S@qifhaemufqifhzGH@òz;r_rsm;a=umifh ta&S@tm&Sa'owckvH;k twGuf
aps;uGufrsm; ydkrdkus,fjyef@vmapygonf?
rnfokd@yifqdkapumr_ ta&S@tm&Sa'oY zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udjk zpfay:apcJhaom tajctaeaumif;tcsKŒd
onf vuf&Sdtcif;tusif;/ taetxm;opfY qufvuf&Sdaernfr[kwfonfvnf;udk arhrxm;&efvdkygonf?
tm&Swdu k fwiG fjzpfay:cJah om udk&D;,m;ppfyGJESifh AD,uferfppfyGJwdk@. tusKd;qufa=umifh ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHtrsm;pk
wGif wck+yD;wck/ tcsdefumvjcm;em;aomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufvmap&ef ta=umif;rsm;v_@H aqmfay;cJh
=uygonf? xdu k mvwGif ta&S@tm&S&SdEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh +cdrf;ajcmufaeaom/ odk@r[kwf óuwifIpdk;&drfa=umuf
&GH@aecJhaomuGefjrLepf0g' tEW&m,fuku d muG,fwm;qD;Edkif&eftwGuf/ taemufEdkifiHrsm;rS axmufyHhr_ay;aom
&ufa&maom tultnDrsm; tvH;k t&if;&,lcHpm;EdkifcJh=uygonf? txl;ojzifh tajccHtaqmuftOD wnf
aqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tajccH0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom ynma&;qdkif&mtpDtpOfrsm;wGif jzpf
ygonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&mqufqHr_taetxm; uGmjcm;r_a=umifh/ zGH@òz;+yD;pufr_EdkifiHrsm;rS&&Sdrnfh taxmuf
tyHh/ yHhydk;r_ ponfwd@k udk &&Sd&m&Sda=umif;rsm;onfvnf; ,cktajctaeY jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tuef@towf&Sd
Edkifygonf?
TtajctaewGif jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;r_vrf;twGuf awmif;qdkcsufrSm rdrdEdkifiHzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf
ud, k fxu l dk,fx yHhydk;r_pepfESifh rdrdbmomtpðyEdkifaom pGrf;tm;rsm; &SmazG&ef vdt k yfvmygonf? wzef EdkifiH
jcm;rS wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;/ t&if;tESD;rsm;&&Sda&;twGuf tòyiftqdkifaqmif&Guf=u&mY/ wHcg;zGifh
pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHtrsm;pku wlnDpGmvufcHusifhoH;k vm=uonfhtay:/ òyifqdkifr_ydkIrsm;vmrnf[k
ar#mfrSef;xm;Edkifygonf? w&kwfEdkifiHtaejzifh jynfywdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udk t"duvufcH&&Sdaeonfh EdkifiHjzpf
onft h jyif/ vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh v#yfppfypPnf;EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@a&mif;cs&mYvnf; t"duwifydk@ol tae
txm;udkyg &&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHjzpfaom tdENd,/ ygupPwef/ b*Fvm;a'h&SfESifh vufwif
tar&duEdkifiHrsm;uvnf; TyHkpHtwdik f;yif vdu k fvm=uygvdrfhrnf? Tod@k aomtajctaewGif rdrdwdk@jrefrm
EdkifiHonf vkyftm;caps;aygonfqdk&Hkr#jzifh EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk qGJaqmif&ef vHak vmufrnf
r[kwfay? ukefusp&dwfoufomr_udk ,SOfòyifEdkifrnfhpepfwckudk zefwD;&efvdkonf? xda&mufxufjrufaom
u|rf;usifvkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm;udk arG;xkwfzefwD;xm;oifhonf?

ta&S@tm&SESifh tjcm;a'orsm;&Sd aiGa=u;rwnf+idrfr_rsm;

tjcm;wbufwGifvnf;/ r=umao;rDumvu jzpfay:cJah om ta&S@tm&SESifh vufwiftar&duEdkifiH

rsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;twGif; aiGa=u;rwnf+idrfr_rsm;a=umifh/ xdEk dkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f
tusyftwnf;awG@I zGH@òz;r_aemufjyefqkwf&jcif;rsm; jzpfcJhygonf? Ttcsufa=umifh rdrdwdk@.taumif;jrif
vGef;aomtjrifrsm;udkvnf; owdjzifhjyefcsKyfoifhygonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; tvHk;t&if;jzifh ðy
vkycf Jhjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;aygaygrsm;rsm;&&Sdjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ rñuHzl;
atmif csKdomaomtwd;k E_ef;jzifh aiGt&if;tESD;acs;iSm;Edkifjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ ta&SŒawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;
onf +yD;cJhaom (15) ESpfwmumvtwGif;u t&SdefE_ef;jrifhjrifhjzifh zGH@òz;wd;k wufcJh=uonf? xdu k mvtwGif;
tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;.aiGa=u;onf tar&duefa':vmESifh wefzdk;csdwfqufxm;+yD;/ tar&duefa':vmwefzdk;usqif;
aer_a=umifh/ jynfywifydk@ukef ydkrdkwd;k wufvmapcJhonf?
xifrSwfrxm;&avmufatmif zGH@òz;wd;k wufaeaomumv tcsdef=umjrifhjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
csJ@xGifjcif;wd@k a=umifh/ csKdomaomtwd;k E_ef;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;rSaiGacs;iSm;+yD; rEdkif0eftwdik f;twmtxd qufvufcsJŒ
xGifjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfvmcJh=uygonf? xdt k csdefumvwGif xdik f;EdkifiHY taqmufttHkrsm;wnfaqmufr_
vkyfief;udk t}uD;tus,fwd;k csJ@ðyvkyfae+yD;/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGifvnf; tajccHtaqmuftODESifh tdrf,mpDrHudef;
rsm;udk rñuHzl;avmufatmif }uD;}uD;us,fus,f crf;crf;em;em;wd;k csJŒaqmufvkyfjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJ=h uyg
onf? ud&k D;,m;EdkifiHwGifvnf; umvwdktwGif; tjrwf&&SdEdkifr_twGuf tmrcHcsufr&Sdonfhwdik fatmif pufr_
33
u¾wGif aiG&if;wd;k csJŒjr‡KyfESHjcif; ðycJh=uygonf? trsm;tm;jzifh ud&k D;,m;EdkifiH&Sd tqdkygukr`%Drsm;wGif aºu;+rD
ESifh ydkif&Sifydkif t&if; (equity) tpk&S,f,mydkifqdkifr_tcsKd;onf (av;tcsKd;wpf) &SdcJh+yD;/ vkyfief;vkyfaqmifr_
tjrwfxuf tqufrjywfwdk;csJŒr_rS pD;0ifaomaiGom;jzifhom &yfwnfcJh=uonf? tvm;wlyif tif'dkeD;&Sm;&Sd
pD;yGm;a&; ukr`%D}uD;rsm;/ uGef*vdrk m&dwfvkyfief;pkrsm; (Conglomerates) onfvnf; jynfyaiG&&m
vrf;a=umif;rsm;rS tajrmuftrsm;acs;,l =uonf? tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;wGif &Sdae=uaom tpdk;&ESifh
yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; vufodyfxd;k pDrHr_rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ rsufESmomay; tcGifhxl;cHtajctae
rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&rsm;udk,fYu aomfvnf;aumif;/ aiGa=u;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ud, k fYu aomfvnf;
aumif;/ rdrdwdk@. aºu;+rDyrm%twdik f;twmESifh jzpfay:vmEdkifzG,f&Sd aom }uD;rm;onfh tEW&m,frsm;udk
rod&SdEdkifbJ &SdcJh=uonf?
ta&;ygaom vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; qHk;&_H;onfESifhwòyifeuf/ wdik f;jynfwckvH;k .
aiGa=u;b¾ma&;taqmuftOD òyvJ&awmhonf? b%frsm;wGif aiGa=u;rvnfrywfEdkifjzpfvm+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;rS
acs;,lxm;aom umvwdkacs;aiGrsm;udk jyefvnfay;qyfEdkifjcif;r&Sdawmhay? aemufydkif;wGif tqdkygEdkifiH.aiG
wefbdk;usqif;vmjcif;/ t&if;tESD;rsm; jyefajy;xGufomG ;jcif;ESifh aiGa=u;aps;uGuf òyvJjcif;rsm;jzpfay:cJ&h onf?
r=umrDumvujzpfay:cJah om aiGa=u;tusyftwnf;onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH. zGH@òz;r_udk wenf;wzHktm;jzifh t[ef@
twm;/ tcsKyftcs,frsm; jzpfapcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;r_tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf rl0g'rsm;csrSwf
&mY rsm;pGmoifcef;pmay;EdkifcJhonf? tpdk;&.tquftoG,frsm;/ OD;aqmifr_rsm;rS jzpfay:vmaom zGH@òz;wd;k
wufr_rsm;onf/ r#wr_ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomr_rsm;tm;enf;=uI/ wcsdefuta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. tHh=ozG,frSwf
wdik frsm;tjzpf csD;ajr‡mufowfrSwfcJ=h uaomfvnf;/ ,cktcsdefwGif tm&SEdkifiHrsm;.tjzpfqdk;twGuf vufonf
w&m;cHrsm; tjzpfjrifvm=uonf? txl;ojzifh ud&k D;,m;EdkifiHrS acsbdk; (Chaebols) ukr`%Drsm;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;
EdkifiH. aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;pkaygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom uGef*vdkrm&dwfvkyfief;pkrsm; (Conglomerates)/ tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;rS tpdk;&ESifhqufo, G fzGJ@pnf;xm;aom ukr`%Drsm;tygt0ifjzpfonf? wbufwGif w&m;r#wr_/
yGifhvif; jrifomr_vdt k yf+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwGif yGifhvif;r_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfpOfrsm;udk usifhoH;k jcif;onf/
a&&Snfwnf+idrf vHðk cHrnfh zGH@òz;r_jzpfpOf. tajccHrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfðyvm=uonf? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;zGH@òz;cJhaom
odrf;xkyfxm; onfh zGH@òz;r_yHkpHrsKd;jzifh rjzpfEdkifawmhay?
tqdkygtusyftwnf;qdkuf&r_rS jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh&,loifhaom oifcef;pmwckrSm/ EdkifiHrsm;.
pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;onf t&Sdeft[kefjrefvGef;aomE_ef;jzifh zGH@òz;wdk;wufcJhojzifh/ aps;uGu. f wk@H jyefr_onf &nf
&G,fxm;onfxuf ausmv f GefoGm;cJh+yD;/ rdrdwd@k &nf&G,fxdef;odrf;Edkifaomtaetxm;udk vGefoGm;cJhjcif; jzpf
onf? xd@k tjyif EdkifiHwum&SdaiGa=u;aps;uGufrsm;. tcsKd@aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;u pwifoabmaygufvm=u
onfrSm urBmESifht0Srf;aiGa=u;pD;qif;aer_udk txdef;tuGyfvkyfay;rnf/h e,fpnf;owfrSwfay;rnfh Oya'rsm;/
pepfrsm; tm;aysmhcsdeJ@aejcif;yif jzpfonf? EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;aps;uGufwiG fomru/ wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH quf
oG,v f kyfudik faeaomaiGa=u;aps;uGufrsm;wGifyg pnf;urf;abmifrsm;Y tm;enf;ae=uao;onf? TuJo h dk@
wurBmvHk; taetxm;jzifh aiGa=u;pepf}uD; zGH@òz;vmcJhonfrSm tpOftvmr&SdbJ topfjzpfay:vmr_rsKd; jzpf
onf? xdt k wGufa=umifh TaiGa=u;aps;uGufudk oifhwifhr#wpGm xdef;csKyfEdkifrnfh pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufrsm;
vkyfaqmif&efvnf; t=uHðyvm=uonf?
wbufwGifvnf; urBmhb%f/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mb¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; taejzifhvnf;/ urBmh
ukefoG,fr_/ od@k r[kwf aiGtay;t,l ta&mif;t0,fudpPrsm;wGif aiGa=u;pepfwnf+idrfaeap&ef/ wckwnf;
aom&nf&G,fcsuEf Sifh ðyrlaqmif&Gufv#if/ zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;. tusKd;ESifh qef@usifrnfudv k nf; owdxm;oifh
onf? pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufa&;udk t&SdefESifhoGm;aeaom EdkifiHrsm;tzdk@/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
urBmhb¾ma&;wnf+idrfr_ wckwnf;udkom OD;pm;ay;ygu/ zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm; pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_t&Sdefudk tvGef
tu|H b&dwftkyfvdu k fonfEh S,f jzpfoGm;Edkif+yD;/ ,if;EdkifiHrsm;wGif pD;yGm;ysufuyf qdkufa&mufEdkifonf? Ttajc
taeudv k nf; owdxm;&ef vdt k yfonf? ,if;odk@aom pnf;urf;rsm;udk/ vdkufem&rnfh tajctaewGif

34
wbufwGifvnf; vlrsm;pk. tusKd;pD;yGm;ud=k unfI h / t&Sdefjyif;jyif;ESifh b&dwfrtkyfrdap&efvnf; owdxm;&ef
vdt k yfonf? vlrsm;pk. tusKd;rnfr# qkwf,kwfEdkifonfudkvnf; xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;&ef vdkygrnf?
TaiGa=u;tusyftwnf; rnfod@k ajyvnfomG ;Edkifrnf/ rnfodk@rnfyHkausmv f $m;Edkif=urnfqdkonfrSm
EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh/ tjynfjynfqdkif&maiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS csrSwfaom jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;/
ukxk;H rsm;tay: rnfr#aumif;pGm vdu k femaqmif&Gufonf-raqmif&GufEdkifonfqdkonfhtcsuftay: rlwnfae
onf? Todk@aq;cg;}uD;aomuf&onft h wGuf rnfr#cg;oD;rnf/ jynfolvlxkróuufEdkifaom tpDtrHrsm;
aqmif&Guf&r_twGuf EdkifiHa&;axmufcHr_avsmhenf;oGm;rnf jzpfapumrl vdu k femaqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfayvdrfh
rnf? TukxH;k tay:rlwnfIom pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_udk wjznf;jznf; avsmhyg;yaysmufoGm;atmif aqmif&Guf
Edkifayvdrfhonf? od@k aomfwbufrSvnf; vlr_a&;t&vHðk cHr_&Sdap&ef/ txl;ojzifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomjynfov l lxk
rsm;udk epfemr_oufomap&eftwGuf vlr_zlvHak &;ydkufuGefrsm; aqmif&Gufay;&efvdo k nf? ydkIta&;t}uD;qHk;
tcsufrSm EdkifiHtaeESifh jyefvnfemvHxlaomumvudk tvGeftrif;r&Snf=umap&ef/ pD;yGGg;ysufuyftwGif;
ðryfroGm;ap&ef pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnf&Sifoefvmap&efv_@H aqmfaom aqmif&Gufcsurf sm;udk tav;teufxm;
pOf;pm;aqmif&Gufoifhayonf? tjyeftvSefukefoG,fr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;a=umifhvnf;
aumif;/ taemufESifhta&SŒEdkifiHrsm;onf qufEG,faeonfjzpf&m/ ta&SŒEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_umv
=um&Snfaejcif;onf taemufEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufxdcdu k fvmEdkifygonf? taemuf
EdkifiHrsm;. acwfrDenf;ynmoH;k ypPnf;rsm;. aps;uGufonf ñuH@vmEdkif+yD;/ aps;aygaygjzifhxkwfvyk fxm;aom
ypPnf;rsm;udk taemufEdkifiHaps;uGuw f Gif a&mif;cs&ef wGef;tm;ydkrsm;vmayvdrfhrnf? rnfokd@yifqdkapumr_
xdEk dkifiHrsm;. EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifolrsm;. vufawG@usaomcsOf;uyfr_ESifh =uH=h uHhcHIaqmif&Gufaom ðyjyifajymif;
vJr_ tpDtpOfrsm;jzifhom jzwfausmv f $m;atmifjrifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvif&h onf? aemufqHk;taejzifh a'o
wGif; pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; 'Da&tay: ausmv f $m;Edkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHuJhod@k aom EdkifiHi,fwck. zGH@òz;r_jzpfpOfvrf;a=umif;tay:Y TuJo h dk@aom/ tcuftcJrsm;/
aemufjyefqkwf&r_rsm;u wm;qD;[ef@wm;aeEdkifygonf? odk@aomfjim;vnf; wcsdefu ta&SŒtm&SEdkifiHrsm;usifh
oH;k aqmif&GufcJhovdk/ jynfyydk@ukefOD;pm;ay;aom zGH@òz;a&;vrf;a=umif;odk@om csD&rnfjzpfonf? Tod@k aqmif
&Guf&mYvnf; ac|wmpkaqmif;r_rsm;pGmðyjcif;/ ynma&;qdkif&myHhydk;r_rsm;pGmay;jcif;/ enf;ynmwd;k wufa&;
ponfh yHhydk;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ðyI oGm;=u&rnfjzpfonf? Tvrf;onfom jrefrmEdkifiHuJo h dk@ EdkifiHi,fwcktzdk@
toifhawmfqHk;a&G;vrf;yif jzpfayonf? 0ef;usifa'otwGif;Y vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaomtcuftcJrsm;=um;rSyif/
ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;rsm; qufvufcsŒJ xGifaqmif&GufEdkif=uvdrfhrnf[k cef@rSef;xm;=uygonf? Tod@k ukefoG,fr_csJ@
xGif&m/ enf;ynm&yf qdkif&mv$Jajymif;vufcH&m/ enf;ynmopfrsm;jzifh wdk;wufajymif;vJr_rsm;aqmif&Guf&mY
Tvkyfief;rsm;. atmifjrifr_onf ynma&;qdkif&mzGH@òz;r_ay:wGif rsm;pGmwnfaeygonf?

urBmv$rf;ywf qufoG,fr_ (*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;)

urBmvHk;ðcHqdkaom pum;vH;k wGif t"dy`g,fokH;&yf yg0ifygonf? wckrSm wEdkifiHESifh wEdkifiH ukefoG,f

a&;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;vGwf vyfpGm vkyfudik fjcif;/ tjcm;wckrSm wurBmvHk;ðcHI =unfhI taumif;qHk; tajc
tae &&Sdatmif okawoeðyvkyfjcif;/ ukefxkwf vkyfjcif;ESihf a&mif;0,fjcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? aemufqHk;t"dy`g,f
rSm wurBmvH;k ðcH0g'v$rf;rdk;vmojzifh/ wd;k wufI a&S@a&mufaeaomEdkifiHrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_rsm;a&S@wef;odk@
a&mufvm+yD;/ EdkifiHi,frsm;. ,Ofaus;r_/ vlaer_p&dkufwdk@udk v$rf;rdk;oGm;jcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf?
yxrtcsufjzpfonfh wEdkifiHESifh wEdkifiH/ vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,jf cif;ESifh vkyftm;rsm;a&mif;0,fjcif;rSm
EdkifiHtrsm;wdk;wufa&; twGuf vdt k yfcsufjzpfonfudk trsm;u vufcHxm;ygonf? od@k aomf trSefwu,f
vkyfudik f&mwGif rnfonfh pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;quf tkyfpkrsm;/ txl;ojzifh tvkyform;/ pm;oHk;ol/ vkyfief;ydkif&Sif
wd@k tay: rnfodk@ rnfokd@ tusKd;oufa&mufaponf/ rnfolu omI rnfolu emonfudk tjrJwrf; jiif;ckef
p&m jzpfay:aeygrnf? wdik f;jynf. vlrsm;pky&dowftaejzifh rnfuho J dk@ tusKd; oufa&mufaponf/ trsm;
35
tusKd;ysufapaom ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:apovm; ponfwdk@udkvnf; oHk;oyf&ef vdt k yfygonf?
ordkif;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfv#if ukefoG,af &;ydkrdkvGwfvyf aomumv jzpfonfh yxrurBmppf rjzpfrDumvwGif/
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufjcif;ESifh ºu,f0csrf;omr_udk awG@jrif&ygrnf? odk@aomfvnf; urBmppf (2) ckt=um; pD;yGm;a&;
qufqHr_udk csKyfcs,fxdef;odrf;aomumvrsm;wGif/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_ aESmifhaES;jcif;/ tvkyfvufrJhrsm; jzpfay:
jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;nHhzsif;jcif;wdk@ jzpfay:cJo
h nfudk jrifawG@&ygonf? ppf+yD;umv (1960) ckESpftvGefwGif jzpfay:cJh
aom pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_rsm;rSm vGwv f yfaom ukefoG,fr_ xGef;um;aomumv jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh
vGwv f yfpGmukefoG,fr_ xGef;um;vmaomtcsdefwGif/ wdk;wufaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHwdk@ vGwv f yfpGm
ukefoG,fr_wd;k wufvmaom umvjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ *syefESifh Oa&mytzGJ@0if
EdkifiHrsm;. tcsif;csif; ukefoG,fr_wdk;wufvmjcif;ESifh tm&Swdu k f. vsifjrefpGmwdk;wufvmaomEdkifiHrsm;ESifh
,if;wdik f;jynfrsm;wd@k ukefoG,fr_wd;k wufvmjcif;a=umifhyif/ vGefcJhaom (25) ESpftwGif; tm&Swdu k f EdkifiHopf
rsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufvm+yD;/ vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fEdkifjcif;u Tod@k wd;k wufvmap&ef taxmuf
tulðycJhygonf?
urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@6 . }uD;=uyfapmifh=unfhr_atmufwGif EdkifiHrsm;t=um;vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fr_
&Sdvm+yD;/ Oya'rsm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmcJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- pDrHcef@cGJ
a&;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;/ ukefpnfpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;/ o,f,yl dk@aqmifr_qdkif&mpHowfrSwfrsm;/ pmcsKyf
pmwrf;rsm; ponfrsm;onf wnDw!Gw/f wrsKd;wpm;wnf;jzpfvm+yD; EdkifiHtcsif;csif;ukefoG,fa&;rSmvnf;
ydkrdkvG,fulvmrnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh TtcGifhta&;udk tcGifhaumif;,lwwf&efvdk+yD; Tajymif;vJr_
twGuf pDpOfaqmif&Gufjyifqifxm;oifhygonf? cGJjcm;qufqHr_r&Sdaom taumufcGefE_ef;xm;rsm; owfrSwf
av#mch sjcif;/ aiG&if;rsm; vGwfvyfpGmpD;qif;r_ðyapjcif;/ wnf+idrfaomaiGvJE_ef;/ pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_qdkif&mESifh yrm%
uef@owfjcif;qdkif&m t[ef@twm;rsm; z,f&Sm;xm;jcif;/ xkwfuek foGif;ukefrsm;tay: vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_r&Sd
apjcif; ponfwd@k onf ukefoG,fr_udk vGwfvyfpGmpD;qif;apaom a&cHajrcHtajctaersm;jzpfygonf?
EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;/7 txl;ojzifh urBmESifht0Srf;qufqHvkyfudik fae=uaom pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;}uD;rsm;tjzpfzGH@òz;wdk;wufvmjcif;onf aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;oH;k oyfoifhaom tcsufwcsufjzpfonf?
*syef/ ud&k D;,m;ESifh xdik f0rftygt0if ta&SŒtm&SEdkifiHrsm;.zGH@òz;r_twGuf tpysKd;vmjcif;ESifh a&&Snf
xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifjcif;udpPrsm;wGif EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;. yg0ifulnDr_tenf;i,fom&SdcJhonf? rdrd
wd@k jynfwiG f;rStiftm;jzifhom zGH@òz;r_&&SdcJhonf? wjcm;wbufYr_ pifumyl/ rav;&Sm;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ xdik f;EdkifiH
rsm; tygt0if ta&SŒawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;.zGH@òz;r_wGif EdkifiHjcm;rStvH;k t&if;jzifh wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifh
enf;ynmtay: rlwnfzGH@òz;cJh&onf? EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;u puf&Hkrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
wnfaxmifcJh=u+yD; aiGt&if;tESD;ESifhwuG enf;ynmrsm;udkyg ,laqmifvmcJh=uonf? armfawmf&dkvm
(Motorola) ESifh tifw,fvf (Intel) uJo h d@k aom EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;u rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif ‚if;
wd@k . q,frDuGef'wfwm (semiconductor) puf&Hkrsm;wnfaxmifcJh=uaomtcg/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHtaeESifh &kwf
csnf;qdkovdkyif acwfrDenf;ynmESifh xkwv f kyfr_vkyfief;rsm;udk &&SdcJhonf?
EdkifiHwumwGif ul;oef;a&mif;0,fxw k fvkyfae=uaom/ ukr`%D}uD;rsm;udk urBmtESH@wGif oGm;a&muf
vkyfudik fae=uaom ukr`%Drsm;[lI a,bk,stm;jzifh em;vnfygonf? ,if;ukr`%D}uD;rsm;wGif trsm;tjym;
awG@&aomtrsKd;tpm;rSm/ tjynf jynfwiG f oGm;a&mufvkyfudkif=u&mwGif rdrda&muf&Sd&m tdrf&SifEdkifiHtajc
tae ywf0ef;usifESifh o[Zmwjzpfatmifvkyfudkif =u+yD;/ ,if;EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHom;ukr`%DuJhodk@ t&EdkifqHk;aom
tcGifhta&;rsm;udkoH;k +yD;/ a&&SnfwGif ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusKd;&Sdatmif vkyfudik faeaom ukr`%Drsm;rSm rsm;jym;vSyg
onf? ,if;wd@k udk EdkifiHwumwGif jynfom; (jynfwGif;) ukr`%DuJo h d@k usifh=uHaeaomukr`%D rsm; (multi-
domestic) [lI ac:a0:=uygonf? EdkifiHjcm; ukr`%D}uD;wckonf/ jynfom; ukr`%DqefqefusifhoH;k jcif;jzifh
xdEk dkifiH. o,HZmw ESifh xdkEdkifiH.xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk toH;k csI vkyfudik fEdkifojzifh/ (location advantage)
6
World Trade Organization (WTO)
7
Multinationals

36
a'oqdkif&m tcGifhtvrf; rsm;udv k nf; cHpm;& Edkifygonf? ,if;od@k ðyvkyfonfhtcgwGif tdrf&SifEdkifiH. tusKd;
udv k nf; a&&Snftvm; tvm twGufwwfEdkifor# iJhn‡m+yD;/ rdrdtusKd;udv k nf; ESpfOD;ESpfzuf auseyf
atmifðyvkyfEdkifojzifh/ xdkukr`%D }uD;rsm;onf a'ocH EdkifiH twGuf tusKd;ðyEdkifonfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f r&Sdyg? EdkifiH
jcm;tultnDukd &,lrnf qdkaom pum;wGif/ ,if;uJo h dk@ ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusKd; &Sdrnfudk a&&Snf ar#mfrSef;I
vkyfaom ukr`%D}uD;rsm;/ ,if;wd@k rS qif;oufvmaom todynmajymif;vJr_/ ponfwdk@udak r#mfvif=h ujcif;
jzpfygonf?
wurBmvHk;ðcH ukr`%Drsm; (Global company) [k qdk&mwGif/ rnfonfhEdkifiHwGifrqdk worwfwnf;
xm;&Sdaom ukefxkwfukef oG,fr_enf;emwdk@jzifh wurBmvHk;twdik f;twmtwdik f;/ rdrdukr`%DtusKd;&Sdatmif
vkyfrnfqdkaom rludk usifhoH;k onf? vkyf&yf rsm;onf tdrf&SifEdkifiHtwGuf rnfuJo h dk@ tusKd;oufa&mufap
onf/ [laomtcsufukd owdxm;qHk;jzwf&ef vdt k yfygonf? ,if;uJo h kd@aom ukr`%Drsm;rSmvnf; a,bk,s
tm;jzifh/ odyfrsm;rsm; rxGef;um;=uao;yg? a&eHukr`%D}uD;rsm;/ ruf (uf) a':e,f pm;aomufqdkifuJo h d@k ypPnf;
wrsKd;wnf;udk wurBmvHk;tESH@a&mif;csaomukr`%Drsm;u/ tdrf&SifEdkifiHudk rnfuJo h dk@ tusKd; oufa&mufaprnf
qdkonfudk yHkaoajymI r&Edkifyg? wckpDoH;k oyfI ,if;wdk@.vkyfudik fyHkpepfrsm;onf tdrf&SifEdkifiHtwGuf rnfuhJ
ok@d tusKd;&SdapEdkif+yD;/ rnfuJo
h dk@ tusKd;ysufapEdkifoenf;udk wckpD oHk;oyf&ef vdyk grnf? ,Ofaus;r_ay:wGif
xdcdu k fapaom tcsufrsm;/ enf;ynmjzef@a0r_wGif tusKd;&Sd-r&Sd/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfudk usifo h Hk;ojzifh tdrf&Sif
EdkifiHtay:rnfod@k tusKd;oufa&mufaponfudk vkyf&yfrsm;t&om oH;k oyf&rnf jzpfygonf? wbufYvnf;/
wurBmvHk;twdik f;twmppfppfjzifh vkyfaqmifaomvkyfief;rsm;twGuf vdktyfaomtwwfynmqdkif&m
u|rf;usifr_rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tajccHtaqmuftODvdt k yfcsufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tdrf&SifEdkifiHrSay;+yD; tpk
pyfvkyfief;rsm;tjzpfvkyf&ef qGJaqmifwwf=uygonf? r=umao;rDumvu puFmylEdkifiHonf okawoeESifh
ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;udk XmecsKyftjzpf wnfaxmif&eftwGuf EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;udk qGJaqmif
EdkifcJhygonf?
wurBmvHk;twdkif;twmjzifhaqmif&Gufaeaom ukr`%D}uD;rsm;. xufjrufaompGrf;&nftusKd;udk
pm;oHk;olrsm;xH a&muf&Sdap&ef rnfokd@aqmif&GufEdkifrnfenf;qdkonfrSmvnf; tjcm;ar;cGef;wck jzpfygonf?
Tjy\emudk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef tvdt k avsmufaps;uGu, f EW,m;r&Sdaomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf.u¾wdkif;Y
xda&muf+yD;tusKd;ðyaom ,SOfòyifr_pepfudk jr‡ifhwifay;apjcif;jzifh pm;oH;k olrsm; ydkItusKd;&Sdapatmif aqmif
&GufEdkifygonf?

owif;enf;ynmqdkif&m awmfvSefa&;rsm;

pufr_awmfvSefa&;+yD;umvaemufydkif;wGif ukefypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfa&mif;0,f/ jzef@jzL;r_ESifh ypPnf;rsm;

.yHkpHwGif xl;jcm;pGmajymif;vJvmapcJhaomt&mrSm rdkuU&dky&dkqufqm8 ac: ao;i,faomv#yfpD;ywfvrf;puf
tpdwftydkif;zGH@òz;ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? rdkuU&dky&dkqufqmay:aygufvmjcif;ESifhtwl tr$mzGH@òz;r_[kqdk
Edkifaom owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynm9 vnf;ay:aygufvmygonf? rdkuU&dky&dkqufqmrsm;onf
tvdt k avsmufpufrsm;toH;k ðyonfh pufrsm;twGuf jzpfpOftopfrsm; wd;k wufjzpfay:apcJh+yD;/ pufr_ukefxkwf
pGrf;tm;wdk;wufr_udk jzpfapcJhygonf? rdrdwdk@ae@pOftoHk;ðyaeaom t0wfav#mfpufrsm;/ rD;zdkrsm;ponfwd@k wGif
yif rdkuU&dky&dkqufqmrsm;wyfqifvm}u+yD;/ ydkoH;k &vG,fulatmif/ tu|rf;0ifatmifzefwD;ay;ygonf? tjcm;
wbufwGifvnf; owif;tcsuftvufenf;ynma=umifh/ urBm}uD;wckvH;k udk csdwfqufqufoG,fvmrdapyg
onf? wd;k wufaompufr_enf;ynmrsm;udk wurBmvHk;ae&mtESH@ jyef@ESH@ydk@aqmifay;EdkifcJhygonf? vlr_a&;ESifh
ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&mzGJ@pnf;r_rsm;wGifvnf; vkyfudik faqmif&GufyHkrsm; wacwfqef;ajymif;vJapcJhygonf?

8
Microprocessors
9
Information Technology (IT)

37
 TuJo h dk@ awmfvSefa&;qefqef odyH̀ðyjyifajymif;vJr_onf zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHopfrsm;twGuf rsm;pGmtusKd;
xl;apcJhygonf? aemifvmrnfhurBmopfjzpfpOfY ukefxkwv f kyfr_jzpfpOftrsm;pkY u|rf;usifr_r&Sdaom um,vkyf
om;rsm;udk rsm;rsm;vdktyfawmhrnf r[kwfay? tu,fIzGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;taeESifh rdrdwd@k vkyfom;tiftm;.
u|rf;usifr_udjk r‡ifhwifay;xm;jcif;rðyygu/ pufr_wd;k wufajymif;vJr_c&D;pOfY ydkIydkI aemufususcJhawmhrnf
jzpfygonf?
owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynma=umifh/ owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&mvkyfief;pktopfrsm;jzpf
ay:vmEdkif+yD;/ tcsuftvufrsm;pkaqmif;jcif;/ pepfcGJjcif;/ jzef@jzL;jcif;rsm;ðyvkyfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? T
vkyfief;opftwGuf topfaomu|rf;usifr_rsm;/ topfaomvkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm; vdv k mvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh uGefjyLwmy&dk*&rfa&;qGJolrsm; (Programmers)/ pepfo&kyfcGJolrsm; (Systems analysts)/ 0ef
aqmifr_ay;olrsm; (Service Producers)/ uGefjyLwmtEkxnf tif*sifeD,mrsm; (Software Engineers)
paom vkyfom;tiftm;pk trsKd;tpm;opfrsm;vnf; vdktyfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Tajymif;vJr_. xl;jcm;
csufrSm owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynmacwfopfodk@ oGm;&mY/ zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;uJo h dk@ avScg;wxpf
csif;/ ti,fpm;pufr_vkyfief;rS t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;odk@ ajymif;yHkrsKd; oGm;&ef rvdt k yfyg? owif; enf;ynm
acwfY wcgwnf;wef;wufoGm;EdkifyHkrsKd;jzifh qDrDuGef'wfwm (Semiconductor) ESifh owif;tcsuf tvuf
qdkif&menf;ynmudk ckefIul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifygonf? puFmylEdkifiHtaejzifh qDrDuGef'wfwmESifh owif;tcsuf
tvufqdkif&menf;ynmrsm;&&SdcJh+yD;/ enf;ynmqdkif&mavScg;xpf. xdyfqHk;odk@a&muf&SdcJhygonf? Tod@k jzpfap
&eftwGuf ykHpHpufr_zGH@òz;r_c&D;udk yHkrSeftpDpOftwdik f;oGm;&ef rvdktyfcJhyg?
owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynma=umifh ypPnf;a&mif;jcif;/ 0,fjcif;enf;opfrsm;udv k nf;
ajymif;vJapcJhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifyHkudv k nf; ajymif;apygonf? wurBmvH;k &Sdowif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk tifwmeuf0ufbf (Web) pmrsufESmrsm;rSwqifh &,lEdkif+yD;/ zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;Y topfwdk;
wufaeaomtajctaersm;udk xyfrHjznfhwif;+yD;/ ukefoG,af &;vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk wd;k jr‡ifhðyvkyfEdkifapcJhygonf?
trsm;ESifh,SOfv#if acwfaemufusaeaomEdkifiHrsm;wGifyif ydkrdkxda&mufxufjrufaom ynmoif,lr_jzpfap&ef/
avhvmEdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;jzpfap&ef/ aqmif&GufvmEdkif=uygonf? zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;&Sd wuUodkvfrsm;onf
EdkifiHjcm;&Sdolwkd@. tqufoG,fwuUokv d frsm;/ okawoeXmersm;od@k tifwmeuf (Internet) rSwqifhcsdwf
qufaqmif&GufEdkif=u+yD jzpfonf? rdrdwd@k ESifhoufqdkif&m bmom&yfrsm;udk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif ydkrdktqifhjrifhjrifh
avhvmEdkif&Hkr#ru EdkifiHjcm;ESifh ynmawmfoifrsm;zvS,fjcif;/ ynm&Sifrsm;tcsif;csif; aygif;pnf;avhvmr_rsm;
ðyjcif; ponfwdk@udk aqmif&GufvmEdkifygonf? ausmif;rsm;/ pmoifcef;rsm;wGifvnf; aemufqHk;jzpfay:aeaom
tcsuftvuftopfrsm;/ A[kokwrsm;udk tcsdefESifhtr#wkH@jyefqufo, G fEdkifaom tifwmtufwpfzf pepf
(Interactive media) jzifh avhvmr_udk wdk;jr‡ifhapEdkifygonf?
TuJo h dk@ enf;ynmajymif;vJr_awmfvSefa&;udk tcGifhaumif;,lv#uf enf;ynm&yfrsm;udk toHk;csEdkif
a&;twGufjyifqifr_rsm;/ pufr_enf;ynmtoHk;csr_rsm;udk pwifðyvkyfoifh+yDjzpfygonf? ynma&;pepfudk
a,bk,staejzifh tqifhjrifhwifay;&efvdt k yfouJo h dk@/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifvnf; xl;c|efxufjrufaom
owif;enf;ynmtcsuftvuf toH;k csEdkifolrsm;udk oifwef;rsm;ydk@csay;&ef/ yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;ap&ef vdt k yfyg
onf? ydkrdktqifhjrifhaom 'D*sDw,f (Digital) tcsuftvuf rsm;udk ydk@aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf/ ukefoG,fa&;
tajccHtaqmuftODudðk yjyifjcif;/ jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfEdkif&ef &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;vnf;vdk
vmygonf? Todk@owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynmudk ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;wGif‚if;/ okawoecef;
rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ tvkyfXmersm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ od&SdtoH;k csEdkifapjcif;iSm oif=um;ay;jcif;jzifh a&&Snf
wGif pGrf;&nfjynfh0aomaps;uGufESifh tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;,EW,m;rsm; jzpfay:vmEdkif+yD;/ xdkrSwqifh wd;k wufzGH@òz;
r_udk xyfqifh&&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? tu,fIjrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh tcsdefjrefjrefjzifh }uD;xGm;vd+k yD; zGH@òz;wdk;
wufaompufr_u¾. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk cHpm;vdkygu/ owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&menf;ynmrsm;udk
twwfEdkifqHk;vufcH,ltoH;k csjcif;onf r[mAsL[mqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;. r&Sdrjzpfta&;ygaom tpdwftydkif;
wck jzpfygvdrfhrnf?

38
zGHòz;r_tvm;tvmrsm;twGuf t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;) rsm;
ta&SŒtm&SESifh ta&SŒawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_wGif vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh &kyf0wWKqdkif&m
ta=umif;t&mrsm;u rnfod@k taxmuftulðycJh=uonfukd/ tm&SzGH@òz;a&;b%f (at'DbD) . (1977) ckESpf
xkwaf vhvmcsufpmwrf;wGif txift&Sm;azmfjyxm;cJhygonf? vGefcJhaomq,fpkESpfoH;k cktwGif; tm&SpD;yGm;
a&;pepfrsm;. v#ifjrefaomzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_/ trsm;u ‘tm&S.tHhrcef;wdk;wufr_’[k trnfay;cJh&onfh zGH@òz;
wd;k wufr_udk jzpfay:apaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk azmfjyxm;cJhygonf? tjcm;avhvmcsufrsm;u awG@&Sd
az:jyxm;aomtcsufrsm;udkvnf; Tavhvmcsufu xyfrHIcdkifvHak tmif twnfðyay;cJhygonf? Tae&m
wGif rl0g'a&G;cs,fcsrSwfr_onf ta&;}uD;+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefwifydk@r_udak &SŒ&_aomukefxkwfvkyfr_udv
k nf;aumif;/
jrifhrm;aompkaqmifr_E_ef;xm;rsm; &Sdjcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&.vkyfudkifcGifhtwdik f;twmudkvnf;aumif;/
taxGaxG ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfr_ tajctaeudkvnf;aumif;/ ynma&;pepfudk txl;tav;ay;r_udv k nf;
aumif;/ todtrSwfðywifjycJhygonf? tqdkygtpD&ifcHpmwGif txufygtcsufrsm;tjyif vlOD;a&qdkif&mtcsuf
tvuf. ta&;ygyHkudv k nff;aumif;/ vlom;t&if;tjrpfzGH@òz;r_ESifh t&nftaoG;udv k nf;aumif;/ obm0pGrf;
tm;rsm;t&ESifh yx0Dtaetxm;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tavhvm
csufwiG f pHjyyHkpHwckudk a&G;cs,ft=uHðyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? ta=umif;rSm avhvmaom erlemt&G,ftpm;
tuef@towf&Sdaeaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ynma&;t&nftaoG;uJo h dk@aom tcsuf
tvufrsKd;udk tqdkyg avhvmcsufwiG f xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&mY udef;*%ef;jzifhwdwdususjy&ef cufcJaom
a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ wdusjywfom;pGm yHkpHwckt=uHðyEdkif&ef cufygonf? od@k aomfvnf;ðcHI=unfv h #if tm&S
wduk f.zGH@òz;r_ jzpfpOfudk yHka&;cs,faz:jyaomae&mY tus,t f jyef@ðcHiHkaom tajccHtcsufrsm;udk az:jyEdkifcJhyg
onf?

vlOD;a&qdkif&mta=umif;tcsufrsm;

Figure 2.1. Demographic Changes in Burma

60
50
Percent of total

Females (0-14)
population

40
Males (0-14)
30
Females (15-64)
20
Males (15-64)
10
Females (65+)
0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Males (65+)

Source: World Bank Data Series 1995

yHk (2? 1) jrefrmEdkifiHvlOD;a&qdkif&m tcsuftvufajymif;vJr_rsm;

,ckumvESifh aemiftem*wfumvtwGuf vlOD;a&udk toufydkif;tvdu k fcGJjcm;avhvm=unfhjcif;
onf zGH@òz;r_jzpfpOfwcktwGuf ta&;}uD;aomtcsufjzpfygonf? tu,fI tvkyfvkyfEdkifaom touft&G,f
tkyfpkY&Sdonfv h lOD;a&onf umvtwef=um (Oyrm- ESpf 20 umv) Y tawmftwefjrifhrm;aomtcsKd;
twdik f;&Sdaeygu xdkEdkifiH.wOD;csif;0ifaiGwdk;wufr_udk txl;taxmuftuljzpfaprnf jzpfygonf? tjcm;
wbufYvnf; tvkyfvkyfEdkifaomvlOD;&ESifh rSDcdkvlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;onfvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm
tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfht&G,f vlOD;a&u enf;ae+yD;/ touft&G,f}uD;&ifholESifh uav;oli,frsm;u rSDcdkolrsm;
jzpfaeum/ =unfh&_apmifha&Smuf &aomwm0ef twdik f;tqESifh 0efxkyf0efydk;yrm%udk wdik f;qEdkifaoma=umifh

39
jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif vlrsm;.ysrf;r#oufwrf;&Snfvm jcif;onfvnf;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifaomvlOD;a&udk wd;k yGm;
apaom tjcm;ta=umif;wcsufjzpfI EdkifiHzGH@òz;r_twGuf taxmuftul jzpfapygonf?
yHk (2? 1) wGif vGefcJhaom (37) ESpfumvtwGif;&Sd vlOD;a&avhvmr_udk =unfyh gu pD;yGm;a&;t&
ta&;ygaom touftkyfpkjzpfonfh (15-64) ESpftwGif;&SdvlOD;a&tcsKd;onf tjrifhqHk;tajctaejzpfaom
pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&. (59) &mcdkifE_ef;txdjrifhwufvmcJh+yD;/ i,f&G,fot l ouftkyfpkjzpfaom touf(0-14) ESpf
tkyfpkonf tcsKd;tm;jzifh wjznf;jznf;avsmu h svmcJhygonf? ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;udkavhvm=unfyh gu
vnf;/ vGefcJhaomESpf (30) twGif;Y wlnaD omyHkpHudkyif awG@cJh&ygonf? tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_
onf TyHkpHtay: wydkif;wp wnfaeonf[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhr_ txufygyHkpHudk tcGifh
aumif;r,lEdkifcJhonft h jyif pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;csrSwfaqmif&Guf&mYvnf;/ taxGaxGtm;enf;csufrsm; &Sdae
ojzifh wd;k wufr_r&SdbJ &yfwef@ae&Hkr#ru/ tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;Y usqif;r_rsm;&Sdaeonfudkyif awG@&ygonf?
tu,fI aemifvmrnfhESpf (20) twGif; vlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;onf txufygyHkpHESifh tenf;ESifhtrsm;
rajymif;vJbJ qufvuf&Sdaernfqdkygu/ EdkifiH.zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_wGif vlOD;a&qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;u ta&;
ygaomu¾rS yg0ifvdrfhrnf[k ðcHIajymEdkifygonf? usef;rma&;u¾udk wdk;wufatmif jrSifhwifay;Edkifrnfqdk
v#if vGefcJhaom (1980) ckESpfrsm;/ (1990) ckESpfrsm;twGif; usqif;cJhaom uav;arG;pOf&Sd ysrf;r#oufwrf;10
udk jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf? usef;rma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif ðyjyifaqmif&Gufay;
jcif;jzifh arG;uif;p uav;aoE_ef;udk av#mch sEdkif+yD;/ arG;E_ef;vnf; odoo d momusqif;roGm;atmif aqmif
&GufEdkifygonf? Todk@qdkv#if vlOD;a&qdkif&mudef;*%ef;rsm;udk Ttwdik f;qufvufxdef;xm;Edkifvdrfhrnf jzpfyg
onf? ay;vmaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk cef@rSef;=unfv h #if jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh a&S@vmrnfhESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwdik f/
tvkyfvkyfEdkifaom vlOD;a&E_ef;jrifhrm;r_udk qufvufxdef;xm;Edkifvdrf fhrnf jzpfygonf?

pmwwfajrmufr_ESifh tajccHynma&;

zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf aemufxyfta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm tvkyfvkyfaomvlOD;a&rsm;. ynma&;

qdkif&mtajctaejzpfygonf? ,cifu ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;&Sd vlxrk sm;.ynma&;ESifhywfoufI aqmif
&Gufr_rsm;onf odyfruGmjcm;bJ &SdcJh=uaomfvnf;/ vGefcJhaomESpf (20) twGif; tjcm;ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiH
rsm;. ynma&;onfwd;k wufvmcJh+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifhrl ynma&;Y aES;auG;IusefcJhygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH. rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif=um;Edkif=uaom ausmif;0ifcGifhtcsKd;
(2) ckaygif;onf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh E_dif;,SOfv#ifedrfhusaeygonf? xdik f;EdkifiHrSmrl jrefrmEdkifiHESifhwlnDaom tajc
taewGif&Sdonf? txufygtcsKd;udk ausmif;aeaomy#rf;r#ESpfaygif;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfavhvmv#if jrefrmausmif;om;
trsm;onf rlvwef; (od@k r[kwf) tv,fwef;ratmifrD ausmif;xGufoGm;=uonfudk awG@&onf? tu,fI
tvkyf&EdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmatmif ðyjyifzefwD;ay;Edkifv#if/ ausmif;xGu&f aom
uav;rsm;.rdbrsm;twGuf vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifrnfqdkv#if/ az:jyyg ausmif;xGu&f onfh
taetxm; txl;ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifygonf? qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;vmjcif;ESifh rv_yf&Sm;wnf+idrfaeaom pD;yGm;
a&;tajctaewGif ynma&;qdkif&móu;yrf;r_rsm;rS jyef&vmonft h usKd;tjrwfenf;yg;jcif; paomtcsufrsm;
onf ausmif;xGufE_ef;jrifhrm;apaom t"dutcsufrsm; jzpfygonf?
xd@k tjyif/ jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;onf }uD;yGm;wdk;wufvdkaomqEN&Sd=uygonf? ta&S@awmiftm&SwGif
jrefrmEdkifiHonf/ puFmyltjyif t*Fvdyfpmudk roifrae&'kwd,bmompum;tjzpf/ yxrwef;rS pwifoif
=um;aom/ wuUodkvfwiG fvnf; t*Fvdyfbmomudk toHk;ðyaom/ EdkifiHwpfckjzpfonft h wGuaf =umifh/ jrefrm
EdkifiH. tem*wfzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_wGif ynma&;onf tvm;tvmaumif;wpfckjzpfvmEdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? ,ck
tcsdefYyif jrefrmEdkifiH. taxGaxG ynma&; taetxm;onf ta&S@awmiftm&S&Sd ydkrdkzGH@òz;+yD;aom tjcm;

10
Life Expectancy at Birth

40
EdkifiHrsm;xuf rsm;pGmaemufususefjcif; r&Sdao;ay?

t=urf;zsif; t=urf;zsif;
!$efudef; t&G,f ausmif;ae rlvwef; ausmif;0if ausmif;0if touf (25) ESifh
rsm; a&muf+yD;ol aom y#rf;r#ESpf ausmif;xGuf tcsKd; tcsKd; txuf vlwOD;.
pmwwfE_ef; E_ef; (yxrtqifh) ('kwd,tqifh) ysrf;r#ausmif;ae
(touf 5-9) (touf touf
10-15)
EdkifiH 1985 1980 1985-87 1990 1990 ausmif; t
raezl; v,f
aom wef;
µ +yD; µ
jrefrm 78² 0 2² 5 73 105 23 58² 4 2² 0
rav;&Sm; 74² 0 4² 0 - 93 56 - 2² 9
xdkif; 90² 7 3² 5 36 99 30 20² 5 1² 0
zdvpfydkif 87² 7 6² 6 25 113 73 11² 7 15² 2
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 71² 8 3² 1 20 - - - -
AD,uferf 84² 4 3² 2 50 - - - -

Z,m; (2? 1) ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHtcsKd@. ynma&;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_Ed_if;,SOfcsuf

&Sif;vif;csuf? touf (25) ESpfESifhtxuf&Sdaom yk*~dKvfwOD;v#if&&Sdaom y#rf;r#ausmif;aeoufwrf;udk
azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf?

rl&if;? UNESCO, UNESCO Yearbook 1994, Paris.

xd@k tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;onf enf;ynmtopftqef;rsm;udk oif=um;wwfajrmufvG,f+yD;/

pufr_tjrifvnf; &Sd=uygonf? pufud&d,mrsm;udu k dkifwG,jf cif;/ ðyvkyfjcif;/ jyifqifjcif;rsm;udkvnf; tvG,f
wulESifh obm0tavsmufyif oif,lwwfajrmuf=uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;pGef@OD;wDxiG f
vkyfudik fvd=k uolrsm;onf udv k dkeDacwfwiG fyif &Sifoefatmifjrifv#uf/ qdk&S,fvpfpepf. uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_
atmufwGifyg wnfwHh&SifoefEdkifcJh=uonf? qdk&S,fvpftkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif tuef@towf}uD;rm;r_a=umifh
jzpfay:vm&aom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_rsm;u/ ydkIyif jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;vkyf&ef
ydkrdk +yD;vH@_ aqmfr_rsm;/ rufvHk;aphaqmfr_rsm; jzpfapcJhygonf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfjyif;xefjcif;ESifh EdkifiHtwGuóf u;yrf;
aqmif&Gufvdak omqENrsm;onf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;twGuf wacwfjyefopfap&ef jyefvnfEdk;=um;&Sif
oefapaomtm;ay;csufrsm; jzpf=uayonf?

o,HZmwtajccHrsm;

a'otwGif;&Sd tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if jrefrmEdkifiHonf o,HZmwaygºu,f0aomEdkifiHjzpf

onf? vuf&SdvlOD;a&ESifh ajr,mtcsKd;/ xyfrHcsJ@xGifEdkifao;aom pdkuf{&d,m/ xkwf,lroH;k pGJ&ao;aom t&H
opfawm{&d,m/ awmifydkif;a'o&Sdtylydkif;opfawmrsm;rS ajrmufzufa'oorydkif;txd &moDOwktrsKd;rsKd;
&Sdojzifh oD;ESHtrsKd;rsKd;pdkufysKd;Edkifaom &moDOwkaumif;rGefr_/ paom taxGaxGtcsufrsm;onf v,f,m
pdkufysKd;a&;u¾zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm; ay;aeygonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl rsm;pGm
aomavhvmr_rsm;wGif awG@=u&onfrSm/ o,HZmwºu,f0r_onf zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ESifh ajymif;jyefqufpyfr_&Sd
onf[k azmfjyxm;=ujcif;jzpfygonf? o,HZmwºuG,f0avav EdkifiH.zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_jzpfpOf aES;auG;avav

41
jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; TawG@&SdcsufudkacszsufEdkifzG,f&Sdaom tjcm;jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaomta=umif;rsm;vnf;
&Sdygao;onf? aygºu,f0aom obm0pGrf;tm;a=umifh jzpfay:vmrnfh v,f,mxGufypPnf;tydktv#Hrsm;jzifh/
òr@jya'orSvkyfom;xkukd au|;arG;xm;Edkif+yD;/ &Sm;yg;aomoGif;tm;pkrsm;udk tjcm;ukefxkwv f kyf&mwGif toH;k
ðyaer_rS vGaJ jymif;,liifoH;k &efrvdak wmhjcif; jzpfygonf?
Tod@k o,HZmw pGrf;tm;ºu,f0r_ESifh zGH@òz;r_aES;auG;&jcif; qufpyfr_twGuf tjcm;&Sif;jy=uaom
tcsufrSm/ ºu,f0aomv,f,mxGuEf Sifh obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;tajccHonfhpufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS ydkv#HypPnf;rsm;udk
EdkifiH.wd;k wuf&mwd;k wufa=umif;twGuf oHk;&rnfhtpm;/ vltcsKd@.udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf ud, k fusKd;&Smol
rsm;/ txl;ojzifh udv k dkeDtkyfcsKyfolrsm;/ ajrydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;/ t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%D}uD;rsm;u odrf;,l
oGm;wwfaoma=umifh[kvnf; &Sif;jyygonf? v,f,mu¾udk vdt k yfonfxufydkrdktav;ay;jcif;onf vnf;
aumif;/ oGif;tm;pkrsm;udk pufr_u¾rS v,f,mu¾odk@ tvGeftu|Hvdt k yfonfxuf ydkrdk v$aJ jymif;ay;rd
jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ pufr_u¾.zGH@òz;r_udk aES;auG;apaom ta=umif;jzpfygonf? ywf0ef;usifudk ysufpD;I
tEW&m,fusa&mufaponftxd o,HZmypPnf;rsm;udk xkwf,rl oHk;pGJrd&ef owdðy&efvdktyfouJhodk@/
o,HZmwrsm;oHk;+yD; &&Sdvmrnfh0ifaiGudk tusKd;&SdpGmtoHk;ðyap&efvnf; owdðy&rnf jzpfygonf? Tae&m
wGif rdrdwdk@taejzifhacsywifjyvdkonfrSm/ o,HZmwpGrf;tm;oH;k pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS xGuaf y:vmaom ydkv#H
tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk ae&mwus toH;k ðyrnfqdkv#if/ EdkifiHzGH@òz;r_udk jrefqefap&ef taxmuftulðyEdkifvdrfhrnf
jzpfygonf?

Z,m; (2? 2) jrefrmEdkifiH. ajr,mpGrf;tm;tajccH

pkpkaygif; ajr{&d,m ajrqDtm;enf;csuf vlOD;a&xlxyfr_ tpm;taomuf
(1000 [ufwm) r&Sdaom ajr{&d,m 1990 xkwfvkyfr_
1990 !$ef;udef;
(1000 [ufwm) (1000 [ufwm (1979-81] 100)
wGifaexdkifol) 1988-90
jrefrm 65754 3436 634 122
xdkif;EdkifiH 51089 983 1090 124
rav;&Sm; 32855 196 545 196
ta&S@awmiftm&S 897615 62495 1140 139
rl&if;? World Resources 1992-93

r[mAsL[mt& ta&;ygaom yx0Dwnf&Sdaer_

ta&S@awmiftm&S/ w&kwfjynftaemufawmifydkif;a'oESifh tdENd,wdkufi,fwdk@onf tm&Swdkuf.

pufr_a'otopftjzpf zGH@òz;vmaeayonf? Tyx0DajryHkwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf 0if&dk;ozG,ftv,fwGifwnf
&Sdaeayonf? jrefrmEdkifiHudkzGifhay;vdu k fygu w&kwfEdkifiH. ,leefESifhteD;tem;jynfe,frsm;udk zGH@òz;wd;k wufap
rnfjzpf+yD;/ w&kwfEdkifiH. ukef;wGif;ydkif;usaoma'orsm;twGuf t0ifaygufuJo h dk@toH;k 0ifayvdrfhrnf? toH;k ðy
aeus ukefoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk acwfrDSatmif ðyjyifvdu k frnfqdkygu/ w&kwfEdkifiHESifh ta&S@awmiftm&S
wd@k t=um; qufo, G fjzwfoef;&ef jrefrmEdkifiHudk toH;k ðyEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf ta&S@awmif
tm&Swd;k wufa&;. qufo, G fa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif wnf&Sdaeygonf? ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif
jrefrmEdkifiHonfom/ tdENd,ESifh w&kwfEdkifiH (2) EdkifiHpvH;k ESifh e,fajrcsif;xdpyfaeaom EdkifiHjzpfygonf?

42
edrfhusaomE_ef;rSpwifcJhI jrifhrm;aomzGH@òz;r_E_ef; &&Sd&eftcGifhtvrf;

edrfhaomtaetxm; prSwfrSpwifcJhaom EdkifiHrsm;onf tapmydkif;umvwGif tjrefqHk;zGH@òz;r_E_ef;udk

&&SdcJhonf[k tm&SzGH@òz;r_b%f (at'DbD) . ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf avhvmcJhaompmwrf;
wGif pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mtcsufwcsufukad wG@&SdcJh&ygonf? jzpfEdkifaom ta=umif;tcsufrSm TEdkifiHrsm;wGif
toH;k rðy&ao;aom/ odk@r[kwf avsmI h oHk;xm;aom o,HZmwoGif;tm;pkrsm;&Sdae+yD; vkyfief;pepfY tajccH
ajymif;vJr_rsm;&SdaomtcgY xdkpGrf;tm;rsm;udk ,liifoHk;pGJvmEdkifjcif; jzpfygvdrfhrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf;
Ttwdik f;yif jzpfEdkifygonf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&atmufwGif aps;uGufpepfudk taxmuftulðy&eftwGufvkyfief;
zGJ@pnf;r_rsm;/ pepfyHkpHrsm;udk trSefwu,frajymif;onfhwdik f aps;uGuuf dt
k enf;i,fzGifhvdu
k f&Hkr#ESifh vGefcJhaom
(4) ESpfwmumvtwGif;/ zGH@òz;r_E_ef; (5) &mcdkifE_ef;wdk;wufvmcJhygonf?

tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhEd_if;,SOfjcif;

tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom xdik f;/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwdk@. vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_tqifhonf/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiH

taejzifh tapmydkif;umvrsm;uyif wHcg;zGifhI vGwfvyfaomrl0g'rsm; csrSwfusifhoHk;cJhygu &&SdEdkifrnft h qifh
yifjzpfonf[k ,lqxm;Edkifygonf? *syef/ ud&k D;,m;ESifh xdik f0rfwdk@. atmifjrifr_onfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh
qufvufI twk,loifhaomtcsufjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;.zGH@òz;r_jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh
wajy;nDjzpfap&ef/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;udk tpOfrsufajcrjywfavhvmoifhonfhygonf? ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;.
tawG@tñuHay:rlwnfI jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;r_twGuf/ ta&;ygaomtcsufrsm;udk Ttcef;wGif qufvufwifjy
aqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf?
pufr_tiftm;ESifh tawG@tñuH
vGefcJhaom (25) ESpf/ ESpf (30) twGif;Y rdrdwkd@.tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;onf atmifjrifr_c&D;ukd tawmf
wmoGm;cJh=u+yD jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@pD;yGm;a&;pepf. tajccHzJG@pnf;wnfaqmufykH ðyjyifajymif;vJoGm;cJh+yD jzpfonf?
wdik f;jynf. pkpkaygif;xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) wGif pkdufysKd;a&;u¾.yg0ifr_tcsKd; ododomomavsmhenf;vm+yD;/
pufr_u¾. yg0ifr_tcsKd;wk;d jrifhvmcJhygonf? Ttcsufukd jynfyydk@ukeftwGuf ukefxkwv f kyfr_ykHpHYvnf;
ajymif;vJoGm;onfudk awG@Edkifygonf? jynfyykd@aompufr_xGufukef trsKd;tpm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;uyif ukef
xkwv f kyfr_Y rnfr#tawG@tñuH&cJh+yD qdkonfudak z:jyaeonf? rnfodk@yifqkdap rdrdwkd@owdðy&rnfhtcsufrSm
ta&S›awmiftm&S&Sd pufr_ukefxkwfvyk fief;trsm;pkonf/ vkyfom;tiftm;tok;H rsm;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsKd;om
jzpfaeao;+yD;/ topftqef; wDxGifr_vkyfief;rsKd; enf;aeygao;onf?

ykH (2? 2) wdik f;jynf. pkpkaygif;xGufuek fwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) wGif pufr_u¾rSyg0ifr_tcsKd;

Figure 2.2. Share of Industry in GDP

50
Burma
40 Indonesia
30 Philippines
20 Malaysia
10 Thailand
Korea
0
Singapore
Source: World Bank, World
Report 1996 Japan

43
rl&if;? World Bank, World Bank Report 1996

txufwef;ynma&;ESifh pufr_qkdif&mynma&;
ta&S›tm&SEdkifiHrsm;.zHG@òz;wd;k wufr_wGif ynma&;onf t"dutcef;u¾u yg0ifaeygonf? jrefrm
EdkifiH. tajccHynma&;ESifh txufwef;ynma&;ESifhywfoufaom pGrf;aqmifr_tajctaeonf tdrfeD;csif;
ekdfifiHrsm;ESifh rsm;pGmruGmjcm;aomtaetxm;wGif &Sdaeaomfvnf;/ pufr_qkdif&mynma&;tykdif;wGifvnf;
aumif;/ txl;ojzifh wwd,qifh (tqifhjrifh) ESifh wuUokdvf/ aumvdyftqifhynma&;tqifhrsm;/ taxGaxG
pufr_enf;ynm ydkvDwufcedausmif;rsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh E_dif;,SOfv#if rsm;pGmaemuf
us usefaecJhygonf?

Z,m; (2? 3) txufwef;ynma&;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;

'kwd,tqifh pufr_ wwd,tqifh
wwd,qifh
enf;ynmoifausmif;om; odyH̀ausmif;om;
ausmif;om;rsm;
(pkpkaygif;'kwd,qifh (pkpkaygif;wwd,qifh
EdkifiHjcm;Iynmoif=um;
ausmif;om;rsm;. ausmif;om;rsm;.
aeol
&mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh) &mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh) 1987-
(jynfwGif;&Sdausmif;om;
1986-88 88 rsm;. &mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh)
1987
jrefrm 1² 2 32 0² 3
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 10² 6 39 1² 6
zdvpfydkif - 37 0² 3
rav;&Sm; 1² 7 34 38² 1
xdkif;EdkifiH 16² 2 25 0² 9
udk&D;,m; 15² 9 31 1² 9
puFmyl - 29 25² 3
rl&if;? Human Development Report 1992, UNDP, New York; Statistical Yearbook 1993,
ESCAP, UN, Bangkok.

tajccHtaqmuftOD
jrefrmEdkifiH. xkHwrf;pOfvmqufoG,rf _onf/ um;vrf;c&D;xuf &xm;vrf;c&D;udk tokH;rsm;onf?
(19) &mpktwGif;zHG@òz;r_twGufvkt d yfcsufrSm tajccHtm;jzifh&xm;vrf;c&D;jzpfojzifh/ ‚if;vdt k yfcsuftwGuf
jrefrmrD;&xm;pepfukd wnfaqmuffrGrf;rHcJh=uonf? rD;&xm;vrf;rkdift&SnfeSifhajym&v#if jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd&xm;
vrf;onf t&SnfqkH;jzpf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHxuf t&G,ftpm;ykd}uD;aom tif'kdeD&Sm;EdkifiHu 'kwd,vku d fonf?
tjcm;wbufYr_ um;vrf;c&D;taetxm;rSm qkd;&Gm;pGmcsKd@wJhaeaom tajctaewGif&Sd+yD;/ EdkifiHwGif;ae&m
a'otoD;oD; zHG@òz;r_twGufqufo, G f&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh qufo, G f&ef
vnf;aumif; jy!fph kHvkaH vmufr_ vk;H 0r&Sday? tjcm;ta&;ygaom r&SdrjzpftcsufwcsufrSm jynfov l lxk
twGuf aqmif&Gufay;&rnfh usef;rma&;qkdif&m yHykd;r_rsm;jzpfonf? usef;rma&; aumif;rGefatmifaqmif&Guf
ay;&mY tajccHvkt d yfcsufw&yfrSm aomufoH;k a&oef@jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHY vkaH vmufr_r&Sdao;ay? acwfrD
w,fvDzkef;a=u;eef;qufo, G fa&;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh av,mOfuGif;wkd@rSmvnf; tdrfed;csif;EdkifiHrsm;xuf vGefpGm
acwfaemufusv#uf&Sdao;onf?

44
Z,m; (2? 4) tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m !$ef;udef;rsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH tif'dkeD;&Sm; rav;&Sm; zdvpfydkif xdkif;EdkifiH
tus,ft0ef; {&d,m (pwk&ef;rdkif) 1990 677000 1905000 330000 300000 513000
ausmufcif;vrf; uDvdkrDwm 1990 6153 116460 27720 22238 39910
&xm;vrf; 1990 4664 6964 2222 478 3940
aomufoHk;a&oef@ &&Sdol (1990-95)
aus;vuf 39 54 66 77 87
òr@jy 36 79 96 93 98
pmwdkuf (vlwodef;v#if) 1991 2² 5² 4 12² 4 4 7² 3
8
w,fvDzkef;vdkif; (vlwaxmifv#if) 1992 0² 2 0² 7 9² 9 1² 0 2² 8
zufpfpmydk@puf (vlwaxmifv#if) 1992 0² 01 - 2² 0 1² 0 1² 0
rl&if;? Human Development Report 1996, UNDP, New York. Wrold Development Report 1996,
Wrold Bank, Washington D.C., 1996.

v,f,mukefxkwfpGrf;tm;
jrefrmEdkifiH. v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;qkdif&menf;pepfrsm;onf vGefpGmacwfaemufusaeao;onf? ZD0
enf;ynm/ pkdufysKd;a&;enf;pepf/ pkdufysKd;a&;qkdif&mpufypPnf;ESifh }udwcf GJxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf tok;H ðyaompuf
ud&d,mrsm;ESifhwuG v,fajrrsm;ok@d a&oGif;a&ay;ykHenf;pepfrsm;onf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;xuftvGef acwf
aemufususefcJh+yD;jzpfonf? Tok@d jzpfonf=h um;rSyifpkdufysKd;{&d,mrsm;teuf w{uxGufE_ef;onf xkid f;EdkifiH
xufomvGefaeao;onfukd awG@&onf? Ttcsufonf jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh qefpyg;pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyf&ef
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;xuf omvGefaomE_dif;,SOftusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; &Sdaeonfukd xif&Sm;aponf?

45
tem*wftwGuf ar#mfrSef;csuf
twdwrf StrSm;rsm;ukd jyifqif+yD;/ tem*wftwGuf ykdrdkaumif;rGefaomrl0g'rsm; csrSwfrnfqkdv#if
a&S;OD;qkH;ajcvSrf;rSm tem*wfudk vSrf;ar#mf=unfh+yD;/ EdkifiHtwGuf a&&SnfumvwGif&,lvkad omyef;wkid fudk
yDyDjyifjyif ykHpHcs,l&efvkad yonf? Tar#mfrSef;csufudk aemufcHxm;+yD; jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;u¾toD;oD;
twGuf vku d femvkyfaqmif&rnfh r[mAsL[mqdkif&mvkyfief;pOfrsm;/ rl0g'rsm;udk TtpD&ifcHpm. t"du
tcef;rsm;wGif a&S@qufwifjyoGm;ygrnf?
a&S›quf&rnfch &D;twGuf csrSwfvkyfaqmif&rnfh rdrdwd@k . rl0g'rsm;udk t&Sif;vif;qHk;wifjy&v#if/
jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;udk tESpf (20) rS (25) ESpftwGif; tpGrf;ukefzHG@òz;atmifaqmif&Gufa&;yif jzpfygonf? a'o
wGif;&Sd jrefrmEdkifiHESifhE_dif;,SOfI&aom tjcm;ekdfifiHrsm;taejzifhvnf;/ twdwu f mvu TESpfumv tydkif;
tjcm;twGif;rSmyif zHG@òz;wkd;wufr_ &&SdcJh=uojzifh rdrdwkd@. ar#mfrSef;csufrSm jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom udpPwck jzpfyg
onf? urBmh pD;yGm;a&;t&SdefrSefrSefwk;d wufae+yD;/ ta&S›tm&SEdkifiHrsm;Y r=umao;rDumvu jzpfay:cJhaom aiG
a=u;r+idrfoufr_tusyftwnf;rS vGwaf jrmufrnfqkdygu/ wHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh aumif;rGefaom
pD;yGm;a&;0ef;usif taetxm;atmufwGif rSefuefaom rl0g'rsm;csrSwf+yD; rjzpfraetm;óu;rmefwuf/ óu;pm;
taumiftxnf azmf=urnfqdkygu rdrdwk@d . &nfrSef;xm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufukd &&SdEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
jyefvnfqef;opfvmrnfh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh ar#mfrSef;=unfhrnfqkdv#if aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf
atmufwGif EdkifiHawmfrSwpdkufrwfrwf tm;oGefcGefpkdufóu;yrf;r_jzifh aqmif&Gufrnfqdkv#if/ ouU&mZf (2020-
2025) ckESpfwGif rdrdbmom&yfwnfEdkifaom pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;r_tqifhwckukd a&muf&Sdvdrfhrnf[k jrifrdygonf?
TtajctaeY jynfoljynfom;rsm;.0ifaiGtqifhonf ododomomjrifhrm;vm+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@. vlr_tqifh
twef;vnf; aumif;rGefvm±kHr#ru/ wkd;wufr_E_ef;jrifhrm;vmaom wdik f;jynf.pkpkaygif;xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD)
ukyd g&vmEdkifapygonf? TtajccHrSwqifh aemifwcsdefwGif ydkIzGH@òz;r_&vm+yD;/ t&Sdefwdk;I ykdrkd jrefvmapEdkifyg
onf? TuJhod@k aom atmifjrifr_rsm;&&Sd&ef óu;yrf;aqmif&GufaeaomumvwGif/ obm0ywf0ef;usif
ysufpD;apEdkifaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udv k nf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? od@k rSoma&&SnfwnfjrJ
onfh pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_jzpfap&ef tmrcHapEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?

46
vkdufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh tajccHvrf;!$efrlrsm;
atmufygwkd@onf pD;yGm;a&;pepf.u¾toD;oD;twGuf vkdufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh r[mAsL[m
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tajccHvrf;!$efrlrsm;jzpfygonf?

aps;uGufudk OD;wnfcsufxm;jcif;
txufY az:jyxm;ouJo h kd@ a&S›vmrnft h em*wfumvtwGuf &_jrifxm;csufwk@d udk OD;wnfv#u/f
aqmif&Guf&mY rdrdwkd@vdu k femaqmif&Guf&rnfh tajccHr[mAsL[mvkyfief;qdkif&mtcsufrsm; &Sdygonf? yxr
qkH;/ tajccHtusqkH;tcsufrSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfukd jyefvnfxlaxmif&efjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;pepf
twGif;Y yk*~vduykdifu¾udk tckdifrmtus,fjyef@qHk;jzpfap&ef tjynf0h qkH;óu;yrf;ay;&ef vkdygonf? Tonf
rSm orkdif;qdkif&mtawG@tñuHrsm;t&vnf;aumif;/ vuf&SdtawG@tñuHrsm;t&vnf;aumif;/ aumufcsufcs
&rnfh t}uD;us,q f Hk;udpPyifjzpfygonf? tawG@tñuHrsm;t& aps;uGufpepfudk tajccHvkyfaqmifaom EdkifiH
rsm;onf zHG@òz;r_jref+yD;/ aps;uGuf.u¾udk uef@owfxm;+yD; tpkd;&. pGufzufr_rsm;pGmjzifhvkyfaqmifaom
EdkifiHrsm;onf zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ aemufususefaewwf=uygonf? A[kdcsKyfudik faompepfjzifh vkyfukfid faom pD;yGm;
a&;pepfrsm; usqkH;&jcif;. txif&Sm;qHk; erlemrsm;rSm urBmay:&Sd/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfusifhoH;k aomEdkifiHrsm; usqkH;
&jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
A[kdcsKyfudfik fr_pepfpD;yGm;a&;udk aqmif&GufcJ=h uaomtawG@tñuHudk twdwu f mv jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
awG@cJh=u&+yD;onfhtavsmuf/ rdrdwdk@taejzifh wnDw!Gwfwnf;vdv k m;=uonfrSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfyif
jzpfonf? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfY pD;yGm;a&;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd A[dkcsKyfudik fr_rS jzpfEdkifor#uif;vGwcf Gifhay;
xm;+yD;/ pepf.tao;i,fqHk;yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;r_jzpfaom pm;ok;H olrsm;/ vkyfom;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
paom tpdwftykdif;uyif qHk;jzwfEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf jzpfonf? ukefxkwfypPnf;rsm;ydkifqdkifr_Y EdkifiHawmfydkifqkdifr_
xuf yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_udk rdrdwd@k u ydkvdkvm;ygonf? aps;E_ef;ukd pDrHudef;csaqmif&GufonfXh mersm;rS owfrSwf
rnfhtpm; pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;tm;rsm;udk cJGa0&mrSjzpfvmaom aps;uGufu owfrSwfyHkrsKd;udo k m ydkvfkdvm;ygonf?
aps;uGufrsm;ud, k fYu 0ef;usiftajctaeajymif;vJr_rsm;ukd wk@H jyefae+yD;/ jynfwiG f;Yoifhawmfonfh tajc
taeESifhtnD/ vkdufav#mnDaxG aqmif&GufaeyHkrsKd; ydkvdkvm;ygonf? aps;uGufrS!$efjyr_ESifh aps;E_ef;rSay;aom
rufvHk;rsm;udk qef@usifv#pfv#Lðy+yD;/ rdrdwk@d .yk*~dKvfa&;tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf csrSwfrnfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;
tpm;/ oGif;tm;pkrsm;udk taumif;qkH;xkwfvkyfEdkifr_ESifh a&mif;ol-0,fot l wGuf pdwfauseyfr_ trsm;qkH;&&Sd
Edkifrnfjzpfaom xkwfvkyfr_qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsKd;udkom ydkvdkvm;ygonf?
ok@d aomfvnf; aps;uGufpepf. txufyg tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;cHpm; &&SdEdkif&eftwGuf jznfq h nf;&rnfh
tajccHvkt d yfcsufw&yf &Sdaeayonf? ‚if;tcsufrSm ukefypPnf;wrsKd;pDYaomfvnf;aumif;/ ukefxkwf
oGif;tm;pkwrsKd;pDtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ òyifqkdifr_rsm; tjrifhqHk;cGifhðyxm;&ef vkt d yfygonf? Tok@d òyifqkdif
r_&SdrSomv#if vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom ukeaf ps;E_ef;rsm;onf/ ukefypPnf;rsm;&Sm;yg;r_-aygrsm;r_tay:Yaomf
vnf;aumif;/ ukefxkwfvkyfief;taetxm;rsm;tay:Yaomfvnf;aumif; wbufuxif[yfaernfjzpf+yD;/
tjcm;wbufrSvnf; pm;okH;olvlxkrsm;taejzifh ‚if;ypPnf;rsm;tay:wGif&&Sdonf tusKd;aus;Zl;ESifh auseyfr_
rsm; tay:vdu k fI tajymif;tvJ twuftusjzpfaevdrfhrnf jzpfonf? rnfokd@yifjzpfap pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
trsKd;tpm;ESifh t&G,ftpm;udkvdu k fI&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_xnfh0if&jcif;-jyef&jcif; obm011 a=umifh/ aps;uGuf wGif
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftaetxm;rsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifp&m ta=umif;&Sdygonf? xdktcg vGwv f yfaomaps;uGuf pepfY
yif aps;E_ef;pepfwdrf;apmif;r_rsm;&SdEdkif+yD; pD;yGm;a&;pepf. pGrf;&nfjynfh0r_ukd av#mhyg;apEdkifonf? xk@d a=umifh
aps;uGufpepf&Sdae&Hkr#ESifh r+yD;ao;bJ/ pepftwGif;&Sd aps;uGufrsm;onf tòyiftqkdifaqmif&Gufaer_vnf; &Sd&
rnf jzpfygonf?
11
The Nature of Scale of Operation

47
 txufaz:jyygrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaomtcsufrSm trSefwu,fvGwv f yfr_ tjynfht0&Sdaom aps;
uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepfudk usifhoH;k aomtcg/ jynfyEdkifiHrsm;rS yg0ifpGufzufr_rsm;vnf; &Sdvmrnf jzpfygonf?
a,bk,stm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckwGif aps;uGuf.tcef;u¾udk }uD;rm;pGm vGwv f yfcGifhay;I aqmif&Gufap
av/ jynfyEdkifiHrsm;. yg0ifpGufzufr_tcGifhtvrf;vnf; rsm;vmrnf jzpfygonf?

tpkd;&. tcef;u¾
aps;uGucf snf;oufoufjzifh r+yD;ao;ay? aps;uGuftaejzifh taumif;qkH;aomtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;
jyefIcHpm;&&SdEdkif&eftwGuf/ tpkd;&.wufºupGmaqmif&Gufr_/ wpdkufrwfrwftaumiftxnfazmfr_rsm; vkt d yf
ygonf? Tvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;teuf txif&Sm;qkH;rSm acwfrDaomtajccHtaqmuftODpepfudk zefwD;yHhydk;ay;
jcif;yif jzpfygonf? tpkd;&uaqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom ykdIta&;}uD;aomu¾rSm ynma&;pepfukd urBmhpHcsdefrD
jzpfap&ef ðyjyifcsJŒxGifjcif;yif jzpfonf? ok@d rSomv#if jzpfay:vmaom tqifhjrifhenf;ynmwk;d wufr_rsm;udk
pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;r_twGuf tokH;ðyEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
aps;uGufpepf. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukd ykdrkdaumif;rGefatmif tpkd;&taejzifh aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom
'kwd,t"duenf;vrf;rSm yk*~vduykdiftc%f;u¾ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;}uD;xGm;vmEdkifapa&;twGuf a&cH
ajrcHaumif;rsm; zefwD;jyifqifay;&efESifh/ wkid f;jynf. a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm;vkt d yfcsufrsm;ukd jznfhpGrf;ay;Edkif&ef
twGuf/ odoifhodxku d faom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh vrf;!$efr_rsm;ay;&efyifjzpfonf? aps;uGufpepf
onf &SdESifh+yD;aom oGif;tm;pkrsm;ESifh pm;ok;H olrsm;. óuuffESpfoufr_rsm;tay: tajccHv#uf txl;ojzifh
umvwkdESifh tv,ftvwfumvrsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udkpkpnf;ay;aom taumif;qkH;
enf;vrf;jzpfygonf? odk@aomfumv&SnfY raocsmr_rsm; ykdrkd&SdEdkif+yD;/ rvdt k yfbJqkH;&_H;r_rsm;jzpfapaom òyifqkdif
r_rsm;ESifh tcsKd@u¾rsm;wGif rvkHavmufaom&if;ESD;jr‡yfEHSr_rsm; &SdEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfygonf?
Tok@d qkdjcif;onf tpkd;&taejzifh &if;ESD;jr‡yfEHSr_ukd xdef;csKyfr_xm;oifhonf[k rqkdvkad y? &if;ESD;
jr‡yfESHolrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;pGef@OD;wDxGifolrsm;taejzifh od&Sdxm;aomA[kokwrsm;udk pkaygif;n‡dE_dif;I vkyfudik f
aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf/ tpkd;&taeESifh vrf;xGifay;oifhonf[kom qkdvk&d if;jzpfonf? pufr_u¾Y ,SOfòyif
vkyfaqmifr_rsm; wkd;yGm;vmjcif;/ pufr_qkdif&m wDxGifr_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;qkdonfrSm tcsdefumv=um&Snfwwf+yD;
atmifjrifcJhv#ifvnf; tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;twGufyg tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;cHpm;&Edkifonf? TtajctaersKd;Y
tpdk;&u OD;aqmifOD;&Gufðyoifhygonf? ta=umif;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wcktaejzifh wOD;wnf; pwifpGef@pm;
vkyfukid f&rnfudk 0efav;wwfaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
tpkd;&yg0ifaqmif&Gufoifhonfh wwd,ta&;}uDaom tcef;u¾rSm/ obm0o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;
tok;H ðyjcif;ESifhywfoufI pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;csrSwf+yD; xdef;csKyfjcif;yifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh obm0ywf0ef;
usif npfnrf;jcif;ESifh t&nftaoG;qkwf,w k fusqif;vmr_twGuf tpdk;&u umuG,fay;&ef vdt k yfonf?
xdef;csKyfrxm;aomaps;uGuf. qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifudpPwGif emrnfysufvGef;vS
ygonf? vlr_taqmufttkH wckvk;H . a&&Snf aumif;usKd;twGuf tpkd;&taejzifh yg0ifxdef;odrf;r_ vkdtyfyg
onf?
aemufqkH;taeESifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf. tEW&m,ft}uD;qkH;tcsufrSm tcsKd@tajctaersm;Y
0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@a0r_ rnDrr#jzpfapjcif;yifjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh w&m;r#wI vlukdy"gexm;aom vlr_
tzJG@tpnf;wckjzpfvkdygv#if aps;uGut f iftm;pkrsm;atmufwGif rnDrr#r_rsm;/ 0ifaiGrnDr#r_rsm; }uD;us,fpGm
uGm[r_ r&Sdap&atmif/ tpkd;&taeESifh owdðyaqmif&Gufoifh+yD; nD!Gwfr#waprnfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk
tm;ay;aqmif&Gufoifhayonf?

48
tvsiftjrefpD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufzGH@òz;r_ukd ynma&;ESifh enf;ynmzHG@òz;r_ rSwqifh&,ljcif;
+yD;cJhaom ESpf (30) twGif; ta&S›tm&SEdkifiHrsm;taeESifh tm;uszG,f&maumif;avmufatmif
wk;d wufvmjcif;ukd ckefysHausmfv$m;wk;d wufr_12 [k wifpm;cJh=uygonf? t"dy`g,frSm orkdif;a=umif;t& jzpfoihf
onftcsdefxuf wkad wmif;vSpGmaomumvtwGif; pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;/ v#ifjrefpGm zHG@òz;wk;d wufr_&vmap
jcif;ukd qkdvkdonf? taemufpufr_EdkifiHrsm;Y (0³ 5) &mckdifE_ef;zHG@òz;wd;k wufr_&&SdcJhonfhtwGuf pufr_ awmfvSef
a&;rSm ESpfaygif; (150) =um&SnfcJ&h onfuk/d ,ckta&S›tm&SEdkifiHrsm; taejzifhtESpf (30) jzifh tH=ozG,f&m
jzwfoef;a&muf&Sd vmEdkif=uonfukd awG@&Sd&ayonf?
zHG@òz;r_jrifhrm;jcif;ukd qifjcifoifcef;pmxkwfcJh=u&mY/ jzpfay:apaomtcsufrsm;rSm jynfyydk@ukef wifydk@
a&;udk OD;wnfcsufxm;jcif;/ jyifyurBmESifh yGifhvif;pGmqufqHr_/ jynfwiG f;pkaqmif;r_E_ef;jrifhrm;jcif;/ ynma&;ESifh
enf;ynmqkdif&mzHG@òz;r_ukd tav;ay;jcif;/ wnf+idrfaomtpkd;&&Sdjcif; ponft h csufrsm;a=umifh jzpfonfudk awG@
&ygonf? r=umao;rDumvtwGif; tm&SpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;. aemufjyefqkwf&onfudk awG@&onft h cg/
Tenf;jzifh csOf;uyfr_ukd owdxm;Iok;H oyf&ef ydkjzpfvmapcJhonf? ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;tajctaersm;
ajymif;vJcJh onfhwkid f +yD;cJhaomtcsdefumvu jzpfay:cJah om zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf tajccHta=umif;w&m;
rsm;onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHuJokd@ zHG@òz;qJEdkifiHwcktwGuf qufvuftñuH;0ifaeao;onf? ckefysHausmfv$m; wd;k wuf
a&;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtaetxm;Y rnfok@d jzpfay:Edkif rnfqkdonfukd qufvufazmfjyygrnf?
yxrOD;pGm owif;enf;ynmacwfYjzpfay:aom pufr_zHG@òz;wd;k wufr_ tajctaeopfonf twdwf
umvutwkid f; wa=umif;xdk;ykHo¿mef wjznf;jznf;wd;k wufr_ &Sd&efrvkday? puFmylEdkifiHtaeESifh vGefcJhaom
(15) ESpfumvtwGif;u pufr_xlaxmifr_tpysKd;tajctaerS ckefysHausmv f $m;+yD;/ owif;tcsuftvuf
enf;ynmpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk pwiful;ajymif;EdkifcJhjcif;onf ckefausmw f d;k wufa&;. atmifjrifr_ jy,k*fwck jzpf
onf? ueOD;awG@&SdcJh& aom tuef@towf tcuftcJrsm;=um;rSyif puFmylEdkifiHonf tqifhjrifhynma&;ESifh
pufr_oif=um;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ukd awmfvSefa&;qefqef/ wGef;wGef;wdu k fwkdufaqmif&GufcJ+h yD; tpkd;&&Hk;rsm;Y
tvkt d av#muf pufpepfrsm; pwiftok;H ðyapcJhygonf? wzef owif;jzef@csda&;qdkif&m pufu&d d,mrsm; xkwf
vkyfaom ukr`%Drsm;udk zdwfac:xlaxmifapjcif;jzifh/ ,if;wdk@xHrSvnf; enf;ynmrsm; &&SdcJhjyefygonf? Todk@
tm;jzifh wkid f;oljynfom;rsm;ukd wk;d wufvmaom tqifhjrifh enf;ynm&yfopfrsm; oif,lap&ef tcGifh
ta&;rsm; jzpfay:ap+yD;/ tjcm;olrsm;xufa&S›udk a&mufoGm;apcJhygonf?
'kwd,taejzifh ta&;}uD;aom zHG@òz;a&;qdkif&mr[mAsL[mvkyfief;wckrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESihf
u¾rsm;twGif; wckESifhwckt=um;/ axmifvkdufjzpfap/ tv#m;vku d fjzpfap qufo, G fr_ tqifhqifh wd;k jr‡ifhap
jcif;yif jzpfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm/ vkyfief;wckrSxkwfaomypPnf;wckudk tjcm;wcku/ ,if;vkyfief;wGifquf
vuftoH;k ðyjcif;ESifh rsKd;wl/ trsKd;qifvkyfief; tcsif;csif; enf;ynmudka0iS,ljcif;/ wOD;xHrS wOD;uoif,ljcif;/
oif,lEdkif&ef tpdk;&u pepfxlaxmifay;jcif;jzpfygonf? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;rsm;Y pm;okH;olESifh jzef@jzL;ol
t=um; tquftoG,frsm; zefwD;ay;jcif;jzifh ukefypPnf;rsm;. t&nftaoG;udak omfvnf;aumif;/ ukefxkwf
vkyfr_ p&dwfukad omfvnf;aumif;/ ykdrdk oufom aumif;rGefatmif zefwD;ay;Edkifonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJo h kd@ aps;
uGurf sm;ukd yDyDjyifjyif rwnfaxmifEdkif ao;aom zHG@òz;qJEdkifiHwckY ukr`%DwckESifhwcktwGif; owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;pD;qif;r_ukd jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;/ aps;uGuf tm;ay;apaom vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk jr‡ifhwifyHhykd; ay;oGm;jcif;/
enf;ynmqkdif&mA[kokwrsm; zvS,jf cif;jzifh/ twif;tusyfpGufzufaqmif&Gufap&jcif;r&SdbJ/ p&dwf tenf;
qkH;jzifh pufr_zHG@òz;a&;jzpfpOfukd tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifEdkifygonf?
txl;owdðy&rnfh wwd,tcsufrSm vkyfief;rsm;wckjcif;taejzifh aqmif&Gufvkyfukid f=urnftpm;/
tcsif;csif;n‡dE_dif;+yD; ta&;ygaomudpPrsm;Y pkaygif;qkH;jzwfcsufcsapjcif;/ pkaygif;I zufpyfvkyfaqmif=uapjcif;
wk@d jzpfonf? vkyfief;i,fuav;rsm;/ vkyfief;opfrsm;onf topftqef;udpPrsm;udk pGef@pm;I &if;ESD;vkyfukid f
vkad omqENr&Sd=uay? vkyfief;opfrsm;pwifvkyfukid fjcif;jzifh tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;udkyg tusKd;oufa&mufapjcif;/

12
Leapfrogging Growth

49
jzpfay:vmaomtusKd;w&m;udk tjcm;vkyfief;rS rnfonfóu;yrf;tm;pdkufr_rS rðybJ tvum;&oGm;Edkifjcif;/
pGef@pm;&r_}uD;rm;jcif;/ &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_u tusKd;jyef&rnft
h csdef =umjrifhjcif;/ enf;ynmzHG@òz;r_&&Sd&eftwGuf tqifh
qifhvkt d yfaejcif; ponfhta=umif;rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf? TuJhok@d aom tajctaersm;Y vkyfief;jcif;,kid f;yif
nd‡E_dif;+yD; vkyfaqmif=u&rnfh pGef@pm;r_rsm;ukv d nf;aumif;/ &&Sdvmrnf tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udv k nf;aumif;/ r#r#
wwcJGa0 cHpm;=u&ef tpkd;&taeESifh yg0ifaqmif&Gufay;a&;onf tvGefta&;}uD;aom tcsufjzpfygonf?
&Hzef&Hcg vdt k yfonfhtcg/ tpdk;&u enf;ynmopfwckudk trsm;twGuf 0,f,l+yD;/ vkyfief;tm;vH;k udk
jyefa0ay;jcif; ponfwd@k jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif owdðy&rnftcsufrSm vkyfief;rsm;u uruxðyOD;aqmif&
rnfud/k vkyfief;trsm;tjym;Y tpkd;&utpm;xkd;ae&m,l vkyfaqmif&efr[kwfbJ vkyfief;rsm;udk yl;wJGvkyf
aqmif&eftwGuf =um;0ifaphpyf nd‡E_dif;ay;aom tcef;uom yg0ifaqmif&Gufoifhonf?
Tae&mwGif wifjyvko d nfrSm atmifjrifr_&aom vkyfief;rsm;udk a&G;xkwcf sD;ajr‡muf&efr[kwfbJ/ a&
&SnfwiG f pD;yGm;a&;pepfzHG@òz;wkd;wufa&;twGuf vkt d yfaomenf;ynmrsm; u|rf;usifr_rsm;udkazmfxw k f&ef/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u enf;ynmopfrsm;&&Sda&;twGuf óu;yrf;&mY vkt d yfovku
d lnaD y;&efESifh aomhcsuuf s
aomvkyfief;rsm; zHG@òz;a&;twGuf yHhykd;ay;&efjzpfonf?

v,f,mESifhpufr_tcsKd;us zHG@òz;a&;
urBmw0Srf;tawG@tñuHrsm;t& wdik f;jynfwckonf/ pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;r_jrifhrm;avav pkpkaygif;ukefxkwf
pGrf;tm;wGif v,f,mu¾.yg0ifr_tcsKd;tpm; enf;avavjzpfojzifh zHG@òz;r_vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif pufr_
xlaxmifa&;onf ta&;yga=umif; odomygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Ttcsufudk tcsKd@u r=um;ao;rDumv
wGif apm'uwufvm=uonf? tm*sifwD;em;ESifh csDvDEdkifiHwkd@Y v,f,mu¾udk t"duxm;+yD; zHG@òz;wkd;wuf
r_&&SdcJhonfudk ukd;um;+yD;tcsKdŒuvnf; pD;yGm;a&;pepfwck. zHG@òz;dwk;d wufr_wGif v,f,mu¾onf t"du
armif;ESiftm;tjzpf toH;k csEdkifonfqkd+yD; txufYazmfjyygtcsufudk acsy=uonf? tm*sifwD;em;ESifh csDvDEdkifiH
wk@d .zHG@òz;a&;udk waphwapmif;avhvmcJh=uaom tcsdefumvonf wkad wmif;vSonf? aoaocsmcsm twGif;
ususavhvmygu/ xkdEdkifiHrsm;onf aps;E_ef;twuftus tajymif;tvJñuHae&avh&Sdaom/ t"dupm;ukefjzpf
onfh oD;ESHrsm;/ xyfwdk;wefbkd;enf;aom tpm;taomufrsm;ukd xkyfvkyfjcif;r&Sd=ubJ/ xyfwk;d wefbkd;jrifh
aom/ tqifhjrifhenf;ynmrsm;uko d k;H +yD; pdkufysKd;&aomtyifrsm;udk pkdufysKd;=ujcif; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
opfcGyef; pdkufysKd;jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf? xko d D;yifrsm;rSxGuaf om opfoD;yef;rmvfrsm;onf aps;E_ef;}uD;jrifh+yD;/
0ifaiGrsm;olrsm; om pm;ok;H =uonfyh pPnf;rsm;jzpfonf? xkt d wGuaf =umifhvnf; rdrdwd@k .r[mAsL[mvkyfief;
rsm;wGif v,f,mu¾ESifh pufr_u¾rsm;. tc%f;u¾udk rSefuefpGmowfrSwfae&mcsxm;Edkif&ef ta&;}uD;
ygonf?
pufr_zHG@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf óu;yrf;aecsdefwGif/ v,f,mu¾udk orm;±kd;usxkwv f kyfaeusypPnf;
rsm;tpm;/ aps;uGufpm;okH;vdak om xyfwd;k wefbkd;&Sdonfh xGufukefypPnf;rsm;zufokd@ OD;wnfay;oifhayonf?
&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_ðy&rnfuh dpPrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqkH;jzwf&mY jrefrmEdkifiHonf obm0o,HZmwypPnf; aygºu,f0onfh
tav#muf o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk tjynfht0tokH;ðy+yD;/ jyef&vmrnft h usKd;&v'frsm;ukd E_dif;,SOfqkH;jzwf
oifhayonf?
ta&;ygaom pm;ukefrsm;udk EdkifiHwGif;Y vkaH vmufr_&Sd+yD;/ pm;a&&duQmzlvHak &;twGuv f nf; vkðH cH
pdwfcs&r_&Sd+yDqkdygu/ zHG@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf v,f,mu¾ESifh pufr_u¾ rnfonfhukd OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf
&rnfqkdonfudk a&G;cs,fa&;twGu/f jyef&csufrsm;tay:wGifvnf;aumif;/ ukefusrnfhp&dwfESifh tusKd;aus;Zl;
E_dif;,SOfIvnf;aumif; qkH;jzwf&ayvdrfhrnf? v,f,mu¾udk yHhykd;&eftwGuf a&ay;oGif;a&;udpPrsm; zHG@òz;wk;d
wufvmap&efuJo h kd@ }uD;rm;aom&if;ESD;jr‡yfr_rsm; ðyvkyfrnfqkdygu jyef&csuftusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk E_dif;,SOf
avhvm+yD;rSom ðyvkyfoifhygonf?

50
EdkifiHjcm; pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif; pGef@OD;wDxGifvkyfief;&Sifrsm;
txl;ojzifh pufr_ukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;/ acwfopf0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;u¾wGif EdkifiHjcm;rS&if;ESD;
jr‡yfESHr_rsm; ðyvkyfvmap&ef óuqdk&rnfjzpfonft h jyif/ tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufvnf; ðy&ygrnf? EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; (FDI) udk EdkifiHwGif;vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHap&ef zdwfac:jcif;onf/ rdrdwd@k wifjyxm;aom
r[mAsL[mvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaeaom tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfonf? rdrdwkd@. ta&S›awmiftm&StdrfeD;csif;
EdkifiHrsm;.tawG@tñuHt& EdkifiHwumaumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;. &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_rsm;ukd rSefrSefuefuefvrf;a=umif;
ay;Edkifrnfqkdygu/ acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;udk vJ$ajymif;&&Sdrnfjzpf+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;wkd;wufr_ukdvnf; jzpfay:ap
vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; vufawG@jyocJh=uygonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡Kyfr_rsm;ukd EdkifiHwGif;&Sdu¾toD;oD;
wGif vufcHzdwfac:&mY/ EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&SdapaompDrHudef;rsm;ESifh jynfwiG f;Y enf;ynmzGH@òz;wd;k wufvmaprnfh
pDrHcsufrsm;udk txl;tm;ay;rufvH;k ay;jcif;jzifh aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? wbufYvnf; EdkifiHawmftaeESifh
jynfwiG f;Y t&if;tESD;yGm;rsm;vmr_udk txl;óu;yrf;csufrsm;jzifh/ aiGyifaiG&ifrsm;yGm;rsm;vmatmif v_@H aqmf
aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? txl;ojzifh aiGa=u;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh aqmif&GufEdkif+yD;/ jynfwGif;pkaqmif;r_
wufvmap&ef tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyjcif;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifonf?
tjcm;wbufwGifvnf;/ EdkifiHjcm;rSvma&mufaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh/ enf;ynmv$Jajymif;
&,lEdkifr_rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;&Sdvlxkrsm;taejzifh enf;ynmtopfrsm; oif,lavhvm&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;wd;k yGm;
ay:aygufvmEdkifygonf? od@k aomfvnf; wbufY jynfwiG f;&Sd rdrdwd@k .trmcHjzpfaom yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;/
trsKd;om;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. vkyfief;rsm;zHG@òz;wk;d wufr_twGuf ulnDyHhykd;ay;&efvnf; vkt d yfygonf? pufr_u¾
twGif; rdrdwdk@u ,SOfòyiftompD;&Edkifaom vkyfief;rsm;a&G;cs,fI/ Tod@k aom oD;oef@vuQ%maqmifonfh
vkyfief;rsm;twGif;/ ,SOfòyifvkyfukid fapjcif;jzifh/ pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;r_ ydkrdkjrifhrm;ap&efaqmif&Guf=u&mY jynfwGif;
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. OD;aqmifOD;&Gufðyr_ESifh pGef@pm;wDxiG fvkyfukid fr_rsm;onf txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? EdkifiHjcm;
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_a=umifh jynfywifykd@r_ wd;k jrifhvmEdkifaomfvnf;/ Tta=umif;wpfckwnf;
a=umifhrl jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ,SOfòyifItompD;&Edkifaom tajctaeudk jzpfay:rvmapyg? xdk@twGuaf =umifh
jynfwiG f;rS vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. óu;yrf;r_rsm;ukdvnf; jr‡ifhwiftm;ay; xdef;odrf;ay;jcif;ukd OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf
oifhygonf? qGpfZmvefEdkifiHtaejzifh vufywfem&Dvkyfief;/ aq;0g;xkwv f kyfr_vkyfief;/ acsmhuvuf vkyfief;
rsm;wGif trsm; xufomvGef atmifjrifemrnf&jcif;rSm ‚if;wk@d . jynfwiG f;tiftm;pkrsm;rS jzpfay:vmaom
atmifjrifr_yif jzpfygonf? xked nf;wlpGm ukd;&D;,m;EdkifiH. oabFmvkyfief;ESifh t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif
a&S›wef;a&muf&Sd r_onfvnf;aumif;/ tDwvDEdkifiH. om;a&ESifh zuf&SifypPnf;wGif emrnfausmf=um;r_onf
vnf;aumif;/ jynfwiG f;ukr`%Drsm;/ vkyfom;rsm;ESifh tpkd;&. tywfwukwfóu;pm;r_rS/ u|rf;usifr_wGif xdyf
wef;a&mufum jzpfay:vmaom &v'frsm; jzpfygonf?

zJG@pnf;r_qkdif&mpepfrsm; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_
wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfwcktaejzifh yGifhvif;jrifomjcif;/ wm0ef,lwm0efcHr_&Sdjcif;ESifh vltrsm;twGuf
pDrHcef@cJGr_pepfwajy;nD&Sd/ jynfhpHkrSom xda&mufxufjrufpGm vnfywfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? tpkd;&taejzifh
av#mu f efoifhjrwfaom w&m;Oya'pepfrsm;csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh xufjrufaom/ zufvkdufr_r&Sdaom/
&v'fukd a&S@&_OD;wnfaqmif&Gufwwfonfh pDrHcef@cJGr_pepfrsKd; jzpfvmatmifðyjyifaqmif&Gufa&;onf txl;
ta&;}uD;onf? u|rf;usifI/ opPm&Sdaom/ trsm;tusKd;udak qmif&Guf&ef pdwfqENjyif;jyaom tpkd;&0efxrf;
au'grsm;udk arG;xkwv f #uf/ vkdtyfaomyhHykd;r_rsm;ay;jcif;/ v_HŒaqmfwku
d fwGef;r_ðyjcif;onf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf t"duusaom vkt d yfcsufw&yfjzpfonf?
ta&S›awmiftm&S pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;rS &&Sdaom tawG@tñuHt&/ vkyfief;rsm;wckESifh wck qufqH&m
wGifvnf;aumif;/ pnf;urf; tuef@towfrsm;udv k nf;aumif;/ owfrSwfay;aom xdef;csKyfr_ESifh zJG@pnf;r_
qkdif&mpepfukd xdxd a&mufa&mufðyjyifajymif;vJay;Edkifjcif;r&SdcJhaoma=umifh/ pufr_u¾Y a&S›rSajy;aeaom
tm&S.“usm;rsm;”[k qkdtyfaomEdkifiHrsm;. qufvufzHG@òz;}uD;xGm;r_ukdyif xdckdufvmonfudk avhvmawG@cJh
51
=u&onf? +yD;cJhonfh umvtawG@tñuHrsm;ukd tcGifhaumif;,l+yD;/ zJG@pnf;r_pepfqkdif&m vkyfukdifaqmifr_rsm;ukd
xdxad &mufa&muf aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;onf rdrdwd@k r[mAsL[mqdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;. t"dutpdwftydkif;
jzpfonf?

52
 tcef; 3
v,f,mpku
d fysKd;a&;

53
 tcef; 3
v,f,mpku
d fysKd;a&;
v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u¾onf jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;. yifrusaomtcef;u¾wGif yg0ifaeygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdvkyfom;tiftm;pk. (65) &mcdkifE_ef;onf v,f,mu¾wGifvkyfudik fae=u+yD;/ pkpkaygif;vlokH;ukef
xkwv f kyfr_. (76) &mckdifE_ef;&Sdygonf? v,f,mu¾rS jynfwGif;pkpkaygif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . (50)
&mckdifE_ef; yg0ifaeonf? jynfyydk@ukefpkpkaygif;. (40) &mckdifE_ef;rSm v,f,mESifh pdkufysKd;a&;xGufukefypPnf;rsm;
jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHonf pdkufysKd;ajrESifh obm0vdt
k yfcsufrsm;ºu,f0aomEdkifiH[k qdkEdkifygonf? od@k aomf
vnf; vGefcJhaom ESpf (30) twGif;wGif jzpfay:wd;k wufcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk jyef=unfh
ygu/ v,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;u¾.zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ aES;auG;usefaeao;a=umif; jyoaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
rwDxGif&ao;aomajr&dkif;rsm;usef&Sdaeao;+yD;/ a&&&Sdr_vnf; oifhygonf? tylydkif;oD;ESHrsm;ESifh tjcm;tylydkif;
a'o atmufwGifaygufa&mufaom oD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;&efvnf; oifhwifhr#waom &moDOwk&Sdygonf? xd@k tjyif
}uD;rm;us,jf yef@I tvm;tvmaumif;aom aps;uGufESifhvnf; eD;pyfvsufwnf&Sdaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd
pdkufysKd;a&;u¾taejzifh tpdk;&tqufquf.xdef;csKyfudik fwG,fr_ tusKd;quf'%frsm;ESifh aps;uGurf zGH@òz;Edkif
ao;aom tusKd;quf'%fudk cHpm;cJh&ygonf? pufr_enf;ynmydkif;rSm tm;enf;csKd@,Gif;ae+yD;/ rzGH@òz;ao;aom
taetxm;wGifyif &Sdaeygao;onf? vuf&Sdtajctaet&ajym&v#if jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdv,f,mu¾. tvm;
tvmudk tpGrf;ukefzGH@òz;atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;onfom/ vuf&SdzGH@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;. ta&;t}uD;qHk;vkyfief;
jzpfygonf? Ttcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHv,f,mu¾. jy\emrsm;udak zmfjyaqG;aEG;xm;+yD;/ vufawG@vkyf
aqmifoifhaom ta&;}uD;onfhvkyfief;tqifhrsm;udk t=uHðyazmfjyxm;ygonf?

v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u¾. vuf&Sdtaetxm;
rnfodk@yifqkdapumrl a'owGif;&Sdtjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh,SOfv#if jrefrmEdkifiH.v,f,mu¾onf rsm;pGm
aemufusaeao;+yD;/ trSefwu,fxu G fEdkifaomukefxGufxuf rsm;pGmavsmhenf;aeygao;onf? jrefrmhv,f
,mu¾zGH@òz;r_aESmifhaES;aea=umif;/ xif&Sm;apaomtcsufrSm EdkifiHjcm;od@k qefwifydk@r_ usqif;vmaomtcsuf
jzpfygonf? (1962) ckESpfwGif qefwefcsdef (2) oef;wifykd@EdkifcJh&mrS (1995) ckESpfwGif ,cifyrm%. tpdwf
tykdif;r#omjzpfaom qefwefcsdef (35000) omwifydk@EdkifcJhygonf? wESpfxJrSmyif xkid f;EdkifiHonf t&nftaoG;
jrifhqefwefcsdef (5) oef; wifykd@cJhygonf? (1947) ckESpfwGif a&;qJGcJhaom pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;
yxrpDrHudef;umvuyif pdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefypPnf;trsKd;tpm;csJŒxGif&ef tpDtpOfudk pwifaqmif&GufcJh
aomfvnf;/ atmifjrifpGm raqmif&GufEdkifcJhyg? jrefrmhqefwifykd@r_rSmvnf; pkpkaygif; pdkufysKd;a&;xGufuek fwifykd@r_
. (23) &mckdifE_ef;om&SdcJhojzifh ta&;rygaom taetxm;Y &SdcJhygonf? tjcm; yJtrsKd;rsKd;uom t"duwif
ykd@ukefjzpfcJh&ygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif xkid f;EdkifiHtaeESifhr_ tjcm;pdkufysKd;a&;xGufukeftrsKd;rsKd;jzpfaom toD;
tESHrsm;/ [if;oD;[if;&Guf/ o=um;/ w&dp>meftpm;tpm pojzihf trsKd;tpm;csJŒxGifr_ðyEdkifcJh+yD;/ trsKd;tpm;
wrsKd;csif;onfvnf; pdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefEdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_. t"dusaomtykdif;rS toD;oD;yg0ifcJhygonf?
EdkifiH.t"duusaomu¾rS ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;usqif;r_onf pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckvk;H . zHG@òz;r_ukdaESmifh
aES;t[ef@twm; jzpfapcJhygonf? EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;tqifhedrfhusonf[kqkd&mY jynfojl ynfom;rsm;onf ‚if;
wk@d .0ifaiGtrsm;pkudk tpm;taomufay:wGif tokH;ðy=u&ojzifh/ vkyfom;tiftm;trsm;pkonf/ tpm;tpm
xkwv f kyfaom v,f,mu¾wGifom trsm;pk tvkyfvkyfudik f=u&ygonf? v,f,mu¾ zHG@òz;r_usqif;ap
onf/h jzpfEdkifaomta=umif;&if;rsm;teuf ta&;ygaomta=umif; (3) ck&Sdygonf? yxrtcsufrSm vlOD;a&u
wd;k wufvm+yD;/ ajr,mu tuef@towfESifh &Sdaeaoma=umifh ajray:wGifzdtm;rsm;vmjcif;/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm
54
yHhykd;r_ay;aomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh pufr_enf;ynm tqifhedrhf usjcif;/ aemufqHk;tcsufrSm v,f,mu¾aps;uGuf
wckvk;H Y tpdk;&.yg0ifpGufzufr_ tvGefrsm;jym;aejcif;wkd@yif jzpfygonf?

ykH (3? 1) v,f,mxGuu

f kefyg0ifr_ (1995)

EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukef jynfwiG f;pkpkaygif;xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD)

Export GDP

owWK 5µ
tjcm; 30µ pdkufysKd;a&;
u|ef;opf 38µ 43µ
pdkufysKd;a&;
57µ
0efaqmifr+ puffr+xkwfukef
18µ 9µ

ykH (3? 2) qefwifydk@r_ (1950- 95)

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

rl&if;? pm&if;tif;ESpfcsKyfpm&if;/ A[kdpm&if;tiftzJG@/ &efukef?

v,f,mvkyfom;wOD;vkyfukdifaom ysrf;r#{&d,monf (2³ 2) {u&Sd+yD; tdrfaxmifpkwpk vkyfukid f

aom ysrf;r#v,ft&G,ftpm;rSm (5³ 5) {u&Sdygonf? Ttaetxm;onf tjcm;aom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;
xuf omvGefaeygonf? aus;vufa'owGifaexkid faom v,f,mrdom;pkrsm; (4³ 5) oef;cef@&Sdonft h euf
(61³ 6) &mckdifE_ef;onf v,ftus,f (3) {uxufenf;aomajrwGif v,f,mvkyfukid fae=u&ygonf? vuf&Sd
ukefxkwfvkyfr_pGrf;tm;tajctaewGif Tajryrm%onf teJqkH;r&Sdrjzpfaom touf&SifoefEdkif&Hkajrtus,f
t0ef;yif jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif v,fajrtus,t f 0ef; wckcsif;twGuf rdom;pkwckcsif;vkyfudik faeaom
ysrf;r#v,f,mtus,t f 0ef;onf umvtwef=um worwfwnf;eD;yg; &SdaecJhygonf? xdt k csufa=umifhyif
ajr,mydkifqdkifr_ tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m uGjJ ym;roGm;apatmif/ wnf+idrfapcJhygonf? (1995-96) ckwGif v,f,m
rdom;pkrsm;ykdifqkdifaom (5) {uxufenf;aomv,fajrrsm;. ysrf;r#t&G,ftpm;onf/ (2³ 969) {u&Sdae+yD;/
vGefcJhaom tESpfESpfq,fumvjzpfonfh (1975-76) tcsdefu ‚if;yrm%onf (2³ 25) {u jzpfcJhygonf?
v,f,mt&G,ftpm;rajymif;rvJ worwfwnf;&Sdae&jcif;ta=umif;rSm v,f,mrdom;pkta&twGuf wk;d
yGm;vmonfESifhtr#/ xGef,ufEdkifaomajr{utus,t f 0ef;rsm;uvnf; tcsKd;usvduk fI wk;d vmjcif;a=umifh
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jzpfygonf? (1965) ckESpfESifh (1975) ckESpf=um;umvwckwnf;Yyif vuf&SdxGef,ufEdkifaomajrwGif topf{u
aygif; (6³ 1) oef; xyfrHwdk;vmcJhygonf? xkdenf;wlpGm (1975) ESifh (1995) ckESpfrsm;=um;umvwGifvnf;
wk;d yGm;E_ef;enf;aomfvnf; {uaygif; (1³ 33) oef; xyfrHwkd;vmcJhygonf?
(1965) rS (1975) ckESpf=um;umvwGif v,f,majr{ursm; odoo d momwkd;yGm;vm&jcif;rsm;rSm
ajrvGwfajr±kdif;rsm;ukd cJGa0tok;H ðyonft h pDtpOft&/ ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;ðyjyifcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf? T
aqmif&Gufcsuo f nf v,f,majrvkt d yfr_udk txkduftav#muf avsmeh nf;apcJhygonf? rnfodk@yifqkdapumrl
v,f,mrJhta&twGufwk;d yGm;vmjcif;onf ajz&Sif;&rnfh ta&;}uD;jy\emw&yftjzpf usefaeqJjzpfygonf?
tjcm;ta&;ygaom owdðy&eftcsufwckrSm EdkifiH.rwlnDaom a'otESHtjym;wGif&Sdaeonfh ysrf;r#v,fajr
t&G,ftpm;vnf; rwluJjG ym;jcm;em;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? pyg;pkdufysKd;aoma'owGif ysrf;r#v,fajrt&G,f
tpm;onf (8) {urS (9) {u&Sd+yD;/ txufjrefrmEdkifiHtylykdif;ZkH&Sd v,fajrrsm;rSm t&G,ftpm;rSm ykdrkdao;
i,f+yD; (2) {urS (3) {ucef@&Sdygonf? v,fajruGufrsm; [kdwck onfwck/ jyef@usJpGm wnf&Sdaejcif;rsKd;jzpfyg
onf?
tqkd;qkH;rSm aumufyJoD;ESHtxGufE_ef;onf (1³ 2) om&Sd+yD;/ tjcm;EdkifiHtrsm;wGif&SdonfhE_ef;t& (3)
&Sdae=uojzifh avsmhenf;aeygonf? txl;ojzifhqefpyg;pdkufysKd;xGu&f Sdr_wGifjzpf+yD;/ pkpkaygif;{uaygif; oef; (20)
. (50) &mckdifE_ef;rSm pyg;pkduf{ursm; jzpfygonf? v,fajrtxGuEf _ef;edrfhus&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rSm
xGef,ufpdkufysKd;enf;ynm tqifhedrfhao;+yD;/ orm;±kd;usenf;udkyif ok;H aeao;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? ykdI wdwd
ususajym&v#if v,f,moD;ESHxkwfvkyfr_onf rkwfokef&moDtajctae/ ESpfpOfa&v$rf;rkd;r_a=umifh ajr=oZm
jzpfay:r_tajctae paom obm0tiftm;pkrsm;tay:vnf; rlwnfaeayonf? xyfqihfI opfawmðyef;wD;
r_a=umifhjzpfay:vmonfh ajrqDv$mwku d fpm;r_rsm;a=umifhvnf; EdkifiHtESH@tjym;wGif ajr=oZm ajrqDajrESpf
avsmhusr_rsm;vnf; &ifqkdifae&ygonf?
ygvDreftpkd;&vufxufuwnf;uyif v,f,mu¾Y aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;onf vGwfvyfpGm
v_yf&Sm;cGifh rsm;pGmr&cJhay? EdkifiHawmfrS 0,f,lr_pepfESifh tpkd;&0,faps;E_ef;rsm;onf jyifyaygufaps;xuf tvGef
edrfhusr_rsm;a=umifh/ v,form;rsm;taejzifh rdrd.v,f,mvkyfukid fr_pGrf;tm;pkrsm;ukd zGH@òz;ap&ef aphaqmf
qGJaqmifr_usqif;apcJh&ygonf? v,form;rsm;udk tEdkifusifhvk,ufonfhozG,f &SdapcJhygonf? EdkifiHawmfrS
yg0ifpGufzufvkyfukid fr_rsm;jym;vGef;jcif;a=umifhvnf;/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_u¾udk csJŒxGiftm;ay;Edkifonfh aps;
uGupf Grf;tm;pkrsm;vnf; zHG@òz;r_ r&dSEdkifcJhay? Ttcsufudk aemifvmrnfh tcef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;
azmfjyoGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ a&&SnfwiG f vkyfukid faqmif&Gufoifhonfhvkyfief;rsm;ukyd g t=uHðywifjyoGm;ygrnf?

v,f,mu¾qkdif&mrl0g'rsm; ajymif;vJvmonfh orkdif;aemufcH

'kwd,urBmppfrjzpfrDumvu jrefrmEdkifiHonf v,f,mxGufukefypPnf;a&mif;0,fr_wGif tajccH
onfh jynfyydk@ukefwifykd@aom pD;yGm;a&;pepf usifo h Hk;cJhygonf? qefonft"du wifykd@ukefjzpfcJhonf? rdk;aumif;
aom atmufjrefrmEdkifiH/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orsm;wGif trsm;qkH;pkdufysKd;aom qeftjyif/ txufjrefrmjynf tyl
ykdif;a'owGif pkdufysKd;aom yJtrsKd;rsKd;/ qDxGuo f D;ESHrsm;/ ESrf;ESifh ajryJwdk@udkvnf; wifydk@EdkifcJhonf? jrefrmjynf
tv,fykdif;wGif tjcm;aiGjzpfoD;ESHrsm;jzpfaom =uH/ aq;&Guf}uD;/ 0g*Grf;wk@d ukd pkdufysKd;+yD; urf;±dk;wef;wav#muf
wGif &mbmpkdufysKd;onf?
Ttajctaeonf &Snfvsm;aom udv k kdeDtkyfcsKyfr_umvwGif vGwv f yfaom urBmht&yf&yf&Sd
aps;uGufESifh ukefoG,f&ef zGifhay;xm;cJh&mrS &&SdaomtusKd;qufjzpfonf? TtajctaeatmufwGif/ jrefrm
EdkifiHrS EdkifiHjcm;odk@pdkufysKd;a&;xGufuek f trsm;tjym;wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifcJhonf? txl;ojzifh vGefcJhaom&mpkESpf.
tv,fykdif;umvrsm;wGif qefESifh opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm; t"duxm;wifydk@cJh=uonf? qefwkid fykd@r_onf
(1890) wGif wefcsdef (1³ 2) oef;&dScJh&mrS (1920-24) wGif wefcsdef (2³ 4) oef;txd wk;d wufvmcJh+yD; (1935-
39) wGif wefcsdef (2³ 9) oef;jzifh tjrifhqkH;a&mufcJhonf? opfawmxGufypPnf;wifykd@r_ wefbkd;rSm (1903) wGif

56
&lyD; (17) oef;rS (1926-27) wGif &lyD; (50)oef; &SdcJh+yD; (1930) ckESpfwGif urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyfqkdufa&mufcJh
ojzifh &lyD; oef;aygif; (40) ok@d usqif;cJh&onf?
Tok@d v,f,mxGufukefwifykd@r_udk }uD;rm;pGmcsJŒxGifEdkif&eftwGuf pkpkaygif;vkyfom;tiftm;. av;ykH
ok;H ykHonf v,f,mu¾wGif vkyfudik fcJh=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;pepfonf v,form;rsm;udk
tajccHaompD;yGm;a&;pepftjzpf usifo h Hk;cJhonf? qdkvdo
k nfrSm awmifolv,form;rsm;onf rdrdwkd@ykdifqkdif=u
aom v,fajrykdifwGif/ rdom;pkvkyftm;jzifh xGef,ufvkyfukdif=ujcif;jzpfonf? pufud&d,m tenf;tusOf;om
ok;H +yD; rdrdwkd@vufcsnf;oufoufjzifh/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:EkH;wifajrEka'oukd urBmay:wGif ajr=oZm tjynft0qkH;
ajrrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJzefwD;cJhEdkifjcif;onf a&S;acwfjrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;. }uD;rm;aompGrf;aqmifcsufjzpfonf?
tqufrjywf}uD;xGm;aeaom EdkifiHjcm;rS0,fvkdtm;ukd jz!fph Grf;&eftwGuf Twk;d csJŒzefwD;xm;aom t&yf
a'owGif qefpyg;udkt}uD;tus,fpkdufysKd;cJh=uonf? enf;ynmwDxiG fr_ ajymyavmufatmifr&SdbJESifh tqkdyg
wk;d csJŒzefwD;xm;aomajrwGif orm;±kd;usenf;jzifhyif xGef,ufpkdufysKd;cJh=uonf?
vGwv f yfaom pD;yGm;a&;pepf rl0g'rsm;twdik f;/ udv k kdeDtpkd;&onf tus,t f jyef@aom yk*~vdu
ydkifqdkifcGifhudk todtrSwfðyay;cJh+yD;/ tqkdygajr,mrsm;udv k nf; v,form;rsm;. ykdifqkdifr_rsm;tjzpf owfrSwf
ay;cJhonf? v,fajrrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm0,f,cl Gifh/ a&mif;cscGifh&Sdap+yD; taygifypPnf;tjzpf xm;I aºu;+rDrsm;
acs;,lcGif&h Sdaponf? atmufjrefrmEdkifiH&Sd v,fajrykdifqkdifcGifh vufajymif;vJr_onf urBmacwfrDEdkifiHrsm;&Sd
pawmhtpk&S,f,ma&mif;0,fr_xufyif jrefqefcJhonf[k qkdavh&Sd=uonf?
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf }uD;xGm;vmonfESifhtr# awmifolv,form;rsm;onf/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiH
jcm;om;aiGacs;pm;olrsm;xHrS tvG,w f ulacs;,l&&SdaomaiGjzifh ‚if;wd@k .v,f,mvkyfief;wGif vSnfyh wf&if;ESD;
r_ukd tm;xm;vmcJh=u&onf? (1930) ckESpfwGif urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyfumvtwGif;Y qefaps;E_ef;rsm;tqrwef
usqif;r_a=umifh v,f,majrawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf aºu;&Sifrsm;vufwiG f; usa&mufcJ&h onf? v,form;
trsm;pkonf v,fvkyfolv,fykdif&Sifb0rS/ ,cifrdrdydkifcJhaomv,fwiG fyif v,frJhv,fol&if;iSm;b0tjzpf jyef
vkyfudik f&aom tajctaeok@d a&mufoGm;cJh=u&onf? v,fol&if;iSm;tjzpfvkyfudkifae&aomfvnf; b0vHðk cHr_/
tmrcHr_ r&Sday? wzef aumufyJoD;ESHrsm; o,f,lykd@aqmifjcif;/ }udwcf JGjcif;/ odak vSmifjcif;ESifh a&mif;csjzef@jzL;
jcif;ukd EdkifiHjcm;om;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;uom csKyfudkifpDrH=uonf? trSeftm;jzifh (1930) ckESpfwGifjzpfay:cJah om
q&mpHv,form;olykefxr_onf/ pD;yGm;ysufuyfumvtwGif; pyg;aps;uGuf ,k, d Gif;ysufpD;+yD; v,form;rsm;
v,fqHk;&_H;=u&jcif;/ aiGacs;iSm;pm;olrsm;. w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom/ xdef;csKyfr_r&Sdaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifh
ESifh jrefrmwdik f;&if;om;ykdifvkyfief;rsm;tay: jrifhrm;aomtcGef0efydvmjcif;wk@d a=umifhjzpfonf?
vGwv f yfa&; &+yD;aomtcg yxrqkH;trsKd;om;tpkd;&taejzifh aqmif&GufonfrSm (1947) ckESpfwGif
EdkifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmif&eftwGuf tpDtpOfwckudk a&;qJGcJhjcif; jzpfonf? pDrHudef;. t"du
tcsufrSm v,f,mukefxGuf trsKd;tpm;ukd csJ@xGif&efjzpf+yD;/ aiGjzpfvG,af omtjcm;oD;ESHrsm;jzpfonfh =uH/
*kefav#mf/ aq; &Guf}uD;ESifh 0gxkwfvyk fr_rsm;udk ajymif;vJwdk;csJ@aqmif&GufomG ;&efjzpfonf? jynfwGif;pm;okH;r_
twGuo f mru jynfywifykd@r_twGuyf g &nf&G,fcJo h nf? qefpyg;rSmrl t"duv,f,mxGufoD;ESHtjzpf quf
vufwnf&SdcJhonf?
tpkd;&opf. yxrqkH;ajcvSrf;rSm ajr,mtm;vHk;udk jynfolykdifodrf;jcif;jzpfonf? &nf&G,fcsufrSm
pkdufysKd;v,fajrtm;vkH;udk txl;ojzifh ukdvked Dacwfu EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;/ aiGacs;pm;olrsm;vuf0,f&Sd v,fajr
rsm;ukd EdkifiHawmfuodrf;,l+yD; v,f,mvkyfief;wGif wu,fxGef,ufvkyfukdifolrsm;udk w&m;r#wpGm jyefvnf
cJGa0jzef@jzL;ay;&efjzpfonf? aemufxyf ta&;ygaom ajymif;vJr_rSm v,f,mxGufukefypPnf; a&mif;0,f
jzef@jzL;a&;rl0g'jzpfonf? tjynfjynfqkdif&m aps;E_ef;rsm; tvGeftrif; rwnf+idrfjzpfaecsdefY jynfwiG f;aps;E_ef;
wnf+idrfa&;twGuf &nf&G,f+yD;/ tpkd;&u qefESifhpyg;ukd 0,f,ljz!fw h if;a&; pepfwckukd wDxGifvkdufonf?
pyg;aps;uGuw f Gif =um;vlyGJpm;rsm; tjzpfaqmif&Gufaeaom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xk;d &eftwGuf/
EdkifiHawmfaumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzJG@ (SAMB) udkzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ ‚if;rSw&m;0if 0,f,jl cif;ðyonf? tpkd;&.
pyg;0,faps;E_ef;rSm (1961) ckESpfwdik fatmif umv=umjrifhpGm worwfwnf;xm;cJhonf? ‚if;rl0g'csrSwf+yD;

57
ueOD;umvrsm;wGif jynfwiG f;&Sdqef0,faps;E_ef;ukd/ jynfy qefwifykd@aom EdkifiHwum aps;E_ef;atmuf tq
aygif;rsm;pGm ESdrfhcsowfrSwfxm;jcif;a=umifh tpkd;&taejzifh tjrwfrsm;pGm&&SdcJhonf? xkdtjrwfukd tjcm;u¾
rsm;. zHG@òz;r_twGuf yHhydk;ay;&ef tok;H ðyEdkifcJhavonf? Trltwkid f; aps;E_ef;av#mhI owfrSwfjcif;udk tjcm;
ukefpnfrsm;jzpfaom =uHESifh 0gwd@k wGifvnf; tok;H ðycJhonf? qefESifhopfawmxGufypPnf; jynfywifykd@r_Y wOD;
wnf; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfaqmifcGifhay;xm;jcif;cH&aom EdkifiHawmfa&mif;0,fjzef@jzL;a&; bkwftzJG@rsm;uyif
Trl0g'rsm;ukd csrSwfaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? Tokd@wOD;wnf;vkyfaqmifcGifhtm%m ay;xm;r_ukd jyefvnfukpm;
Edkif&eftwGuf wHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfabmiftwGif;wGif jyefvnfaqmif&Guf xm;ay;cJhonf? ‚if;onf
v,form;rsm;udk rnfonfo h D;ESHxkwvf kyfrnf/ rnfonfhenf;jzifhxkwfvkyfrnf/ rnfol@udak &mif;csrnf qdkonf
wk@d ukd vGwfvyfpGm uk, d fykdifqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfvkyfukid fapjcif;yifjzpfonf?
jrefrmqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfatmuf a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_ukd EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u
wif;usyfpGmxdef;csKyfcJh+yD; wdkuf&dkufvrf;!$efcJhonf? v,f,mykdifqkdifaom v,form;rsm;xuf EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&ESifh or0g,ru¾ rsm;u t"duOD;aqmif aqmif&Gufolrsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? pufr_ESifhukefoG,fr_u¾&Sd
vkyfief;rsm;tm;vk;H ukd jynfolykdifodrf;xm;jcif;a=umifh/ EdkifiHawmftpkd;&onf v,f,mu¾udkyg xdef;csKyfr_rsm;
tawmfrsm;rsm; ðyvkyfvm+yD;/ pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfrnfh oD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;ESifh enf;pepfrsm;ukyd g tao;pdwf
0ifa&mufpGufzufvmcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh a&oGif;pkdufysKd;{&d,mrsm;jzpfaom ppfukid f;ESifhrEWav;wkid f;rsm;wGif
awmifolv,form;rsm;onf orm;±kd;us pkdufysKd;ae=uaom ESrf;/ i&kwf/ =uufoGefESifh ajryJrsm; pkdufysKd;cGifh
r&=ubJ/ pyg;pkdufysKd;aomv,fajrwGif 0gyifrsm;ajymif;vJpkdufcdkif;onf?
tpkd;&onf v,f,majrESifhywfoufaomrl0g'rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;rsm;udv k nf; trsm;tjym;ðyjyifajymif;
vJcJo h nf? (1963) ckESpfwGifjyXmef;aom v,f,majroD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya't& ajriSm;ykdifcGifhonf aus;vuf
awm&Gmrsm;Y zJG@pnf;wnfaxmifxm;aom v,f,majraumfrwD vufxJwiG fom &Sdawmhonf? TaumfrwD
rsm;u v,fajrrsm;ukd v,form;wOD;csif;udk jyefvnfae&mcscJGa0ay;onf? ok&d mwGif v,fajrcJGa0ay;&mY
v,fajrxGef,ufpkdufysKd;&efvdt k yfaom u|rf;usifr_&Sd-r&SdESifh oGif;tm;pkrsm;jzpfaom rsKd;aph/ u|JEGm;ESifh v,f
,mokH;ypPnf;tokH;taqmifrsm;&Sd-r&Sdukd xnho f Gif;pOf;pm;jcif;rðybJ/ v,form;wOD;jcif;pD. qif;&Jr_twkid f;
twmay:rlwnfv#uf tqif;&JqkH;v,form;rsm;ukd yxrOD;pm;ay;pepfjzifha0jcrf;&rnf[laom rljzifhom
cJGa0ay;cJhonf? Tpepfonf ajr,m.ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;ukd aemufqufwJq G dk;usKd;rsm; rsm;pGmjzpfay:apcJhonf?
tpkd;&onf awmifolv,form;rsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd umuG,faomOya'ukv d nf; jyXmef;ay;cJh
onf? ‚if;Oya't& awmifolv,form;wOD;onf aºu;+rDjyefvnfay;qyfjcif;rðyEdkifygu ‚if;.ukefxkwf
oGif;tm;pkrsm;jzpfaom ajr,m/ arG;jrLxm;aomwd&p>mefrsm;/ v,f,mokH;ypPnf;rsm;/ v,f,mxGufoD;ESHrsm;
ukd rnfolr#zrf;qD;jcif;/ odrf;,ljcif; rðy&[k jyXmef;cJhonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;
r_ðy&mY tokH;ðyonfhukefxkwfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;ukd odrf;,l zrf;qD;jcif;rS umuG,fay;&efvko d nfrSm xif&Sm;vSay
onf? odk@aomfvnf; txufyg jy\emrsKd;twGuf taumif;qHk;tajzrSm awmifolv,form;rsm; aºu;
axmifacsmufY rrdap&eftwGuf/ pepfusaom aiGacs;,lEdkifonfhacs;aiGaps;uGufrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;aqmif&Gufay;
oifh+yD;/ oifhwifhr#waomE_ef;jzifh vdt k yfaom aºu;+rDrsm;&&SdEdkifapjcif;onfom taumif;qkH;jzpfonf?
t"duusaomoD;ESHrsm;twGuf EdkifiHawmfESifh or0g,ru¾rsm;u aps;E_ef;worwfwnf; owfrSwf
+yD;/ rjzpfraeay;oGif;&rnfh oD;ESHcGJwrf;pepf (ukw d m) rsm; owfrSwfjcif;wkd@onf pkdufysKd;a&;u¾twGuf ESpfcg
jyef tusyftwnf;udk jzpfaponf? v,f,majrt&G,ftpm;ay:rlwnfI ay;oGif;&rnf oD;ESHcGJwrf; ta&
twGuf&Sdjcif;a=umifh/ v,f,majrrsm;rsm;ykdifolrsm;tay: wbufapmif;eif;awmif;qkdr_rsm;jzpfaponf? v,f
,majrtus,t f 0ef; }uD;rm;avav/ ay;oGif;&rnfo;D ESHcGJwrf;vnf; vku d fIrsm;rsm;avavjzpfjcif;a=umifh/
tm;óu;rmefwufvkyfukid faeaom v,form;rsm;twGuf wkd;csJŒvkyfukid fvkdaomqEN av#mhenf;aponf?
awmifolv,form;rdom;pkrsm;taeESifh pdkufysKd;&rnfhoD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;ukd vGwv f yfpGmqkH;jzwfykdifcGifhr&SdbJ/ rdrd
v,fajrESifhrtyfpyfaomfvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;ucsrSwfay;aom pDrHudef;0ifpkdufysKd;oD;ESHrsm;udo k m pkdufysKd;=u&
onf?

58
 xd@k jyif/ oD;ESHxGufraumif;Edkifaom tajctaersKd;ñuH&Edkif+yD;/ wcgw&H &moDOwkazmufjyefjcif;/ r&Sd
rjzpfvdt k yfaom pdkufysKd;a&;taxmuftulypPnf;rsm; r&&Sdjcif;ESifh AsL&dku&ufqefaomxdef;csKyfr_rsm;udkyg ñuH&
aoma=umifh awmifolv,form;rsm;'kuQa&muf=u&onf? tm%mydkifrsm;. tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;tay: r&Sif;
vif;jcif;ESifh r#wr_r&Sdaomaps;E_ef;xdef;csKyfjcif;rsm;onf qkd&S,fvpfpepf. v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾ysufpD;&
jcif;ESifh vuf&Sdjy\emrsm;. t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;yifjzpfonf?
(1994-95) ckESpftwGuf jynfyok@d qefwifykd@r_onf wefcsdef (1)oef; pHcsdefok@d a&muf&Sd+yD; (1962) ckESpf
rS tpðyI +yD;cJhaomESpftxdwifykd@cJhaom pHcsdeftm;vk;H ukd ausmfvGefoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; (1995) ckESpfv,fwGif
e0w ppftpkd;&rS *k%f,l0Hhºum;pGm azmfjycJh=uonf? okd@aomfvnf; (1995-96) wGif jynfyykd@qefwefcsdefonf
(533000) okd@ usqif;oGm;cJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf vkt d yfonfxufykdI wifykd@cJhojzifh t&HtjzpfodkavSmif
xm;aomqefwefcsdefukd avsmhenf;apcJhonf[k ta=umif;jycJhonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl (1995) ckESpf rwkdifrD
(3) ESpfwmumvtwGif;Y qefxkwv f kyfr_ tawmfyifwk;d wufcJhonfudkrl oHo,jzpfzG,f&m r&Sday? pkdufysKd;{u
onf ykHrSef{uaygif; (12) oef;&SdcJh&mrS wk;d vmjcif;r&SdcJhaoma=umifh xkwv f kyfr_wkd;vmjcif;onf pkdufysKd;{u
wk;d wufvmjcif;a=umifhr[kwfouJo h k@d / oD;ESHxGufE_ef;wkd;aoma=umifhvnf; r[kwfay?
qefpyg;xkwfvkyfr_ wk;d yGm;vmjcif;rSm oD;xyfpkdufysKd;jcif;ukd t}uD;tus,v f kyfukdifapjcif;a=umifhom
jzpfayonf? tpkd;&onf v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;}uD;=uyfolrsm;[k ac:qkdaom olrsm; (7000) ukd v,form;rsm;
tm; oD;xyfpkdufysKd;a&;twGuf enf;emay;!$ef=um;aponf? (1994-95) ckESpfwGif tcsKd@aom v,form;
rsm;onf rdk;pyg;ESpfoD;ESifh aEGpyg;woD; pkpkaygif;wESpfvkH; okH;oD;pm;xkwfvkyfEdkifcJh=uonf? Tokd@twGuw f kd;
pyg;&&Sdjcif;onf acsmif;rsm;/ a&avSmifuefrsm;/ a&tkdifrsm;rS a&rsm;ukd oG,, f ltokH;csEdkifjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?
Tok@d pkdufysKd;r_wkd;csJŒvmjcif;onf v,form;rsm;wOD;csif;tiftm;jzifhom ðyvkyf&jcif;jzpfojzifh pyg;aps;E_ef;
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; wk;d vmjcif;jzifh/ aphaqmfr_ rufvH;k udk tajccHI v,form;. aps;uGuftay: wk@H jyefr_
aumif;onfukd az:jyaeayonf?
rnfodk@yifqkdap oD;xyfpdkufysKd;jcif;. aemufqufwGJ qkd;usKd;rsm;vnf; &Sdayonf? TpepfatmufY
v,form;rsm;taeESifh wjcm;pkdufysKd;vkad om oD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fIr&ay? tpkd;&u owfrSwf
xm;onft h wkdif; pyg;udkyif oD;xyfpkdufysKd;&jcif;a=umifh/ ydkrdktjrwf&aprnfh tjcm;oD;ESHpdkufysKd;r_ukd rvkyfEdkif=u
ay? ESpfoD;pm; rkd;&moDpyg;onf trSnfhjrefaomfvnf; tESHwko d jzifh a&v$rf;aomtcgY ysufpD;vG,favonf?
yxrrkd;pyg;ukd rkd;&moDtwGif;wGifpdkufysKd;=u&aoma=umifh &dwfodrf;&mY tajcmufvSrf;&ef/ tpkd"gwf xdef;odrf;
&efESifh okad vSmif&efwkd@twGuf vkaH vmufaomyHhykd;r_rsm;r&Sdojzifh jy\emrsm;ESifh &ifqkdif=u&onf? oD;xyf
pkdufysKd;&mwGif oD;ESHzsufykd;rsm;. tEW&m,fuvnf; &Sdao;onf? a&oGif;pkdufysKd;r_ukd wkd;Iðyvkyfjcif;a=umifh
ajrqDv$ma&wku d fpm;jcif;ESifh qm;iHaygufjcif;rsm;vnf; qufvufjzpfay:vmonf?
pyg;twGufE_ef;jrifhrm;pGmwk;d vmaomfvnf; jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;aus;Zl;ukd v,form;rsm;tae
jzifh rsm;pGmrcHpm;&ay? Tok@d jzpf&jcif;rSm pyg;pkdufaom v,form;rsm;tay:wGif w&m;0ifenf;tjyif w&m;
0ifr[kwfaom enf;rsm;jzifhyg uef@owfcsufrsm;&Sdae&m/ xGufukef. tpdwftykdif;tcsKd@ukd jynfwiG f;aps;uGuf
aygufaps;E_ef;xuf rsm;pGmedrfhusaomE_ef;jzifh tpkd;&ESifh oufqkdif&ma'o tm%mykdiftzJG@tpnf;rsm;xHokd@
rjzpfraeay;oGif;&r_rsm; &Sdaeonf? cef@rSef;csufwckt&qkdv#if tpdk;&owfrSwfaps;E_ef;onf jyifyaps;uGuf
aygufaps;E_ef;. ig;ykHwykHcef@r#om &Sdonf? Tay;oGif;&rnfh pyg;cGJwrf;udw k mowfrSwfcsufonf (1992-93)
wGif awmifolv,form;wOD;xkwfvyk fEdkifr_. (12³ 3) &mckdifE_ef; &Sd&mrS (1994-95) ckESpfwGif (13³ 0) &mckdif
E_ef;txd w&m;0ifwk;d wufvmcJhonf?
ykdIodomxif&Sm;aom wkH@jyefcsufwckrSm yJtrsKd;rsKd;xkwfvkyfr_ twkid f;twmjzpf+yD; (1991-92)
ckESpfwGif jynfywifykd@r_wefcsdef (196000) &SdcJh&mrS (1995-96) ckESpfwGif tvGefjrifhrm;pGm wefcsdef (594000)
&SdcJhonf? okd@aomfvnf; vGefcJhaom (4) ESpfwmumvY yJtrsKd;rsKd; jynfyykd@r_usqif; aES;vmonfudk awG@&
onf? jynfywifykd@r_wefcsdef (594000) pHcsdefukd qufvufxdef;xm;Edkif&ef cufcJayvdrfhrnf? tvm;wlyif qef
wifykd@r_rSmvnf; (1994-95) ckESpfwGif wefcsdef (1) oef;E_ef;jzifh wESpfom&Sd&mrS av#mhenf;usqif;vmaejcif;

59
onfvnf; qefwifykd@r_pHcsdefukd xdef;xm;&efcufcJonfudk azmfjyaeayonf? aEGpyg;pkduf{u okd@r[kwf ESpfoD;
pm;pyg;pkduf{&d,monf wESpftwGif; {u (1)oef;avsmch scJh&onf? (1995-96) ckESpfwGif {u (3)oef;&SdcJh&m
rS (1996-97) wGif {u (2³ 1) oef;okd@ av#mhcscJhonftcsufuyif tpkd;&. oD;xyfpkdufysKd;a&; &nfrSef;csuf
onf tzsm;&_;cJha=umif; az:jyaeayonf?
txufygtcsufrsm;ukd axmuf&_jcif;jzifh/ &Sdaeaomenf;ynmqkdif&mpGrf;tm;rsm;twGif;Yyif v,f
,mu¾. ukefxkwfvkyfr_ESifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;onf aemufqHk;awmifxdyfa&mufae+yD[k wGufqEdkifonf?
Ttwdik f;qufoGm;v#if tqif;om&Sdawmhrnf? xdt k wGufa=umifh enf;ynmqkdif&mwd;k wufap&ef
ajymif;vGJr_rsm;ESifh xyfqifhðyjyifjcif;rsm;vkyf&ef vdt
k yfaeonf? a&mif;0,fjzef@jzL;jcif;rsm;ukd ykdrkdaumif;rGef
atmifðyjyifay;EdkifrSom qufvufI wk;d jr‡ifhapEdkifrnfjzpfonf? xkrd Swqifh v,f,mu¾aps;uGufudk a&S›quf
zGifhay;+yD; v,form;rsm;taeESifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ,SOfòyifEdkifaom tajctaewGif rdrdwkd@twGuf ykdrdktusKd;
tjrwf&aprnf[k,lqaom oD;ESHrsm;udkpkdufysKd;jcif;jzifh/ rdrdwk@d vkyftm;rS jzpfay:vmrnfh toD;tyGifhrsm;udk
cHpm;Edkif=u&efwdk@uom/ ykdIta&;}uD;ayonf?

jy\emrsm;ESifh uef@owfcsufrsm;
Ttcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh &ifqkdif&aom jy\emrsm;/ uef@owfcsufrsm;ukw d ifjyoGm;rnf
jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifhtajctaejcif;wlaomtjcm;EdkifiHrsm;. zHG@òz;r_ESifh wajy;nDjzpf&ef &nf&G,fI ukefxkwf
pGrf;tm;jrifhrm;+yD;/ acwfrDaompepfjzifh v,f,mu¾ukd ðyjyif&ef vkyfukid faqmif&Guf&mY ñuHawG@&Edkifaom
tcuftcJrsm;udk aqG;aEG;az:jyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

tpdk;&. pGufzufr_ESifh aps;uGuf. =um;0ifjcif;

vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;csdefrSpI tpdk;&tqufqufonf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾udk a&$O tkaomief;
ozG,f oabmxm;cJh=uonf? tpdk;&rS 0,f,lodak vSmifaompyg;aps;E_ef;ukd urBmhqefaps;uGufaps;E_ef;xuf
rsm;pGm avsmhenf;owfrSwf+yD;/ &or#tjrwfaiGudk b¾maiGxJod@k uJ, h lcJh=uonf? wbufwGifvnf; pdkufysKd;
xkwv f kyf r_wGif cGJwrf;owfrSwfcsuf/ xkwv f kyf&efvsmxm;csuf ponfrsm;owfrSwfum wOD;csif; xkwv f kyfr_
udv k nf; xdef;csKyfxm;onf? (e0w) ppftpkd;&/ aemufydkif; (etz) tpdk;&vufxufYyif wykdif;wp pD;yGm;a&;
aps;uGufudk wHcg;zGifhvGwv f yfcGifhay;cJhonfwdik fatmif/ qefpyg;ukd urBmhaps;uGuf&Sdaps;E_ef;xuf avsmhenf;
aomaps;jzifh ra&mif;rae& owfrSwf0,f,laejcif;udk qufvufusifo h Hk;aeao;onf? A[kdrSOD;pD;trdef@ ay;csKyf
udik faom pD;yGm;a&;pepf. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ,ckwdik ftodtrSwfrðyao;bJ qufvufusifhoH;k vsuf &Sd
onf? xdo k dk@rl0g' rsm;usifo h Hk;aer_a=umifh/ v,f,mu¾wGif 0ifaiGenf;jcif;/ rufvk;H enf;jcif;/ aphaqmfr_r&Sd
jcif;wk@d a=umifh xkwv f kyfr_usqif;&+yD;/ wzefxkwv f kyfr_usqif;I 0ifaiGavsmhcsjyefaom rqHk;Edkifonfoh Ho&m
wGif vnfae&onf?
tjcm;tpm;xkd;Edkifaom oGif;tm;pk pGrf;tm;rsm; r&Sdaoma=umifh/ tpkd;&taeESifh wzefv,f,m
pdkufysKd;a&;u¾bufokd@yifvSnhfvmjyefum/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyf toH;k cstjrwfxkwjf yefonf? awmifolv,f
orm;rsm;xHrSpyg;udk urBmhqefaps;E_ef;xuf rsm;pGm;av#mhenf;owfrSwfI 0,f,lonf? od@k aomfvnf; v,f
orm;rsm;od@k jynfyrSoGif;vmaomypPnf;tcsKd@udkrl tpdk;&u axmufyHr_ay;ygonf? Trl0g'rsm;a=umifh v,f
orm;rsm;rSm b0&yfwnfEdkif±kHr#tajctaeom &SdcJh&onf? v,f,mu¾tay: tpkd;&.wif;usyfvGef;aom
xdef;csKyfr_. &nf&G,fcsufonf awmifolv,form;rsm;twGuf aps;E_ef;wnf+idrfr_&Sd&efaomfvnf;aumif;/
EdkifiHwumaps;uGuw f Gif oD;ESHxGufuek faps;E_ef;rsm; twuftus&Sdonftcg awmifolv,form;rsm;.tusKd;
udk umuG,fay;&efaomfvnf;aumif; OD;wnfonfqdkaomfvnf;/ v,form;rsm;twGuf ydkIqdk;&Gm;aponf?
tpdk;&0ifaiG&&da&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_&Sda&;twGuf òr@jyaevlxrk sm;tm; t"du&duQmudk aps;csKdcsKdaxmufyHh
ay;xm;&eftwGuo f m/ wu,f&nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf?

60
 aps;uGufrsm;zGifhay;vduk faomtcg aps;uGufrsm;.tpGrf;udk jrif=u&aom om"uwckrSm
yJtrsKd;rsKd; pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfr_/ pkaqmif;odak vSmifr_/ a&mif;csr_ESifh EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_rsm; ododomom jrifhwufvm
cJhjcif;jzpfonf? qefESifh ywfoufIrl jynfywifykd@r_ukd EdkifiHawmfrSwOD;wnf; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;+yD;/
wm0efauscGw J rf;us a&mif;cs&rnfph yg;udk ay;oGif;&ef qufvufowfrSwfaqmif&Gufaeaoma=umifh/ wif;usyf
pGmuef@owfxm;r_a=umifh pyg;pkdufysKd;r_wk;d wufr_r&SdcJhbJ aESmifhaES;aecJh&onf? v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;apvkdygu/
aps;uGut f iftm;rsm;ukd vGwfvyfpGmvkyfydkifcGifhay;&efvkd+yD;/ EdkifiHawmftaeESifhrl taxmuftyHhay;a&;vkyfief;
rsm;ukdom ykdrkdaumif;rGefap&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonf? xdk@tjyifaus;vufawm&Gmrsm;Y yk*~vduaiG&Sifrsm;xHrS
tvG,w f ulacs;iSm;r&Edkifaoma=umifh/ aiGacs;,lr_rsm;vG,fual p&efXmersm; pojzifh wwfEdkifor# jznfq h nf;
aqmif&Gufay;oifhonf?

ykH (3? 3) pyg;ESifh yJtrsKd;rsKd;xkwfvkyfr_ ykH (3? 4) pyg;ESifhyJtrsKd;rsKd; jynfywifykd@r_

Figure 3.3. Production of Paddy Figure 3.4. Export of Rice

Volume (1987/88 =
and Pulses and Pulses
Production index
(1987/88=100)

800 1000

100)
600 500
400
200 0
0 88 90 92 94 96
87 - 89 - 91 - 93 - 95 -
8 0 2 4 6
-8 -9 -9 -9 -9 19 19 19 19 19
87 89 91 93 95
19 19 19 19 19
Rice Pulses
Paddy Pulses

rl&if;? pm&if;tif;ESpfcsKyf/ A[kdpm&if;tiftzJG@/ &efukef?

2? obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;apjcif;?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;ratmifjrifr_rsm;a=umifh
vnf;aumif;/ ukefoG,fa&;vkad iGjywdik f; EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sda&;twGuf tjyif;txefóu;pm;&SmazG&jcif;rsm;a=umifh
vnf;aumif;/ aemufqHk; jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;wckvHk;.emwm&SnfozG,f xdcdkufvòJ yae&aoma=umifh/
jrefrmEdkifiH.obm0ywf0ef;usifudk ydkrdkysufpD;ap&ef ta=umif;rsm;jzpfay:cJ&h onf? pyg;pkdufysKd;xkwv f kyfr_ESifh
jynfywifykd@r_usqif;vmaoma=umifh/ EdkifiHjcm;aiGusqif;aer_udk jznfq h nf;Edkifap&eftwGuf/ tpkd;&onf opf
yifrsm;udk tvkH;t&if;jzifhckwfxGifI/ opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm; tajrmuftrsm; EdkifiHjcm;wifykd@Edkifap&ef t}uD;
tus,f wdkufwGef;vkyfaqmifcJhonf? xd@k tjyif vlOD;a&wk;d yGm;vmjcif;a=umifhvnf; opfawmrsm; ckwfxGif&Sif;
vif;+yD; pkduf{uwdk;csJ@r_ukd jzpfvmaponf? opfESifhopfawmxGuf ypPnf;rsm;ukd tdrfaqmuf&mYvnf;aumif;/
xif;rD;aoG;tjzpfvnf;aumif; tok;H ðyjcif;rsm;vmaoma=umifhvnf; opfawmrsm;ydkrdkysufpD;cJh&onf? opf
awmrsm;ukd pnf;rJhurf;rJhckwfxGifr_a=umifh opfawmESifh pdkufajr,mr#wr_rsm;vJv G #uf obm0awm±kdif;om;
aumifrsm;/ obm0aygufyifrsm;/ opfyifrsKd;pdwfrsm; t}uD;tus,frsKd;wkef;jcif;rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmaponf?
txufjrefrmjynf&Sd a&a0a=umrsm; ysufpD;jcif;/ opfawmaygufa&mufr_enf;aomae&mrsm;wGif opfawmrsm;
ðyef;wD;jcif;wkd@a=umifh ajrqDv$mwku d fpm;jcif;rsm;/ a&pD;urf;òyr_rsm;jzpfay:v#uf xkrd Swqifh {&m0wD/ csif;wGif;/
ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;ajredrfh&mt&yfrsm;Y qkd;0g;aom a&v$rf;rkd;r_rsm;ukd jzpfay:aponf? opfawmrsm;ðyef;oGm;
onft h cgwGif/ rdk;usa&udk ajrv$mu qufvufrxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifojzifh/ jrpfacsmif;rsm;wGif rdk;a&w&Sdefxdk;us
qif;oGm;+yD;/ aqmif;ESifhaEGumvrsm;Y pdrfhprf;a&xGufrvmEdkifawmhyg? aEGtcgY a&rJhaeaomjrpfacsmif;rsm;jzpf
vmygonf?

61
 a&pD;a&vmpepf aumif;rGefr_r&Sdjcif;/ a&oGif;pdkufysKd;aom pyg;/ 0g/ *sKHpdkufcif;rsm; (oD;xyfpdkufysKd;ajr
rsm;) wGif qm;iHa&rsm;0ifvmjcif;wd@k a=umifh/ ajrrsm;qm;iHaygufr_ESifh ajrqDxdcdu k fr_rsm;jzpfvmcJh&+yD; ajra=um
rmItcuftcJjzpfjcif;rsm;vnf; (1978) ckESpfuwnf;u pwifjzpfay:cJ&h onf? "gwkaA'aq;rsm;/ "gwfajr
=oZm/ ykd;owfaq;ESifh aygif;owfaq;rsm;ukd tokH;ðyjcif;rsm;vmaoma=umifh/ ajrqDajrESpfusqif;vm+yD; oD;ESH
txGufusqif;vmonf? ajrqDajrESpf wajz;ajz;ukefcrf;vmonfESifhtr# ,cifxGuaf eusoD;ESHtxGuEf _ef;&&Sd
&ef ajr=oZmrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGmxnf&h efvkdtyfvmjyefonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh wzefajrqDrsm;ydkIqHk;&_H;ysufpD;
&jyefonf? txGufwk;d trsKd;tpm;jzpfaom pyg;/ *sKHESifh 0g acwfrDtrsKd;tpm;rsm; ay:vmjcif;a=umifhvnf;/
ykd;owfaq;rsm;/ "gwfajr=oZmrsm;/ "gwkaA'ypPnf;rsm;ukd ydkItok;H ðyvm&onf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif; rok;H &ef
wm;jrpfxm;aomfvnf;/ EdkifiHjcm;ok;H aiGtuef@towf&Sdaejcif;a=umifh aps;aygonfh"gwfajr=oZmrsm;/ "gwk
ypPnf;rsm;udk rSm,lwifoGif;tok;H ðyaejcif;a=umifh/ vlrsm;. usef;rma&;ESifh a&&Snftouf&Sifoefa&;wkd@
twGuf tEW&m,fjzpfvmaponf?
&Edkifor#ajrvGwfajr&dkif;rsm;udk wk;d csJŒtokH;ðyjcif;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;r_ukd tjyif;txefcsJ@xGifaejcif;
rsm;a=umifh txufygjy\emrsm; &ifqkdifae&csdefwGif/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;Xme/ opfawmESifh qnfajrmif;Xme
paom qufpyfaeonf tpkd;&Xmersm;onfvnf;aumif;/ a'oqkdif&mtm%mykdif tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf;
aumif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rJhae=uonf? xdXk mersm; aocsmpGmyl;aygif;aqmif&GufI v,f,majrwkd;csJŒ
tok;H ðya&;twGuf oifhavsmfaomrl0g'rsm;csrSwfaqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&Sd=uay?

3? a&&&SdEdkifr_wkd;csJŒa&;ESifh vuf&SdpepftwGif;wGif a&ay;oGif;r_pepf pDrHcef@cJGr_aumif;rGefapa&;

bkef;wefckd;}uD;rm;Ixif&Sm;aom jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onf wl;ajrmif;rsm;/ qnfrsm;/ uefrsm; azmuf
vkyfolrsm;tjzpf rdrdwkd@ukd,fudk,fxif&Sm;apcJhonfhenf;wl/ jrefrmEdkifiH acwftqufquf tkyfcsKyfcJh=uaom
tpkd;&rsm;uvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH.qnfa&ay;oGif;pepfudk wd;k wufzGH@òz;ap&ef ðyjyifaqmif&GufcJhonf[k aºu;
a=umfcJh=uonf? Tokd@aºu;a=umfae=uaomfjim;vnf; a&oGif;pdkufysKd;{&d,mwkd;csJŒr_onf Z,m; (3? 1) wGif
azmfjy xm;onft h wdik f; zGH@òz;r_aES;auG;aeao;+yD;/ yHkrSefrjzpfao;yg? (1960) ESifh (1965) ckESpfrsm;=um;Y
ta&;ygaomwk;d csJŒr_tjzpf a&oGif;pdkufysKd;Edkifaom{u (600000) &SdcJhaomfvnf;/ pDrHcsuftopfrsm;r[kwfbJ
ygvDref tpkd;&vufxufupwifcJh+yD; ppftpkd;&opfvufxufY t+yD;owfEdkifcJhaom pDrHudef;rsm;om jzpfyg
onf?

Z,m; (3? 1) qnfajrmif; trsKd;tpm;tvku

d f a&oGif;{&d,mwk;d yGm;vmr_ ({u axmifaygif;)
ckESpf pkpkaygif; tpdk;&ydkif yk*~vduydkif tjcm;
1960-61 1261 741 313 206
1970-71 2073 925 910 238
1980-81 2651 989 1293 369
1990-91 2479 1001 1120 358
1995-96 4342 1035 2858 449
rl&if;? tESpf (40) v,f,mpm&if;tif;/ A[kdpm&if;tif;tzJG@/ &efukef?

aemufxyf (25) ESpfumvjzpfaom (1965) rS (1990) ckESpfrsm;twGif; wESpfv#if a&oGif;pdkufysKd;Edkif

aom{u (24600) y#rf;r#wk;d csJŒr_jzifh wkd;wufr_aES;auG;cJhygonf? (1990-95) ckESpfrsm;wGif a&oGif;pdkuf{&d,m
ESifh oufqkdifaom}uD;rm;aomajymif;vJr_rsm; jzpfay:cJhygonf? a&oGif;pdkuf{uoef;aygif; (1³ 863) udk xyfrH
wk;d csJŒEdkifcJhygonf? ‚if;{&d,mteuf {uoef;aygif; (1³ 727) od@k r[kwf wkd;csJŒr_. (93) &mckdifE_ef;onf
yk*~vdua&pkyfpufjzifh a&oGif;jcif;jzpfygonf? TonfrSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepftay: aphaqmfr_a=umifh
wk@H jyefvmaom xl;jcm;onfv h kyfaqmifcsufjzpfygonf? qefESifhtjcm;oD;ESHrsm;ukd ESpfoD;pm;pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyf
&efudk tpdk;&ucGifhðycJh+yD;/ tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyaoma=umifh a&oGif;pdkuf{uwdk;wufvmjcif;jzpfygonf? pGef@&
62
usKd;eyfrnfqkdI/ v,form;rsm;taejzifh a&oGif;jcif;vkyfief;ukd &if;ESD;r_ðyvsuf vkv d m;pGm aqmif&GufcJ=h u
jcif;jzpfygonf?
rnfodk@yifqkdap tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;. a&oGif;pkdufysKd;r_ESifhE_dif;,SOfygu/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf rsm;pGmaemuf
ususefaecJhonf? vuf&Sdvkyfudkifae=uaom ajr,mukd ydkrdktoH;k ðyEdkifap&ef oD;xyfoD;n‡yfpdkufysKd;a&;tjzpf
pl;pkdufvkyfukdifonfjzpfap/ ajrvGwfajr±kdif;ukd ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;I wd;k csJ@pkdufysKd;onfjzpfap/ ok@d r[kwf ESpfrsKd;pvk;H
udk vkyfudik fonfjzpfap/ oGif;tm;pkjzpfaom a&ukd pDrHcef@cJGr_ESifh a&&&Sdaom ae&mrsm;onf txl;ta&;ygaom
tcef;u¾u &Sdaeonf? a&oGif;&mrS ykdv#aH oma&rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ urf;±kd;wefa'orsm;Y yifv,fqm;iH
a&rsm;usL;ausmf0ifvmr_ukv d nf;aumif; xdef;csKyfpDrHEdkifaom a&pD;a&vmqkdif&mpDrHcef@cJGr_ukd txl;tav;ay;
oifhygonf? a&oGif;pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rSwfwrf;rsm;t& a&avSmifuefrsm;ESifh a&ajrmif;rsm;onf ysufpD;,kd
,Gif;vm+yD; wmwrHrsm;rS a&ay;Edkifaom {&d,mrsm;onf ESpfumv=umonfESifhtr# avsmhenf;vmcJhonf?
Tok@d jzpf&onfrSm wmwrHrsm;aqmufvkyfxm;aom jrpfrsm;twGif; pD;qif;aeaom a&yr%m avsmhenf;
oGm;jcif;a=umifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ txGuaf &ajrmif;rsm; EkH;wifIaumvmaoma=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;
jzpfEdkifonf? pepfta[mif;wGif awmifwef;awmifukef;rsm;&Sd a&pwifpD;qif;&m a&a0a&vJa'orsm;Y opf
awmrsm; ðyef;wD;jcif;a=umifh jrpfrsm;twGif; a&pD;qif;r_avsmhenf;vmcJh&onf?
vkyfoifhvkyfxku d faom ðyjyifxdef;odrf;jcif; jyefvnfjyifqifjcif; vkyfief;rsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSef ðyvkyfay;
Edkifjcif;r&Sdygu/ pepftopfjzpf rjzpfay:vmrDwGif pepfa[mif;onf ykdIysufpD;zG,f&mom&Sdonf? (1984- 95)
ckESpfrsm;twGif;Y qnfajrmif;Xme. a&v$rf;rkd;r_'%fudk umuG,fay;Edkifonfh ajr{&d,mtus,ft0ef;onf
ajymif;vJr_vkH;0r&SdcJhay? yifv,fa&,kpd drfhjcif;a=umif;vnf;aumif;/ a&v$rf;rkd;jcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif; tok;H
rðyEdkifawmhI ,cifupGef@y,fxm;cJh&aom ajrae&mrsm;twGif;/ a&v$rf;rkd;r_umuG,af &;onf zHG@òz;r_twGuf
t"duta&;ygaom vkyf&yfjzpfonf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfap +yD;cJhaomESpfav;q,ftwGif;&SdcJhonf/h tpkd;&tqufqufonf a&pGrf;tm;zGH@òz;a&;/
a&oGif;a&;ESifh a&tok;H ðya&;rsm;ukd tav;ray;cJha=umif;awG@&onf? yHhydk;ay;Edkifaom b¾maiG (bwf*suf)
rsm; tvHt k avmufryHhydk;ay;Edkifr_a=umifh/ vuf&Sd&aeaom a&xdef;odrf;a&;pepfrsm;ESifh tajccHtaqmuftOD
rsm; ysufpD;,k, d Gif;oGm;Edkifonf? xkrd Swqifh a&qkH;±_H;r_/ avvGifhr_rsm;jzpfay:apEdkifonf? ,ckvuf&Sd tok;H ðy
v#u&f Sdaom a&tok;H ðyr_pDrHcef@cJGa&;ESifh xdef;odrf;a&;pepfukd tpkd;&u =uyf=uyfrwfrwfaqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdbJ/
av#mah yghxm;onf? qnfajrmif;XmeY&Sdaom vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtenf;i,fonfvnf; tpkd;&. EdkifiHa&;
jy\emrsm;atmufwGif aysmufysufoGm;cJh&onf? wbufY vuf&SdpepftwGuf a&vkt d yfcsufydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmyg
u pm&dwW,k, d Gif;r_rsm;/ vmbfay;vmbf,lr_rsm; jzpfyGm;vmapEdkifonf?
vuf&Sdqnfajrmif;rsm; a&ay;oGif;onfpepf. pGrf;&nfjynfh0r_ESifh &nf&G,fxm;onfhtwkdif; vkyfudik f
pGrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf; &Sd-r&Sdukd jyefvnfppfaq;oifhonf? ukefusp&dwfESifh &&Sdvmaom tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk E_dif;
,SOfokH;oyfjcif;rsm; ðy&efvdktyfonf? ‚if;tjyif wl;ajrmif;rsm;. a&pdrfh,kx d Gufr_a=umifh a&ðyef;wD;r_&Sd-r&SdESifh
xd a&mufaumif;rGefaom a&tok;H ðyr_&Sd-r&Sd ppfaq;&eftwGuf a&tok;H ðy pDrHcef@cJGa&;pepf xdef;odrf;a&;pepf
rsm; wDxGiftaumiftxnfazmfjcif; ok;H oyfjcif;rsm; r&SdcJhay? qnfajrmif;pepf/ a&avSmifpepfESifh jrpfacsmif;
rsm;ukd pkaygif;qufpyfay;onfh bufpHka&a0a&vJpepfrsm;udk pDrHcef@cJG&eftwGu/f XmetzJG@tpnf;rsm;/
taqmufttkH ,EW,m;pepfrsm; jrefrmjynfwGif r&Sdao;ay? jrefrmEdkifiH. xGef,ufpkdufysKd;ajr{&d,m (12)
&mckdifE_ef;omv#if a&ay;oGif;pepftok;H ðyEdkifao;onf? atmufjrefrmEdkifiH. v,f,mtrsm;pkonf woD;pm;
pepfom&Sdao;onf? tvG,w f ula&&&SdEdkifaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;/ ok@d r[kwf tenf;tusOf;ðyjyif&Hkjzifh &Sdae
aoma& pGrf;tm;udk oHk;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tjynft h 0 tok;H rcsEdkifao;ay? rwnfaqmufrDESifh wnf
aqmuf+yD; qnfajrmif;pDrHcsufrsm;tay: ukefusp&dwfESifh &&SdEdkifonftusKd;aus;Zl; E_dif;,SOfok;H oyfcsufrsm;ðy
jcif;/ qnfajrmif;pDrHcsuf toD;oD;qkdif&mb¾ma&;ok;H oyfcsufrsm;ðyjcif;/ EdkifiHzHG@òz;r_tay: tqkdyg pDrHcsuf
rsm;. pD;yGm;a&; vlr_a&;tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;rsm; aoaocsmcsm ðyvkyfcJhjcif;vnf; r&Sday?
a'oqkdif&mtzJG@ tpnf;rsm;ukd a&ay;pepfpDrHcef@cJGjcif;twGuf A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifr_av#mhcsI wm0efcJGa0ay;r_

63
rsm;vnf; r&SdcJhay? xdk@tjyif qnfajrmif;rsm;. ta=uESifhtnma'orsm;t=um; wl;ajrmif;rsm;ok;H I a&ay;
oGif;&mYvnf;/ a&&&Sdr_ tenf;-trsm;/ t&nftaoG;qkdif&mjy\emrsm;ukv d nf; azmfxwk fajz&Sif;&ef usef&Sd
aeao;onf?

ykH (3? 5) a&oGif;pdkufysKd;r_tcsKd;

33
35

30 26

25

20 17

15

10

0
Burma Thailand Malaysia

rl&if;? tm&SzHG@òz;a&;b%f/ 1995?

4? EdkifiHawmfrS yHhykd;aom tzJG@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; xda&mufr_r&Sdjcif;

acwfrDv,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk atmifjrifapaom r&Sdrjzpfvdt k yfonfh/ ta&;}uD;tcsuf (3)
&yf&Sdygonf? yxrtcsufrSm okawoeðyjcif;ESifh ykdrkdzHG@òz;atmifaqmif&Gufjcif; (R and D) jzpfygonf? a'o
wGif;&Sd&moDOwkESifhavsmfuefrnfh oD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;trsKd;rsKd;ukd vnf;aumif;/ blrdaA'qkdif&mESifh±kyf0wWKqkdif&m
taetxm;rsm;ukd vnf;aumif;/ jynfwGif;aps;uGufESifh a&mif;csEdkifr_tvm;tvmrsm;/ jynfyod@k aps;uGuf
wifykd@Edkifaom tajctaersm;ukd od&Sdap&eftwGuf okawoevkyfief;rsm; ðyvkyf&efvkdygonf? 'kwd,tcsuf
rSm/ pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;. csJ@xGifqufpyfrnfh xda&mufxufjrufaom tzGJ@tpnf;/ Xme/ ,EW,m;rsm;uGef
&ufyif jzpfygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm rsKd;aphopfrsm;/ prf;oyfpkdufysKd;a&; enf;ynmopfrsm; tok;H csvmap&ef ynm
ay;0g'jzef@csday;rnfh vkyfief;rsm; vdt k yfygonf? wwd,tcsufrSm/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_ykHpHtopftjzpf wkd;csJŒ
a&;ukd taxmuftul jzpfaprnfh us,jf yef@onfah ps;uGufESifh acs;aiGrsm;&&SdEdkifrnftquftoG,rf sm;
jzpfygonf? Tokd@qkdaomfvnf; apmapmykdif;u rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;ouJo h kd@/ pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;wGif vGwv f yf
aomwHcg;zGifhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf twGuf acsmarG@rSefuefpGmvnfywfEdkifap&ef vdt k yfaom pepf/ tzGJ@
tpnf;/ ,EW,m;rsm;/ oifhavsmfaom pnf;rsOf;abmifrsm; a&S;OD;pGm&Sdxm;+yD;&efvnf; vkt d yfvdrfhrnfjzpfyg
onf?
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&mokawoetzJG@tpnf;rsm;onf qefpyg;pkdufysKd;r_Y xl;jcm;atmifjrif
aom okawoeðyvkyfcJhjcif;rsm; r&Sdao;yg? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh ‘tjynfjynfqkdif&m qefokawoetzJG@’13 rS
xkwv f kyfcJhaom tdkiftm-8 (IR8) ESifh ‚if;.rluJjG zpfaom tdkiftm-5 (IR5) qefrsKdf;pyg;wk@d udo k m/ toifh&Sd+yD;
tajztjzpf vufcHoH;k pGJcJhygonf? &&Sdvmaom&v'frSm vHak vmufr_r&Sdyg? qefpyg;xkwfvkyfr_Y wk;d wufr_aES;

13
International Rice Research Institute

64
auG;aeao;+yD;/ tjcm;wbufYvnf; vlOD;a&wk;d wufvmcJhygonf? tm;rr#aomtaetxm;ukd awG@&SdcJh&yg
onf? xkwfvkyfr_wk;d wufcJo h nfrSm jiif;qkdzG,f&m r&Sdaomfvnf;/ Twk;d wufvmaom tajctaeopfonf
r&nf&G,faom&v'frsm;udkvnf; t}uD;tus,fjzpfay:apcJhygonf? tm&Swku d f&Sd qefpyg;vkdtyfaeaom EdkifiH
rsm;jzpfonfh tdENd,/ oD&dvuFm/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;eSifh zdvpfykdifEdkifiHrsm;qkdv#if yHkrSeftm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS qef0,f,l
ae&mrS pyg;rsKd;opfrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;a=umifh/ ‚if;wkd@EdkifiHYpkdufysKd;Edkifvm+yD; qefpyg;vkHavmuf aomEdkifiHrsm;
jzpfvm=uygonf? trSefpifppfwGif tdkiftm-8 ESifh tdkiftm-5 pyg;rsKd;wk@d onf obm0t& ok@d r[kwf
&moDOwkt& qefpyg;pkdufysKd;xkwfvyk f&efroifhavsmfaom EdkifiHrsm;twGuf &nf&G,fxkwfvkyfxm;onfh pyg;
rsKd;rsm;jzpfygonf? aemufqkH;wGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;ukd,fYu pm;ok;H &ef óuufESpfoufr_r&Sdaomqefpyg;rsm;udk
om xkwv f kyfrdap+yD;/ &v'frSm azgufonfa[mif;rsm;ukd vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;0,folrsm;udkvnf;aumif;
a&mif;csI r&awmhjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHu tpOftvmt& xkwv f kyfcJhaom/ Oa&my (1)/ Oa&my (2) paom qefrsKd;aumif;rsm;
udv k nf;/ qufvufrxkwfvkyfEdkifawmhbJ/ 0,folr&Sdaom qefnHhxkwo f l b0odk@ ajymif;vJoGm;cJh&ygonf?
xdrk #ru/ &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u obm0tavsmuf&SdcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiH. a&ajr&moDOwkESifh
wuG/ pyg;pkdufe,fajrtoD;oD;&SdajrqDajrESpf/ tajctaeESifhudkufnaD om pyg;rsKd;pdwfaygif;rsm;pGmudk qkH;±_H;cJh
&ygonf? rdrdwdk@. rlydkifpdkufysKd;a&;enf;ynmrsm;vnf; qHk;&_H;cJh=u&ygonf? txGuw f dk;pyg;rsKd;rsm;udk
tvGeftu|HrSDcdkr_ESifh pdkufysKfd;enf;ynmrsm;udk wyHkpHwnf;usifhoHk;apjcif; paomrlrsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppf&ef
vdt k yfrnf jzpfygonf? a'otwGif; a&&SnfwnfwhaH eEdkifaom pyg;rsKd;pdwfrsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk OD;pm;ay;oifh+yD;/
ZD0rsKd;pdwfrsm; trsm;tjym;uGJjym;&Sifoefapa&;/ ZD0enf;ynmrsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk tpDtpOfwus zGH@òz;apoifhyg
onf? xkid f;ekdfifiHYrl ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdiftawG@tñuHESifh okawoeðyr_t& t&nftaoG;aumif;qefrsm; prf;oyf
xkwv f kyfEdkifcJh&Hkr#ru/ tjynfjynf qkdif&maps;uGuw f Gifyif xdkif;qefrsm;udk jrifhrm;aomaps;E_ef;rsm;&&Sda&mif;cs
aeEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif tm&S. tjcm;ºu,f0aomEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;ajyvnfaom
EdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; aps;uGuf rsm; &&Sdae+yD;jzpfygonf?

ykH (3? 6) qefjynfywifykd@aps;E_ef; (qefrufx&pfwwefv#if tar&duefa':vmjzifh)

Figure 3.5. Irrigation Ratio

33%
26%
17%

Burma Thailand Malaysia

rl&if;? UNTAC 1995.

65
 rsKd;opfrsm;&SmazGjcif;/ pyg;trsKd;uGaJ ygif;rsm;pGmazmfxkwfjcif;/ tajctaeESifhvku d favsmnDaxGtoH;k cs
Edkifap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;vkyfief;rsm;rSm tcsdefumv=umjrifhpGm aqmif&Guf&aomvkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf? pyg;/
oD;EStH rsKd;tpm;topfrsm;. atmifjrifr_onf vkyfief;tqifhjzpfpOfaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmtay: wnfaeygonf?
‚if;wd@k rSm yifrokawoeA[kdXmerS rsKd;aphopfrsm;&SmazGazmfxw k fjcif;/ trsKd;tpm;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmudk ykdrdkI
t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefatmif ðyjyifjcif;rsm; ðy&rnf jzpfygonf? &SmazGawG@&Sdaom rsKd;aphopfrsm;/ enf;opf
rsm;ukd a'oqkdif&mtajctaersm;ESifh av#mfnaD tmif ðyjyifjcif;/ vku d favsmnDaxGjzpfapjcif;wkd@ukd ðyvkyfay;&
rnf? aemufqHk; awmifolv,form;rsm;ud, k fYu xdrk sKd;aphrsm;ESifh enf;ynmrsm;ud/k vdv k dkvm;vm;vufcH
toH;k csvmap&ef/ 0g'jzef@ vlodrsm;atmif ðyvkyfay;&rnf jzpfygonf? atmifjrifr_onf awmifolv,form;
rsm;u xdkenf;opfrsm;tay:Y pD;yGm;a&;t& rnfr#wefzkd;xm;oenf;[laom tcsuftay:wGif rlwnfonf?
&kyf0wˆK jy,k*fjzpfaom pkdufysKd;yifrSxGufvmaomukefxGufwd;k vmjcif;ESifh ajr=oZmokH;I ukefxGufwk;d &ef
ðyvkyfjcif; paomwGef;tm;rsm;tjyif/ "gwkaA'aq;rsm;. aps;E_ef;rsm;/ xGuu f kefaps;E_ef;ESifhwuG awmifol
v,form;rsm; rnfr#tm;oGefcGefpkduf óu;pm;&rnf/ ponft h csufrsm;tjyif ‚if;wkd@&ifqkdif&rnfh pGef@pm;r_rsm;
(risk factors) ukyd g t+yD;owf qkH;jzwfcsucf s&mY xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ayrnf? pyg;rsKd;opfrsm;ukd aps;uGufu
vufcH&efESifh pyg;t&nftaoG;wGif "gwkaA'/ ykd;owfaq; tºuif;tusefrsm; ryg0ifap&efvnf;aumif;/ pyg;
}udwo f nfjh zpfpOfESifh o[Zmwjzpf&efvnf;aumif;/ ta&;}uD;ygonf?
(1985) ESpfv,fuwnf;u acwfrDpyg;rsKd;opfrsm;vufcHIpwifpdkufysKd;cJh=u&mY/ pdkufysKd;{ut&
vnf;aumif;/ rsKd;aphrsm;jzef@jzL;a&mif;cs&mwGif avsmhenf;usqif;vmonfukdvnf;aumif;/ axmuf&_I
tpkd;&.yHhydk;a&;t&efXmersm; xda&mufatmifjrifr_r&Sdonfukd jyoaeonf? (1980) ckESpf tjrifhrm;qkH; xkwf
vkyfEdkifr_tajctaewGif pkpkaygif; pkdufysKd;ajrtus,ft0ef;. (13³ 7) &mckdifE_ef;wGif rsKd;aphwefcsdef (36060) udkd
jzef@jzL;ay;EdkifcJh+yD;/ E_dif;,SOfv#if (1995) ckESpfY pyg;pkdufe,fajr. (3³ 7) &mckdifE_ef;wGif pdkufysKd;&efrsKd;aphwefcsdef
(11830) ukdom xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;EdkifcJhonf? xd@k tjyif awmifolv,form;rsm;u ‚if;wkd@uk, d fykdifrsKd;aphrsm;ukd
tjcm;trsKd;tpm;rsm;ESifh a&mpyftok;H ðyjcif;a=umifh ðyjyifxm;aomrsKd;aphrsm;. tmedoifvnf; ysufjy,f
oGm;aponf? tu,fI rsKd;oef@pyg;rsKd;aphrsm;udk (3) ESpfwcg jzef@jzL;ay;Edkifjcif;r&Sdygu rsKd;aphðyjyifjcif;
tpDtpOfonf xda&mufatmifjrifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?

Z,m; (3? 2) pyg;pkdufysKd;r_wGif ðyjyifxm;aomrsKd;aphrsm; jzef@jzL;Edkifr_

ESpf jzef@jzL;aomrsKd;aph yrm% pdkufysKd;aom {&d,m pdkufysKd;aom{&d,m
(wef) (&mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh)
1961 1470 28000 0² 6 µ
1970 11970 232000 4² 7 µ
1975 11330 220000 4² 2 µ
1980 36060 700000 13² 7 µ
1985 15630 304000 6² 2 µ
1990 12539 243871 4² 9 µ
1995 11830 230081 3² 7 µ
rl&if;? v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_qkdif&m ESpf 40 pm&if;tif;/ A[kdpm&if;tif;tzJG@/ &efukef?

pkdufysKd;enf;opfrsm; pwiftok;H ðy&ef yHhykd;r_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufIajym&rnfqkdv#if t&yfa'o

wckcsif;. xl;jcm;csuf/ vkt d yfcsufrsm;ESifh qDavsmfatmif enf;ynmrsm;udk ðyjyiftok;H ðyjcif;enf;yg;+yD;/
okawoeykHpH'DZkid f;a&;qGJ&mY awmifolv,form;rsm;. wkH@jyefr_rsm;/ oabmxm;rsm;udv k nf; xnfhoGif;pOf;
pm;jcif;r&Sdyg? v,f,majrqkdif&mqufpyfaeaomXmersm;&Sd 0efxrf;rsm;onf pkdufysKd;a&;ausmif;rsm;/ aumvdyf
rsm;rSatmif+yD;ump bJG@&+yD;prsm; jzpfavhjzpfx&Sd+yD;/ tawG@tñuH&ifhusu+f yD;om; v,form;rsm; taejzifh
‚if;wk@d udk vufrcHvkdbJ/ zDqefr_ðyonfrSm tpOftvmw&yf jzpfaeonfukd txift&Sm;awG@Edkifygonf? Tod@k

66
okawoeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif pdwfvkdvuf& 0kdif;0ef;yg0ifr_r&Sdjcif;onf v,f,mqkdif&m wkd;csJŒaqmif&Gufr_
qkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;. nHhHzsif;r_ukd azmfjyaeayonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaeESifh qef@usifpGmyif/ tdrfeD;csif;xkdif;ekdfifiHonf qefokawoeY a&S›okd@ykdI
wk;d wuf&Hkr#ru/ qeftjyif tjcm;aumufyJoD;ESHESifh opfoD;rsm;wGifvnf; ykdIaumif;rGefaom trsKd;tpm;opf
rsm;udk enf;opfrsm;jzifh xkwv f kyfaeEdkif+yD jzpfayonf? ta&S›awmiftm&Sacgif;aqmifwOD;u ESpf (20) jcm;I
oGm;a&mufcJah omc&D;pOfwGif {nfch Hau|;arG;aom u|JaumoD;t&omonf w}udrfESifhw}udrf t&omjcif;
xyfwljzpf+yD; ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd/ ðyjyifwdk;wufr_r&Sdonfudk awG@cJh&onf[k jrefrmEdkifiHESifhywfoufIrSwfcsuf
cscJhzl;ygonf? tqifhjrifhZD0aA'enf;ynmrsm; vufcHtok;H ðyjcif;ESifh a&S›ok@d wd;k wuf&ef ðyvkyfjcif;rsm;onf
jrefrmEdkifiH. v,f,mu¾udk aemiftem*wfumvwGif zHG@òz;apa&;twGuf ta&;t}uD;qkH;aom udpP&yfrsm;
jzpfygonf?

awmifolv,form;rsm;. v,f,mvkyfief;ESifh yHhykd;r_tzJG@tpnf;/ Xmersm; jzpfaom b%frsm;/ acs;aiGay;

tzJG@tpnf;rsm;/ a&mif;0,fjzef@jzL;a&;aps;uGuw f if tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tcsdwftquf/ tquftoG,fvrf;
a=umif;rsm; zHG@òz;r_r&Sdjcif;?
acs;aiGay;pepfrsm;jzpfaom b¾ma&;ESifh b%fvkyfief;rsm;/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;/ v,f,m
ypPnf;ðyjyifa&; xkwv f kyfa&;/ jzef@jzL;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;. tcsdwftquftwkid f;twm/ ndE‡ _dif;aqmif
&Gufr_rsm;onf vGefpGmtm;enf;,k, d Gif;aeayao;onf? pyg;pkdufysKd;aomv,form;rsm;ESifh 0g/ *kHav#mf/ =uH
pdkufysKd;aom awmif,mvkyfudik folrsm;ukd EdkifiHawmfpkdufysKd;a&;b%frS oufomaomtwdk;E_ef;xm; (9 rS 12)
&mckdifE_ef;jzifh pkdufysKd;a&;trawmfa=u;acs;aiGrsm; xkwfacs;ay;onf? Todk@trawmfa=u;acs;aiGrsm;ESifh oD;ESH
0,f,&l efóuwifay;aomacs;aiGrsm;udk rsKd;aph/ ajr=oZm/ a&pkwfpuf/ vufok;H a&yef;pufrsm;0,f,l&efESifh
tjcm;taxGaxG ukefusp&dwfrsm;twGuf xkwfay;onf? xkwfay;aomacs;aiGrsm;onf v,f,mpdkufysKd;r_
p&dwftm;vkH;ukd rumrdacs? (v,f,mpkdufysKd;p&dwf. 20 &mckdifE_ef;rS 40 &mckdifE_ef;om umrdonf?) xd@k tjyif
TaiGom;-acs;aiGxkwaf y;r_rsm;rSmvnf; tcsdefrD r&&Sday? awmifolv,form;rsm;onf acs;aiG&&Sd&ef ok@d
r[kwf tpkd;&pkdufysKd;p&dwfacs;aiG cGifhðycsuf&&Sd&eftwGuf a'ocHtm%mykdifrsm; tpkd;&tzJG@tpnf;rsm;. óu;eD
pepfrsm;rSwqifh oGm;ae&ojzifh rvkt d yfbJ vkyfief;toHk;p&dwfrsm;ydkrdkukefus&onf?
14
avhvmcsufwckt& v,f,mxGufukef xkwfvkyfr_twGuf ysrf;r#tpkd;&acs;aiGonf (1993-94)
wGif w{uv#if (140) usyf&SdcJhonf? xkdESpfrSmyif EdkifiH. a'otESH@tjym;rS a&G;cs,fxm;aom rwlnaD om
aus;&GmtrsKd;tpm; toD;oD;wGifukefusaom pdkufysKd;p&dwfrSm &&Sdaomacs;aiGESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;aeonf?
tif;pdefòr@e,fY pdkufysKd;a&;ukefusp&dwfrSm w{uv#if (4720) usyf &SdcJh+yD;/ ausmufqnfòr@e,fY (5930) usyf
&SdcJhonf? tqdkygoifhaiG.w0ufonf oufqkdif&mv,form;rsm;tdyfrSpdkufxkwfok;H pGJ&aom aiGjzpfEdkifonf?
xkEd SpfwGif tpkd;&rS xkwfacs;aiGonf w{uv#if (400) usyfomjzpfI rvkaH vmufonfrSm aocsmonf?
Tod@k rvkaH vmufr_a=umifh v,form;rsm;onf yk*~vduaiGwkd;acs;pm;olrsm;xHrS wESpfv#if (120) twk;d E_ef;
jzifh rwefwqacs;,lcJ=h u&onf? tu,fI acs;aiG,l&rnfqkdv#if &moDtukefY pyg;jzifhjyefay;&rnfh pyg;ay;
acs;aiGjzpfcJhv#if &moDtpykdif;Yacs;,lygu twk;d E_ef;rSm (200) &mckdifE_ef; txd&SdEdkif+yD; &moDtv,fwiG facs;,l
ygu (100) &mckdifE_ef;txday;=u&onf? rnfo h kd@yifjzpfap tcsKdŒaiGa=u;tenf;i,fwwfEdkifaom v,form;
rsm;taeESifh a±$udktaygifxm;Iacs;rnfqdkv#if vkid fpif&taygifqkdifrsm;rS wESpfv#if twd;k E_ef; (48) &mckdifE_ef;
jzifh acs;,l&&SdEdkifonf? wenf;tm;jzifh acs;aiG&Edkifaomae&mXme &Sm;yg;onfh'%fukd qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;u
cH=u&onf?
aps;uGufowif;qufoG,fr_ESifh ywfoufv#if v,form;rsm;onf pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyf&rnfh oD;ESHtrsKd;
tpm;ukd a&G;cs,f&mY/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ,refESpfu&SdcJhaom xkdoD;ESHxkwfukekfaps;E_ef;ay:wGif rlwnfIom

14
Takahashi, A. " Myanmar Village Economy Under Transition: Comparative Study of Five Villages". Unpublished monograph.

67
qkH;jzwfonf? v,fvkyfolrsm;xHod@k aps;uGufESifhywfoufaomowif; a&muf&Sdr_enf;yg;onf? Tok@d jzpf&jcif;
rSm jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh qkd&S,fvpfpepfusifhoH;k +yD; oD;jcm;&yfwnfcJrh _a=umifh/ EdkifiHwumaps;uGufESifh rcsdwf
qufrdawmhyJ/ jynfwiG f;Y tvsif;oifhovdjk zpfaeaom pdkufysKd;a&;xkwu f kefaps;uGufrsm;. rwnf+idrfajymif;vJ
aeaom tajctaeay:rlwnfI aqmif&Gufae=u&aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
a&S;tcgu qkd&S,fvpfpepf rwkdifrDumvYqdkv#if/ pwD;b&m;om; ukr`%DuJo h dk@aom EdkifiHjcm;ukef
oG,rf _vkyfief;rsm;u oD;ESHxGu&f ma'o&Sd 0,f,al &;Xmersm;rSwqifh v,form;rsm;ukd EdkifiHwum&Sd aps;uGuf
rsm;jzifh qufo, G fr_ðyay;cJhonf? Tenf;jzifh aps;uGuo f wif;ukd jyef@EHSap+yD;/ aps;uGuv f dktyfcsuftvdkuf
v,form;rsm;ukd acs;aiGrsm;vnf; óuwifxkwaf cs;EdkifcJhonf? qkd&S,fvpfacwfY TtquftoG,rf sm;
tm;vk;H jywfawmufcJh&onf?
,ckavmavmq,fY jrefrmrS EdkifiHjcm;odk@ukefwifydk@aeolrsm;onf yHkrSefa&mif;0,fae=uaom
aps;uGufrsm;. usef&Sdaeor#aomaps;uGufi,frsm;avmufukdom a&mif;csae=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh xkid f;
EdkifiHrS rwfyJwifykd@olrsm;taejzifh yHkrSefaps;uGuf&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ jrefrmyJtrsKd;rsKd;twGufrl avmavmq,fY
yHkrSef0,folr&SdjzpfaecJh&onf? xkid f;EdkifiHtaeESifh *syefekdfifiHY yJaps;uGuftckdiftrm&Sd+yD; jzpfcJh&onf? ‚if;.
jynfywifykd@r_onf cef@rSef;Edkifaomtaetxm;wGif&Sd+yD; tawmftwefykHrSef&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ jrefrmekdfifiH. v,f
,mxGuu f kefjynfywifykd@r_taeESifhrl ,cktcgY 0,foo l wfowfrSwfrSwfr&Sdojzifh/ emrnfr&Sd aps;uGufr&Sdjzpf
cJh&onf? jynfwiG f;ESifh EdkifiHwumaps;uGuf. qufo, G fr_ukd rðyjyifEdkifv#if/ ‚if;tjyif jrefrmxkwfukefrsm;onf
EdkifiHjcm;pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh rudkufnv
D #if/ v,f,mu¾onf óu;pm;xkwv f kyfaomfvnf; tusKd;aus;Zl;&&Sd
cHpm;oifhoavmuf &Edkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfay?

aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd qif;&JrGJawr_
tdyfcsf/ bD/ csefe&D (1979)15 udk &nf!$ef;onfh tm&SzHG@òz;r_b%f (at'DbD) . tpD&ifcHpmwckt&
(1975) ckESpfwGif xkid f;ekdfifiHtwGif; qif;&Jol (13) oef;&SdonfhtcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHYqif;&JolvlOD;a& oef;
(20) &SdaecJhonf? qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_onfaus;vufawm&GmY ykdrdkawG@&Sd&onftavsmuf aus;vufa'o.
qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emonf trSefwu,fOD;pm;ay;ajz&Sif;&efvdt k yfaeaom jy\emwckjzpfonf?
(1995-96) b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpmt& (4³ 51) oef;&Sdaom aus;vufae
rdom;pkrsm;teuf aus;vufaerdom;pkaygif; (2³ 77) oef; ok@d r[kwf (62) &mckdifE_ef;onf ysrf;r#tm;jzifh
(2³ 39) {uus,f0ef;aomajrukd ykdifqkdif=uonf? Tykdifqkdifr_onf &yfwnfEdkif&Hktaetxm;r#omjzpfonf/
ok@d r[kwf touf&Sif&yfwnfEdkif&Hktaetxm;xuf edrfhusonfqkdonfrSm v,f,majr. wnfae&may:wGif
rlwnfonf? txufjrefrmEdkifiH tylykdif;a'owGif awmifolv,form;rsm;onf/ wESpfv#if ESpfoD;ok;H oD;pkduf
ysKd;=uojzifh (3) {u qkdonfrSm pkdufysKd;oD;ESHukd ykdykdomomxkwfvkyfEdkifaom tus,t f 0ef;jzpfonf? atmuf
jrefrmEdkifiHuJhok@d woD;pm;pyg;pkdufe,fajrYrl vkaH vmufonfqkd&Hkr#om&Sdrnf? xl;jcm;aomtcsufrSm ao;i,f
aomajruGufykdifqkdifr_onf txufjrefrmEdkifiHYyHkrSeftaetxm;uJo h dk@jzpfae+yD;/ atmufjrefrmEdkifiHrSmxuf
txGuyf kdrsm;um ydkIxkwfvkyfEdkif=uonf? (1994-95) ckESpfwGif v,f,mrdom;pk (6³ 45) oef;. (30³ 1)
&mckdifE_ef;jzpfaom v,f,mrJhrdom;pkrsm;onf vlOD;a&tm;jzifh (1³ 94) oef;r#onf?16 trsm;pkonf qif;&J
EGrf;yg;olrsm;owfrSwfr_rsOf;. atmufwGifaexdik fae=u&onf? aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_onf
rdom;pkokH;rsKd;toGif&Sd aeonf?
1? ajr (2) {uodk@r[kwf avsmhenf;I v,fuu G fi,fav;rsm;ukd ykdifqkdifaom v,form;rsm;?

15
H. B. Chenery
16
b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;tajctae jyefvnfokH;oyfwifjycsuf? (1997-98)? &efukef? v,f,mvkyfief;vkyfudkifaomrdom;pk (6³ 45)
oef; ta&twGufudk&&Sd&ef aus;vufa'orsm;aevlOD;a& (33³ 56) oef; (jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdpkpkaygif;vlOD;a&. 75 &mckid fE_ef;) udk aus;vufawm&Gm
&Sd ysrf;r#rdom;pk t&G,f tpm;jzpfaom (5³ 2) OD;ESifh pm;ygonf? v,f,mrJhv,f,mtdrfaxmifpk (1³ 94) oef;&&Sd&ef jrefrmEdkifiHaus;vuf
awm&Gmae tdrfaxmifpkpkpkaygif; (6³ 45) oef;rS v,f,mvkyfief;vkyfudkifoltdrfaxmifpk (4³ 51) oef;ukd E_wf,lygonf?
68
2? w{u odk@r[kwf avsmhenf;aom tvGefusOf;ajrmif;onf v,fuGuaf v;rsm;udkykdifqkdifaom/ awmifwef;
a'orsm;Y ae&ma&GŒajymif;v#uf awmif,mpkdufysKd;aom awmifay:aev,form;rsm;?
3? v,f,mrJh v,fvkyfom; pm&if;iSm;rsm; [lI jzpf=uonf?
EdkifiHawmfrSxdef;csKyfaom v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;pepfukd tapmykdif;uok;H oyfpOfu azmfjyouJhok@d yif/
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;toGif vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&ef ratmifjrifcJhbJ/ ajruGuftrsm;tjym;ydkifqdkifolrsm;ESifh omref
v,form;rsm;tzdk@yif enf;ynmqkdif&mwk;d wufr_ aES;auG;csKd@wJhvmapEdkifonf? od@k aomfvnf; atmufjrefrm
EdkifiHESifh ajcmufaoG@aomt&yfa'orsm;&Sd v,f,majruGucf yf}uD;}uD;ykdifaomv,form;rsm;twGurf l aps;
uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepf pwifzGifhay;cJhcsdefrSpI olwkd@.ajr,mvkyfief;rsm;udk tawmftoifh wd;k wufvmEdkifapcJh
onf? qkd&S,fvpfpepfumvuJhod@k r0,frae&pepfjzifh oD;ESHtm;vH;k a&mif;csay;&ef rvdak wmhaoma=umifh aps;
uGuzf Gifhay;r_ukd twkid f;twmwcktxd toH;k csEdkifcJh=uonf? xkrd #ru/ òr@jyaeqif;&Jolrsm;xufyif tawmf
toifh tajctaeaumif;vmcJhonf? òr@jyaeqif;&Jolrsm;tzdk@ olwk@d ydkifqdkifr_t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;) udk wd;k
wufap&ef zefwD;cGifh v,form;uJo h d@k r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
xd@k tjyif aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd qif;&Jr_yaysmufapa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pDrHudef;cs taumiftxnfazmf
&mYvnf;/ aus;vufaeqif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;taejzifh pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mYaomfvnf;aumif;/ taumiftxnf
azmf&mYaomfvnf;aumif; udk,fwdik fud, k fusyg0ifywfoufEdkifjcif;r&SdcJhay? xkd@a=umifhaus;vuf&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;
r_ yaysmufap&eftwGuf txufazmfjyyg qufpyfr_rsm;ukd ðyjyifIqufpyfap&efvkt d yfonf? rnfod@k yifjzpfap
jrefrmEdkifiH.acwfopforkdif;a=umif;wGif rnfonftpkd;&urS qif;&Jr_yaysmufa&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk csrSwf
aqmif&Gufjcif; r&SdcJh=uay? aus;vufaevlxkrsm;twGuf ukefxkwpf Grf;tm;jr‡ifhwifa&;tpDtpOfrsm;/ tajccH
ynmwwfajrmufa&;/ tajccHusef;rma&;vkt d yfcsufrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;aom vkyif ef;tcsKd@udk vkyfudkifcJh=u
onf? odk@aomf qif;&Jr_avsmhenf;usqif;a&;twGuf pepfwusbufpHkyl;aygif; taumiftxnfazmfcJ=h ujcif;
r[kwfyg? Tokd@jzpf&jcif;rSm wcsdefu ‘tm&S. xrif;tkd;}uD;’[k wifpm;ac:a0:cH&aom EdkifiHwcktaeESifh
wEdkifiHvkH;wGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_jy\em jyef@ESH@aeonfukd 0efrcHvkdaoma=umifhyifjzpfonf?
owdðyoifhaomtcsufrSm aus;vufa'o.pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk ðyjyifajymif;vJr_trSefwu,f rðyvkyf
Edkifor#umvywfvk;H / qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_jy\emukd ajz&Sif;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? v,f,mvkyfom;rsm;taeESifh
ykdrkdóu;pm;xkwfvkyf±kHr#omru/ aus;vufa'orsm;Y pufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifay;&ef vkt d yfonf? &nf&G,f
csufrSm aus;vufa'orsm;Y&Sdaeaom vkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm;udk &Edkifor#tok;H cs&eftwGufomru/ pufr_
enf;ynmopfrsm;/ oif,lEdkifrnfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;Edkif&efjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh obm00ef;usifudk
rxdcdu k fapaom txnf&ufvkyfaom &ufuef;puf±kHrsm;/ tkd;vkyfief;/ vufr_ynm/ =uuf/ bJ/ 0ufarG;jrLa&;/
ig;arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm; pojzifh xlaxmifay;&rnf? v,f,mrsm;aygif;pnf;vmEdkifonfESifhtr# acwfrDenf;
pepfrsm;ukd vufcHusifhok;H vmonfESifhtr# ykdrdku|rf;usifaomvkyfom;rsm; vkt d yfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
avmavmq,fY v,f,mrJhvkyfom;rsm;taejzifh/ vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_. tpGeftzsm;r#
udo k m cHpm;=u&onf? xkH;wrf;pOfvmt& v,fpm&if;iSm;vkyfom;rsm;. vkyfcukd pyg;wif;awmif;rsm;jzifh
ay;aqmifae=uaom xHk;wrf;pOfvmpHrS/ aiGom;vkyfctaeESifh ajymif;vJcJ&h m ,cifvkyfcaiGpyg;ESifh wefzkd;ESifh
nDr#aomvkyfcxuf avsmeh nf;oGm;onf? wenf;qdk&v#if v,form;rsm;onf v,fpm&if;iSm;vkyfom;rsm;
ukd vkyfcaiGay;pepfopfjzifhay;ae=u+yD;/ wenf;wzHk tjrwfxkwfae=uonf? pD;yGm;a&;pepfwkd;wufvmonf
ESifhtr# aus;vufa'o&Sdvkyfcay;yHkpepf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;twGuf a&&Snfb0vHðk cHa&;jy\em ponfrsm;udk
udik fwG,af jz&Sif;ay;=u&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
tjcm;wbufYvnf; ajruGufi,frsm;udkydkifqdkifaom v,form;rsm;tjzpf pm&if;oGif;cH&&Hkr#&Sdaom
olrsm;onfvnf; oD;jcm;vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf yg0ifaeonf? ‚if;wk@d . t&G,ftpm;ao;vGef;aomv,fuGuf
rsm;udk aygif;pnf;Edkifap&ef/ vkyfief;csJ@xGifEdkifap&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;azmfaqmifay;oifhonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
tpdk;&uaiGa=u;yHhydk;I ajruGufrsm;xyfrH0,f,lapjcif;/ ajrvGwaf jr&dkif;rsm;ukd jyefvnfcJaG 0ay;jcif;wdk@jzifh
aqmif&GufEdkifonf? ta&;t}uD;qkH;rSm pD;yGm;a&;pepfpwifðyjyifajymif;vJaom ueOD;ESpfrsm;twGif; aus;

69
vufaerdom;pkrsm;taejzifh tenf;qkH;rlvwef;ynma&;ukd oif,lcGifh&&Sdap&efvk+d yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;udk OD;wnf
aom vkyfaeus r[kwfaom avhvma&;oifwef; tpDtpOfrsm;vnf; aqmif&Gufay;&efvdt k yfonf? tajccH
usef;rma&;vkt d yfcsufrsm;/ a&ESifh rdv†moef@&Sif;a&;pepfrsm;wdk;wufap&eftwGufvnf; yHhykd;r_rsm;aqmif&Guf
&efvnf; tav;xm;oifhayonf? TzufpHkzHG@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;vkt d yfae+yD;/ Todk@v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf&mwGif
tqkdyg tcGifhta&;r&bJ aemufusefae&aom vlwef;pm;/ tiftm;pkrsm;yg ud, k fwkdifud,k fus yg0ifaqmif
&GufcGifhay;&ef vdt
k yfygonf? b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHwGif pwifatmifjrifcJhaom qif;&Jom;vufvkyfvufpm;rsm;
twGuf 0dkif;}uD;csKyfaiGacs;aompepfrsKd;udkvnf; wDxiG fay;&ef vdkayvdrfhrnf?

tvm;tvmrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH. v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;a&;twGuf qufvufaqmif&GufEdkif&ef tvm;tvmrsm;pGm &Sday
onf? jrefrmjynfw0Srf;Y t&if;tjrpfrsm;ºu,f0pGmwnf&Sdae+yD;/ tajccHobm0trsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom ajrrsm;/ ajrqD
ajrESpfrsm;/ pkdufysKd;a&;oD;ESHtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh oifhavsmfaom orr#wonfh &moDOwk/ &kyf0wWKyx0D taetxm;
rsm;/ paom aumif;rGefonfh obm0ywf0ef;usifwGif wnf&Sdaeonf? {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o/ jrpfr}uD;ESifh
jrpfvufwufrsm;w0kduf&Sd pyg;pkdufysKd;&eftvGefoifhavsmfaom uGif;jyifajrus,frsm;omru/ ESpf&SnfoD;aom
oD;yifrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;ok;H ukef=urf;oD;ESHrsm;/ ESpfpOfpm;oko H D;ESHrsm; pkdufysKd;I pD;yGm;a&;usustok;H ðyEdkifaom
ajrae&m aygºu,f0pGm &Sdaeayonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH&SdajrqDv$mwGif Edkifx&dk*sif"gwfESifh tjcm;atmf*Jepf
"gwfypPnf;rsm; enf;aomfvnf;/ obm0tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;ajrqDv$mxdef;odrf;ðyjyifEdkifaom enf;
pepfrsm;jzifh ajrqDjyefvnfjzpfay:apjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ jyefvnfjznfw h if;Edkifonf? tcsKd@t&yfa'orsm;wGif
"gwfajr=oZmrsm;jznfq h nf;ay;jcif;jzifh txGufwdk;oD;ESHrsKd;opfrsm;ukd pwifprf;oyfpkdufysKd;Edkifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rwlxl;jcm;aom pdrf;pdkaom&moDOwkESifh ajcmufaoG@aom&moDOwkwdk@&Sd+yD;/ rwluGJ
jym;aom pkdufysKd;ajrtrsKd;tpm;rsm;&Sdaejcif;a=umifh ESpfwkdoD;ESHrsm;ESifh ESpf&SnfoD;ESHtrsKd;rsKd;udk pkdufysKd;&ef oifh
avsmyf gonf? oD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;opfrsm; wd;k csJŒ&ef/ oD;ESHtrsKd;tpm;wckwGif oD;n‡yfpkdufysKd;&ef jzpfEdkif+yD;/ v,f
,mxGef,ufpdkufysKd;r_a=umifh jzpfvmEdkifaom tao;pm; obm0ywf0ef;usifxdcdkufr_tEW&m,frsm;ukd xdef;
odrf;avsmhenf;apEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif pkdufysKd;ajrtrsKd;tpm;wckESifhwck rwlnDaoma'orsm;twGif;/ &moD
tvdu k fvkyfom;rsm;ajymif;a±$@vkyfudik fapjcif;jzifh ajrtenf;i,fykdifaom v,form;rsm;/ ajr,mrJhvkyfom;rsm;
twGuf 0ifaiGwkd;apEdkifygonf? xdkr#ru v,fvkyfom;rdom;pkrsm;. 0ifaiGudkvnf; wd;k wufapEdkifygonf?
aus;vufa'orsm;Y rdbESifhom;orD;rsm;omru/ tbkd;tbGm;rsm;yg rdom;pk}uD;jzifh twlaeaom tpOf
tvm&Sdjcif;a=umifh vlr_a&;vkHðcHr_jzpfapovkd/ b0twGuf tmrcHcsufwrsKd;vnf; jzpfapygonf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfap v,f,mpkdufysKd;ajrtwdik f;twmwGif/ obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;apEdkifr_a=umifh
tuef@towf e,ferdwf&Sdaeonfukd owdðy&efvdktyfygonf? pkpkaygif;&Sdaom ajrtus,t f 0ef;wGif ckwfxiG f
xGef,ufI&Edkifaom ajrvGwaf jr±kdif;rsm; {uoef;aygif; (20) r# tv[\ jzpfaeygao;onf? tqkdygajr
vGwaf jr&dkif;rsm;onf txl;ojzifh awmifwef;a'oY&Sd+yD; opfoD;pkdufysKd;r_/ vzuf/ aumfzDESifh O,smOfjcHvkyfief;
rsm;vkyf&ef oifhav#mfygonf? awmifwef;a'orsm;onf oifhwifhr#waom&moDOwk&Sdjcif;a=umifh ydk;arG;jrLa&;
vkyfief;rsm;vnf; oifhygonf? &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh&SdajrvGwfrsm;wGif opfoD;/ *sKH/ ESifh tjcm;orykdif;oD;ESHrsm;
pkdufysKd;&ef ajrae&mtvm;tvmrsm; &Sdaeonf ESpf&Snfo;D ESHyifrsm;jzpfaom qDtkef;/ uku d kd;/ oD[kdESifh &mbm
yifrsm;ukd urf;±dk;wef;a'orsm;jzpfaom rGef/ &ckdifESifh weoFm&Dwk@d wGif pkdufysKd;Edkifonf? wmwrHrsm;ESifh a&pD;
a&vm tajccHrsm;udk &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_ðy+yD; qm;iHa&rsm;jzifh ESpfjrKyfjcif;/ qm;iHa&pD;0ifjcif;wkd@ukd umuG,fay;Edkif
ygu urf;±kd;wef;ESifh jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orsm;wGif ig;ykZGefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd ðyvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? vrk
awmrsm;ESifh a&iH'Da&a&muf&m opfawmrsm;ae&mwGif ckwfxiG f&Sif;vifI/ ajrvGwaf jr±kdif;rsm;udk oD;ESHpkduf
ysKd;Edkif+yD;aom pD;yGm;a&;pdkufuiG f;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufrnfqkdygu/ ukefusp&dwf}uD;jrifhaomfvnf; enf;ynm
oabmt& jzpfEdkifajc&Sdayonf? Ttaetxm;rsm;onf pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
taumiftxnfaz:&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ yk*~vdu&if;ESD;r_ðy&eftwGuf vrf;zGifhay;oifhayonf?

70
 jrefrmEdkifiHatmufykdif;wGif woD;pm;ompdkufysKd;aeaoma'orsm;/ txl;ojzifh {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:
ESifh ppfawmif;jrpftajca'orsm;ukd a&oGif;I pdkufysKd;rnfqdkv#if tvm;tvmrsm;pGm &Sdygao;onf? a&oGif;
wl;ajrmif;rsm;azmufjcif;/ a&oGif;pdkufjcif;a=umifh obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_ tEW&m,fvnf;t}uD; tus,f
ay:aygufvmp&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg? tvGefoifhjrwfaom tpDtpOfjzpfygonf? tjzpfEdkifqkH;rSm ppfawmif;jrpf.
jrpfvufwufrsm;wGif a&wrH/ wl;ajrmif;i,frsm;azmufvkyf+yD;/ obm0a&tm;udo k Hk;I v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwf
vkyfEdkifaompuf&Hki,frsm;udkyg yl;wGaJ qmufvkyf&ef jzpfygonf? yJcl;±kd;ronf avmavmq,fYyif obm0
tavsmuf pdrfhprf;rsm; rxGufEdkifawmhaom ysufpD;ae+yD;om;a'o jzpfonft h wGuf/ aemufxyfysufpD;&ef
ta=umif;r&Sdawmhyg? TjrpfvufwufrS a&rsm;udk aqmif;&moDtwGuf/ odk@r[kwf ajcmufaoG@&moDpdkufysKd;r_
twGuf xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;a'ozHG@òz;r_ wacwfqef;vmzG,f&Sdygonf?
xked nf;wlpGm tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifvnf; a&oGif;pkdufysKd;jcif;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom tjcm;oufa&mufr_
tenf;i,f&Sdvifhupm; a&oGif;pkdufysKd;r_pepfti,fpm; pDrHcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&ef oifhygonf? odk@
aomfvnf; ‚if;pepfrsm; taumiftxnfaz:wnfaqmuf&eftwGu/f a'ocHjynfolrsm;twGuf qHk;&_H;epfem
&rnfu h kefusp&dwfrsm;ESifh jzpfay:vmrnft h usKd;wk@d ukd E_dif;,SOfavhvmcsufrsm; ðyvkyf&efvkyd gonf? pDrHcsuf
rsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&mYvnf;/ wOD;wa,mufaumif;usKd;twGufudo k m tm;ay;onfh pDrH
csufrsm; rjzpfap&ef owdxm;vkyfaqmifoifhayonf?

71
v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;r_. &nfrSef;csufrsm;
pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;wGif avhvmawG@&Sd+yD;jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_jzpfpOfvrf;a=umif;omru/
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhvnf; qufvufI jzwfoef;&rnfh tcsufwckrSm/ pD;yGm;a&;zHG@òz;r_jzpfpOfwGif pufr_u¾wk;d
wufr_tay: tajccHI tv#iftjrefzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udk &vmrnfjzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGif twefi,fzHG@òz;r_
wnf+idrfyHkrSefjzpfvmap+yD;/ zHG@òz;r_&ifhusuf tajcuscdkifrmvmrnf? TtqifhwGif 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;u ydkI
ta&;ygaom ae&mu¾a&mufvmrnf jzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGif zHG@òz;r_jzpfpOfu jyefvnf aES;auG;vmwwfyg
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh pufr_wk;d wufr_&&Sd&efESifh pD;yGm;a&;tajcusvm&ef E_ef;rSm/ v,f,mu¾taejzifh
rnfr#twdik f;twmtxd zHG@òz;wkd;wufr_&SdEdkifonfqkdonfh tcsufay:wGif rsm;pGmrlwnfaeygonf?
Ttcif;tusif;wGif jrefrmhv,f,mu¾onf wkd;yGm;v#uf&Sdaom òr@aevlOD;a&rsm;twGuftpm;
taomufxkwv f kyfyHykd;aomu¾taeESifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfywifydk@r_rS 0ifaiG&Sm&ef twGufaomfvnf;
aumif;/ ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾rS yg0ifaeygonf? v,f,mu¾taeESifh enf;ynmtuef@towfrsm;ukd
ausmv f $m;+yD;/ ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; jr‡ifhwifEdkif&ef a&&SnfwiG facwfrDatmif ðyjyifay;&rnf jzpfygonf?
Tok@d ðyvkyf&eftwGuf aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;udk acwfrDatmifðyjyifay;a&;ESifh
pkdufysKd;a&;udk tajccHaom pD;yGm;ukefoG,fvkyfief;rsm; (Agri business enterprise) udk tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifa&;
wk@d yg0ifaom rl0g' (2) ckukd csrSwf aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfygonf? aus;vufaev,form;rsm;taejzifh
ajrukv d Gwvf yfpGm0,f,lcGifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh ‚if;wkd@ykdifaomajrrsm;ukd pD;yGm;a&;t&xkwv f kyfEdkifaom twdik f;
twmtxd/ pkpnf;csJ@xGifykdifcGifhðy&rnf jzpfyg onf? xdk@tjyif v,fvkyfudkifolv,form;rsm;ESifh u¾
trsKd;rsKd;aom aiGa=u;Xmersm;/ pyg;}udwcf JGa&;ESifh a&mif;csr_rsm;/ aemufqkH;jzef@jzL;r_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufpyf
ay;aom/ bufpHkaygif;pnf;nD!Gwfapr_ jzpfap&ef aqmif&Guf&efvdt k yfygonf? wbufrSvnf; yk*~vduykdif
pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh pyg;pkdufysKd;onfrS pI }udwcf JG/ jzef@jzL;/ a&mif;csonftxd wefzdk;jr‡ifhwifjcif;
qdkif&mvkyfief; (Value-added businesses) tqifhqifhudk tjynfht0 pDrHcef@cJGcGifh ðy&ygvdrfhrnf?
v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u¾onfvnf; xkwfukefypPnf;xkwv f kyfolrsm;tjzpfESifhomrubJ/ ukefacsm
rsm; udkxkwv f kyfI pm;oH;k olvuf0,fta&mufydk@Edkifaom v,f,mu¾qkdif&mpD;yGm;ukefoG,v f kyfief;rsm;
tjzpf ajymif;vJwdk;wufay:aygufvmap&ef vdt k yfygonf? aus;vufpD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;wckvk;H onf tusKd;&Sd&Sd
vnfywffEdkifapjcif;iSg aus;vufawm&Gm&Sdtvkyftudik f&Sm;yg;r_jy\em/ qif;&Jr_jy\em/ v,f,mrJhvkyfom;
rsm;jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;&efvkt d yfrnf jzpfygonf?
v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;r_qkdonfrSm v,f,mxGufukefwk;d wufr_wckwnf;om r[kwfay? txl;ojzifh
aus;vufa'orsm;&dS v,f,mu¾tay:wGif rSDcdktm;xm;ae&oljynfolrsm;. vlr_zlvHka&;udk OD;wnfa&S›±_
&rnfjzpfonf? ,ckumvykdif; ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;Y aus;vufvOl D;a&twGif;Y qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm; t&Sdef
rSefrSefwkd;wufvmaeonfukd awG@Edkifonf? vlOD;a&wkd;vmaomfvnf; v,f,mpkdufysKd;Edkifaomajrtus,f
wk;d yGm;vmjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh/ v,frJhvlwef;pm;ykdrkdrsm;vm+yD;/ pm&if;iSm;v,fvkyfom;rsm;tjzpf/ usyef;
vkyfom;rsm; tjzpfom vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf=u&onf? ‚if;onf vufrcHoifhaomqdk;&Gm;vmaeonfh tae
txm;jzpf+yD;/ aus;vufqif;&JEGrf;yg;r_udk wkd;yGm;vmaponfh tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;ukd &SmazGazmfxkwf
wduk fzsuf&ef aqmif&Gufoifhayonf?

72
v,f,mu¾rl0g'rsm;twGuf r[mAsL[mqdkif&mwGef;tm;ay;r+vkyfief; rsm;
v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_u¾wGif aps;uGufudkjyefvnfysKd;axmif qef;opfapjcif;
'kwd,urBmppf+yD;umv vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdefrSpI ,cktcsdeftxd v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;r_udk t"du
t[ef@twm;jzpfapcJhaomtcsufrSm/ Tv,f,mu¾Y aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;. tcef;u¾udk tvGef
wif;usyfuef@owfxm;+yD;/ tpkd;&tqufqufu xdef;csKyfr_ trsKd;rsKd;udk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh usifo h Hk;cJhaoma=umifhyif
jzpfonf? v,form;rsm;taeESifh rnfonfhoD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;rnf/ rnfonfhenf;jzifhpkdufysKd;rnf qdkonfudv k nf;
qkH;jzwfcGifh r&SdcJhay? aps;E_ef;taeESifhvnf; tajctaetrsm;pkY vGwv f yfaomaps;uGuw f Gif;&Sd 0,fvdt k m;ESifh
a&mif;vkt d m;r#ajcrSjzpfay:vmaom aps;E_ef;t& r[kwfcJah y? rsm;aomtm;jzifh aps;E_ef;owfrSwf&mY
tpdk;&tm%mydkif jAL&dku&uftzJG@tpnf;rsm;uom/ ‚if;wkd@. &nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfh0apa&;twGuf owfrSwf
=ujcif;jzpfonf? v,f,mu¾taejzifh xda&mufwdk;wufpGm ydkrdkvkyfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf aps;E_ef;udk
&nf&G,fowfrSwfjcif;rsKd; r[kwfay? v,form;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. xGuu f kefrsm;ukd a&mif;csvkdaomae&mwGif
a&mif;ykdifcGifhr&SdbJ/ tpdk;&.owfrSwfxm;aom vrf;a=umif;/ od@k r[kwf tpdk;&.a&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzJG@rsm;rS
wqifhomv#if a&mif;cs=u&onf? ykdIqkd;onfrSm ajr,mESifhywfoufI a&mif;csr_/ 0,f,lr_/ vJa$ jymif;ay;r_/
iSg;&rf;r_/ aygifESHr_wkd@tay: wGif rsm;pGmaomuef@owfcsufrsm; csrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
xdtk wGuaf =umifh tem*wfumvwGif/ v,f,mrl0g'rsm;twGuf tajccHrlw&yfrSm v,f,mu¾
wGif aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;udk ydkrdkIvGwfvyfr_ay;&efjzpfonf? Trl0g'rSm uk, d fhenf;uk,d fh[efjzifh yk*~dKvfwOD;
csif;tvdu k f qHk;jzwfvkyfukdifaqmif&Gufwwfonfh jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;. tavhtxESifhvnf; avsmfnaD yonf?
orkdif;a=umif;wav#mufY jrefrmv,form;rsm;onf tajctaet& jzpfay:vmaom tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd
tjynfht0toHk;csI OD;aqmifvkyfudik faqmif&Gufwwf=uonfukd awG@&onf? txl;ojzifh aps;uGut f cGifh
tvrf;rsm;yGifhvif;vmcsdefwGifvnf; tvm;wljzpfonf? xkdtwGufa=umifh aps;uGufwiG fjzpfay:aeaom
aps;E_ef;rsm;ukdrlwnfI rdrdydkifajrukd rnfod@k tokH;ðyrnf/ rnfonfhoD;ESHrsm;pkdufysKd;rnf/ rnfonfhenf;pepfrsm;
udk tok;H ðyrnf qdkonfrsm;ukd vGwv f yfcGifhay;I/ qkH;jzwfapoifhonf? ‚if;wk@d . qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd jzpfay:
apaom aps;E_ef;rsm;onfvnf; ukefxkwfvkyfp&dwfrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom a&mif;vkt d m; tajctaersm;u
wbuf/ jynfwGif;jynfypm;ok;H olrsm;.ESpfòcdufr_/ vdv k m;r_t& jzpfay:vmaom 0,fvkdtm;tajctaeu
wbuf/ r#ajcwGifjzpfay:vmaomaps;E_ef;rsm;twdik f;/ vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufrsm;obm0twdik f;om jzpfoifh
ayonf? TtajctaewGifrS v,form;rsm;taejzifh TvGwfvyfcGifhukd tok;H ðyv#uf/ ‚if;wk@d . tusKd;
tjrwfrsm;ukd trsm;qkH;&atmif =uHaqmifEdkif=urnfjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wd@k ydkifajr,mukv d nf; tusKd;t&SdqkH;jzpfatmif
tok;H cs=uayvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

aus;vufv,f,m pkdufysKd;a&;rS acwfrDv,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;okd@ ul;ajymif;jcif;

a&S;,cifu v,f,mpkdufysKd;jcif;vkyfief;onf aus;vufawm&GmpD;yGm;a&;udkom tajccHIvkyf
aqmifcJh+yD;/ EdkifiH. tjcm;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh qufpyfaqmif&Gufr_rsm; tm;enf;cJhonf? aemiftem*wf
wGifrl v,form;rsm;udk vkyfief;rsm; vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&Y v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udk tajccHaom pD;yGm;ukef
oG,af &;vkyfief;rsm; (Agri business enterprise) toGifjzifh vkyfukid f=uap&ef tm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf?
rnfonfhxkwu f kefrsm; xkwv
f kyfrnf udk a&G;cs,fjcif;/ aps;uGufwifa&mif;0,fenf;/ vkyfom;rsm; iSm;&rf;jcif;
rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;qefqef ðyvkyfaqmif &GufoGm;&efvnf; tm;ay;oifhonf?
aemufwqifhwGif/ tcsdwftqufqufEG,faeaom wefzdk;jr‡ifhjzpfpOfwckvk;H twGif;&Sd/ xkwfvkyfol
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh aemufqkH;pm;ok;H olrsm; vuf0,fa&mufonftxd/ qufpyfr_tm;vkH;ukd rnfok@d taxmuf
tulðyEdkifrnfudk qufvufpOf;pm;&efvkt d yfygonf? xdk@tjyif v,f,mxGufukefxkwv f kyfaom v,form;
rsm;=um;rS }udwcf JGolrsm;/ ukefacsma&mif;olrsm;t=um; qufEG,fr_rsm; &SdEdkifouJhokd@/ xkwvf kyfolrsm;twGuf

73
vkt d yfaom0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh aiGa=u;qdkif&mXmersm;/ aºu;+rDay;olrsm;ESifh acwfrDenf;pepfrsm;
tok;H ðyr_ESifh v,f,mpD;yGm;ukefoG,fvkyfief;rsm;twGuf t=uH^m%fay;olrsm;udkvnf; qufpyfr_rsm; aqmif
&Gufay;&ef vdt k yfonf?
Tod@k xkwv f kyfr_jzpfpOfukd acsmarG@pGmvnfywfap&ef a&S@aemufqufpyfay;Edkifonft h jyif/ aemufqHk;
&nf&G,fcsut f aejzifh v,f,mpD;yGm;ukefoG,v f kyfief;rsm;ud/k pD;yGm;a&;qefqefvkyfukid faqmif&Gufaeaom
vkyfief;rsm; jzpfvmap&ef yHhydk;tm;ay;Edkifonf? v,form;rsm;ukd ukef=urf;ay;oGif;olrsm;/ }udwfcGJðyjyifolrsm;
ESifh qufpyfay;&Hkr#ru/ v,form;rsm;ud, k fwkid f/ txl;ukefpnfrsm;udk0,f,al om ukefonf/ yGJpm;rsm;/ teD;&Sd
òr@jy/ aus;vufaps;uGufrsm;ESifh qufo, G f+yD; rdrdud,
k fwdik faps;uGufwifEdkifap&ef yHhydk;ay;&efvdktyfonf? Todk@
qufpyfr_rsm; v#ifjrefacsmarG@ap&ef/ tpkd;&taeESifh vdt k yfaom aus;vufawm&Gm. vrf;yef;qufo, G fa&;
tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; wnfaqmufay;jcif;jzifh yHhydk;Edkifonf? v,f,mu¾/ aps;uGufESifh =um;cHukefonf
yGJpm;rsm;t=um; wefzdk;jr‡ifhapaom csdwfqufvkyfudik fr_udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;Edkifonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh pufr_enf;em
topfrsm;tokH;ðyr_ESifh v,f,mpD;yGm;qkdif&m pGrf;&nfjynfh0aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifvmEdkifrnf
jzpfonf? xdt k ajctaewGif rdrd. &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tay:rS tusKd;tjrwfrsm;ydkrdk&&Sdaprnf jzpf+yD;/ jynfwiG f;jynfy&Sd
pm;okH;rsm;ESifh aemufqHk;csdwfquf qufpyfrdonftxd aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdt k yfonf?

v,f,mu¾zHG@òz;a&;ukd yHhykd;ay;apaom ajr,mrl0g'rsm;

v,form;rsm;ykdifqkdifaom ajryrm%ud/k ykdrkdukefxGufwk;d ap+yD; pGrf;&nfjynfh0pGm vkyfukdifapEdkifrnfh
t&G,ftpm;jzpfvmap&ef wkd;csJŒcGifhESifh pkpnf;cGifh ðyoifhygonf? v,f,mpD;yGm;ukefoG,fr_qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
wnfaxmifEdkifonftxd tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&efvkdygonf? v,f,mu¾wGif ydkifqdkifcGifh/ toH;k ðycGifhudpPrsm;
r&Sif;vif; raocsmor# umvywfvHk;/ rnfonfah jrydkif&Sifrsm;/ tpkd;&rScGifhðyxm;aomajriSg;rsm; taejzifh
v,f,majrukd zGH@òz;ap&efðyjyifjcif;/ &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHjcif;rsm; wk;d wufðyvkyfvmvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? ,cktcsdeftxd
v,form;rsm;wGif v,f,mtok;H ðycGifh/ wenf;xGef,ufpdkufysKd;cGifhqkdif&mvkyfykdifcGifhrsm;om ay;tyfxm;ao;
+yD;/ rdrdwkd@. rdom;pk0ifr[kwfaom tjcm;olrsm;tm; vJaG jymif;ay;tyfykdifcGifh w&m;0ifr&Sdao;ay?
xdtk wGuaf =umifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;zefwD;ay;&efESifh ydkrdkvGwv f yfpGm aqmif&GufvkyfudkifcGifh&Sdaom
tajctaejzpfay:vmap&ef ajr,mqdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk jyifqif&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? od@k rSom ydkIpGrf;aqmifEdkif
aom/ zefwD;vkyfudkif&nf&Sdaom/ xl;c|efaom v,form;rsm;taejzifhvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;
aomfvnf;aumif; ajr,mrsm;udck sJŒxGifjcif;/ pkpnf;aygif;pyfjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? ajr,mvJ$
ajymif;EdkifcGifh/ a&mif;csEdkifcGifhay;rSom ykdrkdpGrf;aqmif&nf jrifhrm;aom v,f,mxGef,ufpkdufysKd;enf;rsm;ukd
toH;k ðyEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Tenf;jzifhom ukefxGuftrsm;qkH;&Edkif&efESifh v,f,majrtok;H ðyr_ukd
pGrf;aqmif&nftjynfh0qkH; xkwfvkyfolukd aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;u a&G;cs,fvmEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlOD;a&. trsm;pkonf v,f,mu¾tay:wGif rlwnfaexdik f=u+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@. vlr_
zlvHak &;onfvnf;/ ‚if;wkd@. ajr,mydkifqdkif xdef;csKyfEdkifr_tay:wGif rsm;pGmrlwnfaeonf? ajr,mydkifqdkifxdef;
csKyfEdkifpGrf;ukd/ tjcm;t&if;tESD;ypPnf;rsm;uJo h kd@ aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;tay:Yom rlwnftm;xm;aeI
vspfvsL&_xm;I r&ay? Todk@aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;. vufwGif;Yom ypfxm;vdkufygu vltrsm;taejzifh
epfem&zG,f&Sdonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh odyfrwif;usyfvGef;aom uef@owfcsut f csKd@ &Sdaumif;&SdEdkifayonf?
tqkdyguef@owfcsufrSm v,f,mukt d rSefwu,f xGef,ufvkyfukid folomv#if ykdifqkdifcGifh/ xdef;csKyfykdifcGifh &Sd&ef
jzpfonf? Tenf;jzifh v,f,mrvkyfudik fbJ acgif;yHkjzwfaeaom/ ajr,mtajrmuftrsm;ydkifqdkifae=uonfh
ajr&Sif}uD;0g'udk umuG,fwm;qD;ay;Edkifonf? Todk@ajr&Sif}uD;0g'usifo h Hk;vmygu tqrwefoD;pm;v,fiSg;c
ay;&I acgif;yHkjzwfcH&jcif;ESifh v,fvkyfudik faeol v,form;rdom;pkrsm;/ pm&if;iSm;rsm;twGuf b0vHðk cHpdwfcs
&r_ r&Sdjcif;rsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf? tjcm;uef@owfcsufwckrSm v,f,majrykdifqkdifr_ukd trsm;qkH; {u (100)
tjzpf uef@owfxm;jcif;rsKd; vdkaumif;vdkvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? tu,fI v,form;rsm;taeESifh pkdufysKd;a&;
vkyfief;rsm; csJ@xGifEdkifpGrf;&Sdygu/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;csJ@xGif&ef trsm;qHk;uef@owfxm;aom
74
ajryrm%jzpfonf? vuf&Sdtaetxm;wGif Tr#jrifhrm;aomuef@owfcsufxufykdIydkifqdkifcGifhðycJhygu/
ydkifqkdifolajrykdif&Siftaejzifh xdak 'ov,f,mvkyfudik foltokid f;t0kdif;twGif;/ aps;uGufudk xdef;csKyfxm;Edkif+yD;/
tjcm;olrsm;ESifhqufqH&mY ydkIaps;qdkEdkifaomtcGifhudk jzpfay:aponf? T{u (100) uef@owfcsuaf bmif
twGif;Yqdkv#if v,form;rsm;taejzifh/ vkyfief;ydkwdk;wufap&ef ajr,mukd tvG,fwul v$Jajymif;a&mif;
0,fEdkifcGifh&Sdoifhonf?17

v,f,mpD;yGm;ukefoG,fvkyfief;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwiftm;ay;jcif;
aps;uGut f iftm;pkrsm;ukd jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;Yomru/ jynfyqufqHa&;Yyg vGwfvyfpGm
vkyfukid faqmif&GufcGifh ay;oifhygonf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHwck.zHG@òz;r_ukv d #ifjrefpGmjzpfay:&ef jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifonfh
ta&;t}uD;qkH;enf;vrf;rSm EdkifiHjcm;rS&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_rsm;udk cGifðy&ef jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk cGifhðy&Hkr#jzifh rvkaH vmufbJ/ xdxad &mufa&muf tm;ay;&efvnf; vkdtyfygonf? Trl0g't&
v,f,mu¾wGifvnf; EdkifiHjcm;jr‡yfESHr_rsm;ukd wGef;tm;ay;&efvdktyf+yD;/ Todk@tm;jzifh jynfyrS ykdrkdtqifhjrifh
aom wwfu|rf;r_qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;ukd pwiftok;H ðyEdkifayvdrfhrnf? Todk@aqmif&Gufrnfqdkv#if ajr,m
qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? txl;ojzifh v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_qkdif&m/ pD;yGm;ukefoG,fr_
qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&eftwGu/f iSg;&rf;xm;aom okd@r[kwf cGifhðyxm;aom ajrvGwfajr±kdif;rsm;udk
toH;k cscGifhðy&rnf jzpfygonf? Tod@k ajrtoH;k ðycGifhay;&mwGif pyg;pkdufysKd;rnfqdkygu tjrifhqkH;uef@owfcsuf
{u (100) tjzpf abmifuef@xm;onfqdkonfrSm vufawG@wGifvkyfief;taumiftxnfazmf&ef tcuftcJ
&SdEdkifygonf?

aus;vufa'o&Sd qif;&Jr_udk avsmhyg;yaysmufapEdkifaom aus;vufzHG@òz;r_tpDtpOf

aus;vufqif;&Jr_jy\em/ v,f,mrJhvkyfom;rsm;jy\emESifh aus;vufa'orsm;wGif tvkyftukid f
&Sm;yg;r_ jy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef ta&;w}uD; vkt d yfaeygonf? Tjy\emrsm;tm;vHk;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef
twGuf zufpHkaus;vufzHG@òz;r_tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufoihfygonf? TtpDtpOfrsm;tm;jzifh aus;vuf
a'o&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm; yg0ifvkyfukdifaqmif&GufEdkifrnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tcsdwftqufrsm;wd;k yGm;vmap
Edkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tdrfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; zHG@òz;vmapjcif;/ vkyfief;i,frsm;pwifwnfaxmif&ef
twGuf vdt k yfaomaiGa=u;ESifh enf;ynmqkdif&mrsm; axmufyHhay;jcif;/ tdrfwGif;r_vkyfief;i,frsm;udk jzef@jzL;
olrsm;/ pm;ok;H olrsm;t=um; qufo, G fr_ðyay;jcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;onf TtpDtpOf. t"duvkyfaqmif
csufrsm; jzpfygonf? aus;vufzGH@òz;a&;tpDtpOfqdkonft h wGuf owdðy&rnft h csufrSm aus;vufaevlxk
rsm;. vlr_zlvHka&;twGuu f dk tpdk;&uaxmufyHha&;Xmersm;zGJ@pnf;&ef r[kwfyg? ‚if;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm
aus;vufa'o&Sd jynfolrsm;udk ‚if;wk@d ydkifqdkifaom uk, d fykdift&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;) rsm;udk pGrf;&nfjynfh0pGm
tok;H csEdkifap&efESifh ‚if;wk@d . u|rf;usifr_/ t&nftaoG;ukjd rifhvmap&ef ulnDyHhykd;ay;&efom jzpfygonf? T

17
acgif;aqmifa&;om;ol. xyfwdk;wifjycsuf?
v,f,majrydkifqdkifcGihfESifh ywfoufI u|efawmfwdk@ trsKd;rsKd;pOf;pm;cJ=h uygonf? v,fajr ydkifqdik f a&mif;0,f v$Jajymif;cGifu
h dk ,cktpwGifyif
v$wfay;vdkufygu/ jrefrmaiGpuUL. wefbdk;usr_/ pD;yGm;a&;ydkifqkid fr_ tiftm;csif; rr#wojzif/h c%twGif;wGifyif v,fajrudk vkyfudkifrpm;bJ/
ajrydkif&Siftjzpfom v$Jajymif;ay;Edkifaomajr&Sif}uD;rsm; ay:aygufvmygvdrfhrnf? ,if;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf v,fajrpepfudk (Agri-enterprise)
vkyfief;}uD;rsm;tjzpf rajymif;vJbJ/ v,frvkyf olpdwfr0ifpm;bJ/ ajr&Sifoufouftaejzifo h m/ tcGeftc/ tiSm;com,lvdkaom (Absenteed
landlords) rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifygonf? xdkodk@ jzpfoGm;v#if ydkrdkcufcJaom ajr,mpepfudk ajymif;oGm;+yD;/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHuJhodk@/ {uaygif;
rsm;pGm ydkifqdik faom ajrydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;u/ v,fajrðyjyifa&;udk pdwfr0ifpm;/ (Rent) iSm;c aumuf,l&efom pdwf0ifpm;aomajrydkif&Sifpepfudk
ajymif;oGm;Edkifygonf?
xdkuJhokd@ rjzpf&avatmif rlvtpY/ ydkifqdkifcGihu f dk v,fvkyfol v,form;}uD;rsm;tm; {u (100) om trsm;qH;k ydkifqdik fEdkifcGifhtjzpf owfrSwf
xm;&jcif; jzpfygonf? (Agri-business) v,f,macwfopfvkyfief;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmEdkifaomtcg/ {u (100) xufydkaom twdkif;twmudk
&&Sd atmif aygif;pnf;zdk@ vdkygrnf? ,if;udk jzpfay:Edkif&ef rlv v,form;ESifh ukefacsmxkwfvkyf+yD; a&mif;Edkifonftxd vkyfief;rsm; wckESifw h ck/
csdwfqufrd&ef vdkygao;onf? enf;ynmESifh pD;yGm;a&;oabmt& ydkrdk}uD;rm;aom ydkifuGufrsm;jzpfvm&ef aemifwGif vdktyfvmygonf?
75
tpDtpOfudk pDpOf&mY u¾aygif;pkHrS pkaygif;yg0ifr_tay:tajccH+yD;/ aus;&Gmtkyfpkrsm;rSwqifh aus;vuf
pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm; ay:aygufvmap&efESifh ‚if;wd@k udzk GH@òz;wdk;wufvmap&ef jzpfygonf?

v,f,mu¾wGif tpkd;&yg0ifulnDr_ukd wdk;wufapjcif;

ordkif;udjk yef=unfyh gu/ jrefrmekdfifiHomru tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;toD;oD;wGif v,f,mu¾onf tcGef
taumuftrsm;qHk;ay;=u&aom/ Tod@k tcGefaumufjcif;jzifh tjcm;u¾rsm;. zHG@òz;wkd;wufa&;twGuf
toH;k cscHcJh&aom u¾jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jyefvnfoHk;oyf=unfhrnfqdkygu Ttcsufonf tvGef
rSm;,Gif;r_w&yfjzpfayonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf v,f,mu¾Y}uD;av;aom tcGeftaumufrsm;
aumufcHjcif;a=umifh v,f,mu¾zGH@òz;r_E_ef;ukd usqif;ap+yD;/ xkdrSwqifh tjcm;u¾rsm; txl;ojzifh pufr_
u¾. zGH@òz;wk;d wufr_rsm;udv k nf; aESmifhaES;apaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xkad =umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh aemif
vmrnfhumvrsm;wGif ykdrdkaumif;rGefaom r[mAsL[mrSm pD;yGm;a&;jyef&csufrsm;tay: tajccH+yD;/ v,f,m
u¾zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf vkdtyfrnfhoGif;tm;pkrsm; tvkt H avmufcJGa0csay;&efjzpfonf?
xyfrH&&SdEdkifaom tykdoGif;tm;pkrsm;ukd v,f,mu¾wGif ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;wk;d yGm;atmif/ oifh
avsmfovdk tok;H ðyEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sdayonf? yxrOD;pGm ajr,mukd ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;ykdrkd
wk;d wufap&eftwGuf qnfajrmif;rsm;azmufvkyfay;jcif;/ ajr,mzHG@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;ðyEdkifyg
onf? wzefv,f,mu¾udk axmufulyHhykd;aeaom tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;ukd zHG@òz;ap&eftwGuf ykdrkd
aumif;rGefaomvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;pepfrsm; zefwD;ay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ acwfrDpGrf;
tifrsm; tvk;H t&if;jzifh jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ aus;vufa'o&Sd pm;okH;olESifh xkwfvyk folrsm;
t=um;qufo, G facsmarG@ap&eftwGuf vlxq k ufo,
G fa&;,EW,m;pepfrsm; wnfaqmufay;jcif;rsm; aqmif
&GufEdkifygonf? v,f,mu¾qkdif&mjy\emrsm;ajz&Sif;Edkif&efESifh enf;vrf;topfrsm;wDxiG ftok;H ðyEdkif&ef
twGuf okaowevkyfief;rsm;vnf; vdt k yfygonf? TtawG;tac:t=uH^m%fopfrsm;/ enf;vrf;opfrsm;ukd
v,f,mvkyfukid folrsm;ukd today;jzef@jzL;ay;&eftwGuf vkyfief;Xmersm;wkd;csJŒaqmif&Guf&efvnf; vdt k yfyg
onf? xd@k tjyif ynma&;u¾udv k nf; jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf&efvkdtyf+yD;/ aemufydkif; tcef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwf
udk qufvufaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?

76
 tcef; (4)
pufr+vkyfief;rsm;

77
 tcef; (4)
pufr+vkyfief;rsm;
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. vuf&Sdtajctae
jrefrmEdkifiH pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. vuf&SdtajctaeESifh twdwfwGifzGH@òz;vmaom ordkif;a=umif;qdkif&m
tcsufrsm;udk yHk (4? 1) wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf? a'owGif;&Sdtjcm;ta&;ygaom EdkifiHrsm;.tajctaeESifhvnf;
Ed_if;,SOfEdkif&ef twGuf yl;wGaJ zmfjyxm;ygonf?
Ttcsufu jrefrmEdkifiH.pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tajctaeonf rsm;pGmzGH@òz;r_enf;I/ acwfaemufus
usefaea=umif; azmfjyaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pufr_u¾taejzifh wdik f;jynf&SdtvkyfvkyfEdkifaomvlOD;a&.
(10) &mcdkfifE_ef;r#udo k m tvkyfay;xm;Edkif+yD;/ trsKd;om; xkwfvkyfr_. (15) &mcdkifE_ef;r#udo
k m xkwv f kyfyg
onf? trsKd;om;0ifaiGpkpkaygif;wefzdk;wGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS&aom0ifaiGtcsKd;tpm;onf tjcm;aom ta&S@
awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;pmv#ifw0ufr#om&Sda=umif; awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +yD;cJhaom&mpk
ESpf. aemufqHk;av;yHkwyHk (25) ESpfwGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_rSm&yfwef@aecJh+yD;/ wd;k wufr_r&Sd[k
qdk&ravmuf&SdcJhygonf? xdktcsdefwGif tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;Y pD;yGm;a&;w[kefxd;k zGH@òz;wd;k wufvmcJh+yD;/ pufr_
u¾. tajccHzGJ@pnf;yHkt&yg ajymif;vJvmcJhygonf?

yHk (4? 1) jynfwGif;pkpkaygif;tom;wifxkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) wGif pufr_u¾u yg0ifr_tcsKd;tpm;

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
1965 Burma Indonesia 1990
Philippines Thailand
Malaysia

rl&if;? World Bank, World Development Report 1996.

jrefrmEdkifiHonf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾twGuftvm;tvmrsm; Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& aygºu,f0aomf

vnf;/ pufr_u¾zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuu f dk jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;r[mAsL[mwGif t"duwGef;tm;ay;vkyf
aqmifoifhygonf? rav;&Sm;EdkifiHonf vlwOD;csif;t&E_dif;,SOfcsuft& obm0o,HZmwypPnf; ydkIayg
ºu,f0aomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfwd;k wuf&eftwGuf pufr_u¾zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;udk t"duarmif;ESifa&;wGef;
tm;tjzpftoHk;ðycJhygonf? vlOD;a& wd;k yGm;rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtr# csJ@xGifEdkifaomajr,mrsm;vnf; tuef@
towf&Sdvmrnf/ obm0o,HZmwrsm;vnf; tjrefukefqHk;vmaprnf jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh pufr_
78
zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;ESifh oufqdkif&mu¾rsm;acwfrDa&;twGuf vkyfief;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_r[mAsL[m.
t"dutcef;rsm;tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&Gufapoifhygonf?

vuf&Sdpufr_vkyfief;rsm;. tajctae
jrefrmEdkifiH. pufr_vkyfief;u¾wGif t"dutm;jzifh ukef=urf;xkwfvyk faomtajccH ukefxkwfvkyfief;
tqifhr#om &Sdaeygao;onf? Tod@k tajccHukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;udk xkwv f kyfaompufr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm pkpkaygif;
pufvkyfief;rsm;rSxGufukefaygif;. (50) &mcdkifE_ef;r# yg0ifaeygonf? Todk@taetxm;rSm (1960) ckESpfrsm;
uwnf;u pwifI TtcsKd;tpm;twdik f;wnf&SdvmonfrSm ,ckwdik f rajymif;rvJjzpfygonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;
tjyif tjcm;aomvloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfaom tjcm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;vnf; tenf;tusOf;&Sdygao;
onf? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rSxGuu f kefrsm;. (85) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm pm;aomufukefESifh tazsmf,mrumypPnf;rsm; jzpf
ygonf? vloHk;ukefypPnf;xGufukefrSm (10) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om&Sdygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif vG,fvG,fululxw k fvkyfaeonfh tajccHvlok;H ukefrsm;udkyif 0,f,w l ifoGif;oH;k pGJae&ao;
onfh taetxm;&Sdaeygonf? tjcm;aomta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif TvlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;udk tdrfwGif;
pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;jzifh xkwfvkyfae=uonfhxkwfukefrsm; jzpfygonf?

Z,m; (4? 1) pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGJ@pnf;xm;r_ Ed_if;,SOfcsuf

1970 1980 1993

tajccH 'kwd, wwd, tajccH 'kwd, wwd, tajccH 'kwd, wwd,
pufr_ qifh qifh pufr_ qifh qifh pufr_ qifh qifh
vkyfief; pufr_ pufr_ vkyfief; pufr_ pufr_ vkyfief; pufr_ pufr_
vkyfief; vkyfief; vkyfief; vkyfief; vkyfief; vkyfief;
jrefrm 49² 5 12² 0 38² 5 47² 9 12² 3 39² 8 49² 0 12² 9 38² 2
xdkif; 30² 2 25² 7 44² 1 20² 2 30² 1 49² 7 12² 2 40² 9 16² 9
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 35² 0 28² 0 37² 0 24² 4 41² 3 34² 3 17² 6 42² 1 40² 9
zdvpfydkif 28² 2 33² 7 38² 1 23² 5 40² 5 36² 0 22² 7 34² 4 40² 3
puFmyl 2² 2 36² 4 61² 4 1² 1 38² 8 60² 0 0² 2 36² 5 42² 9
rl&if;? Asian Development Bank, ADB Outlook, 1994.

pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_ESifh xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;zufwiG f jyef=unfhv#ifvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.vuf&Sdwnf&Sdaeaom

pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. pGrf;aqmifr_ E_ef;rSm tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if rsm;pGmedrfhusygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif
ðyvkyfcJhaomurBmhb%f.avhvmcsuft& EdkifiHawmfydkif puf&Hkrsm;&Sd pufr_u¾pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_jyudef;18 rSm
bufaygif;pHkwGifvHk;0edrfhusaeygonf? tajctaersm;pGmwGif jrefrmEdkifiHYoH;k pGJaeaom pufr_enf;ynmtqifh
twef;rSm puf,EW,m;oH;k pufr_enf;ynmtqifh 19 wGifom &Sdygao;onf? tjcm;tqifhjzpfaom tDvuf
x&Gefepfenf;ynmtqifhod@k rwufvSrf;Edkifao;yg? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. pDrHcef@cGJyHkpepfrSmvnf; orm;&dk;us
puf&HktkyfcsKyfa&; tqifhxuf rzGH@òz;ao;yg? puf&Hktrsm;pkrSm puftydkypPnf;rsm;csKd@wJrh _a=umifh jyefvnfjyifqif
rGrf;rHxm;&aomtqifhwGif&Sd+yD;/ xdef;odrf;jyifqifEdkifr_udkvnf; vspfvsL&_xm;=uygonf? vufawG@wGif
rnfokd@aompuf&Hk/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;urS tvkyform;rsm; t&nftcsif;wdk;wufa&;twGuf udv k nf;aumif;/
pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;apa&;twGuf/ EdkifiHjcm;aps;uGufrsm;csJ@xGifEdkifa&;twGuf oifwef;rsm;ay;aejcif;udkvnf;
aumif; r&Sdyg? xd@k tjyif topfwnfaxmifxm;aom jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;b%frsm;rSvGJI pufr_vkyfief; ti,fpm;

18
Operational indicators
19
Machine industry stage

79
rsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;Edkif&ef b%frsm;/ aiGa=u;acs;iSm;axmufyHhay;rnfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf pufr_axmufyHh
a&;b%fvkyfief;rsm; r&Sdyg? vuf&Sd ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%frsm;uvnf; tenf;tusOf;om axmufyHhEdkif
=uygonf?

Z,m; (4? 3) pufr_vkyfief;pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_ (EdkifiHawmfydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;. ysrf;r#)

85 b¾ma&;ESpf 90 b¾ma&;ESpf 95 b¾ma&;ESpf
20
xkwfvkyfr_!$ef;jyudef; 88² 9 55² 0 61² 2
&SdaeaompGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfudk 66² 0 36² 3 42² 0
vufawG@toHk;csEdkifaomtcsKd;
21

rl&if;? World Bank 1995.

ydkIzGH@òz;wdk;wufaomEdkifiHrsm;Y pufr_vkyfief;rsmzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tm;aumif;csufwckrSm
pufr_vkyfief;u¾twGif;&Sd pD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGif;Y 0,fvkt d m;bufua&m/ a&mif;vdktm;bufuyg
tm;aumif;aumif; csdwfqufxm;Edkif=ujcif;jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif pufr_vkyfief;u¾ESifh tjcm;aomu¾rsm;
vnf;/ tm;aumif;aumif;csdwfqufxm;r_rsm; &Sd=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl &Sdaeaom pufr_
vkyfief;rsm;rSm wckESifhwck csdwfqufxm;r_r&Sdyg? tquftpyfyif r&Sd=uyg? t"dy`g,f&Sdaom pufr_vkyfief;tpk
twGt J jzpfvnf; &Sdrae=uyg? v,fxGefpufrsm;xkwaf ompuf&Hk/ um;wyfqifa&;puf&Hk/ aºuxnfajrxnf
puf&Hk/ rSefpuf&Hkpojzifh wnfaxmif+yD;&Sd=uaomfvnf;/ puf&Hkwckcsif;taejzifh txD;wnf;wnf&Sdae=ujcif; jzpf
ygonf? Tpuf&Hkrsm;udk pkaygif;csdwfqufI pufr_vkyfief;}uD;wcktjzpf jzpfay:vmjcif;r&Sdyg? TtwGuaf =umifh
puf&Hkwcku tjcm;puf&Hkwckudk ydkrdkxkwfvkyfEdkifvmap&eftm;ay;aom/ yGm;rsm;vmapaom pufr_zGH@òz;r_tusKd;
&v'fvnf; jzpfay:rvmyg? xdk@tjyif pufr_vkyfief;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ESifh EdkifiH.t"du xkwfvkyfa&;u¾jzpfaom
v,f,mpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifhvnf; csdwfqufr_r&SdbJjzpfaeygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh oD;ESHpdkufysKd;xkwv f kyfjcif;
rSonf pm;oH;k ukefjzpfvmonftxd wefzdk;jrifhvmapaom tqifhqifhukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;t=um;/ ukefxkwf
vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pm;oHk;olrsm;t=um; csdwfqufjcif;r&SdbJjzpfae&ygonf? xd@k tjyif pm;oH;k ukefxkwfvyk fa&;vkyf
ief;wGifyif tajccHtusqHk;tqifhwGif&Sd+yD;/ rzGH@òz;ao;aom tajctaewGif&Sdaeygonf?22
EdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&;pepftwGif;odk@ jynfjh ynfh00wHcg;zGifhxm;jcif; r&Sdao;onfh
tjyif/ urBmay:&Sd tjcm;aom pufr_tzGH@òz;qHk;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhvnf; pD;yGm;a&;t&yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rsm;pGm
tm;enf;aeygao;onf? Ttcsufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH.vuf&Sd pufr_vkyfief;u¾tajctaerSm 20-&mpk
ukefqHk;onfw h dkifatmif rzGH@òz;bJedrfhusae&aomta=umif;rSm tHh=ozG,f&mr&SdvSyg? t"du ta=umif;rSm
tpdk;&tqufqufu pufr_u¾tay: csrSwfusifhoHk;cJhaomrl0g'rsm;tay: rlwnfae+yD;/ vGefcJhaom (35) ESpf
wm umvvH;k vHk; taxGaxGc|wfðcHus edrfhusae&r_rsm;ESifhvnf; oufqdkifaeygonf?

pufr_qdkif&mrl0g'rsm; jzpfay:wdk;wufvmr_ordkif;aemufcH
jrefrmEdkifiHodk@+Adwdo#rsm; usL;ausmo
f drf;ydkufrvmrDu jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;onf rdrdbmomzlvHk
a&;twGuxf kwv
f kyfaomtqifhom &SdcJhonf? tjcm;urBmhEdkifiHrsm;ESifh wHcg;zGifhxm;IqufqHcJhonf? qdkvdk

20
Output Index
21
Capacity Utilization Ratios
22
acgif;aqmifpma&;ol. xyfwdk;wifjycsuf?
puf&Hkwck. xkwfukefypPnf;udk tjcm;puf&Hkrsm;u oGif;ukeftjzpf/ toHk;ðyEdkifaomf/ ‚if;rsKd;wl puf&Hkrsm;u waygif;wpnf;wnf; tzGJ@zGJ@pnf;I/
enf;ynm oif=um;=ujcif;/ tqifhjrifv h map&ef wOD;ESifwh OD; ynmzvS,fEdkifv#ifvnf;aumif;/ ukef=urf;twGuf EdkifiHjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh
qufoG,faygif;ul;Edkifv#ifvnf;aumif;/ rdrdxkwfukefrsm;udk pHrsm;wajy;nD owfrSwfum/ wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifv#ifvnf;aumif;/ enf;ynmrsm;udk
rsKd;wl puf&Hktcsif;csif;zvS,fI vnf;aumif;/ pkaygif;oif=um;jcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ tqifhtwef;jrifv h matmif vkyfEdkifv#ifvnf;aumif;/ pufr_
awmfvSefa&;onf jrifhrm;pGm/ tv#iftjrefwdk;wufvmrnf jzpfygonf?
80
onfrSm xdt k csdefujrefrmEdkifiH.xkwv f kyfa&;rSm vltrsm;pm; aomufEdkif&eftwGuf vHak vmuf&Hkr#ESifh tjcm;
vlok;H ukefrsm;jzpfaom csnfxnfrsm;/ y&dabm*rsm;/ tdk;tdrfaqmufvyk fa&;twGuf vdktyfaom ypPnf;rsm;udk
om xkwv f kyfcJhonf? xdt k csdefu EdkifiHjcm;ESifhukefoG,fr_tenf;tusOf;&SdcJhonf? t"duEdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@
a&mif;csaomypPnf;rsm;rSm pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;/ pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS oD;ESHukef=urf;rsm;ESifh owWKwGif;
xGuf ukef=urf;rsm;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif pufr_vkyfief;xkwfypPnf;tcsKd@vnf; EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@a&mif;csr_ &SdcJhao;
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm xdt k csdefuopfom;oabFmrsm; xkwv f kyfjcif;jzifh emrnfausmcf Jh+yD;/ (16) &mpkESpf
tausmw f Gif oabFmwnfaqmufjcif;/ ðyjyifjcif; vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? rD;oabFm ray:rD (18) &mpk
ESpfu/ armfvòrifòr@onf yifv,fomG ;&GufoabFmrsm;udk xkwfvkyfwnfaqmufEdkifojzifh/ jrefrmAdokumrsm;/
u|rf;usifolrsm;. vuf&monf xifay:ausm=f um;cJhygonf? xdktcsufu Tpufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif aqmif&Guf
aecJhaom jynfolrsm;. u|rf;usifr_ESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifaomt&nftcsif;udk jyoouJo h dk@&SdaecJhonf?
udvk dek DtkyfcsKyfa&;umva&mufaomtcg Ttajctaersm;tm;vH;k ajymif;vJukefonf? rdrdwd@k jrif
awG@cJh&onft h wdik f; udkvdek Dtpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh usrf;&dk;pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;. tawG;tac: rsm;
tay:tajccHxm;aom vGwv f yfpGmukefoG,af &;pepfudk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usifo h Hk;vmcJhonf? xdpk D;yGm;a&;.
&nf&G,fcsurf Sm udv k dkeDðyxm;aomEdkifiH. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufomtaumif;qHk;aqmif&Gufay;&ef jzpfonf?
od@k aomfvnf; Trl0g'rsm;onf udv k dek Dtpdk;&twGut f oifhavsmfqHk;jzpfaecJhonf? ta=umif;rSm rdcifEdkifiH&if;
jzpfaom +AdwdefEdkifiHtwGuf udkvdek Da'orsm;rSaygºu,f0aom tjcm;urBmha'orsm;wGif txl;vdt k yfae=u
onfh tajccHukef=urf;rsm;/ tpm;tpmxkwfukefrsm;udk &&Sdap&Hkomru/ +Adwdeftygt0if tjcm;pufr_zGH@òz;+yD;
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rSxkwv f kyfvdkufaom ukefacsmypPnf;rsm;twGufvnf; aps;uGuf}uD;&aponf? Tod@k jzifh olwkd@
. pufr_xGuu f kefrsm; wdk;wufzGH@òz;vmcJh&onf?
Ttajctae. tqdk;zufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH.jynfwiG f; vlokH;ukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;onf pufr_
wd;k wuf+yD;EdkifiH}uD;rsm;rS pufjzifhxkwv f m aom ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh aps;E_ef;t&ròyifqdkifEdkifjzpfvm=uonf?
aemufqHk;wGif jynfwiG f;&SdvlokH;ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;vdu k fonfhES,f jzpfapcJhonf?
xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHtaejzifh pufr_rzGH@òz;aomumvwckudk jzwfoef;vmcJh&awmhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf
wckwnf; usefae&pfaomukefxkwfvyk fief;rSm ukef=urf;rsm;xkwfvkyfaomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh pm;aomufukefxkwf
vkyif ef;rsm;r#om usefcJhonf? (16) &mpkESpfupI u|efawmfwd@k ESifh tvm;wl tdENd,EdkifiHonf/ txnf&uf
vkyfief;xGef;um;vmcJhaomfvnf;/ udv k dkeDacwfwGif ,if;puf&Hkrsm; ysufpD;oGm;+yD;/ refcsufpwmESifh tjcm;
+Adwdo#jynfe,frsm;&Sd txnfpuf&Hkvkyfief;rsm;u tpm;xd;k cJhygonf?
xdtk wGuaf =umifh udv k dkeDacwfumvu pufr_vkyfief;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_rSm EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_rsm;ESifh
qufpyfvkyfudik fae&r_/ xdk ukefoG,af &;.=oZmv$rf;rdk;r_udk cH&onf? odk@aomfvnf;tcsdefrsm;pGmwGif EdkifiH
wumukefoG,fr_taejzifh jynfyydk@ukefvkyfief;udka&m/ jynfwiG f;wifoGif;ukefvkyfief;udkyg v#ifjrefpGmzGH@òz;wd;k
wufaponf? jynfyodk@wifydk@aeaomukefrsm;rSm ukef=urf;tajccHxGuu f kefrsm;omjzpfaeI/ jynfwiG f;wif
oGif;aomukefrsm;rSm xkwfvkyf+yD;om;ukefacsmrsm;csnf;jzpfaeaom tajctaewGif/ jynfwGif;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;
zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf jzpfEdkifacsrSmtenf;i,fr#om &Sdawmhonf?
od@k aomfvnf; &Hzef&HcgEdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_rsm;wkef@aES;usqif;onfvnf; &Sdwwfonf? txl;ojzifh
urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;umvtwGif;ESifh aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif ukefoG,fr_aES;auG;usqif;r_rsm; jzpfay:cJ&h
onf? TtajctaewGif jrefrmEdkifiHrSEdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@aeaom ukefypPnf;rsm;rS&&SdaiGrSm xdk;qif;oGm;&+yD;/
EdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;aeaom vloHk;ukefrsm;udk ,ciftajctaetwdik f; wifoGif;&ef rwwfEdkifjzpfvmcJh&onf?
xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHtwGif;tcsKd@aompufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;/ txl;ojzifh aºuxnf zefxnfvkyfief;rsm; ay:
aygufvmap&ef ta=umif;zefvmcJhawmh onf? Twdk;wufr_rSm xl;jcm;aomwd;k wufr_jzpf+yD;/ ‘jrefrmEdkifiH
pufr_zGH@òz;a&;tpysKd;umv’ [kyif ac:qdkEdkif onf? TumvrSmtxl;pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf? ta=umif;
rSm jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;wGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkjzifh aqmif&Guf&ef wdrfðryfaeaom t&nftcsif;
aumif;rsm;&Sdaea=umif;ESifh vdt k yfaomtcsdefwGif jyefvnfazmfxkwfEdkifa=umif; jyocJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

81
 xdo
k d@k udv
k dkeDpepf.v$rf;rdk;cHcJh&r_a=umifh aemufqHk;udkvdkeDpepfvGefumvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. pufr_
xGef;um;r_tajctaerSm tajccH tqifhr#ESifhom usef&pfaecJh&onf? ‚if;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif v,f,mxGuf
oD;ESHrsm;udk jyefvnf}udwfcGJðyjyifaomvkyfief;rsm; (Oyrm tm;jzifh qef}udwfpufrsm;/ qDpufrsm;) ESifh vloHk;
ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfaom rD;jcpfpuf/ qyfjympuf/ ykvif;oGwfpufrsm;omusefcJhonf? pufr_enf;ynmt&
tenf;i,ftqifhjrifhonf[kqdkEdkifaom pufrsm;taejzifh a&eHrSavmifpmqDoef@pifxkw, f laompufrsm;/
tenf;i,f}uD;aom oH&nfóupufrsm;/ jrefrmh rD;&xm;vkyfief;ESifh {&m0wDzvkww f DvmoabmF ukr`%D
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tydkpuf,EW,m;rsm; xkwv f kyfay;aompuf&Hkrsm;/ qdyfurf;puf,EW,m;rsm;om usef&SdcJh
onf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmjynfwiG fusef&Sdaeaom pufr_vkyfief; trsm;pkrSmvnf; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;umvwGif
zsufqD;cHcJh=u&onf?
ppf+yD;aomtcg vloH;k ukefypPnf;xkwv f kyfaompufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ vkyftm;udkt"du toH;k cs
aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ ,cifpuf&Hkrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifwnfaqmufaomvkyfief;rsm; tvsiftjref zGH@òz;
wd;k wufvmcJhonf? Todk@wdk;wufr_rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh (1950) ckESpfESifh (1955) ckESpft=um;wGif jzpfay:
cJhonf? ta=umif;rSmxdt k csdefu ud&k D;,m;ppfyGJjzpfae+yD; udk&D;,m;odk@wifydk@aeaom jrefrmqefrsm;rSaps;
aumif;& 0ifaiGaumif;aeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif wbufwGiftpdk;&. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;a=umifhvnf;
jzpf+yD;/ ppftwGif;umv=uyfwnf;pGmae&aom tajctaerSvGwv f m+yD;aemufydkif; jynfwiG f;aps;uGufwiG f
vnf; vlok;H ukefypPnf;rsm; 0,fvdt k m;wd;k wufaecJhonf?
tpdk;&taejzifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefvkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfðyjyifaompufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;udk jyef vnfðyjyifxkwv f kyfaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;cJhonf? xd@k tjyif
csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf&Hkrsm;/ puULpuf&Hkrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz; wd;k wufr_twGuf tajccHwGef;tm;tjzpf jr‡ifh
wifaqmif&GufcJo h nf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;pufr_vkyfief; rsm;jzpfaom aq;0g;xkwv f kyfa&; puf&HkESifh oHr%d puf&Hk
pojzifh tqifhjrifhpuf&Hkrsm;udv k nf; wnfaxmifcJhonf? tpdk;&taejzifh pufr_zGH@òz;apa&;twGuf vdt k yfcsuf
jzpfaom/ pGrf;tif&&SdEdkifa&;twGuf avmifpmqDoHk;"gwftm;ay;pufrsm; wnfaqmufa&;/ a&tm;v#yfppf
puf&Hkponfjzifhudv k nf; &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh wnfaqmufcJhonf?
xdt
k csdefrSmyif yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tcef;u¾uvnf; ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾rSaeI
pufr_zGH@òz;a&;twGuf yHhydk;ay;cJhonf? csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf&Hk/ vlok;H ukefypPnf;xkwfpuf&Hk pojzifh vkyftm;
tajccHIxkwfvyk f&aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;pGmudk wnfaxmifjcif;/ atmifjrifpGmvnfywfxkwfvkyfjcif;rsm;
aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? (1959) ckESpfwGif yk*~vdupufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh csnfxnfESifh ta&mtaESm
qifoufwpftxnfrsm;/ csnfxnf/ zsif=urf;prsm;udk jynfwGif;zlvH&k Hkomru/ EdkifiHjcm;aps;uGufwGifyg t&nf
taoG;&Sd&Sd tòyiftqdkifwifydk@a&mif;csaeEdkif+yDjzpfonf? tvm;wlyif u|ef;opfrsm;udjk yefvnfjyifqifxkwv f kyf
aompuf&Hkjzpfonfh txyfom;puf&HkrSxGufukefrsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHwumaps;uGuo f dk@ wifydk@a&mif;csaeEdkif+yD jzpf
onf?
ppf+yD;acwfESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;&ydkif;ESifh yk*~vduu¾rsm;rS tpysKfd;vmcJhaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;
xlaxmifa&; tajctaeonf/ (1962) ckESpf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;aemufydkif; usifhoH;k vmcJhaom jrefrmh
qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfatmufwGif aES;auG;&yfqdkif;cJh&onf? ,cif pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;tpm; qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&
opf. pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&mrl0g'opfrsm;atmufwGif rwluGJjym;aompufr_vkyfief; pDrHudef;rsm;jzifh tpm;xd;k cJh
onf? Tpufr_vkyfief;qdkif&m rl0g'opft& EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;u t"duusaomtcef;u¾rS
ae&m,lvmcJhonf? Trl0g'opft& vlok;H ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfaom puf&Hkrsm;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh v#yfppfypPnf;
rsm;wyfqifa&;puf&Hkrsm;/ aºuxnfpuf&Hk/ rSefpuf&Hk/ xd@k tjyif pufypPnf;rsm;xkwv f kyfaompuf&Hkjzpfaom
v,fxGefpufx&ufwmrsm; wyfqifa&;puf&Hk/ um;wyfqifpuf&Hk ponfjzifh wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? od@k aomf
Tpuf&Hkrsm;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ydkifpuf&Hkrsm;jzpf=uonf?
Tod@k pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGJ@òz;apa&;twGuf tajccHawG;ac:csurf Sm jynfyoGif;ukeftpm;xdk;a&;ESifh
xkwv f kyfvmaomypPnf;rsm;udk jynfwiG f;aps;uGuw f Gif 0,fvkt d m;udk jr‡ifhwifapa&;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;

82
aomtajccHpOf;pm;csufw&yfrSm rdrdbmomzlvHak &; tajccHESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& vGwv f yfa&;/ trSDtcdkuif;a&;
jzpfonf? Todk@tajccHpOf;pm;csuf. rSm;,Gif;r_rsm;rSm rsm;r=umrD umvrSmyif oufaojyvmcJhonf?
EdkifiHjcm;aiGcsKd@wJah oma=umifh/ jynfyrSvdktyfaom ukef=urf;rsm;udktvHt k avmufrwifoGif;Edkif/ xdkodk@
ukef=urf;rsm; jywfvyfr_rsm;ESifh puftydkypPnf;rsm;&Sm;yg;r_a=umifh xkwv f kyfr_usqif;vm&awmhonf? Tod@k
topfwnfaqmufvdu k faom puf&Hkrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvdkufaomukefypPnf;rsm;. t&nftaoG;rSmvnf; nHhzsif;
vSonf? ta=umif;rSm enf;ynmt&nf taoG;edrfhusjcif;ESifh tòyiftqdkifxkwfvkyfr_rsm; r&Sdaoma=umifh
jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif wnfaxmifxm;aompuf&Hkrsm;rSmvnf; a'oqdkif&mvdt k yfcsufukd jznfw h if;&ef&nf&G,f
xm;aom/ tjcm;aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh csdwfqufxm;jcif;r&Sdonfh oD;oef@txD;usef puf&Hkrsm;jzpfonf?
tjcm;puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;ESifh csdwfqufjcif;/ tjcm;ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;rS yHhydk;r_&atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;udk
vnf; vspfvsL&_xm;cJhonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh xkwfukefwefzdk;t&wufvmapaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tcsif;csif;
csdwfqufxm;jcif;onf/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk zGH@òz;apaom tajccHta=umif;jzpfonf?
xd@k tjyif qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&. tjcm;}uD;us,af omtrSm;wckrSm yk*~vduydkifpuf&Hkrsm;tm;vHk;ud/k
EdkifiHom;uydkifqdkifonfjzpfap/ EdkifiHjcm;om;uydkifqdkifonfjzpfap/ wpHkvHk; jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJjh cif; jzpfonf?
xdo k d@k jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufr_wGif yxrydkif;Y yk*~vduvkyfief; u¾uaiG&if;pdkufxkwI f aqmif&Gufaeaom
puf&Hkrsm;/ pufypPnf;rsm;udo k m odrf;qnf;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif xdpk uf&Hkrsm;.vnfywfa&;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJa&;
qdkif&mudpPrsm;udkyg odrf;ydkufcJhonf? xdkpuf&Hkrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&Xmersm;. }uD;=uyfr_atmufod@k ajymif;a&$@
xm;cJhonf? ,cifupuf&Hkydkif&Sifrsm;udk ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;}uD;=uyf&ef zGJ@pnf;cJhaom puf&HktkyfcsKyfa&;/ pDrHcef@cGJ
a&;aumfrDwD. tzGJ@0if tjzpfomyg0ifaqmif&GufcGifah y;awmhonf?
t&if;tjrpftopfrsm;/ ukef=urf;rsm;ESifh aiGvH;k aiG&if;rsm;xyfrH rxnfo h Gif;Edkifawmhaoma=umifh
Tpuf&Hktrsm;pkrSm vkyfief;ysufI ydwfypfvdkuf=u&onf? usef&Sdaeaompuf&Hkrsm;udv k nf; EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hk
rsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;cJhonf? tvm;wlyif EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hk tvkyf&Hkrsm;rSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;&Sm;yg;vmr_
a=umifh ukef=urf;jywfvyfjcif;/ pufypPnf;topfrsm; 0,f,lrjznfhqnf;Edkifjcif;/ puftydkypPnf;rsm;xyfrH rjznfh
oGif;Edkifjcif;wdk@ jzpfvmcJhonf? xd@k a=umifh Tpuf&Hkrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfb¾mrSaxmufyHhusm;uefay;aeaom
taetxm;wGifom csdeJ@eJ@jzifh toufqufae=u&awmhonf?
tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; ukef=urf;rsm;&&Sda&;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;qdkif&mypPnf;rsm;&&Sd&ef cufcJaeaom
tajctae=um;rSyif/ jynfwGif;vdk tyfcsufudk jznfq h nf;Edkif&eftwGuf jynfwiG f;wGif tdrfwGif;r_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; yHkpHtopfwrsKd;jzifhay:vmcJh onf? EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;taejzifh jynfwiG f;&Sd
vlxrk sm; pm;0wfaea&;twGuf vHak vmufatmifrjznfq h nf;ay;Edkifay? Todk@ay:aygufvmaomtdrfwGif;r_
vkyfief;rsm;wGif yvyfpwpfyHkoGif;puf&Hkrsm;/ ypPnf;jyif 0yfa&Smhrsm;/ vlokH;ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfief;rsm;/ tpm;
taomufxkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; yg0if=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tod@k aom tdrfwGif;r_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tao;
pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; onf jynfytdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh w&kwf/ tdENd,/ xdik f;EdkifiHrsm;rS e,fpyfjzwfausmf
I arSmifcdkukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fr_jzifh 0ifa&mufvmaom ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh t}udwt f e,f,OS fòyifae=u&
onf? olwkd@taejzifh Tod@k aps;uGu, f SOfòyifr_Y r,SOfom=uay? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&.wif;usyfxdef;csKyfxm;
aom rl0g'rsm;ESifh olwkd@udk,fYu pufr_enf;ynmcsKd@wJjh cif;/ EdkifiHwumtquftoG,fESifh t&if;tESD;csKd@wJjh cif;
ESifh tdka[mif;aqG;ajr@aeaom pufrsm;ud, k ckwdkifoHk;pGJae=u&aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
qdk&S,fvpf0g'trnfcHatmufwGif TuJo h dk@jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJhjcif;a=umifh pufr_u¾wGifyg Tod@k
epfemae=u&onfomru/ tjcm;ydkI xdcdu k fapaomta=umif;w&yfrSm wdkif;jynftaejzifh EdkifiHwumESifh
umv=um&SnfcGu J m txD;wnf;aevmcJhaom'%frsm;udkvnf; cHpm;=u&onf? Tumvrsm;twGif; wif;
wif;usyf=uyftkyfcsKyfaqmif&GufcJhaom tusKd;qufrsm;rSm aps;uGufudk r}uD;xGm;apEdkifavmufatmif uef@
owf0efydapcJhjcif;/ tdrfwGif;r_pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkIcsJ@xGift}uD;tus,fxkwv f kyfEdkifatmif cGifhrðycJh
jcif;ESifh tòyiftqdkifpepfr&Sdaoma=umifh t&nftaoG;ydkif;qdkif&mwd;k wufr_ usqif;apcJhjcif;wdk@yif jzpfonf?

83
 (1988) ckESpfrSpI wufvmaom (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxufwGif wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk wHcg;zGifh
pD;yGm;a&;pepfodk@ ajymif;vJr_ wpHkw&maqmif&Gufay;cJhaoma=umifh/ tajctae zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ wpHkw&m&Sd
vmcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@teuf wd;k wufr_wckrSm EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk zdwfac:umcGifhðycJhjcif; jzpfonf?
jynfwiG f;&Sdvkyfief;rsm;Y EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; 0ifa&mufvmap&ef vGwfvw G fvyf vyfcGifhðycJh&Hkomru/
vufawG@wGif tcGefuif;vGwu f mv (Tax holiday) pojzifhuJo h d@k aom txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;/ ajr,mESifh
tjcm;aomt&if;tjrpfrsm; &,lydkifcGifhudkyg ay;cJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh Tod@k txl;tcGifhta&;ay;xm;aom
tajctaea=umifh/ EdkifiHjcm;om;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;u txnfcsKyfvkyfief;puf&Hkrsm; 0ifa&mufwnfaxmifcJh=u
onf? ta=umif;rSm EdkifiHwumcsnfr#ifESifh txnfqdkif&moabmwlnDcsuf 23 t& EdkifiHwck.wifydk@cGifh&Sdaom
csnfxnfukdwm cGJwrf;owfrSwfE_ef;udk jrefrmEdkifiHu jynfhrSDatmif rwifydk@Edkifao;onfudk tcGifhaumif;,lvkd
aoma=umifhvnf; jzpfonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ,cifqdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxufu EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;tjzpf wnfaxmifcJh=u
aompuf&Hkrsm;udkvnf;/ trsm;pk aompuf&Hkrsm;rSm t&_H;ay:aeaomfvnf; qufvufwnf&SdaecGifhðyxm;qJ&Sd
aeonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh EdkifiHawmfb¾mwGif xdcdkuf ap+yD; 0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfae&onf? trSefwGif xdpk uf&Hk
rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;rSukefypPnf;rsm;wifoGif;&ef EdkifiHjcm;aiGoH;k cGifhay;xm;+yD;/ rwefwqaps;E_ef;avsmx h m;aom
aiGvJv, S fE_ef;jzifh wifoGif;cGifhay;xm;cJhonf? xd@k tjyif jynfwiG f;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;rSukef=urf;
rsm; ydkIvG,fulpGmwifoGif;vmEdkifaoma=umifh/ topfaom pufr_vkyfief;opfrsm;wnfaxmifvmcJhonf?
Oyrm-qdk&S,fvpf tpdk;&vufxufu a&pkwfpufrsm;&&Sd&efcufcJr_a=umifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
csJ@xGifa&;twGuf rsm;pGmtuef@towf&SdcJh =u&onf? (1989) ckESpfrS pwifI aps;uGuu f dkvGwvf yfpGm zGifhay;cJh
aomaemufydkif;wGif ukef=urf;rsm;jzpfaom oHacsmif;rsm;/ oHjym;rsm; wifoGif;vmEdkif=uonf? xdt k wGuf
a=umifh rEWav;pdefyef;&yfuGufuJo h d@k aom a'orsm;wGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ 0yfa&Smhrsm;udk ydkIwGifus,fpGm
aqmif&GufvmEdkifcJhonf? ,cktcg Ta'o&Sdpuf&Hkrsm;rS t&nftaoG;tm;jzifhredrfhvSaom a&pkwfpufrsm;
xkwv f kyfEdkifvm+yDjzpf&m/ v,form;rsm;twGuf aps;uGuw f Gif aps;E_ef;csKdompGmjzifh a&mif;csvmEdkifonf? odk@
aomfvnf; jynfwiG f;&Sdpufr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm zGH@òz;oifhoavmufzGH@òz; rvm=uao;ay? ta=umif;rSm jynfwiG f;
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;rSvma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;avmuf tcGifhta&;r&&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
enf;ynmtm;jzifh tm;enf;aejcif;onfvnf;/ tjcm;ta=umif;w&yf jzpfygvdrfhrnf?

EdkifiHawmfydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh jynfwGif;pufr_vufr_

vkyfief;rsm;. tcef;u¾
tapmydkif;umv ppftpdk;&/ xdk@aemuf jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDtpdk;&/ xdk@aemufwzef ppfwyf
utkyfcsKyfaom (e0w) tpdk;& pojzifh tqufqufaom tpdk;&rsm;u jynfwGif;&Sdpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk jyef
vnfzGJ@pnf;&ef t}udrf}udrf óu;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? xdk@tjyif qdk&S,fvpftpdk;& vufxufwGif (1978)
ckESpfrsm;uwnf;upI EdkifiH awmfydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif pGrf;aqmifr_jrifhwufvmap&eftwGuf pD;yGm;a&;
t&qkay;'%fay;pepf 24 csrSwf usifo h H;k &ef óu;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhygao;onf? puf&HktoD;oD;u rdrdxkwfvkyfr_
ukefusp&dwfudk umrdap+yD;/ tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifap&eftwGuf xkwfvyk f&efowfrSwfcJhygonf? TpD;yGm;a&;t&
qkay;'%fay;pepfatmufwGif tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifaom!$ef;udef;/ xkwv f kyfr_twGuf ukefusr_p&dwftcsKd;
tpm; pojzifh owfrSwfcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&taejzifhpD;yGm;a&;pepf wckvHk;wGif tòyifðyjyifajymif;
vJr_rsm;rvkyfaqmifcJhyg? xdktwGuaf =umifh ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;rSm ,cifutwdik f;&Sd+rJ &SdaecJhygonf?
ta&;}uD;aom&Sm;yg;xkwu f kefrsm;ESifh ukefoG,af &;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik fxm;jcif;ESifhtwl tpdk;&uwif
oGif;vmaomukefypPnf;rsm;udkvnf; uef@owfxm;ygao;onf? xdt k wGufa=umifh tpdk;&ydkifpuf&Hkrsm;tae

23
International Multi-fibre Agreement
24
Economic Accountability System

84
jzifh tòyiftqdkif xkwv f kyfolrsm;r&SdbJ rdrdxkwfukefypPnf;rsm;udk aps;owfrSwfae=uygonf? Tod@k aps;E_ef;udk
vnf; cs,fvS,fxm;onft h jyif/ EdkifiHydkifpuf&Hkrsm;u xkwfvkyfaomukefypPnf;rsm;. tcsKd;tpm;rsm;udkvnf;
=unfah umif;&Hkavmufom/ ajymif;vJxw k fvkyfvmcJhygonf?
xd@k tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdtpdk;&ydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm oGif;ukeftpm;xd;k vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonft h jyif/ T
vkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k taejzifh jyifyEdkifiHrsm;rS ukef=urf;ESifh puftydkypPnf;rsm;wifoGif;r_tay: rSDcdkae&ygonf?
TtajctaewGif EdkifiHjcm;t&efaiGa=u;jywfvyfr_rsm; r=umc%jzpfvmaomtcg EdkifiHawmfydkifpufr_vkyfief;
rsm;taejzifh xkwv f kyfaeaomvkyfief;rsm;udk avsmhcscJh&ygawmhonf? qdk&S,fvpfpepfed*Hk;csKyfcgeD;umvwGif
puf&Hktrsm;pkrSm xkwv f kyfEdkifaompGrf;tm;. w0ufr#udo k mxdef;Ivnfywfae&aomtaetxm; &Sdygawmh
onf? TtcsdefwGif tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifaom !$ef;udef;qdkonfrSmvnf; r&Sdoavmuf jzpfvm+yD;/ xkwfvkyf
Edkifr_yrm%vnf; usqif;vmcJhygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifr_onfvnf; tvdktavsmufus
qif;vmygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh EdkifiHawmfydkifvkyfief;rsm;taejzifh trsm;pkaomxkwfvkyfr_ukefusp&dwfudk
umrd&ef tajctaer&Sdawmhyg? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHawmfydkif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh ydkv#aH eaom tvkyf
orm;xktrsm;pk}uD;. }uD;av;aomukefusp&dwf0efudv k nf; xrf;xm;&ygao;onf? xdt k wGufa=umifh EdkifiH
awmfb¾mrsm; xyfrHavvGifq h Hk;&_H;=u&ygonf?
1988 ckESpf/ (e0w) ppftpdk;&wufvm+yD;aemufydkif;wGif Todk@usqif;vmaomtaetxm;rSm ydkI
qdk;0g;vmcJhygonf? od@k aomf vnf; (e0w) ppftpdk;&u aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; vkyfaqmif
vmcJhygonf? (1989) ckESpfrSpI (e0w) ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;pDrHcef@cGJr_Y
tajymif;tvJrsm;tcsKd@udkvnf; vkyfaqmifvmcJhygonf? Tðyjyifajymif;vJ a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm æ
1? ,cktcg EdkifiHawmfydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh olwdk@.puf&Hkrsm;udk toHk;ðy+yD;/ jyifyrSrSm,lvmaom
ukefypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;om;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfwiG f;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGuf
aomfvnf;aumif; ukef=urf;ay;-ukefacsm,l pepfjzifh xkwfvkyfay;jcif;udck GifhðycJhygonf?
2? EdkifiHawmf. owfrSwfxm;aomvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;+yD;ygu/ jyifyaps;uGuw f Gif xkwv f kyf
a&mif;csEdkif&ef EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. refae*smrsm;udk cGifhðycJhygonf?
3? (1993) ckESpfwGif vSnhfywfoHk;pGJaiG tar&duefa':vm oef; (60) cef@udk 0ef}uD;Xme (8) ck. bHk&efykHaiG
tjzpf pkaqmif;wnfaxmif EdkifcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk@txJwiG f pufr_0ef}uD;Xme (2) ckyg0if+yD;/ aemufxyf
EdkifiHjcm;t&efoHk;aiGrsm;&&SdvmatmifzefwD;Edkifa&; óu;yrf;cJh=uygonf? 0ef}uD;Xmetvdkuf tydk&&Sdvm
aom EdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;udk rdrd0ef}uD;Xmetvdkufodrf;qnf;xm;cGifh cGifhðycJhonfhwcsdefwnf;wGif tjcm;aom
EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;rsm;udk b¾ma&;0ef}uD;XmeupDrHcef@cGJEdkif&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhygonf?

Tod@k ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufcJah omfvnf;/ EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;rSm

,cif&Sdaeaomuef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_atmufY qufvufaqmif&Gufae=u&aoma=umifh taumif;buf&v'frsm;
xdxad &mufa&muf ray:xGef;EdkifcJhyg? Ttuef@towfrsm;rSm æ

1? aiGaps;E_ef; ESpfrsKd;owfrSwfxm;r_pepf &Sdaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwv

f yfaomEdkifiHjcm;aiG zvS,af &;
aps;uGufr&Sdaoma=umifh/ pepftwGif;wGif tpdk;&uaxmufyHhIaps;E_ef;owfrSwfxm;aompepfu v$rf;rdk;
aeygao;onf? TtajctaewGif tpdk;&ydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. trSefwu,fpGrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf;udk
wGuq f &ef qdkonfrSm cufvSygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&Xmersm;twGuo f wfrSwfxm;aom ukefypPnf;rsm;
udk owfrSwfxm;aomaps;E_ef;rsm;twdik f; wifoGif;&aoma=umifh/ jyifyaps;uGufaygufaps;ESifh rsm;pGm
uGmjcm;aeygonf? "gwfqD avmifpmqDESifh v#yfppfrDwmcrsm;tay:Y tpdk;&axmufyHha=u;ay;aer_rsm;
qufvuf&Sdae qJjzpfygonf? Xmersm;odk@owfrSwfcGJa0csay;aom EdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;rSm tar&duef wa':
vmv#if (6) usyfjzifh qufvufwefzdk;owfrSwf aeqJjzpfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umihf jyifyaps;uGufayguf
aps;ESifh ydkIa0;apygonf?

85
 2? r=umao;rDurS usifhoHk;cJhaom EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;tm;vH;k rS
xnf0h if=u&+yD;/ b¾ma&; 0ef}uD;Xmeu pDrHcef@cGJonfh EdkifiHawmf&efykHaiG 25 qdkonfrSmvnf; ,cifu
ratmifjrifcJhaom jynfaxmifpk wvH;k wcJwnf;xnf0h ifpkaqmif;aiG 26 rsKd; jzpfonf? Tjynfaxmifpk
wvH;k wcJwnf;xnfh0ifpkaqmif;aiGrSm EdkifiHwckvHk;twGuf wckwnf;om&Sdaom aiGom;pm&if;jzpf+yD;/
qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&acwfu usifhoH;k cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,ckjynfaxmifpk&efykHaiGudkrl EdkifiH.&-oH;k aiGpm&if;rsm;
udk ay;acs&eftwGuf toH;k ðyonf? TpepfatmufwGif aiGom;toH;k ðyr_tm;vHk;udk b¾ma&;0ef}uD;
Xme. vkyfydkifcGifhatmufodk@ v$Jajymif;ay;tyfvdkuf=u&+yD;/ tpdk;&.EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
twGif; aiGay;aiG,l t0iftxGufacsmarG@aeap&eftwGu/f odkrSD;xm;cGifh r&Sdawmhay? xd@k tjyif b¾m
a&;cGJwrf;rScsay;aomaiG tcsKd;tpm;ud&k &Sd&efrSm odkrSD;xm;onfah iGrsm;xufydkI ta&;}uD;aeawmhonf?
aemufxyf Todk@b¾maiGrsm;/ pGrf;tm;rsm;udk rnfonfhrljzifhcGJa0csay;onfudk rlwdwdususr&Sdonfh
tjyif/ vkyfief;pOfrSmvnf; jy\emrsm;vSonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;.
b¾ma&;vkyfydkifcGifhrSm yaysmufoGm;&onf?
3? tvkyfae&mcef@xm;jcif;ESifh vpmE_ef;xm;owfrSwfjcif;wd@k rSmvnf; A[dktm%mydkifrsm;. !$ef=um;
xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGifyif &Sdae ao;onf? refae*smrsm;rSm vpmE_ef;xm;rsm;/ vkyfcrsm;/ rufvH;k rsm;udk
vkyfom;rsm;.pGrf;aqmif&nftvdu k f ðyjyif&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifydkifcGifhr&Sd=uay? TtwGufa=umifh
vkyftm;tydkrsm;/ vkyfief;xyfaeonfrsm; jzpf=u&jyefonf?
4? EdkifiHawmfydkif vlokH;ukefypPnf;xkwv f kyfa&;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tm;vH;k vdv k dak vmufrSm/ oGif;ukef
tpm;xdk;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;ukefudrk SDcdkae&aom puf&Hkrsm;vnf; jzpf=uonf?
ukef=urf;rsm;&&Sda&;/ puftydkypPnf;rsm;&&Sda&;/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS t&if;tESD;rsm;&&Sda&; udpPrsm;onf T
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. xkwv f kyfr_yrm%ESifh t&nftaoG;tay:tqHk;tjzwfay;aeonf? EdkifiHjcm;t&ef
aiGa=u;rSm &Sm;yg;onfhtxJwiG f/ cGJa0ae&mcsxm;yHkrSmvnf; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;r&Sday? xdk@tjyif 0ef}uD;Xme
vufatmuf&Sd rnfokd@aom tvkyf&Hkpuf&Hkrsm;rS EdkifiHjcm;aiGydkrdk&vrf;&Sdonf[laom wGucf sufcef@rSef;r_
tay:wGif jr‡KyfESHvkyfudkifcGJa0ay;jcif; r[kwfay? vkyfief;trsm;pkrSm ukef=urf;ESifh pufr_tydkypPnf;rsm; jywf
vyfae=uonf? xdkpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;rSm xkwv f kyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdaomtae txm;. (40) &mcdkifE_ef;/ (60)
&mcdkifE_ef;r#om xkwfvkyfae=u&onf? Ttajctaetwdik f;xkwv f kyfaer_rSm t&if;yifjyef&&ef tae
txm; r&Sday?

Tjy\emrsm;twGuf ajz&Sif;&efenf;vrf;rSm pepfwusESifh vuf&SdpepfwckvH;k yDyDjyifjyif aps;uGuf

pD;yGm;a&;odk@ a&muf&Sd&ef ajymif;vJvyk faqmifr_tay:Y wnfaeonf? pD;yGm;a&;tjcm;u¾rsm;wGif aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;o¾mef vkyfaqmifjcif;r&SdbJ/ EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. pDrHcef@cGJr_udk aps;uGuq f efqef
vkyfaqmif&ef qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifacs? xdkEdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vlxt k rsm;ydkif vdrdwuf
ukr`%Drsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJjcif; tjyif/ tjcm;aomukr`%Drsm;ESifhvnf; vGwfvyfaomaps;uGuf toGif
òyifqdkifap&ef vdktyfonf? rdrdwdk@oabm aygufem;vnfxm;oifhaomtcsufrSm vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;
a&;tajctaeY EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ t"duvkyfief;}uD; taejzifh qufvuf&Sifoef&ef rjzpfEdkif
qdkaomtcsufyif jzpfonf? tpdk;&taejzifh TuJhod@k aom pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk pGef@v$w&f efrSwyg;/
tjcm;aoma&G;cs,fp&m vrf;r&Sday? xdt k wGufa=umifh rnfuJo h dk@aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsKd;udk qufvufxdef;
odrf;xm;rnf/ rnfuJo h dk@aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pGef@v$wfrnf ponfukd qHk;jzwf&ef pepfwus rlrsm;
csrSwf&efom &Sdawmhonf? trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGut f a&;ygaom (Oyrmtm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;
vkyfief;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf vlr_a&;t&epfemEdkifaom/ qdk;usKd;rsm;pGm jzpfap Edkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;)

25
State Fund Account
26
Union Consolidated Fund

86
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSty tjcm;usefaom vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufcsKyfudkifxm;&efta=umif;r&Sday? EdkifiH
awmf. apmifha&Smufr_jzifh qufvufrsufESmomay;xm;&ef ta=umif;r&Sday?
TuJo h dk@ EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&efvdt k yfaeaomtcsdefY/ yk*~vdu
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; ta&;yga=umif;/ EdkifiHawmf.pufr_zGH@òz;a&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾
rS yHhydk;&efjzpfEdkifonfudk arhavsmhxm;&ef rjzpfEdkifay? tcsKd@aom EdkifiHjcm;om;avhvmolrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiH.
pD;yGm;a&;wGif EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u rsm;pGmta&;ygonf[k rSm;,Gif;,lqwwf=uonf? vuf&Sd
umvwGif b¾ma&;bwf*sufvdak iGjyr_. t"duta=umif;rSm EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. toHk;
p&dwfrsm;a=umifh qdkonfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf? (1996-97) ckESpf pm&if;rsm;t& pkpkaygif;vdak iGjyr_. (51)
&mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ vuf&Sd tpdk;&Xmersm;toHk;p&dwfrsm;tm;vHk;pkpkaygif;ESifh yrm%twlwlr#yif&Sdygvdrfhrnf?
(1996-97) ckESpf wdik f;jynfrSpkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfr_ wefzdk; (*sD'DyDwefzdk;) . (19² 8) &mcdkifE_ef;r# jzpfaeygonf?
EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS tjcm;aompD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;xHrS 0,f,al iGudk jyefvnfE_wfvkdufygu/
EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. tppftrSefoH;k pGJaiGrSm *sD'DyD. (9² 26)
&mcdkifE_ef;r#om &Sdygawmhonf? Z,m; (4? 4) wGifjyxm;onftwdik f; EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;.
zGJ@pnf;xm;yHkud=k unfhygu vlokH;ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfiefrsm;oufoufoHk;pGJaiGaygif;rSm pkpkaygif;
EdkifiHawmf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;oH;k aiGpm&if;. (10) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om &Sdygawmhonf? t"duta&;ygaom
EdkifiHawmf. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSm v,f,mESifhopfawmvkyfief;rsm;jzpfyg onf? &mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh (24² 2)
&mcdkifE_ef; yg0ifaeygonf? ukefoG,af &;vkyfief;rsm;u (19² 1) &mcdkifE_ef;/ pGrf;tifESifh tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;u
pkpkaygif; EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; oHk;pGJaiG. (13² 5) &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh (13² 9) &mcdkifE_ef;pD toD;oD;
yg0ifae=uyg onf?
trSefpifppfwGifrl EdkifiHawmfydkif ukefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm jynfolvlxkrsm;.vdt k yfcsufukd
rjznfhqnf;ay;Edkif&Hkr#ru/ e,fpyfukef oG,af &;ESifh jynfwiG f;ukefoG,af &;udk w&m;0ifwHcg;zGifhay;vdkufaom
tcsdefwGif rnfod@k r#ta&;rygaomtaetxm;odk@qdkufa&muf oGm;cJh&ygonf? ,cktcg vlok;H ukefypPnf;
trsm;pkrSm EdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;vmaomypPnf;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf jynfwGif;rS xkwv f kyfaom
ukefypPnf;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfae=uygonf? trSefwGif tdrfwGif;pufr_vufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;rS xkwv f kyf
aom vlok;H ukefypPnf;rsm;u jynfov l lxkrsm;. vdt k yfcsufrsm;udkjznfq
h nf;ay;a&;twGuf ydkIta&;ygaom
tcef;u¾udka&mufvmcJhygonf? rsm;pGmaomvloHk;ukefypPnf;trsm;pkrSm jynfwiG f;&Sdpufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;rS
xkwv f kyfae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- v,form;rsm;oH;k a&wifpufrsm;/ qef}udwfpufi,frsm;rSm
jynfwiG f;pufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;rS xkwv f kyfae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? xdyk pPnf; rsm;taejzifh t&nftaoG;pHcsdefrrD
jzpfaumif;jzpfaeEdkifaomfvnf;/ jynfwiG f;rSxkwfvkyfaomypPnf;rsm;. csKdomaomtzdk;E_ef;xm;rSm jynfyrS
wifoGif;vmaom ypPnf;rsm;ESifh tvG,w f ulòyifqdkifEdkifaom tajctaejzpfapygonf?

87
Z,m; (4? 4) EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; (ta&;ygr_tqifhtwef;t&) 1996-98?
(pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf oHk;pGJaiGrsm;)

pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;tpm; &mcdkifE_ef;
1? v,f,mESifh opfawm 24² 2
2? arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief; 1² 0
3? owWKwGif;vkyfief; 2² 6
4? pufr_vkyfief; 10² 0
5? pGrf;tif 13² 5
6? tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm; 13² 9
7? o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; 2² 1
8? rD;&xm;ESifh ukefvrf;ydk@aqmifa&; 2² 4
9? w,fvDzkef;qufoG,fa&;/ pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef; 1² 6
10? b¾ma&;ESifh tcGef 8² 9
11? ukefoG,fa&;Xmersm; 19² 1
12? vlr_0efaqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; 0² 7
pkpkaygif; toHk;p&dwf (&mcdkifE_ef;jzifh) 100² 0
(usyfoef;aygif;) 128314
rl&if;? Statistical Yearbook 1997, Union of Myanmar.

od@k aomfvnf;/ Tpufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;. enf;ynmtqifhtwef;udk jr‡ifhwifray;v#ifjzpfap/ xdkf

vkyfief;rsm;. pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;aqmifwm tuGut f uGif;udk csJ@xGifray;Edkifv#ifjzpfap/ a&&SnfwGif EdkifiHjcm;rS
wifoGif;vmaomypPnf;rsm;ESifh òyifqdkifEdkifrnfh tvm;tvmr&Sday? txl;ojzifh e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;rS jzwf
ausm0f ifvmaom ypPnf;rsm;rSm xdu k foifhaomtcGeftaumufrsm;ay;aqmifvm=u&jcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh aps;
csKdae=uygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh pufr_vkyfief;i,frsm;. pD;yGm;a&;t&vdt k yfcsufrsm;ESifh jy\emrsm;twGuf
ta&;w}uD; aocsmtm&Hkpdkufajz&Sif;ay;&ef vdt k yfaeygonf?
tjcm;owdðy&eftcsufwckrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. w&m;0ifpD;yGm;a&;onf jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;wpHkvH;k
tajctaeudk v$rf;ðcHrjyoEdkif[laom tcsufyifjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;. t"duusaomtpdwf
tydkif;rsm;rSm w&m;0ifrjzpfbJ/ w&m;0ifrSwfwrf;pm&if;tif;rsm; wifxm;jcif;r&SdbJ jzpfaeygonf? Oyrmtm;
jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ra&rwGufEdkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ti,fpm;rsm;ESifh a'otwGif; zlvHak &;r#omxkwfvkyf
aeaom vkyfief;i,frsm;&SdaeEdkifonf? tdk;zkwfvkyfief;/ vuf,ufuef;vkyfief;/ aygifrkef@zkwfvkyfief;/ pojzifh
jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh jyifywdik f;jynfrsm;ukefoG,af er_rSm w&m;0if pkpkaygif;jynfwiG f;xkwu f kefwefzdk;
(*sD'DyD) . (2) &mcdkifE_ef;r# om&Sdygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh wdkif;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;t"dutpdwftydkif;rSm rdrd
bmomzlvHak &;twGuf xkwfvkyfaeaomtpdwftydkif;r#om&Sdygonf? TtajctaewGif rdrdbmomzlvHka&;
qdkonfrSmvnf; tqifhtwef;edrfhaom &Sifoefaexdkif&r_rsKd;twGuf jzpfygonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHawmf
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif w&m;0ifwifjyxm;jcif;r&Sday? Ttcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;rnfqdkygu vuf
&Sd taetxm;Yyif &Sdae=uaom/ yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;. tcef;u¾ta&;ygr_udk ydkIodjrifomygonf?

88
pufr_vkyfief;rsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tajctaeaumif;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tajccH
aumif;rsm;&Sdaeonf? jrefrmEdkifiH wGif pufr_ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;jzpfaom ausmufrD;aoG;/ oH&dkif;/ owWK/
pojzifhtajrmuftrsm;&Sdaeonfomru/ v#yfppf"gwftm; xkwfvkyfa&;twGufvnf; a&tm;v#yfppf xkwf
vkyfEdkifaom tajctae ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif awG@&onf? vuf&SdtajctaewGif oifhwifhonfhtaetxm;[k
ajymI &Edkifaom vlOD;a&oef; (50) ausm&f Sdonfh aps;uGufvnf;&Sdaeonf? tu,fIvlaer_tqifhtwef;ydkI
wd;k wufvmygu aps;uGuv f nf;ydkI}uD;xGm;vmp&m ta=umif;&Sdonf? tu,fI wdfkif;jynftaejzifh tdrfeD;
csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ydkIqufpyfaygif;pnf;vkyfudik fvmEdkifygu aps;uGut f cGifhtvrf;rsm; ydkIyGifhvmEdkifonf?
taemufawmifzufwiG f w&kwfEdkifiH/ tif'dkcsKdif;em; EdkifiHrsm;/ xdik f;EdkifiHESifh tdENd,wdkufwckvHk;ESifh yx0Dt&
qufpyfr_&Sdxm;onf? EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;wGif vuf&Sd tvkyfvkyfae=uaom/ tiftm;t& ao;i,faomf
vnf; aocsmavhusifhxm;onfhtvkyform;tiftm;pkrsm;&Sdae+yD;/ jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;. pufrsm;udkjyefvnf jyif
qifrGrf;rHoH;k pGJwwfonfh arG;&myg^m%f&nfESifhaygif;vdu k fygu pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmapa&;twGuf tvkyf
orm;tiftm;pkrsm; &vmEdkifonf? txufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHjcif;tm;jzifh atmufazmfjyyg
tcsufrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH pufr_zGH@òz;a&;twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm;tjzpf xm;&SdEdkifygonf?

1? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk tajccH&nfrSef;csuftjzpfowfrSwfxm;oifh+yD;/ zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;pOf}uD;

wckvH;k twGuf ta&;}uD;onf? xd@k tjyif pufr_zGH@òz;wdk;wufaeaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;xHrS tawG@tñuHrsm;
udk avhvm+yD;/ aemifvmrnfh tESpf (20-25) ESpfwm umvwGif pufr_u¾onf EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckvHk;
. t"duusaomtydkif; jzpfaeapoifhonf?
2? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾taejzifh zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;pOf. tapmydkif;ueOD;umvrsm;wGif òr@jyae
tvkyform;rsm;twGuf pm;a& &duQmaxmufyHhay;&efESifh pdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefrsm;udk tajccHonfph uf&Hkrsm;
twGuf ukef=urf;rsm;xkwv f kyfay;Edkif&ef vsmxm;oifhonf? xdk@tjyif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾onf EdkifiHjcm;
aiGtrsm;qHk;&Smay;Edkifaom toufaoG;a=umvkyfief;jzpfonfudv k nf; todtrSwfðyxm;oifhonf? tu,fI
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. xkwv f kyfEdkifr_pGrf;tm;jrifhwufvmygu/ v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;rS vkyfom;rsm;
taejzifh ,cifuavmufrvdt k yfawmhbJ òr@jy&Sdpufr_u¾odk@ ajymif;a&$@vmapEdkifonf?
3? pufr_u¾vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh tus,t f jyef@jzpfoifhonf? obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tajcðy
aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ ydkI acwfrDaom pufr_xkwu f kefypPnf;xkwEf dkifaompuf&Hkrsm;tjyif wDxGifzefwD;r_udk
tajccHaompuf&Hkrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; aqmif&Gufoihfonf?
4? zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mY &nf&G,fxm;&rnfrSm yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sif
rsm;ESifh yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh tpysKd;a&S@aqmifr_rsm;udk tajccHt& tm;
xm;vkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf? Tyk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;[kqdk&mY EdkifiHjcm;ydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;a&m/ jynfwiG f;&Sd
yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;yg tygt0ifjzpfonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;
a&;pepfudk a&cHajrcHaumif;pGm &SifoefEdkifatmif wdu k fwGef;tm;ay;aom/ pnf;rsOf;xdef;nd‡ay;aom wm0efudk
om ,loifhygonf? od@k rSom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmEdkif+yD;/ yGifhvif;vGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh vGwf
vyfaom òyifqdkifr_rsm;=um;wGif xdu k fwefaomtqifhae&mudk &SmazGvmEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

89
pufr+vkyfief; zGHΘzd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf vrf;!$efrlrsm;
vGwfvyfaomukefoG,fr_ESifh wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepf
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh +Adwdo#tifyg,m. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif&SdpOfu jyifyurBmod@k vGwv f yfaom
ukefoG,fzufEdkifiHwcktjzpf ESpfaygif; (100) ausm&f yfwnf wnf&SdcJhzl;ygonf? xdt k wGuf&&SdcJhaom&v'frSm
wdik f;jynftaejzifh pufr_zGH@òz;r_jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom tapmydkif;tvm;tvmrsm; qHk;&_H;cJh&+yD;/ ukef=urf;xkwfvkyf
aom EdkifiHwcktjzpfom owfrSwfcH&um/ uef@owfusefaecJh&jcif;jzpfygonf? Todk@aomtajctaersKd;udk
udv k dek DtkyfcsKyfcH&aom urBmwv$m;EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif tvm;wlawG@cJh=u&ygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh
rsm;pGmaomEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;ynmudak vhvmaom pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SiftcsKd@u
'kwd,urBmppfvGef tapmydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif jyif;xefpGma0zef axmufjycJh=uygonf? Tynm&Sifrsm;ESifhyk*~dKvf
rsm;.tjrift& pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufzGH@òz;r_. v#Kd@0SufcsufrSm pufr_zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_wGif rlwnfaeonf[k jrif=uyg
onf? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufwGif EdkifiHwcktaejzifh pufr_a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wuf&ef qdkonfrSm ol@obm0
tavsmufrjzpfEdkif[k ,lq=uygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh pufr_zGH@òz;wdk;wuf&ef tpdk;&rsm;u yHhydk;ay;&efvdktyf
+yD;/ aps;uGut f wGif;wGifvnf; tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzufI rdrd.wufopfppufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk umuG,fay;
&efvdt k yfonf[k jrif=uygonf? txl;ojzifh jynfwiG f;pm;oHk;r_vdktyfcsufudk ,cifuEdkifiHjcm;rSrSm,l wif
oGif;ae&onft h pm;/ rdrd. pufr_xGufukefrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;jznfhqnf;Edkifap&ef vkyfaqmifoifhonf[k jrif=u
ygonf?
TumvrSm jynfyoGif;ukeftpm;xd;k jznfq h nf;a&;AsL[m27udk usifo h H;k =uaomumvjzpf+yD;/ jrefrm
EdkifiHvnf; tjcm;zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm; tvm;wl Tenf;twdik f;vdkufem aqmif&GufcJhygonf? Todk@aqmif&Guf=u
&mwGif vkyfudik fyHkrsm;taejzifh oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;pnf;=uyfaumufcHjcif;/ ta&twGufyrm%t& EdkifiHjcm;
wifoGif;ukefudk uef@owfjcif;/ pufr_ukef=urf;rsm;udk wifoGif;cGifhvdik fpifcsay;jcif;rsm;tjyif/ puf&Hktvkyf&Hk
trsm;tjym;udk EdkifiHawmfydkiftjzpf tpdk;&ud, k fwdik fu pDrHvnfywfjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? od@k aomf
vnf; &&SdvmaomtusKd;tjrwfrSm pdwfysufzG,faumif;vSygonf?
Tod@k aomcsOf;uyfyHkt& pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;twGufqHk;jzwfcsurf sm;udk EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh
tpdk;&t&m&SdAsL&dku&ufrsm;uvkyf aqmif=uygonf? xdo k lrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vufawG@tajctaeudk u|rf;0if
jcif;r&Sd=ubJ/ pufr_vkyfief;u¾. zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmEdkifaom tvm;tvmudkrSef;qr_vnf; tenf;i,fom
odu|rf;em;vnf=uygonf? trSefwu,faqmif&Gufae=uaom pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSm Ttajctaersm;udk
ydkI em;vnfoabmayguf+yD;/ xGuv f maom&v'ftay:wGifvnf; taumif;tqdk;udkolwkd@om cHpm;=u&rnf
jzpfaoma=umifh ydkI*&kðy=uygonf? xdk@tjyif topfwnfaxmifcJh=uaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifhvnf;
EdkifiH&yfjcm;puf&Hkrsm;rS jzpfap/ jynfwiG f;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSjzpfap jyifyòyifqdkifr_udk/ rawG@ñuHcJh=u&yg? xdktwGuf
a=umifh Todk@aomrSefvHck ef;wGif arG;jrLtm;ay;cHcJh&aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh vkyfief;rsm;xda&muf
atmifjrifpGm raqmif&GufEdkifcJhbJ/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udv k nf; trSefwu,ftusKd;rðyEdkifcJhyg? xdo k d@k EdkifiH.
pD;yGm;a&;udk tusKd;ðy&rnfhtpm; EdkifiH.&Sm;yg;aom b¾mESifh tjcm;t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;) rsm;udyk g ðyef;wD;
apcJh=uygonf?
Tod@k tawG@tñuHrsm;tay:tajccHxm;I rdrdwdk@.rl0g'qdkif&mt=uHðycsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. pufr_
vkyfief;u¾zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;onf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;ESifh vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aompD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufwGifom
aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf. ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;rsm;28 udk
xda&mufpGmae&mcsxm;oHk;pGJapwwfaom obm0a=umifhom rubJ/ (aps;uGuftaejzifh &&Sdvmaom t&if;
tjrpfrsm;udk pm;oH;k olrsm;twGuf ydkItusKd;&Sdapatmif/ ydkIxda&mufxufjrufpGm ae&mcsxm;vkyf
27
Import -substitution policy
28
Productive resources

90
aqmifEdkifaom oabmobm0&Sdygonf?) xdo k dk@aps;uGuf. wDxGifzefwD;wwfaomvkyfaqmifr_a=umifhr#om
r[kwfbJ/ jynfwiG f;&Sd ukefxkwfvkyfoltcsif;csif;t=um; òyifqdkifae&r_/ jynfwGif;ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;ESifh EdkifiH
&yfjcm;&Sdukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;t=um; òyifqdkifae&r_rsm;a=umifh pufr_enf;ynmudkvnf; wd;k wufvmapygonf?
xd@k tjyif ukef=urf;rsm;ESifh wqifh+yD;ukefacsmrsm;&&Sd&ef pGrf;tm;topfrsm;vnf; ydkI&&SdEdkifum/ olwdk@.
xGuu f kefrsm;twGuf aps;uGufopfrsm;udkvnf; &SmazGowfrSwfvmEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? xdkod@k aps;uGuf.
tcef;u¾udk vspfvsL&_+yD;/ tpdk;&u tvGeftu|H0ifa&mufpGufzufaqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh pufr_zGH@òz;&ef óu;
yrf;&mwGif atmifjrifr_&onf[lI rawG@cJh&zl;yg? twdwfumvtawG@t=uHKrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGifa&m atmifjrifr_rsKd; r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfygonf?
vGwv f yfpGmukefoG,fr_udk cGifhðyaomrl0g'usifo h Hk;jcif;tm;jzifh &&SdvmEdkifaomaumif;usKd;rSm pm;oH;k
olrsm;. pdwfauseyfr_udk ydkrdkjznfq h D;ay;Edkif+yD;/ pm;oHk;olrsm;taejzifh wdik f;jynf.t&if;tjrpfrsm;teufrS
rnfonfhudpPudkrqdk vdo k vdtk oH;k ðyEdkifjcif; jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@vkyfief;pOftm;jzifh aqmif&Guf
rnfqdkv#if wdik f;jynfwiG f tajccHuke=f urf;ypPnf;rsm;xkwv f kyfa&;udk t"duðyxm;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsKd;udk
OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkfifiHtaejzifh Todk@tajccHxkwu f kefypPnf;rsm;
29
xkwfvkyfa&;udpPY Ed_if;,SOftm;omcsuf &Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; Ed_if;,SOftm;omcsufqdkonfrSm ae&m/ vkyfief;wckwnf;tay:Y tao&yfae+yD;/
qufvufItjcm;u¾rsm;od@k ajymif;vJvmap&ef raqmif&GufEdkifonf r[kwfyg? tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;pepf wpHk
vH;k . tajymif;tvJtay:rlwnfI tjrJwapajymif;vJaewwfaom oabm&Sdygonf? t&if;tESD;rsm; ydkrdk pkyHk
pkaqmif;rdvmonfESifhtr#/ pufr_enf;ynmydkrdkzGH@òz;vmonfESifhtr# ajymif;vJvmvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? xdk@
tjyif TEd_if;,SOftm;omcsuf qdkonfrSm/ wdik f;jynfwckESifhwckt=um; ajymif;vJaeaom xkwfvkyfr_ tajccH
qdkif&m tcsufrsm;uvnf; =oZmoufa&mufajymif;vJvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfaomukefoG,fr_pepf
atmufwGif Todk@xkwfukefypPnf;rsm;/ xkwfkvyfr_oabmobm0rsm;ajymif;vJaernfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
taejzifh/ tajccHxkwfukefrsm;xkwfvyk fjcif;Yom tjrJwapvkyfaeaom/ rajymif;vJbJ&Sdaernfh tajctaersKd;
wGif &yfwnfaernf r[kwfyg?
ydkIta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm;v$aJ jymif;&&Sda&;ESifh pufr_enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m
t& ydkIxufjrufxad &mufpGm pGrf;aqmifEdkifa&;twGuf &SmazGae=u&rnf jzpfygonf? Todk@&SmazG&mY ynm
a&;/ avhusifhynmay;a&;oifwef;rsm;/ wDxGifzefwD;r_udk tm;ay;a&;/ paomvkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;jzifh
owfrSwfxm;aompufr_ukefxkwfvyk fief;rsm;Y rdrdEdkifiH. Ed_if;,SOftm;omcsufudk jrifhrm;vmapEdkifyg onf?
pufr_zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmcJhaom ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;udk=unfhygu Todk@pufr_vkyfief;u¾. zGJ@pnf;yHk rnfod@k
ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonfudk awG@Edkifygonf? Todk@jzifh tajccH ukef=urf;xkwfukefrsm;udx k kwfvkyfaom tqifhrS
pufr_zGH@òz;aomtqifhodk@ ajymif;vJwufvSrf;oGm;Edkif=u&mwGif vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; pepfudk
usifo h H;k jcif;ESifhtwl/ pufr_enf;ynmavhvmjcif;ESifh jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;tm;jzifh atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufomG ;cJh=u
onfudk awG@Edkifygonf?

EdkifiHwum&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;. tcef;u¾
Tod@k pufr_xGef;opfpEdkifiHrsm;. tawG@tñuHrSavhvmaomtcg/ xdEk dkifiHrsm;onf wbufu
vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk wdu k fwGef;tm;ay;jcif;jzifh/ puFmyl/ rav;&Sm;/ xdik f;EdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiH
wumt&if;tESD;rsm;u t"duyHhydk;=uolrsm;tjzpf/ xdkEdkifiHrsm;. pufr_zGH@òz;a&;ajy;vrf;ay: w[kefxd;k wuf
oGm;atmif wGef;aqmfay;EdkifcJh=uonfudk awG@&ygonf?
twdwu f mv jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpdk;&tqufqufrSusifhoHk;cJhaom/ e,fcsJ@acwf tawG@tñuHukd
wk@H jyef&mrS ay:xGuv
f maom/ usOf;ajrmif;onft h rsKd;om;a&; 0g'a=umifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udt
k oH;k csI

29
Comparative advantage

91
jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufEdkifaomtvm;tvmudk jiif;y,fcJh=uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh vdt k yfae
aom aiGa=u;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk vufv$wfcJh&&Hkom r[kwfbJ/ acwfrDpufr_enf;ynmopfrsm; rnfok@d aqmif
&Gufvyk fudkif=uonf/ acwfrDpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;}uD;rsm;taejzifh rnfokd@vnfywfvkyfudkifae=uonfudkyg
qnf;yl;avhvmcGifh qHk;&_H;cJh=u&ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tvsif tjrefzGH@òz;wdk;wufaeaomEdkifiHrsm;ESifh trD
vdu k fEdkif&ef ESpfaygif; (25) ESpfausmf aemufususefaecJh&+yD;/ txD; wnf;oD;oef@ wHcg;ydwfaexdik fcJh&ygonf?
TtajctaewGif rdrd.pufr_zGH@òz;r_tvm;tvmudk od&Sdoabm aygufEdkif&ef/ rdrd. tajccHtaqmuftOD
rsm;udk oifhwifhovdk jyefvnfðyjyifEdkif&eftwGuf t&if;tESD;trsm; tjym;vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf?
jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&Sd pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSmvGefpGmedrfhus ae+yD;/ zGH@òz;ptajctaewGifyif&SdaeqJ jzpf
ygonf? xdt k ajctaewGif vdt k yfaomaiG&if;rsm;udk rdrdbmom/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_twGuf wòyifeufwnf;
tvH;k t&if;tvdu k fpkðyH jznfqh D;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? rdrd.&Sdor# udk,fydkifpGrf;tm;rsm;udk tusKd;tjzpfEdkifqkH; oHk;pGJ
aomenf;vrf;om &Sdygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; trsm;tjym;0ifa&mufvmap&ef
pnf;&Hk;zdk@vnf; vdt k yfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodk@aom ESpfaygif; (30) ausmzf GH@òz;r_aES;auG; aemufususefae&
aomEdkifiHwcktzdk@/ EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;/ tpkzufpyft&if;tESD;rsm; vG,fvifhwul0ifa&mufvm
rnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;&efrjzpfEdkifyg? tpdk;&taejzifh vuf&SdEdkifiHjcm;rSvma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH ae=uaom obm0
ywf0ef;usifudk xkwf,lonf&h if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;tjyif/ trsKd;tpm;uGjJ ym;aom pufr_vkyfief;u¾rsm;odk@ EdkifiH
jcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;0ifa&mufvmap&ef qGJaqmif pnf;&Hk;&ef vdktyfvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? r=umao;rDESpf tydkif;
tjcm;udk jyef=unfhrnfqdkv#if EdkifiHpHkaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usifpGrf;tm;rsm; xkwaf zmf
a&;rSvGI J / tjcm;aomu¾rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&ef jrefrmEdkifiHY pdwf0ifpm;r_rjycJh=uonfrSmvnf; trSefyif
jzpfygonf? TtajctaewGif a&S@qufzGH@òz;wdk; wufa&;twGuf rnfonfhtvm;tvmrSr&SdbJ/ obm0
tiftm;pkrsm;30 azmfxw k fa&;udkom tm;ud;k ygu/ obm0ywf0ef;usifrsm; tvGeftrif;ysufpD;ap&aom
tajctaeudo k m qdkufa&mufapygonf?
ydkIxkwfvkyfr_jzpfapEdkifaom/ ydkIa&&SnfwnfwhaH tmifxdef;Edkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;u¾rsm;od@k
EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;vma&muf a&;qdkonfrSm oifhwifhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;qdkif&mtaqmuftOD/ vlr_a&;
ydkif;qdkif&m tajccH taqmuftODrsm;/ &kyf0wˆKydkif;qdkif&m tajccH taqmuftODrsm;udk zGH@òz;wd;k wufap&ef vdk
tyfygvdrfhrnf? Tod@k aomðyjyifajymif;vJa&;/ tajccHtaqmuftOD zGH@òz;apa&;vkyfief;rsm;Yyif jynfwiG f;&Sd
yk*~vduu¾a&m/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_udkyg zdwfac:tm;ay;&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? TuJo h dk@aom
vkyfief;rsm;onf a&&SnftwGuf t&if;tESD;óuwifpdkufxkwfvkyfudik f&+yD;/ tjrwftpGef;jyefvnf&&Sd&ef =um
wwfjcif;/ tjrwftpGef;&&Sdyguvnf; enf;yg;jcif;/ raocsmr_rsm;jcif; paomtcsufrsm;a=umifh yk*~vduu¾rS
TpDrHcsufrsm;tay: yg0ifaqmif&Gufvm&ef qENwGif tuef@towf&SdygvdrfhOD;rnf? xdktwGuaf =umifh tpdk;&
taejzifhom Todk@aom tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;r_qdkif&m pDrHcsufrsm;wGif aiGvH;k aiG&if;jzifh t}uD;tus,f
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&ef wm0ef,l& vdrfhOD;rnf jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odk@ EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm; 0ifa&mufvm
ap&ef qGJaqmifa&;twGuf tjrefqHk;aomenf;vrf;rSm/ tpdk;&taejzifh rnfuhJod@k aompufr_vkyfief;qdkif&m
t&if;tESD;rsKd;udkrqdkzdwfac: a=umif;a=ujim&efvdktyf+yD;/ uef@owfcsufrsm;udkvnf; tenf;qHk;xm;ay;&ef
vdt k yfygonf? xdk@tjyif zdwfac:xm;aom&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;twGuf vdt k yfaomrufvH;k rsm;vnf; aqmif&Guf
ay;&ygvdrfhrnf?

jynfwGif;&Sd pGef@OD;wDxGifvkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGuf tcef;u¾ESifh yk*~vduu¾rS yl;aygif;

aqmif&Gufr_
ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pufr_zGH@òz;vmyHkudk ‚if;wd@k .rukefcrf;Edkifaom tawG@tñuHrsm;rS avhvmaom
tcg/ rSwfom;p&mtcsufwckrSm EdkifiHwumukr`%Drsm;ESifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS t&if;tESD;rsm;udk tvGeftu|H rSDcdkcJh

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+yD;/ wòyifeufwGif jynfwiG f;&SdtrsKd;om;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk zGH@òz;vmatmif jr‡ifhwifray;cJhjcif;a=umifh/ xdk
wdik f;jynfrsm;vnf; txdemaomtajctaejzpfcJh&onf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;udk tvGeftu|HrSDcdk tm;
xm;ae&jcif;twGuf ay;qyf&aom wefzdk;}uD;ygonf? EdkifiHtwGif; t&if;tESD;rsm;wifoGif;vmjcif;/ jyefxkwf
oGm;jcif; paom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk xdkEdkifiHwumukr`%Drsm;u olwkd@.urBmhtajctaetay: oH;k oyfcsuf
t& qHk;jzwf=u+yD;/ tdrf&SifEdkifiH. jynfwGif;tajctaeudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg?
tvm;wl pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m rSwfom;p&mtcsufrSm Tod@k ta&S@tm&S pufr_zGH@òz;vmaom EdkifiHrsm;
jzpfaom *syef/ awmifud&k D;,m;/ xdik f0rfEdkifiHrsm;wGif ueOD;tpysKd;umvu/ jynfwiG f;pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;
wd;k wuf&efudk t"dutcef;u¾rS OD;aqmifcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? xdkif;EdkifiHESifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwdk@uJhod@k aom pufr_
zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmr_ aemufusrSjzpfvmaomEdkifiHrsm;yifv#if jynfwiG f;&Sd pGef@OD;wDxGifvkyfief;&Sifrsm; zGH@òz;wdk;
wufvmapa&; twGuf wufwufºuºuwGef;tm;ay; aqmif&Gufae=uonf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;rSwfom;&ef
tcsufwckrSm tenf;pkaom pufr_xGef;opfpEdkifiHrsm;omv#if pufr_xGef;um;aomtqifhod@k rdrdjynfwiG f;
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. pGrf;aqmifòyifqdkifEdkifa&;udk rjr‡ifhwifbJ/ pufr_vkyfief;u¾tcsKd@. tompD;&Edkifacsudk
tav;ray;bJ/ pufr_ zGH@òz;vm=ujcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; rdrdwd@k EdkifiHtaejzifh ydkrdkt&nftaoG; jrifhrm;
aom pufr_enf;ynm zefwD;Edkifr_/ tcsKd@pufr_u¾rsm;rS ydkrdkomvGefaumif;rGefaom ukefypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyf
Edkifr_ &SdrSomv#if qufvufzGH@òz;wd;k wufap&efvrf;a=umif;ay:wGif qufvuf&yfwnfaeEdkifrnf jzpfygonf?
xdak =umifh EdkifiHjcm; wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk tav;ay;zdwfac:&efvdt
k yfygonf? xdo k d@k zdwfac:&mwGif
rdrdwd@k jynfwGif;rSvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk csKd;ESdrfxm;ouJhodk@ rjzpfapbJ/ tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;
qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;ESifh jynfwGif; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk wGef;tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifjcif;/ ESpfck qufpyf
ae&yfpDpOfay;jcif;/ pGef@OD;wDxGifvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk wdk;wufzGH@òz;ap&ef wGef;tm;ay;jcif;wdk@udkvnf; aumif;pGm
csdwfqufay;&ef vdt k yfygonf?
tu,fI pufr_zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;wGif jynfwGif;rSvkyfief;&Sifrsm;. yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifa&;ud/k
enf;Edkifor#enf;aom pGufzufr_rsKd;jzifh tpdk;&u tpysKd;aqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu rdrdwdk@taejzifhóuqdk&rnf jzpfyg
onf? Todk@pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk wGef;tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifonfqdk&mY/ òyifzufrsm;0ifrvmEdkifatmif tum
tuG,fay;xm;jcif;udk rqdkvdkyg? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif jynfwGif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk wGef;tm;ay; jr‡ifhwifay;
onfqdk&mY pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&mudpPrsm;udyk nmay;jcif;/ enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m ynmay;jcif;/ pufr_enf;ynm
topfrsm;&&SdEdkif&eftwGuf taxmuftyHhay;jcif;wd@k tjyif/ jynfwGif;vkyfief;i,frsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;rSvma&muf
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHaom ukr`%D}uD;rsm;ESifh qufpyfay;jcif;/ ydkItus,ftjyef@jzpfaom ydkIxda&mufaom pufr_
vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufay;jcif;wd@k yg0ifygonf? xdk@tjyif ti,fpm;ESifh tvwf
pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;Y jynfwGif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; yg0ifaqmif&Gufvm=ujcif;tm;jzifh olwd@k .enf;ynm v$Jajymif;
vufcH&&Sdr_ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&mt&nftcsif;rsm;udv k nf; wdk;wufvmaprnf jzpfygonf? Tod@k aom pufr_
vkyfief;rsm;jr‡ifwifEdkifa&;twGuf wGef;tm;ay;aqmif&Gufaom rl0g'rsm;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u0ifa&muf
pGufzufaqmif&Gufjcif;ESihfrsm;pGm tESpfom&t& uGmjcm;ygonf? tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;[k qdk&mY rdrd
pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tompD;&a&;twGuf oGif;ukefcGefrsm;jr‡ifhwifxm;jcif;/ jyifyaps;uGufrS ròyifqkdifEdkifatmif
umuG,fydwfyifxm;ay;jcif;ESifh aiGa=u;acs;iSm;jcif; rðyEdkifatmif uef@owfxm;jcif; ponfwd@k yg0ifygonf?
,ck azmfjyaomrl0g'rsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm rdrfdpufr_vkyfief;rsm;. enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nf
aoG;udk jrifhvmap+yD;/ tqifhjrifhenf;ynmopfrsm; v$Jajymif;vufcH&vmapa&;/ pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&m t&nftaoG;
rsm; jrifhwufvmapa&;wdk@jzpfygonf? odk@rSom wurBmvH;k tòyiftqdkifaps;uGufvw G fvyfcGifhay;I/ òyifqdkifae
=uaomtcsdefY rdrdwdk@.pufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh 0ifa&mufòyifqdkif tEdkif&aprnf jzpfonf?

tpdk;&. tcef;u¾
tem*wfpufr_zGH@òz;a&;twGufTtjrifwGif azmfjyyg&Sdaom tvm;tvmrsm;udk oabmaygufjcif;
tm;jzifh/ tpdk;&taejzifh aps;uGufESifhrqef@usifbJ/ o[Zmwjzpfaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wdk;wufap&ef jr‡ifhwif
93
ay;aomr[mAsL[mqdkif&mrlrsm;t& vkyfief;tqifhqifhudk aqmif&GufEdkifrnfjzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqdk&
aomf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;wdk; wufap&eftwGuf ‘rSefuefaomenf;vrf;jzifh tpdk;&vkyfief;Xmersm;u
0ifa&mufpGufzufapaom’ vkyfudik fEdkif&nfrsKd; &Sd&efvdktyfygonf? xd@k tjyif Trl0g'rsm;udak qmif&Guf&mwGif
vnf; yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyfyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfabmiftwGif;rSom
vkyaf qmifap&ef vdt k yfygonf? tpdk;&.t"duu¾rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;0ifa&mufvkyfudik fEdkifatmif
tcGifhomaom0ef;usifudjk zpfapaom/ aps;uGufESifh o[Zmwjzpfaom0ef;usifrsKd; zefwD;ay;&efvdktyfygonf?
Tae&mY tpdk;&taejzifh owif;rsm;tcsif;csif;zvS,fEdkifap&ef ulnyD Hhydk;ay;jcif;/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;tcsif;csif;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzpfap&ef yHhydk;ay;jcif;/ yk*~vduu¾&Sd vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tcsif;csif; òyifqdkifEdkifap&ef zefwD;
ay;jcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif (1989) ckESpfY aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfod@k wHcg;zGifhay;cJhaomfvnf;/ pufr_enf;ynm
qdkif&m pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_t&nftcsif; tenf;tusOf;om &Sdygonf? ‚if;taejzifh pufr_enf;ynmtopfrsm;/
u|rf;usifr_rsm; qufvuf&&Sd&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg? tpdk;&twGif;Y b¾mt&if;tESD; rvHak vmufjcif; ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckvH;k wGif u|rf;usifr_t&nftcsif;enf;yg;jcif; &Sdaeygonf? Todk@ tm;enf;aeaom tajc
taewGif pufr_enf;ynmaemufusaer_udak usmv f $m;&efESifh ydkItqifhjrifhaom pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm; &&SdEdkif
&ef/ tpdk;&taejzifh/ tcsKd@aompufr_vkyfief;u¾rsm;twGuf oD;oef@jr‡ifhwifyHhydk;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;rsm;vkyf
&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomfvnf; rl0g'tcsrSwfolrsm;taejzifh rnfonfhpufr_vkyfief;u¾u ‘tatmif
jrifqHk;/ taygufajrmufqHk;’ jzpfEdkifonfudk cef@rSef;wGufq ðyvkyfay;onft h cgY/ tcuftcJ&SdEdkifygonf? t&_H;
ay:aeaomvkyfief;rsm;rS t&if;tESD;rsm;jyefvnfxkwfE_wf,lomG ;&ef rufvH;k avsmhyg;oGm;aom tajctaersKd;
jzpfEdkifygonf? Todk@aomtajctaeudk avsmhrwGufoifhyg? Tod@k t&if;tESD;rsm; jyefvnfxkwf,&l mrS jyify
od@k xGufaomaiGrsm;aoma=umifh ‘jyifyzdtm;a=umifhjzpfvmaom aoG;vef@'kuQ a&mufr_rsKd;’ jzpfEdkifygao;
onf? tvSnht f ajymif;udk tajctaeay;rSom zefwD;oifhygonf?

pufr+vkyfief;u¾qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;twGuf r[mAsL[majrmuf yHhydk;ay;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;
pufr_ESifh enf;ynmpGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; jrifhwufvmapa&;

pufr_zGH@òz;qJjzpfaom tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;.wd;k wufr_E_ef;udk trDvdkufEdkifap&eftwGuf/ jrefrmEdkifiH.

pufr_vkyfief;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_E_ef;onf tjcm;aomta&S@tm&Spufr_zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;. pufr_wdk;wufr_ w[kefxdk;
t&Sdefpaumif;pOfumvu E_ef;xufausmv f GefrSom jzpfEdkifrnfqdkonfudk ,ciftcef;rsm;u tqdkðyxm;cJh+yD;
jzpfygonf? Todk@aomftvsiftjrefwdk;wufr_E_ef;&&efqdkonfrSmvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;wckvH;k udk rD;jyif;
wdu k f armif;ESif&efrvdktyfbJ/ aqmif&Guf&efjzpfEdkifaom udpPwckjzpfa=umif;udkvnf; oabmaygufxm;yg
onf? od@k aomf vdt k yfaomt&if;tESD;rsm;udk jznfq h nf;ay;&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? tjcm;wbufwGif aps;uGuf
. rjrif&aomvufjzifh xdef;nd‡r_twdik f;om/ vkyfygap[k v$wx f m;ygu jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh pufr_zGH@òz;r_ enf;
vrf;tm;jzifh/ vsifvsifjrefjrefzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ jzpfaprnfr[kwfay? TtawG@tñuHrSm vsifjrefpGmzGH@òz;wdk;wuf
vmaom EdkifiHtoD;oD;u jzwfoef;vm=u&onfh wlnDaom tawG@tñuHjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh ta&S@tm&S
&Sd pufr_xGef; opfpEdkifiHrsm; jzwfoef;vmcJh&mvrf;wav#mufwGif jrifomaomtpdk;&.vufjzifh31 0ifa&muf

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Visible hand of government

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xdef;nda‡ qmif&Gufr_&SdcJh+yD;/ tpdk;&rsm;u zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾u aqmif&GufcJ=h u
ygonf? tpdk;& taejzifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;twGuf yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;pGm
&Sdygonf?
ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ enf;ynmESifh wDxGifzefwD;r_wd@k onf pufr_
pGrf;aqmif&nfukjd rifhvmapaom t"du ta=umif;t&if;rsm;jzpfygonf? atmifjrifaom pufr_vkyfief;wckudk
wnfaxmif&efqdkonfrSm enf;ynmydkrdkpGrf;aqmifr_ ESifh wd;k wufr_tay:tajcðyI/ rdrdutompD;&Edkifaom
vkyfief;tajccHtay:wGif a&G;cs,ftajcðyvkyfudkif&efjzpfygonf? tvsiftjrefpufr_enf;ynm wd;k wufa&;
twGuf ta&;ygaomtajccHtcsufrSm tus,ftjyef@ESifh tqifhjrifhoif=um;Edkifaom ynma&;pepf jzpfyg
onf? ynma&;u¾ESifhoufqdkifaom rl0g'rsm;udk aemifvmrnft h cef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;oGm;rnf
jzpfygonf? yHkrSefausmif;rsm;tjyif/ pufr_enf;ynmudk tav;ay;oif=um;aom pufr_odyH̀ausmif;rsm;ESifh
okawoeXmersm;onf pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;wdk; wufa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;vSygonf? Todk@aqmif&GufrSom
vdt k yfaeaompufr_enf;ynmu|rf;usifonfh vkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm; ydkI&&SdvmEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? ynma&;
. OD;wnfcsufonfvnf; pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;twGuf &nf&G,foif=um;oifhygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh jyifyEdkifiHrsm;rS ydkItqifhjrifhaompufr_enf;ynmrsm; &&SdEdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?
txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiH.pufr_vkyfief; rsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; zdwfac:vufcHjcif;tm;jzifh
enf;ynmopfrsm;yg &&SdEdkifygonf? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;u txl;vdt k yfaeaom t&if;tESD;ESifh pufr_
enf;ynmrsm;0ifa&mufvmap+yD;/ EdkifiHwumukr`%D}uD;rsm;tm;jzifh rdrd.pufr_zGH@òz;r_udk jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf
Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif rdrd.pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;r_udk a&&SnfwnfwHah eatmif xdef;odrf;Edkifa&;twGuf jynfwGif;
&Sd pufr_vkyfief;rsm;.pGrf;aqmif&nfukv d nf; jr‡ifhwifay;&efta&;}uD;ygonf? T&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk tx
ajrmufapa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;udk qGJaqmifpnf;&Hk;Edkif&efaqmif&Guf
Edkifaomvkyfief;rsm;pGm &Sdygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh yxrtcsuftaejzifh/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
jynfwiG f;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u tpk&S,f,m0,f,lydkifqdkifapjcif;udkvnf; wdkufwGef;oifhygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh
jynfwiG f;&SdpGef@OD;wDxGifvkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJolrefae*smrsm;udk ‘vkyf&if;oifpepf’jzifh tawG@tñuHrsm; &&Sd
vmapEdkifygonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm tpdk;&taejzifh avhusifhoifwef;ay;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;rSwqifh pufr_enf;
ynm v$aJ jymif;ay;r_tcsKd@&&Sd&ef vdt k yfygonf? xdk@tjyif jynfwGif;0efxrf;rsm;udk tcsKd@aom&mxl;ae&mrsm;
wGif cef@tyfap&efawmif;qdk jcif;/ okawoeXmersm; xlaxmif&efawmif;qdkjcif; paomvkyfief;rsm;udk &if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHr_vmaomtcg wygwnf;ygvmap&ef awmif;qdk r_wcktaejzifhvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Tod@k aom
awmif;qdkcsuf tajctaersm;rSmaps;uGufuvnf; auseyfvufcHEdkfifaom tajctae&Sd&efvdt k yf+yD;/ yk*~vdu
u¾uvnf; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmapa&;twGuf t}uD;tus,&f if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ ðyvmap&ef wdu k fwGef;=u&
rnf jzpfygonf? yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm; jr‡KyfESHr_ðyvkyfvmatmif/ pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmrsm;udk wd;k jr‡ifhay;&ef
vdt k yfygrnf?
pufr_zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;qdkonfrSm a&&Snfoif=um;avhvm&aom vkyfief;pOfjzpf+yD;/ t&if;tESD;}uD;
rm;ovdk/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&r_twGuf qHk;&_H;Edkifaom tEW&m,fvnf; }uD;rm;ygonf? zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif yk*~vdu
puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;taejzifh olwd@k .xkwu f keft&nftaoG;/ enf;ynmwdk;wufap&ef óu;yrf;aqmif&Guf=u&if;/
Tod@k oif=um;r_jzpfpOfY epfemqHk;&_H;&r_vnf; t}udrf}udrf&Sdygonf? rdrd.wDxGifr_a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom
tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk rdrdwOD;wnf;omr[kwf/ tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; tusKd;tjrwf&&SdEdkifojzifh tcsKd@olrsm;u
pGef@pm;I &if;ESD;r_ rvkyfvd=k uyg? tu,fI Ttajctaersm;udk ausmv f $m; Edkifv#ifaomfrS yk*~vdu pGef@OD;
wDxiG fvkyfief;&SifwOD;rS atmifjrifcsJ@xGifvmaomvkyfief;rsm;onf EdkifiHwckvHk; twdik f;twmESifh=unfhv#if
avsmu f efr_r&Sdonfh taetxm;rsKd;vnf; awG@&wwfygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm; tae
jzifh wpHkw&maomxkwfvkyfr_udk tusKd;tjrwf&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf;/ a&&SnftwGuf ar#mfjrif
awG;ac:I vkyfaqmifEdkifaom tajctaersKd; r&Sdwwfyg?

95
 xdo
k d@k tajctaersm;a=umifh tpdk;&wcktaejzifh pufr_zGH@òz;a&;twGuf axmufcHyHhydk;ay;&ef vdt k yf&
aomtcsufrSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; pepfonf ol@bmom vHak vmufaomxdef;nd‡r_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_
&atmif vkyfaqmif&efrjzpfEdkifbJ/ tpdk;&u 0ifa&mufyHhydk;rSom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ u¾toD;oD;=um;
wGif vdt k yfaomqHk;jzwfcsucf s vkyfaqmifr_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJo h dk@ zGH@òz;
qJEdkifiHwck. pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif pufr_vkyfief;u¾rsm;tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_twGuf pDpOfaqmif&Guf
ay;aom ,EW,m;Xmersm;onfvnf;aumif;/ owif;zvS,fEdkifa&;twGuf pDpOfay;aomvkyfief;rsm;onf
vnf;aumif; csKd@wJt h m;aysmhae wwfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh TuJo h dk@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ tm;aumif;ap
a&;twGuf aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh tpdk;&taejzifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;udk vdktyfovdk tkyfpk
rsm;pkpnf;ay;jcif;jzifh aumif;pGmtusKd;aqmifEdkifaom ta&;ygaomtcef; u¾&Sdygonf? uGjJ ym;aomu¾
toD;oD;rS pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk pkpnf;ap+yD;/ tjrwftpGef;trsm;qHk;jzpfxGef;apaom vkyfief;rsm;udk &SmazG
awG@&Sdvmatmif/ olwkd@. t&if;tESD;rsm;udk xdo k dk@tjrwftpGef;jzpfxGef;Edkifaom vkyfief;rsm;Y pDrHcsufcsI yl;
aygif;aqmif&Guf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHEdkifatmif yHhydk;ay;Edkifygonf? ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pufr_pGrf;aqmif&nf wd;k wuf
vmcJhaom taetxm;udjk yef=unfhaomtcg Tod@k yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufap&ef zefwD;ay;cJhaom vkyfief;Xmersm;
u ta&;ygaomtcef;rSaeI tusKd;ðycJhonfudk awG@&ygonf? xdrk #omru jynfwGif;0,fvkdtm;/ a&mif;vdk
tm; tajctae/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;&SdurBmhaps;uGuf. 0,fvdktm;/ a&mif;vdt k m;tajctaersm;u rdrdpufr_vkyfief;
u¾rsm;.xkwfvkyfr_yHkpHudk tpOftjrJajymif;&ef zdtm;ay;ae=uygonf? Todk@aomajctaewGif tpdk;&
taejzifh urBmay:wGifjzpfay:ajymif;vJaeaom vrf;a=umif;/ tajctaersm;udk yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;u
tpOfojzifh owif;od&SdaeEdkif&ef ulno D ifhygonf? od@k rSom t"duusaom pufr_xkwu f kefrsm;udk owfrSwfEdkif
rnfjzpf+yD;/ tv#iftjrefwdk;wufEdkifaom / pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;tjrwfrsm;rsm; &&SdEdkifrnfhvkyfief;rsm;udk a&&Snf
wnfwHah tmif xdef;odrf;Edkifaom a&S@tvm;tvmrsm;udk qHk;jzwfEdkif=urnfjzpfonf?

ckefysHausmfv$m;a&; r[mAsL[m

ckefysHausmvf $m;a&; r[mAsL[mqdkonfrSm ordkif;a=umif;t& zGH@òz;wd;k wuf&eftwGuf ESpfaygif;

(150) ausmjf zwfcJ&h aom tajctae udk csKH@ypf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@u ESpfaygif; (25) ESpf/ (30) ESpftwGif;a&mufap&ef
óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufaomvkyfief;pOfjzpfa=umif; a&S@tcef;rsm;wGif t"dy`g,fzGifhcJh+yD; jzpfygonf? TOyrmudv k nf;
atmifjrifaeaom ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Oyrmay;cJhygonf? rdrdwdk@u Todk@ckefysHausmfvm$ ;I vkyfaqmifEdkif
onf[k ,H=k unf=u&jcif;rSm/ ‘t=uHwl aemufvlompjrJ’ qdkovfkd aemufusrSTe,fy,fxJod@k 0ifa&mufvm
aomoltzdk@ a&S;,cifutodynmrsm;a&m/ ,kacwfrDwd;k wufaeaom todynmrsm;udkyg wòyifwnf;&,l
cHpm;EdkifcGifh&Sdaom a=umifh jzpfygonf? ordkif;t&jyef=unfv h #if topftopfaom/ wacwfqef;apaom wd;k
wufwDxiG fzefwD;r_rsm;onf tcsdefumvrsm;pGm,l+yD;rS/ ESpfumvrsm;pGm=um+yD;rS ajymif;vJcJjh cif; jzpfygonf?
xdtk wGuaf =umifh ckefysHausmv f $m;a&; r[mAsL[mqdkonfrSm vuf&Sdacwfumv. ºu,f0aeaom pufr_enf;
ynmrsm;udk tcGifhaumif;,lEdkifpGrf;&Sd-r&Sd [laomtajctaeY rlwnfaeygonf? Tod@k tcGifhaumif; r,lEdkif
ygu uef@owfcHae&+yD;/ aemufususefae&rnf jzpfygonf? Tod@k aqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu ynma&;pepfESifh
pufr_enf;ynmoif=um;avhvma&;onf ckefysHausmv f $m;a&; r[mAsL[mtwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdt k yfaom
tajccHvdt k yfcsufrsm;jzpfygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ckefysHausmv
f $m;a&; r[mAsL[mudk jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efjzifh atmufygtwdik f;
aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
yxrtcsuftaejzifh owif;enf;ynmacwfwGif topfjzpfxGef;vmaomtajctaeatmufY
aqmif&Gufrnfh pufr_zGH@òzfd;r_qdkonfrSm twdwo f rdkif;umvu pufr_zGH@òz;cJhr_yHkpHtwdik f; waoGrwdrf;vrf;
a=umif; jyefvdu k fp&mrvdkawmhyg? pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;r_udk enf;ynmtqifhtwef;tvdkufudk tajccHI
tqifhrsm;cGJjcm;owfrSwfEdkifygonf? yxrtqifhwGif pufr_zGH@òz;r_udk ay;tyfvmaom ukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm;
96
tajctaeud=k unfI h zefwD;&rnfjzpfygonf? &SdaeaomtajctaerS rdrdwdk@xkwfvkyfEdkifaomukefypPnf;.
aps;uGut f wGif; òyifqdkifEdkifaom aps;E_ef;udktajccH=unf&h rnf jzpfygonf? aemufwqifhwGif tqifhjrifh acwfrD
enf;ynmrsm;udk &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ydk&vmonfESifhtr#/ pufr_xkwv f kyfr_t&nftaoG;wufvmonfESifhtr#/
vkyfom;rsm;ydkrdkI pufr_u|rf;usifvmonfESifhtr#/ acwfrDpufr_enf;ynmrsm;udk &,ltoH;k csEdkif&ef vdt k yfvm
ygonf? aemufqHk;tqifhwGif EdkifiHtaejzifh rdrdbmomwDxiG fzefwD;xkwfvkyfvmEdkifaom pufr_enf;ynm
rsm;a=umifh ydkItqifhtwef;jrifhaom xGufukefrsm;xkwv f kyfvmEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh
vuf&Sd tajctaewGif zGH@òz;r_.tpysKd;tqifhwGifyif &Sdaeaomfvnf;/ vkyftm;rsm;rsm;udk tajccHtoH;k cs&
aom pufr_enf;ynm/ puf&Hkrsm;jzifhom wG,fuyfraeapoifhyg? xdrk SwqifhwufI u|rf;usifr_t&nftaoG;
rsm; jrifhwufvmap&ef avhvmoif=um;jcif;/ pufr_enf;ynmtopfrsm;topfrsm; &&Sdatmif=uHaqmifjcif;jzifh
pufr_vkyfief;topfrsm; xlaxmifvmEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; vuf&SdumvwGif pwif&efrSm rd&dk;
zvmvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom csnfr#ifESifh txnfvkyfief;rsm;/ vlokH;ukefxkwv f kyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;jzifh pxm;Edkif
ovd/k wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ydkIpufr_enf;ynmt&tqifhjrifhaom qDrDuGef'wfwmxkwfvkyfa&;puf&Hkrsm; uJo h dk@
aom acwfrDvkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; tpysKd;xm;Edkifygonf? pufr_zGH@òz;r_yHkpHonf wajy;wnf;oabmr&Sdyg?
puFmylEdkifiH taejzifh owif;enf;ynm avmuxJodk@ vGefcJhaom (15) ESpfumvtwGif;u ckefysHausmv f $m;
0ifa&mufvmcJhaom om"u&Sdygonf? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tpysKd; tajctaerS vHk;0atmifjrifaom pufr_
vkyfief;rsm;tjzpfod@k ajymif;vJEdkifcJhygonf? (1970) ckESpfrsm; aESmif;ydkif;umvrsm;uyif puFmylEdkifiHu oabm
aygufxm;cJhonfrSm orm;&dk;uspufr_xGuu f kefrsm;udk xkwfvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh aps;uGuw f Gif0ifa&muf òyifqdkifI
tompD;&Edkifrnf r[kwf[laomtcsufjzpfygonf? ol@EdkifiHwGif vltiftm;t&if;tESD;rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&Sd
ovd/k jynfwGif;aps;uGufvnf; }uD;}uD;rm;rm; r&Sdyg? xdt k wGufa=umifh pufr_xGuu f kefvkyfief;rsm;jzifh p&ef
rjzpfEdkif[k óuwifwGuq f cJhygonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; owif;enf;ynmrSm enf;ynmtopfjzpf+yD;/
Te,fy,fY rnfolr#OD;aqmifr_ae&m,lxm;Edkifaom tajctaer&Sdao;ay? tpysKd;umvwGif tm;enf;
csufrsm;/ tuef@towfrsm;&SdaecJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ynma&;u¾wGifjzpf+yD;/ puFmylEdkifiHu txufwef;
ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh pufr_enf;ynmoif=um;a&;twGuf ynma&;pepfudk awmfvSefa&;qefqef ajymif;vJ
vkyfaqmifcJh=uygonf? xd@k tjyif tpdk;&.vkyfief;Xmersm;wGif tvdt k avsmufpufcvkwfoH;k Edkifaom pepfrsm;
wyfqif+yD;/ tcsdefra&G; ae&mra&G;qnf;yl;avhvmEdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &Sdvmatmif/ trsm;.a&S@u
ajy;Edkifatmif aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhvnf; uGefjyLwmynmESifhywfoufvmv#if/ owif;enf;ynmESifh ywfoufvm
v#if TuJo h dk@aomenf;vrf;rsKd;udk twk,v l dkufoifhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@&nf&G,fcsufu tjcm;
udpPrsm; jzpfaumif;jzpfygvdrfhrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf uHaumif;onf[k qdk&rnfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. ºu,f0aom
obm0o,HZmwrsm;a=umifh us,fjyef@aompufr_u¾rsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udk wòyifeuf aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;
jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiH.yx0Dtaetxm;t&a&m/ jynfwiG f; aps;uGufyrm%t&yg ta&;omaeygonf? odk@aomf
vnf; acwfrDpufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvdt k avsmufxdef;csKyfEdkifaompufrsm; (rdkuU&dk y&dkqufqmrsm;)32 toH;k
ðyr_rsm;/ uGefjyLwmcspfyfrsm;/ uGefjyLwm enf;ynmwyfqifxm;aompufrsm; ponfwd@k yg wGifus,af e+yDjzpfyg
onf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh rdrdwd@k uprnf qdkonfESifhyif rdkuU&dky&dkqufqm enf;ynmjzifh wcgwnf; pEdkifatmif
óu;yrf;oifhygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh orm;&dk;uspufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk zGH@òz;vmap&ef tcsdefapmifhqdkif;&ef
twGuf rjzpfEdkifawmhyg? uGefjyLwm/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk odak vSmifxm;aom cspfyfjym;rsm;
(rdkuU&dkcspfyf)33/ owif;enf;ynm ponfrsm;u zGH@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;. ta&;ygaomae&mudk ,lvm=uvdrfhrnf
jzpfygonf? ,cktqifhumvrSmyif vloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;/ pufypPnf;rsm; (Oyrmtm;jzifh opfESifh oHjzwfaom
wGifcHpk ufrsm;onfyifv#if) xdef;csKyfjyifqifay;aompufrsm;udk wyfqiftoHk;ðyae=u&+yD jzpfygonf? xdkr#om

32
Microprocessors (tvdktavsmufxdef;csKyfEdkifaom pufrsm;)
33
Microchips (owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk odkavSmifxm;Edkifaom cspfyfjym;rsm;)

97
ru owif;enf;ynmu¾. aqmhzf0J,m;/34 uGefjyLwm y&dk*&rfrsm; xkwfvkyfr_onfyif zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;&Sd
vlrsm;udk tvkyfay;aeEdkif=u+yD jzpfonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk tm&SzGH@òz;a&;b%fuyif todtrSwfðyI tpD&ifcH
pmxJwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? 35
'kwd,tcsufrSm tjcm;tvsiftjrefzGH@òz;wd;k wufapEdkifaom r[mAsL[mrSm qufoG,af &;uGef,uf
udk ydkIcsJ@xGif/ ydkIwdk;wufatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfygonf? Tod@k aqmif&Guf&mY ab;wdu k fa&m/ txuf-
atmufqufo, G fa&;udkyg aumif;atmif aqmif&Gufap&rnfjzpfygonf? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;
qufo, G fr_aumif;&efvdt k yfovd/k pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tcsif;csif;vnf; yl;aygif;qufoG,faqmif&Gufr_
aumif;&efvdt k yfygonf? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif xkwfukefrsm;. t&nftaoG;jrifhwufvmap&ef vdk
tyfonfomru/ xkwfvkyfr_ukefusp&dwfrsm;yg enf;&efvdt k yfygonf? Todk@jzpfap&efrSm xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;ol
rsm;ESifh pm;oH;k olrsm;t=um; qufo, G fa&;udk wdk;wufap&rnf jzpfygonf? wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif ti,fpm;
ESifh tvwfpm;ukefxkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;. tcef;u¾ESifh yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifr_udv k nf; tav;ay;aqmif
&Guf&efvdt k yfygonf? xdt k iftm;pkrsm;udk tpktzGJ@rsm;toGifaygif;pnf;vmEdkifap&ef aqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yf
ouJo h dk@/ wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;udk yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;vufodk@ v$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif;
udv k nf; aqmif&Guf&efvdt k yfrnf jzpfygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh Oyrmtm;jzifh pufr_zGH@òz;a&;b%f uJo h dk@aom
tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk aiGacs;iSm;ulnDEdkifaom tzGJ@tpnf;/ odk@r[kwf b%frsm; zGJ@pnf;Edkifa&;twGuf
vnf; wufwufºuºuwGef;tm;ay; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif pDrHcef@cGJa&;qdkif&m yHhydk;ulnDr_rsm;/
aps;uGufowif;rsm;axmufvSrf;&&SdEdkifa&;twGuf ,EW,m;Xmersm;/ owif;rsm;&&Sdap&ef oifhwifhaom vrf;
a=umif;rsm;/ aemufqHk; b¾ma&;qdkif&m yHhydk;ulnDr_rsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufay;Edkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJo h dk@aom
zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif aps;uGuu f aumif;pGmrjzpfxGef;ao;bJ &Sdaewwfygonf? TtajctaersKd;wGif ukr`%D
tcsif;csif;=um;Y owif;pD;qif;r_rSefuefap&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;/ aps;uGut f wGif; òyifqdkifEdkifr_udk jr‡ifhwif
ay;jcif;/ pufr_enf;ynmrsm;jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh pufr_zGH@òz;r_udk t&Sdeft[kef&vmatmif/ zGH@òz;vmapatmif/
twif;tusyfudik fwG,faqmif&Gufr_rsKd; r[kwfbJ/ tqHk;t&_H; ukefusp&dwfenf;enf;jzifh ulnD aqmif&GufEdkifyg
onf?
wwd,tcsufrSm/ rdrdwdk@tav;xm;&ef vdt k yfaeaom tjcm;ta&;}uD;u¾wckrSm pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh ta&;}uD;aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; cs&mwGif ulnaD qmif
&Gufay;&ef/ ta&;ygaomvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfvmEdkifap&ef odk@wnf;r[kwf/ rdrdwOD;wnf;wwfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdaom
zufpyf&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; aqmif&GufvmEdkifpGrf;atmif yHhydk;aqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfygonf?
rdrdwd@k todtrSwfðyxm;oifhaomtcsufrSm Eke,fao;aom/ topfaompD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
taejzifh vkyfief;opfe,fy,frsm;udk pGef@pm;pwif&ef rvkyfaqmifvd=k uaomtajctaejzpfygonf? ta=umif;
rSm rdrdwdk@vkyfief;. tusKd;udk qifhyGm;cH,lIvkyfvmEdkifjcif;/ a&omcdkI atmifjrifvmonfhtcgrS tusKd;
tjrwfukd &,lvko d lrsm; ay:vmEdkifjcif;/ pGef@pm;&r_}uD;rm;jcif;ESifh tjrwftpGef;rnfonfhtcsdef&rnfukd
raocsmbJ umv=um&Snf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH xm;&jcif;/ xdk@tjyif vkyfief;rsm;rS tjrwfjyef&Edkifaomtaetxm;rSm
pufr_enf;ynmjrifhIom&nf&Sdjcif; wd@k a=umifh jzpfygonf? Tod@k aomvkyfief;opfu¾rsm;wGif tpdk;&taejzifh
yHhydk;ulnDay;jcif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufap+yD;/ pGef@pm;&r_twGuf qHk;&_H;epfem&r_
enf;yg;vmapjcif;ESifh/ &vmEdkifaom tjrwftpGef;&v'frsm;udk cGJa0cHpm;Edkifa&;twGuf pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;
&efrSm txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? od@k aomfvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufoifhaomu¾rSm pD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. vufOD;r_,l tpysKd; aqmif&Gufr_udk 0ifa&muftpm;xdk;&eftwGufr[kwfbJ/ "gwfulypPnf;
taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvm+yD; Ttajctae
a&mufvmatmif rodromtaetxm;rS wdu k fwGef;jr‡ifhwif aqmif&Gufay;&efjzpfygonf?

34
Softwares (owif;tay:rlwnf wGufcsufI/ tajz&Smay;Edkifaompufrsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm;)
35
ADB, 1997.

98
 pwkwˆtcsuftaejzifh tpdk;&u/ aqmif&Guf&rnfu h dpPtjzpf rdrdwdk@ut=uHðyvdkonfrSm pufr_
vkyfief;rsm; obm0tav#muf wd;k wufvmapa&;twGu/f vdktyfaom t"duusonfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ od@k
r[kwf ta&;ygonfh vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk jr‡ifhwiftm;ay;&efjzpfonf? Tacgif;pOfatmufwGif pufr_enf;ynm
&&Sda&;twGuf yHhydk;ulnDr_rsm;/ pufr_enf;ynmjr‡ifhwifa&; vkyfaqmifr_rsm;/ vdt k yfaeaom b¾ma&;t& yHhydk;
ulnrD _rsm;udk oufomaomtaetxm;jzifh yHhydk;ay;jcif;rsm;/ rdrdu ,SOfòyifIomEdkif&nf&Sdaom vkyfief;rsm;udk
jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;rsm;/ pufr_enf;ynmrsm;twGuf avhvmoif=um;vkyfief;udk a&&SnftwGuf jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf
ay;jcif;rsm; ponfwdk@ yg0ifygonf?
Tae&mwGif rdrdwd@k tqdkðywifjyvdak omtcsufrSm atmifjrifaeaomvkyfief;rsm;udk/ tpdk;&u
rnfonfh vkyfief;udk wd;k wufatmifvkyfay;rnf[lI rlvuyif a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfay;&ef r[kwfyg? obm0t&
,SOfòyifwdk;wufvm&ef tajctaeudk zefwD;ay;jcif;om jzpf&ygrnf? tus,t f jyef@ pOf;pm;I a&&SnfpD;yGm;a&;
zGH@òz;wdk;wuf&eftwGuq f dkv#if rnfonfh enf;ynmrsm;/ rnfokd@aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;vdt k yfonfudk
azmfxkw&f SmazG&ef jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk pufr_enf;ynmtopfrsm;&&SdEdkifa&;twGuf
ulnyD hHydk;ay;jcif;/ xkwvf kyfa&;vkyfief;tqifhqifhudk oif=um;apjcif;/ xdkrSwqifh olwkd@.pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk
t"dutm;jzifh zGH@òz;wd;k wufvmapa&; jzpfygonf? TtcsufrSm rdrdEdkifiHrS armfawmfum;udjk zpfatmif
xkwrf nfqdkonfh vkyfief;rsKd;/ rnfok@d wefzdk;ay;& ay;& t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; jzpfxGef;atmifvkyfrnf[k
tav;ay;aqmif&Gufjcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;csuf&Sdygonf? yxrtcsufrSm Tod@k yHhydk;jr‡ifhwif
a&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaomvkyfief;rsm;onf rdrdOD;pm;ay;xm;aom pDrHcsuf/ ukr`%Dwckudkom uef@owfI
rsufESmomay;aqmif&Gufjcif; r[kwfyg? avhvm oif=um;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom jr‡ifhwifay;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;/ pufr_vkyfief; tv$mpHkudk oifhawmfaompufr_enf;ynmrsm;jzifh yHhydk;ay;&
rnfjzpfygonf? cGJjcm;qufqHI tcsKd@udk rsufESmom ay;jcif;rsKd; rjzpfapoifhyg? 'kwd,tcsufrSm rdrdwd@k tqdkðy
vdak om pufr_vkyfief;jr‡ifhwifay;a&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&efenf;vrf;rsm;rSm aps;uGufESifh o[Zmwjzpfap
oifh+yD;/ aps;uGufvkyfief;pOfrsm; abmiftwGif;rS om wwfEdkifoIaqmif&Gufoifhygonf? aps;uGufukd yHkpHysuf
,Gif;apaomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ (Oyrmtm;jzifh oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;aumufcHjcif;jzifh rdrdxkwfuek frsm;udk
umuG,fxm;ay;jcif;) paom vkyfief;rsm;udk txl; tajctaersm;rSvG&J ef aqmif&Guf&efroifhyg? t"duOD;pm;
ay;jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf&efvdak om vkyfief;rsm;rSm Oyrmtm;jzifh oH&nfóupufrsm;/ yHkoGif;vkyfief;rsm;/
pufypPnf;xkwfvkyfief;rsm;/ uGefjyLwmESifh tDvufx&GefepfypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; ponfwdk@jzpf
onf? Tvkyfief;rsm;onf aemufxyfpufr_ zGH@òz;apa&;twGuf tajccHrsm;jzpfapygonf?
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomrl0g'36 rsm;rSm rsm;pGmtjiif;xGuzf G,faumif;vSygonf? tcsdefESifh
tr# pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_tajccH rwlnD=uaoma=umifh/ wcgw&H oabmw&m;a&;t& aqG;aEG;jiif;cHk=u&onf
rsm;vnf; &dSwwfygonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh pufr_vkyfief; qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk vHk;0z,fxkwfpOf;pm;&ef rjzpfEdkif
aoma=umifh rdrdwdk@taejzifh vdkvm;wufºupGm twif;uma&m0ifa&mufpGufzufrdjcif; rjzpfap&ef a&Smif&Sm;
oifhygonf? “ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&moDtdk&Drsm;ESifh ,ciftawG@tñuHrsm;u atmifjrifpGmaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk
jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifaom tvm;tvmrsm;udk rypfy,foifha=umif;jyocJh+yD; jzpfygonf?”37 tpdk;&u Tpufr_
vkyfief;rsm;atmifjrifapa&;twGuf t}uD;tus,f0ifa&mufpGufzufvkyfudik frnfqdkv#if/ tajccHvdt k yfcsuf
w&yfrSm xda&mufxufjrufaomtkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf taqmufttHkESifh acgif;aqmifol
t&m&Sdrsm;uvnf; u|rf;usifwwfo&d ef/ tar#mftjrif&Sdaom tkyfcsKyfolrsm; vdt k yfygonf? ,H=k unftm;xm;
avmufaom/ pD;yGm;a&;tjrif&Sdaom tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;vnf; &Sdae&efvdt k yfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- puFmyl
EdkifiHwGif owif;enf;ynmESifh tEkpdwfpufr_ypPnf;rsm;xkwv f kyfaomvkyfief;rsm; (high precision machine
tools industry) udk jr‡ifhwif aqmif&Gufjcif;ðy&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ xdik f0rfEdkifiHwGif uGefjyLwmESifh
qDrDuGef'wfwmrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tpdk;&u a&S@aqmif&mYvnf;aumif;/ *syefEdkifiHwGif 'kwd,
36
Industrial Policy
37
World Development Report 1997, p. 74.

99
urBmppf+yD;umv oHowWKxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf&mYvnf;aumif;/ TuJo h d@k tpdk;&u
xdxad &mufa&muf 0ifa&mufpGufzufI pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;a&;udk jr‡ifhwifay;EdkifcJhaom Oyrm rsm; jzpfyg
onf? odk@aomfvnf; Tae&mwGif rdrdwdk@. t=uHðyvdo k nfrSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;ESifhydkI o[Zmw jzpfaom/
pGufzufr_ydkIaysmhajymif;jiifomaom/ vufawG@usaomcsOf;uyfr_rsKd;udo
k m t=uHðyvdjk cif; jzpfygonf? tpGef;
ESpfzufudv
k nf; a&Smif&Sm;&ef vdktyfygonf?

pufr_vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m rufvHk;ay;r_rsm;
tjrwftpGef;&&ef tvm;tvmaumif;aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk owfrSwf+yD;aemufwiG f/ rdrdwdk@
taejzifh Tpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk rnfuhJod@k jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifrnfudk qufvufpOf;pm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? jynfwiG f;
xkwv f kyfr_tm;jr‡ifhwifay;Edkif&eftwGuf jynfyrS wifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;udk tcGefwdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHjcif;
paom/ aps;uGufudk wdkuf&dkuf0ifa&mufpGufzufaomvkyfief;rsm;udk rvkyfaqmifoifhyg? tajctaea&mufrS
aemufqHk;a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;tjzpf aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? TuJhod@k 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_tpm; tpdk;&taejzifh
pGef@OD;wDxiG fvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk oG,0f dkufIpD;yGm;a&;rufvkH;rsm;ay;aom/ aps;uGuv f nfywfr_ESifhvnf;
o[Zmwjzpfapaomenf;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ avhusifhynmay;a&;oifwef;rsm; pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;jcif;
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm; 0,f,lay;jcif;/ v$aJ jymif;&&Sdvmap&ef yHhydk;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Todk@yHhydk;aqmif&Gufaom &nf&G,fcsuu f dk aqmif&Guf&mY aocsmap&
rnfrSm Todk@rufvH;k rsm;ay;jcif;onf/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;.pGrf;aqmif&nftay:rlwnfIom ay;tyfjcif;rsKd;
jzpfapoifhonf? tm&Swdu k frS pufr_xGef;opfvmaomEdkifiHrsm;onf Tod@k aomenf;emrsm;udkxda&muf atmif
jrifpGm oHk;cJh=uonf? xd@k tjyif tcGeftaumufqdkif&mESifh b¾ma&;qdkif&mrufvkH;ay;jcif;udv k nf; toHk;ðycJh
=uonf?
xd@k tjyif òyifqdkifEdkifr_pGrf;&nfudjk r‡ifhwifay;jcif;onfvnf;/ jynfwiG f;ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;taejzifh
urBmhaps;uGuftwGif; òyifqdkifvm Edkifap&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&nfufdk wdk;wufvmapygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
taejzifh urBmhaps;uGufrSumv=um&Snf zJusOfItxD;wnf;aexdik fcJhr_a=umifh/ jrefrmEdkifiH. pufr_vkyfief;rsm;
taejzifh tpysKd;umvwGif pufr_enf;ynmavhvmoif=um;r_rxufjrufbJ jzpfaeonfvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf?
tpdk;&taejzifh pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm;udk yk*~vdupufr_vkyfief;u¾rsm;odk@ tpysKd;axmufyHh ay;tyf&mY/
owif;rsm;&&Sdapjcif;/ oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ b¾ma&;t&axmufyHhay;jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? rdrdEdkifiH
. ,SOfòyifItompD;&Edkifaom tajctaeudw k d;k wufap&efqdkonfrSm/ aocsmypfrSwfxm;aom/ pepfwus
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifaom pufr_qdkif&m r[mAsL[mrlrsm; EdkifiHawmftqifhY&Sdae&ef vdt k yfygonf? xdk@tjyif
Tvkyfief;rsm;Y yk*~vduu¾rsm;. wufºupGm yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif &Gufr_&Sdap&efvnf; vdt k yfygonf?

t"duusaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;?

jynfyvkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS jzpfap/ jynfwiG f;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS jzpfap/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk tpysKd;a&S@aqmif
vkyfudik fvmygu olwkd@. vkyfief;rsm;udk vGwv f yfpGmvkyfudik fEdkifap&ef wlnaD omvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ay;&ygrnf?
xd@k tjyiftpdk;&Xmersm;odk@vnf; wlnaD om qufqHxdawG@EdkifcGifhudk ay;xm;&ygrnf? odk@aomfvnf;/ rwlnD
aompD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;pepftay: rwlnaD omtusKd;oufa&mufr_jzpfay:
vmaprnfudk todtrSwfðyxm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh wdik f;jynf.ukefoG,fr_ &-oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;
wrf;rsm;/ tvkyfzefwD;ay;Edkifr_/ pufr_enf;ynmv$Jajymif; vufcH&,lEdkifr_/ jynfwiG f;vkyfief;rsm;udk xdcdkuf
apEdkifr_/ obm0ywf0ef;usif pGrf;tm;rsm; ysufpD;qHk;&_H;&apEdkifr_/ ponft h usKd;qufrsm;tjyif a'oqdkif&m
twGif; pD;yGm;a&;A[dktcsuftcsmtjzpf jzpfvmapEdkifr_ paomtusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; &SdvmapEdkifygonf?
atmufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;onf rwlnaD om pufr_vkyfief;toD;oD;u pD;yGm;a&;pepftay: tusKd;oufa&muf
r_jzpfvmEdkifyHkudk azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? aocsmpepfusepGm oH;k oyfIa&;qGJxm;aom pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;
tay: tajcðyI atmufazmfjyygpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk rufvkH;rsm;aqmif&Gufay;Edkifygonf?
100
 1? jynfyydk@ukef OD;pm;ay;xkwfvkyfaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;? jynfyydk@ukef OD;pm;ay;xkwfvkyfaom
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf ukefoG,fr_rS &apaomEdkifiHjcm;aiG &oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wd;k wufap&Hkr#ru/ jynfwGif;
pkaqmif;r_ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk wd;k wufapjcif;tm;jzifh wdkif;jynf. "eºu,f0r_udkvnf; zefwD;ay;ygonf?
xd@k tjyif urBmhaps;uGufrS pufr_enf;ynmtopfrsm;&&Sdvmjcif;/ xdpk ufr_enf;ynmopfrsm;udk u|rf;usif
ydkifEdkifpGmtoH;k csvmEdkifjcif;wdk@a=umifh xkwu f keft&nftaoG;/ xkwv f kyfEdkifr_pGrf;tm;udv
k nf; jrifhwufvmap
ygonf?
2? jynfwiG f;&Sd obm0o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tajccHaomukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;udk wefzdk;
wd;k wufvmapatmif vkyfay;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;? pufr_vkyfief;u¾wGif qufvufwd;k wufaeaprnfh
vkyfief;u¾zGJ@pnf;yHkajymif;vJwkd;wufr_yHkpHt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ wdik f;jynf. obm0pGrf;tm; o,HZmw
ºu,f0aom taetxm;rS òyifqdkifv#if tompD;&EdkifpGrf;twGuf toH;k cs&eftwGufvnf;aumif;/ obm0
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk jyefvnfpDrHxkwv f kyfaom puf&Hkrsm;ESifh pufr_xGufukefypPnf;rsm;tjzpf jyefvnf xkwfvkyf
aompufr_vkyfief;rsm; wnfaxmifoifhygonf? xdpk uf&Hkxkwu f kefrsm;rSwqifh wdik f;jynf. ukef=urf;rsm;rS ukef
acsmrsm; xkwfvkyfvmEdkif+yD; wefzdk;jrifhwufvmapEdkifygonf?
3? vkyfom;rsm;rsm;ae&mcsxm;ay;Edkifa&;twGuf vkyftm;rsm;rsm;toH;k ðy&aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;
wnfaxmif&efvnf; ta&;}uD; ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf csnfr#ifESifh txnfvkyfief;/ v#yfppfypPnf;rsm;
wyfqifa&;puf&Hkrsm;/ om;a&xnfxw k fvkyfaom vkyfief;rsm; twGuf txl;oifhavsmaf omae&mjzpfygonf?
ta=umif;rSm vkyftm;aps;csKd+yD;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;Y wpHkw&mu|rf;usifaomvkyfom; rsm; &&SdEdkifaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf?
4? pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;vmap&ef tvm;tvmaumif;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh twwfynm
A[kokwtus,ftjyef@ jzef@xGufpD;qif;apEdkifaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;?

tpysKd;umvwGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf vkyftm;rsm;rsm;oH;k &r_udk tajccHaom/ obm0 t&if;

tjrpfrsm;udk tajccHaomukefxkwf vkyfief;rsm; jzpfaeEdkifygonf? wòyifeufwnf;rSmyif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
vkyfief;tawG@tñuH&Sdxm;cJhaom owWKa&mpyfvkyfief;rsm;/ oH&nfóupufrsm;/ oHjzwfvkyfief; ponfrsm;udk
vnf; jyefvnfrGrf;rHEdkifygonf? jynfwiG f;wGif&Sdae+yD;jzpfaom pdkufysKd;a&;xGufukefrsm;udk tajccHonfh pufr_
vkyfief;rsm;/ tpm;taomufxkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; jyefvnfrGrf;rHjr‡ifhwifay;Edkifygonf? tajccH
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom pufypPnf;rsm;xkwv f kyfjcif;/ owWKESifh yvyfpwpfyHkoGif;vkyfief; ponfrsm;udkvnf;
xyfrHIwyfqifxkwf vkyfapoifhygonf? Todk@aomtajccHpufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh aemufxyf pufr_ypPnf;
rsm;xkwfvkyfvmEdkifaprnfh puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;twGuf pufr_enf;ynmtajccHudk &&SdvmEdkifapygonf?

101
OD;aqmifpma&;ol. xyfqifhwifjycsuf
pufr_ay:vpDESifhywfoufI rSwfcsuf
pufr_ay:vpD (Industry policy) [laom toH=um;vdkuf&v#if/ vufa&SmifvGwv f yfaomukefoG,f
r_udk vufcHaompD;yGm; a&;ynm&Sifrsm;u/ tzsm;wufcsifovdk jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf? pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'rsm;wGif
(Industry policy) ygonfqdkv#if vuf a&Smifacwfopf (neo-liberal) vGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fr_ynm&Sif
rsm;u/ “trav;/ vGwv f yfpGmukefoG,fr_udk zsufqD;wmbJ/ puf&HkawG rwd;k wufbJ Edk@oufcHpdk@aerSmyJ/”[k
owfrSwfavh&Sdygonf?
u|efawmfwd@k Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&mwGif/ t"duyg0ifaomygarmuQ trsm;pku (Neo-classical
laissezfaire) acwfopfvufa&Smif0g'udk usifhoH;k vdk=uonfh q&mrsm; jzpfygonf? odk@twGuaf =umifh puFmyl
rSmvkyfaom om"u/ *syefESifh ud&k D;,m;wdk@udk wd;k wufapcJhaomrl0g'rsm;udk =unfv h #if/ tpdk;&u}uD;=uyf
apmifha&Smuftm;ay;r_rsm;&SdcJhonf[kajymv#if/ tausmuftuefjiif;+yD;/ xdt k qdkudk vufrcHEdkifyg? u|efawmfu
rdrdwdik f;jynfwdk;wufa&;.tpwGif/ zGH@òz;p puf&Hkrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk ud, k fhzmomudk,f r&yfwnfEdkifcif/
tultnDay;&efvdo k nfqdkv#if “tcGeftaumufawG wdk;aumufawmh rSmyJ/ puf&HkawGu Edk@oufcHpdk@+yD;/ b,f
awmhrS wd;k wufrSmr[kwfbl;? cifAsm;rSm qdk&S,fvpfoli,fema&m*gu tcktxd raysmufao;bl;vm;”[k
ajym=uygonf? ,if;a0zefcsufrsm;t=um;rSmyif/ b,fvkt d cgrsm;rSm wdk;wufa&;twGuf tpdk;&u OD;aqmif
ðypkysKd;axmifay;&efvdkonf/ uav;I,fvdk Edk@jzwf+yD; udk,fhzmomud, k f&yfwnfEdkifatmif b,fvkdvkyfay;&rnf
ponfwdk@udk olwd@k .a0zefcsufrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;I trsm;vufcHEdkifaom tajctaea&mufatmif a&;cJh&yg
onf? vG,ful aomudpP r[kwfygay? aemufqHk;oabmwlnDcsufrSm vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_udk ysufpD;ap
aom/ tcGeftaumuf,l+yD; EdkifiHjcm; òyifqdkifr_udk wm;rnft h pm;/ rdrdpuf&Hkrsm;udk bufrvduk f/ rcGJjcm;bJ udk,fh
ajcaxmufay:ud, k f&yfwnf vkyfay;&rnf[laom ay:vpDudk vufcHcJhygonf? ,if;udv k nf; tjrJwrf;xm;&Sd
rnfr[kwf? ESpftuef@towftwGif;wGif taxmuftulay;r_rsm;udk &yfqdkif;ypfrnf/ taxmuftulay;&m
wGifvnf; bufrvdu k fbJ/ puf&Hktm;vH;k toHk;ðyEdkifaom wuUEdkvd*k sD (technology) ud0k ,fay;I/ jyefa0ay;&
rnf? vdt k yfv#ifvnf; pufr_b%frsm;zGihfvSpfI vkyfief;opfrsm;u vdt k yfaom b¾ma&;tultnDrsm;
vG,u f lpGm&&ef odk@r[kwf b¾ma&;qufo, G fcGifhrsm;&&ef pDpOfay;&ygrnf? ,if;odk@vkyfonft h cg puf&Hkrsm;
tm;vH;k twGufudk r#wpGm vkyfay;&rnf/ ponfhpnf;urf;rsm; owfrSwfxm;cJhygonf? ,if;tay:wGif tajccH
I u|efawmfwdk@. pufr_zGH@òz;a&;ay:vpDudk csrSwfcJh=uygonf? (ygarmuQ a'gufwmcifarmif=unf)

102
 tcef;(5)
obm0o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif

103
 tcef;(5)
obm0o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm; ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif 38 39

EdkifiHwck.pD;yGm;a&;udk ESpfpOfxkwfvyk faom xGufukeftrsKd;rsKd;. trsKd;tpm;ESifhyrm%/ 0efaqmifr_

wefzdk;rsm;jzifh qHk;jzwfI r&Edkifyg? EdkifiHwck.pD;yGm;a&;onf xdkEdkifiHtaejzifh obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfod@k
rnfyHktoH;k ðyyHkaeoenf;[laomtcsufESifh a&/ ajr/ 0ef;usifwdk@tygt0if zGJ@pnf;yg0ifaom obm00ef;usifwdk@
tay: pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u rnfokd@tusKd;oufa&mufaeoenf;[laom tcsufrsm;Yvnf;
rlwnfaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;wGif obm0&if;jrpfrsm; tvGeftu|HtoH;k ðyaeygu/ odk@r[kwf obm0
0ef;usiftay:tvGeftu|HxdcdkufysufpD;r_jzpfaeapygu/ ‚if;enf;tm;jzifh&&Sdvmaom pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_
ESifh }uD;rm;aomukefxkwv f kyfEdkifpGrf;yrm%wdk@onf vdv
k m;zG,f&m rjzpfEdkifay? t"duta=umif;t&if;rSm
xduk Joh dk@aom zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_onf xm0pOfwnfwHhaeap&ef xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifrnf r[kwfaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
vuf&Sdwufaeaom}uD;xGm;r_E_ef;onf tem*wfumvwGif aES;auG;oGm;um/ aemufqHk;&yfwef@oGm;Edkifaom
a=umifh jzpfonf? obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;oGm;ygu/ a&&SnfwGif wdik f;jynftwGuf qdk;usKd;rsm; jzpfvmEdkifyg
onf?
Ttcef;wGif rdrdwd@k EdkifiH&Sd obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk/ tem*wfumvwGif rnfuho J dk@ taumif;qHk;
toH;k ðyEdkifrnfqdkonfukd aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf? obm0t&if; tjrpfrsm;udk a&&SnfcHatmif xdef;
odrf;r_ESifhqdkifaomawG;ac:ar#mfjrifr_rsm;/ pOf;pm;csufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;aqG; aEG;oGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ rdrdwd@k vkyf
aqmifoifhaomvrf;!$efrlrsm;udkvnf; wifjyoGm;ygrnf? Ttcef;aemufydkif;wGif qufvuftaumiftxnf
azmfEdkifrnfh r[mAsL[mqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;udk wifjyxm;ygonf?

obm0o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifwdk@. vuf&Sdtajctae

obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;qdk&mwGif umvydkif;jcm;tvdkuf obm0tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vl@ya,m*
a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ jyefvnfIjznfhwif;Edkifaom t&if;tjrpfESifh jyefvnfIrjznfhwif;Edkifaom t&if;
tjrpf[lI (2) rsKd;cGJjcm;Edkifygonf? jyefvnfjznfw h if;Edkifaom t&if;tjrpftrsKd;tpm;wGif pdkufysKd;a&;/
opfawm/ ig;zrf;vkyfief;ponfwd@k yg0if+yD;/ jyefvnfrjznfw h if;Edkifaom trsKd;tpm;wGif ausmufjzpf&kyfºuif;/
avmifpmESifh urBmajrjyifatmufrSawG@&Sd&aom "gwfowWKwGif;xGufrsm;yg0ifygonf? TuJo h dk@ trsKd;om;
xGuu f kefypPnf;xkwv f kyfr_wGif wdu
k f&dkuftoHk;csEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;tjyif/ tjcm;ta&;}uD;aom tcsuf
rSm rdrdwd@k ae@pOf&l&_dufaomavESifh aomufoH;k a& ponfwdk@onfvnf; vl@b0t&nftaoG;twGuf ta&;yg
aomypPnf;rsm; jzpfygonf? uHta=umif;rvSpGm ,ae@urBm}uD; &ifqdkifae&aom t}uD;rm;qHk;tusyf
twnf;rsm;pGmteuf wckrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ txl;ojzifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh jyefvnfjznfh
wif;Ir&Edkifaom obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tvGeftu|HtoH;k ðyjcif;tm;jzifh/ vHk;0ukefcrf;oGm;awmhrnfh tajc
taewdik fatmif toH;k ðyae=ujcif;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif jyefvnfjznfw h if;Edkifaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;udkvnf;
oifhav#maf omenf;jzifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;ðy&ef ysufuGufaeonfhtjyif/ obm00ef;usifukv d nf;
tvGeftu|Hnpfnrf; ysufpD;apvsu&f Sdonf?
vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpf (3) pktwGif;Yyif pdkufysKd;ajrrsm;/ u|ef;opfawmrsm;/ pm;oHk;qD/ a&eHESifh
obm0"gwfaiG@/ owWKwGif;xGufESifh ig;uJo h dk@aom obm0&if;jrpfrsm;xkwfvkyfjcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. pkpk

38
Natural resources jrefrmvdk obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;[lIvnf; jyefqdEk dkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; t&if;tjrpfonf pGrf;tm;[laom oabm
ryg0ifyg?
39
Environment

104
aygif;jynfwiG f;xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . xuf0ufausmf&SdcJhonf? Ttaetxm;onf tqufqufaom
tpdk;&rsm;atmufwGif worwfwnf; &SdaecJh+yD;/ obm0&if;jrpfudk tajcðyaom pD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;onf xkwf
vkyfr_ESifh ukefoG,fr_u¾rsm;xuf/ vlrsm;udt k vkyftudik fydkay;cJhonf? jynfyydk@ukefrS&aomEdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGudk
ydkrdkaxmufyHhay;cJhonf? ppf+yD;umvtpydkif;avmufrSpI v,f,mu¾. qefESifh pdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefypPnf;
rsm;/ opfawmu¾rS u|ef;ESifhopfrmrsm;onf t"duEdkifiHjcm;aiGtrsm;qHk;&&SdcJh+yD;/ pkpkaygif;ydk@ukefwefzdk;.
xuf0ufeD;yg;r#&SdcJhonf? ppf+yD;acwf tapmqHk;ESpfrsm;u qefudk jynfywifydk@jcif;onf v#ifjrefpGm wd;k wufvm
cJhaomfvnf; u|ef;opfwifydk@jcif;rSmrl jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;aeaoma=umifh/ rvHðk cHr_ESifh vkyfief;a'orsm;wGif opf
rxkwfEdkifr_a=umifh tenf;i,fom wd;k wufvmcJhonf? odk@&mwGif qdk&S,fvpfacwfatmufwGif qefwifydk@r_rSm
odoo d momusqif;cJh+yD;/ w&m;0if u|ef;ESifhopfrmwifydk@r_rSm xdyfqHk;jynfyydk@ukeftjzpf qefae&mwGiftpm;
xd;k 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? (yHk 5? 1 wGif=unf)h aemufydkif;wGif opfawmrsm; twdkif;tqtvGefysufpD;ðyef;wD;r_
udk odjrifvm jcif;a=umifh &yfqdkif;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ w&m;r0ifopfxkwfvyk fjcif;ESifh
w&m;r0if opfwifydk@r_rSm t}uD;tus,q f ufvuf&SdaecJhonf? u|ef;opfxkwfvkyfr_rSm aemufqHk;pdk;&drfzG,f&m
tajctae tjzpfowday;&aom tajctaejzpfvmcJhonf? Tobm0pGrf;tm;rsm; ðyef;wD;r_udk axmuf&_
v#uf tem*wftwGuf tusKd;&SdEdkifpGrf;aom zGH@òz;r_r[mAsL[mw&yftaejzifh/ Tobm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udk
toH;k csjcif;wGif tjrJwnfwHhraeEdkifonfh tuef@towf&Sdaeonfudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf?

(yHk-5? 1) u|ef;opf ESifh qefpyg; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_ a0pkajymif;vJvmjcif;udjk yaomyHk?

Figure 5.1. Changes in share of teak and rice Teak and other
hardwood
exports
Rice and rice
products
50.0%
Share of total exports

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

rl&if;? ADB, Key Indicators of Developing Member Countries 1995.

obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;ay:wGif tajccHIzGH@òz;r_twGuf umv=um&Snfóu;yrf;cJhjcif;ESifh vlOD;a&wd;k wuf

r_rsm;a=umifh obm0&if;jrpfudk ðyef;wD;apcJh+yD;/ y"meusaom ouf&Sdb0axmufyHhr_pepfrsm;udk avsmeh nf;ysuf
pD;apcJhygonf? trsm;*k%f,lazmfjyae=uaom o,HZmwaygºu,f0onfh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkaomtaetxm;rSm
a&&SnfwiG f jzpfEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfyg? udef;*%ef;tcsuftvufrsm; r&Sdjcif;ESifh pepfwus}uD;=uyfxdef;odrf;r_
csKd@wJhaeaoma=umifh EdkifiH. obm00ef;usifjy\emrsm;.twdrfteufukd qHk;jzwf&efcufcJapygonf? od@k
aomfjim;vnf; ,ckwifjyxm;aompD;yGm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_qdkif&mtjrifrsm;wGif obm00ef;usifESifhywfoufaom
ylyefr_a=umifh a,bk,soH;k oyfcsufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; wifjyxm;ygonf?

opfawmðyef;wD;jcif;

105
 vGefcJhaomq,fpkESpftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiH. tylydkif;rkwfokefopfawmrsm;tygt0if ºu,f0aom opf
awmrsm;/ urf;&dk;wef;/ a&0yfajrESifh tjcm;aoma*[pepfrsm; t&nftaoG;usqif;cJh&ygonf? ESpfpOf opf
awmðyef;wD;r_E_ef;rSm tpdk;&Xmersm;. cef@rSef;csuft& pkpkaygif;opfawmzkH;vGrf;r_. (2² 1) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/
‚if;onf (IUCN) .vGwfvyfaom cef@rSef;ajcpm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& (6) &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh vGwfvyfaom a*[
aA'ynm&Sifaemfrefar,m (Norman Myer) .cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_t& (8) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ uGJvGv J su&f Sdaeyg
40
onf? ESpfpOfopfawmðyef;wD;r_ (8) &mcdkifE_ef;onf b&mZD;ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;+yD;v#if jrefrmEdkifiHu wwd,
jzpfvmygonf? rjynfhpHkaom a&S;&dk;pm&if;tcsuftvufrsm;t&yifv#if jrefrmEdkifiH. opfawmðyef;wD;r_E_ef;rSm
xifomjrifomjzpfae+yD;/ ,kwfavsmu h sqif;vmaeaom opfawmrsm;taetxm; udk yHk (5? 2) wGifawG@Edkifyg
onf?

yHk 5? 2) opfawm{&d,majymif;vJr_jyyHk

Non-
Forest 1961
Area
29%

Forest
Area
71%

Non- 1994
forest
Area
49%

Forest
Area
51%

40
Myers, N. 1991.

106
 jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t"duopfawmðyef;wD;jcif;ta=umif;t&if;rsm;rSm tao;pm;v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;jzpfopfxkwfvyk fjcif;/ avmifpmxif;xkwfvkyfr_wdk@yifjzpfygonf? tjcm;tajccHta=umif;
t&if;w&yfrSm qif;&JrGJawr_tus,t f jyef@jzpfyGm;aejcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf? tjrJwapwdk;wufaeaom opf
awmðyef;wD;r_udk (1990) ckESpfydkif;wGif ppftpdk;&uEdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sdap&ef&nf&G,fI opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;
wifydk@cJhjcif;u xyfqifhqdk;&Gm;apcJhygonf? (1989) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;udk opfxkwv
f kyfcGifhay;aom
tcg/ puf,EW,m;oHk;xkwfvkyfcJh=uygonf? Todk@jzifh rd&dk;zvm qiftoH;k ðyjcif;ESifh yHkrSefvSnfhvnfckwf,ljcif;
pepfrsm;xuf ydkIðyef;wD;apcJhygonf? opfxkwfvkyfudik fcGifhay;aome,fajra'orsm;onf wdik f;&if;om;
vufeufudik ftiftm;pkrsm;ESifh ppftpdk;&wdk@. xdef;csKyfr_atmufwiG f usa&mufaeaoma'orsm; jzpfaom
a=umifh/ pepfwus pnf;rsOf;xdef;csKyfr_ESifh w&m;r0ifopfxkwfr_rsm;udk r}uD;=uyfEdkifcJhay?

Z,m; (5? 1) ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. opfawmðyef;wD;r_

opfawmðyef;wD;r_ ESpfpOfopfawmðyef;wD;r_hE_ef; opfawmjyefvnfzGH@òz;ap&ef

(1000 [ufwm§ESpf) (&mcdkifE_ef;) aqmif&Gufr_E_ef;
1980-89 (1000 [ufwm§ESpf)
1980-89
jrefrm 677 2² 1 -
xdkif; 397 2² 5 24
rav;&Sm; 310 1² 5 20
AD,uferf 173 1² 7 29
vmtdk 130 1² 0 1
urfabm'D;,m; 30 0² 2 -
rl&if;? vlom;t&if;tjrpfzGH@òz;r_tpD&ifcHpm 1995 UNDP, Oxford University, 1995

pD;yGm;jzpf opfxkwv f kyfjcif;tjyif/ xif;avmifpmckwf,loH;k pGJjcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH .opfawmðyef;wD;

r_wGif odomxif&Sm;aom ta=umif;wckjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJhod@k aom zG@Hòz;qJEdkifiHwcktwGufxif;avmifpm
uJoh d@k aom ZD0ypPnf; (biomass) onf pGrf;tif. t}uD;rm;qHk; t&if;tjrpfwckjzpfonf? tjcm;ae&m
tm;vH;k wGif pGrf;tifac|wmr_ESifh obm00ef;usifESifh ydkIqDavsmfaom enf;ynmrsm; wd;k wufaevifhupm;/
jrefrmEdkifiH.avmifpmoH;k pGJyHk tqifhtwef;avScg;onf rajymif;vJbJ usef&Sdaeayonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;
twGif;u EdkifiHjcm;aiGtcuftcJa=umifh avmifpmqDwifoGif;Edkifr_avsmu h soGm;aomtcg/ xif;avmifpmoHk;pGJ
r_udk &kwfw&ufwd;k jrifhvmapcJhonf? a&eHqDoHk;pGJ&ef qif;&Jaomðrd@aevlwef;pm;tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh aus;vuf
aejynfoltrsm;pktwGuf tvGefaps;}uD;vGef;I/ tjcm;avmifpmjzpfaom obm0"gwfaiG@ESifh v#yfppf"gwftm;
wd@k oHk;pGJ&efrSmvnf; r&&SdEdkifao;bJ&Sdaeonf? tusKd;qufwcktjzpf ZD0avmifpmpGrf;tiftoHk;ðyr_ (rD;xif;
toH;k ðyr_) onf &kwfw&uf wdk;wufcJh+yD; (1993) ckESpfwGifrlvt&if;tjrpfpGrf;tifaxmufyHhr_. (81) &mcdkif
E_ef;txd&SdcJhonf? opfawmrsm;ysufpD;ap&ef }uD;rm;aom0efxkyf0efydk;wck jzpfapcJhonf?
xif;avmifpmae&mwGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;oD;ESHpGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;toH;k ðyap&ef tpdk;&.óu;yrf;tm;
xkwrf _onf t&mrxifcJhay? w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;rsm;t& (1990) ckESpfwGif xif;avmifpmvdt k yfr_onf wdik f;
ESifhjynfe,f (14) ckteuf vlOD;a&xlxyfaom jynfe,fESifh wdik f; (6) ckwGif avtajcmufwef (10² 7)41 oef;
txd&SdcJhonf? cef@rSef;onfrSm wdik f;jynftaejzifh xif;avmifpmt}uD;tus,fvdt k yfr_ESifh &ifqdkif&rnfjzpf+yD;
ouU&mZf (2000) ckESpfwGif xif;avmifpmvdt k yfcsufrSm avtajcmufwef (15² 95) oef;&Sdrnfjzpf+yD;/
ouU&mZf (2005) ckESpfwGif (20² 33) oef;wef&Sdrnf jzpfonf?42
41
Air Dry Ton (m. a. d. t)
42
Myint Han, " Fuelwood Situation in Myanmar." In Savage, V. R. and Kong, L. L. L., eds., Environmental Stakes: Myanmar and
Agenda 21. Singapore: NUS, 1997, p. 261.
Z,m; (5? 2) yifravmifpmaxmufyHay;r_ (t&if;tjrpftm;jzifh) (pkpkaygif;. &mcdkifE_ef;)
Table 5.2 Primary Energy Supply by sources (percentage of total)

t&if;tjrpftrsKd;tpm; 1974§ 75 1984§ 85 1992§ 93

a&eH 16² 5 16² 4 7² 6
obm0"gwfaiG@ 2² 3 5² 9 7² 4
ausmufrD;aoG; 0² 1 0² 3 0² 5
a&tm;v#yfppf 2² 2 2² 6 3² 4
ZD0avmifpm 78² 9 73² 6 81² 1

opfawmu¾rSxif;avmifpmavsmhenf;vmjcif;.&dkufcwfr_onf {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o/ tyl

ydkif;ZHak 'oESifh tif;avuef0ef;usif &Srf;jynfe,fuJhodk@aom opfawmzHk;vGrf;r_usJyg;aomae&mrsm;wGif ydkrdk
odomvmonf? {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o&Sd uepdkyifrsm;aygufa&muf&m 'Da&a&mufawmrsm; v#ifjrefpGm
ysufpD;cJh&+yD;/ tpdk;&.opfawmjyefvnfxlaxmifjcif; tpDtpOfrsm;onfvnf; a'ocHjynfolyl;aygif;yg0ifr_
enf;yg;jcif;a=umifh tusKd;oufa&mufr_ r&SdcJhay? tylydkif;ZHka'o. opfawmðyef;wD;r_a=umifh/ a&wdu k fpm;
ojzifh {&m0wDjrpf twGif; EHk;wifr_jzpfvmap+yD;/ EdkifiH.v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;zGH@òz;r_tay: }uD;rm;aom obm0
0ef;usif t[ef@twm;wck jzpfvmaponf? xif;avmifpmavsmhenf;vmr_ vsifjrefpGmjzpfay:jcif;ESifh
aemufqufwJG opfawm ðyef;wD;r_rsm; jzpfay:aevifhupm;/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS}uD;rm;aom opfawmjyefvnf
xlaxmifjcif;ESifh pdkufcif; tpDtpOfrsm; yHkazmfv#u&f Sdaeaomfvnf;/ tjcm;wbufrS zufpHkoH;k avmifpm a&G;
cs,fr_rsm;udk tòyiftqdkif aps;E_H;rsm;jzifh a&mif;csEdkifaom/ xda&mufaom pGrf;tifaps;uGufwckudk rzefwD;Edkif
ao;bJ &Sdaeonf? 43
wdik f;jynf. awmifwef;a'owGif opfawmðyef;wD;r_. tjcm;t"duta=umif;t&if;wckrSm &dk;&m
"avhtm;jzifh ajymif;a&$@awmif,m (wenf;) ckwfxiG frD;&_d@v,f,mvkyfief;a=umifh jzpfonf? ,cifu
awmif,mpdkufysKd;jcif;onf &dk;&m"avhwckjzpfcJh+yD;/ pdkufysKd;vkyfudik folta&twGuef nf;I/ opfawmajrtcsKd;
tpm;rsm;aom umvY jy\em r&SdcJhay? awmif,mvkyfolrsm;onf opfawmae&mwckudk ckwfxiG fjzwf
awmuf&Sif;vif;=u+yD;/ pkyHkrD;&_d@um oD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd; &dwfodrf;cJhjcif;om jzpfonf? (2) ESpf (3) ESpf=um&SdI ajr
=oZmðyef;wD;usqif;vmaomtcg awmif,mpdkufolrsm;onf tjcm;wpfae&mod@k ajymif;a&G@umpdkufysKd;jyef
onf? tESpf (20) rS (30) cef@=umaomtcg ,cifae&mwGif jyefvnfpdkufysKd;jcif;jzifh ‚if;vkyfief;pOftwdik f;
oHo&mvnfaecJhonf?
awmifukef;xlxyfaoma'orsm;wGif jyef@usJv#u&f Sdaomawmif,mpdkufysKd;ol (2² 6) oef;cef@ aexdik f
vkyfudik fae=u+yD;/ xdo k lrsm;jy\emESifh v,f,mtavhtxrsm;/ a&a0a&vJ{&d,mrsm;tay: tusKd;ouf
a&mufr_ enf;yg;Edkifor#enf;yg;atmifxdef;odrf;a&;twGuf opfawmXme. 0efxrf;vHkavmufpGm cef@xm;Edkifr_
r&Sdjcif;a=umifh apmifh=unfhxdef;odrf;Edkifjcif; r&Sday?44 ydkrdkpdk;&drfp&mta=umif;wckrSm O,smOfpdkufcif;rsm;ESifh
pD;yGm;jzpfv,f,mvkyfief;rsm;vkyfudik f&ef tpdk;&u ukr`%Drsm;udk rsm;r=umao;rDumvu vkyfudik fcGifhrsm;cs
ay;cJh&m tif'dk;eD;&Sm;EdkifiHrSmuJhod@k yif/ ajrtajymif&Sif;aomenf;vrf;rsm;twdik f; vkyfudik fp&m ta=umif;&Sday
onf? ‚if; ukr`%Drsm;. vkyf&yfrsm;udk ppfrSefpGm}uD;=uyfr_rðycJhv#if tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrSmuJo
h dk@ opfyiftusefrsm;
ESifh ikwfrsm;udk rD;&_d@tajymif&Sif;jcif;jzifhobm0ywf0ef;usifukd ysufpD;xdcdu k fapaom aemufqufwGJjzpf&yfrsm;
jzpfvmEdkifonf?
opfawmjyefvnfxal xmifjcif;ESifh jyefvnfpdkufysKd;a&;udk yxrOD;pmay;a&S@wef;wifxm;jcif;ESifh
opfawmXme.tcef;u¾ ta&;}uD;rm;vmvifhupm; opfawmu¾t&m&SdESifh0efxrf;rsm;t=um; t*wd
43
David Dapice, Fuelwood Depletion in Burma, UNDP Report, 1992.
44
Bryant, R. Political Economy of Forestry in Burma. 1824-1994. London: Hurst & Company, 1997.

108
vduk fpm;r_rSm [ef@wm;r_r&Sd}uD;xGm;v#u&f Sdae+yD;/ ‚if;t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;a=umifh olwdk@.wm0efjzpfaom
w&m;r0ifopfxkwjf cif;udak pmifh=unf&h efESifh ajr,musL;ausmfr_rsm;wd@k udk xdef;odrf;&efwm0efudk ayghavsmah e&
onf? od@k aomfvnf;tpdk;&rS opfawm0ef}uD;Xme. xkwfvyk fa&;awmifyHjzpfaom jrefrmhopfvkyfief;
aumfydka&;&Sif; (,cifu EdkifiHawmfopfvkyfief;bkwftzGJ@[kac:onf?) udkopfawmxdef;odrf;umuG,frnfh opf
awmOD;pD;Xmexufausmv f GefI odomxif&Sm;pGm OD;pm;ay;aeonf? wcgw&H tpdk;&.0ifaiGvdt k yfcsufudk
jznfqh nf;&ef opfawmxGufypPnf;ydkrdk&&Sda&;twGuf/ jyXmef;xm;aomopfawmxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufr_ pnf;
rsOf;rsm;udk ausmfvGefvkyfaqmifonfvnf; &Sdonf? 45
Tae&mwGifjzpfoifhonfrSm jrefrmhopfvkyfief;aumfydka&;&Sif;onf tpdk;&ydkifjzpfaomfvnf; tjrwf
tpGef;&&Sda&;y"mejzpfonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckjzpfonft h wGuf tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhodk@yif/
tpdk;& xdef;odrf;r_ t0ef;t0dkif;twGif;Yom vnfywfaqmif&Guf&ayrnf? tjcm;aompD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u
obm0ywf0ef;usif umuG,af pmifha&SmufaomXmersm;. xdef;csKyf}uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif aqmif&Guf&onfh
enf;wl aqmif&Gufoifhayonf? xkwv f kyf jcif;twdkif;twmESifh yrm%wdk@pyfvsOf;aom qHk;jzwfcsufonf opf
awmxdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;Xme. cGifhðycsufjzifhom twnfðy&rnf jzpfonf? ‚if;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;onf
(1950) ckESpfrsm;twGif;u EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; xHrSvkyfief;rsm;udk ygvDreftpdk;&u jyefvnfv$aJ jymif;vufcH&ef
opfvkyfief;bkwftzGJ@udk pwifwnfaxmifpOf uwnf;u aqmif&GufcJah omtavhtxyif jzpfonf?

ajrqDv$m ðyef;wD;jcif;cH&jcif;
t"duajrwdkufpm;jcif;tm;jzifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ajrqDv$mrsm; wjznf;jznf; ysufpD;ðyef;wD;ae&
jcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH.t"dujy\emwck jzpfonf? t"dupm;oH;k oD;ESHrsm;xGufE_H; txl;ojzifh qefpyg; xGuf
E_ef;onf oGif;tm;ydkrdkxnfo h Gif;vifhupm;wdk;wufrvmcJhay? xdt k wGuaf =umifh ajrqDv$mðyef;wD;jcif;udk
tqif;&JqHk;aom v,f,mvkyfudik fol v,form;rsm;u ‚if;wd@k . touf&Sif&yfwnfr_twGuf &kef;ueftoHk;
csaeaomajrrsm;ay:wGif r=umc%ñuHae=u&aoma=umifh ydkI'kuQjzpf=u&onf? (1978) ckESpfcef@uwnf;u
a&oGif;pdkufysKd;aompyg;/ 0g*Grf;/ *Hkav#mo
f D;xyfpdkufaomae&mrsm;Y qm;aygufajrjzpfjcif;ESifh ajrqDv$mðyef;wD;
jcif;rsm; pwifjzpfay:vmcJhonf? tvm;wl "gwkaA'v,f,moHk; "gwfajr=oZm/ ydk;owfaq;ESifh aygif;owf
aq;rsm; tvGeftu|HoHk;pGJjcif;a=umifhvnf; ajrqDv$m qm;aygufI ðyef;wD;jcif;ESifh oD;ESHxGufE_ef;avsmhusjcif;
wd@k udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? awmifapmif;ae&mrsm;wGif ckwfxGifrD;&_d@awmif,mpdkufysKd;vkyfudik fjcif;onfvnf;/
vkyfudik folvlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmjcif;atmufwGif wae&mxJY jyefvnfvyk fudik fr_ tcsdefwdak wmif;vmjcif;ESifhtr#
ajrqDv$m ðyef;wD;jcif;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? ydk;owfaq;ESifhtwl "gwkypPnf;wdk;wufoH;k pJGvmr_onf odomxif
&Sm;aom obm00ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;ESifh touf&Sifaexdkifolrsm;ESifh rarG;zgG;ao;aomvlom;rsm;udk
tEW&m,f&Sdaom (rsKd;&dk;ADZ ajymif;vGjJ cif;) tajctaeod@k a&muf&dSapEkdif+yD;/ a'o&if;&Sdwd&p>mefESifh tyifrsKd;pdwf
rsm;onfvnf; ZD0rsKd;uGaJ vsmhenf;vmapjcif; ponfjh y\emrsm;udjk zpfvmapEkdifonf?
(1994-95) ckESpf. w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;rsm;t& jy\em&Sdaomajryrm% (0² 96) oef; [ufwm
od@k r[kwf pkpkaygif;pdkufajrtm;vH;k . (7² *) &mcdkifE_ef;&dScJhonf// jy\emrSm v,f,mvkyfudik frlrsm;onf ajrqD
v$mqm;aygufr_'g%fudk toiftwifhcHEdkifaompyg;rsKd;uJGrsm;udk pdkufysKd;vmEdkif=uaomfvnf; xdjk y\emajrrsm;
ay:wGifyif trsm;pkrSmxGef,ufpdkufysKd;ae=u&ao;onf// txl;ojzifh wdkif;jynfvlOD;a&. oHk;yHkwyHkcef@ rSDwif;
aexdik fv#uf&Sdaom EdkifiH.ta&;}uD;qHk;v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfudik fonfah 'o jrefrmEdkifiHtylydkif;a'owGif
tqdk;&Gm;qHk;jzpfonf? ‚if;a'oonf xif;avmifpmt&Sm;yg;qHk;a'ojzpf+yD; v#ifjrefpGmjzpfaeaomopfawm
ðyef;wD;r_onf atmufcHajr.tpdk"gwf xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifr_udk avsmch sap+yD; avxkESifhxdawG@r_udk tvGeftu|H
jzpfaponf? xdktcg tay:,HajrqDv$mqHk;&_H;r_udk jzpfay:aponf?

45
Ibid.

109
 jrefrmEdkifiHwGifajrqDv$mðyef;wD;r_a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;t&ta&;ygr_udk azmfjy&efcufcJaomfvnf;/ tjcm;
zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifhE_dif;,SOfavhvmcsufrsm;t& oD;ESHtxGufE_ef;ESifh ajr.xkwfvkyfEdkifr_wdk@tay: ajrqDv$mðyef;
wD;r_. tusKd;oufa&mufr_onf tvGefodomxif&Sm;aeayonf? ajrqDv$mðyef;wD;jcif;. obm0ESifh
oG,0f dkufta=umif;&if;rsm;vGI J avhvmcsufrsm;t&awG@&Sd&onfrSm v,f,mvkyfudik folrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.
xkwu f kefypPnf;rsm;aps;avsmch sr_cHae&aom tajctaewGif ‚if;wd@k .touf&Sif&yfwnfr_twGuf ‚if;wdk@ydkif
ajrrsm;udk tvGeftu|HtoHk;cs&aoma=umifhvnf;/ v,f,mxGufuek frsm; aps;avsmu h sjcif;onfvnf; ajrqD
v$m xdef;odrf;jcif;tay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufaponf? ajr,mydkifqdkifwnf+idrfr_onfvnf; v,form;rsm;.
vuf&SdESifh tem*wfukefxkwfvkyfr_qHk;jzwfcsuftay: nD!Gwfr#watmif xdef;ausmif;ay;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
jzpfay:aeaom ajr,mydkifqdkifr_raocsmonfhudpPonf/ v,form;rsm;tzdk@ ‚if;wdk@.tem*wf xkwv f kyfpGrf;
tm;udk ,H=k unfcsufusapygonf? TtwGufa=umifh ‚if;wdk@.ajrrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&ef rpOf;pm;apawmhbJ/
a&wdx k kwv f kyfEdkifr_twGufom/ ydkI toH;k csaeaom taetxm; jzpfapygonf? ydkI tusKd;,kwfapygonf?

a&t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;) tcuftcJrsm;ESifh oef@&Sif;aomaomufoHk;a& &&Sdr_

jrefrmEdkifiHonf ajrmufrSawmifod@k jzwfoef;pD;qif;aeaomt"dujrpfa=umif;pepf&Sdonfhajr jzpfonf
ESifhtr# a&pGrf;tm; &&Sdr_twGuf rsm;pGmtom&Sdonf[k qdkEdkifonf? (1956) ckESpfu urBmhukvor*~rScef@rSef;
csuft& yHkrSefwESpfv#if jrpfrsm;.jzwfoef;pD;qif;a& yrm% (870) oef; ({u-ay) &Sd+yD; tpdk;&. cef@rSef;
csufrSm ‚if;wdk@teuf (5) &mcdkifE_ef;atmufom toHk;ðyEdkifonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrpfa=umif;pepftrsm;pk. a&
rsufESmjyifavsmu h svmjcif;udk a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh vlxkrsm;uowdxm;rdvm=u+yD; jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
wGif a&oGif;pdkufysKd;aomajrtcsdK;tpm; enf;ao;I/ Ta&oGif;pepfudk xda&mufpGmtoH;k ðyEdkifao;jcif;r&Sdacs?
a&oGif;,ljcif;rSm tukeftustvGefrsm;pGmjzifhaqmif&Guf&aomvkyfief;jzpfaomfvnf; ‚if;a&pGrf;tm;udk
tjynft h 0 toH;k rcsEdkifao;yg?

yHk (5? 3) ESpfpOf jyefvnfjznfq

h nf;Edkifaoma& t&if;tjrpf ( 1995 vlwOD;csif;twGuf ukArDwmpkpkaygif;)

Figure 5.2: Annual Internal Renewable Water Resources

(1995 per capita cubic meters)

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0
Burm a Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand

rl&if;? World Resources Report 1996, World Resources Institute, New York.

110
 od@k aomftjcm;wbufwGif oef@&Sif;aomaomufoH;k a&&&Sdr_ESifh toH;k csEdkifr_onf odompGmavsmh
enf;aeao;onf? tusKd;quftm;jzifh a&rSwqifh ul;pufaoma&m*grsm; jyef@ESH@aer_onf qdk;&Gm;aom
obm00ef;usifqdkif&m jy\emjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;r_rsm;aom ul;pufa&m*grsm;. (80) &mcdkif
E_ef;onf oef@&Sif;aoma&r&&Sdr_ESifh a&rSul;pufaoma&m*grsm;ESifhqufpyfv#uf&Sdonfudk awG@&+yD; trsKd;om;
usef;rma&;jy\emrsm;. xdyfqHk;ae&mwGif&Sdaeonf? ydkrdkaumif;rGefoef@&Sif;aomaomufoHk;a&&&SdEdkifa&;ESifh
ydkrdk aumif;rGefaomoef@&Sif;a&;pepf&Sda&;wdk@onf aus;vuftdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: tusKd;rsm;pGm&Sdaprnf
jzpfonf? xdak us;vufaevlxkrsm;twGuf ,ckwdik fa&udk a0;aomae&mrsm;rS cyf,lae&jcif;onf tcsdefukef
vlyef;aom epP"l0vkyfief;wm0efwck jzpfaeao;onf?

yHk (5? 4) oef@&Sif;aom aomufoH;k a&toH;k csEdkifr_ vlOD;a&&mcdkifE_ef;

Figure 5.2. Percentage of population with access to safe
water
Percentage of total

120
100
population

80 Urban - 1990
60
Rural - 1990
40
20
0
Indonesia Myanmar Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Philippines

rl&if;? World Resources Report 1996, World Resources Institute, New York 1996.

tÀ0gobm0a*[m ysufpD;ðyef;wD;jcif;46
(1990) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS ig;zrf;cGifhOya'csrSwfay;cJh+yD;/ ‚if;Oya't& ud;k &D;,m;/ a[mif
aumif/ puFmyl/ rav;&Sm;ESifh xdik f;EdkifiHrsm;rS ig;zrf;ukr`%Drsm;udk ig;zrf;vdik fpifrsm;xkwfay;cJhonf? urf;&dk;
wef;rS (12) rdkiftuGmtjyifzufwGif ig;zrf;vkyfudik fcGifh&&SdcJhonf? ig;zrf;,mOf tpif; (300) ausmf yg0ifcJh+yD;
EdkifiHjcm;ig;zrf;oabFmrsm;. (2) qcef@ w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? rd&dk;zvmig;zrf;enf;tay: rSDcdkI
vkyfudik ftoufarG;0rf;ausmif;ae&aom a'ocHjynfow l dk@rSm/ acwfrDig;zrf;,mOfrsm;ESifh ,SOfòyif&mwGif r,SOf
EdkifbJ rsm;pGmxdcduk fepfemcJh=uonf? vuf&SdtcsdefwGifurf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;rS zrf;qD;&&Sd+yD;jzpfaom pkpkaygif;ig;
yrm%rSm (500000) rufx&pfwefxufausmfvGefv#u&f Sd+yD;/ ‚if;. (oH;k yHk ESpfyHk) rSm jynfyydk@ukefrsm; jzpfonf?
‚if;yrm%onf ,cifacwfpD;yGm;a&;a[mif;umvwGif wifydk@r_xuf (10) qeD;yg;cef@ ydkvmcJhonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif ig;vkyfief;u¾wGif EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;.&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm tar&duefa':vm oef;
(300) ausmt f xd &SdcJhonf? tpdk;&.EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_wGef;tm;ay;r_rS acwfrDig;zrf;vkyfief;vsifjrefpGm wd;k
wufjzpfay:vmjcif;onf ig;zrf;vkyfief;u¾wGif tvGeftu|Hig;zrf;jcif;udkumuG,f&ef csrSwfxm;aom vkyf
xH;k vkyfenf;rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;Oya'wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk csKd;azmufouJo h d@k &SdaecJhonf? acwfrDtoHvdi_ f;&Smqdkem
ud&d,mrsm; (Sonar) ESifh a&'g&Smig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; toHk;csvmjcif;onf ig;zrf;vkyfief;.oabmobm0udk
wjznf;jznf;ajymif;vJvmapcJh+yD;/ a'ocHwHigig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;ESifh r,SOfòyifEdkif
awmhbJ qHk;&_H;cJh=u&onf? ig;zrf;vkyfief;pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;tay: tpdk;&.wif;usyfr_ayghavsmhaom vkyf&yf

46
Marine ecosystem deterioration

111
rsm;a=umifh tqdyfcsjcif;ESifh AHk;cGJig;zrf;jcif;rsm;ðyvkyfvm=u&m/ obm0ywf0ef;usifudv
k nf; vGefpGmysufpD;apyg
onf?

yHk (5? 5) jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ig;zrf;&&Sdr_ (1982-91)?

900
800
700
Total fish catch

600
500 Marine
400 fishing
areas
300
200
100 Inland
waters
0

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Years

rl&if;? World Resources Report 1996, World Resources Institute, 1996.

owWKwGif;xGufypPnf;rsm; ðyef;wD;jcif;
EdkifiHjcm;aiGtjrefvdt k yfaejcif;ESifh owWKwGif;u¾,d, k Gif;usqif;vmr_tay:rlwnfI tpdk;&rS EdkifiH
wGif;usef&Sdaeaom owWKpGrf;tm;rsm; &SmazGazmfxkwfEdkif&ef/ EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;.&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk zdwfac:
cJhonf? (1994) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'opfjyXmef;r_ESifhtwl owWKwGif;u¾wGif EdkifiHjcm; ukr`%D
rsm;. &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm pkpkaygif;tar&duefa':vmoef; (100) ausmx f d &SdcJhonf? vuf&SdtajctaewGif owWK
wGif;u¾onf obm00ef;usifysufpD;,dk,Gif;r_taejzifh }uD;rm;odomaom tajctaeodk@ ra&muf&Sdao;
aomfvnf;/ a&&Snfokd@&_ar#mfpOf;pm;aomrl0g'r&Sdjcif;a=umifh aemiftem*wfwGif t"duta&;}uD;udpPwck jzpf
vmEdkifayonf? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;odk@zGifhay;cJhonfrSm xkwv f kyfr_rS&&Sdr_tay:tajccHI uefx&dkuf
&S,f,mcGJaompepfjzpf+yD;/ xkwfvkyfwl;azmfcGifhðyaom owWKwGif;xGurf sm;wGif oHjzL/ c&dkrdkuf/ a=u;eD/ a&$/ aiG/
cJrjzL/ eDu,f/ wefpwif/ oGyfESifh ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;wdk@yg0ifonf?

obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; toHk;ðyjcif;qdkif&m ordkif;aemufcH

+Adwdo#wd@k jrefrmEdkifiHudk usL;ausmo
f drf;ydkufjcif;rwdkifrDuyif odrf;ydkufapcJhaomta=umif;wckrSm
jrefrmEdkifiH. obm0&if;jrpfºu,f0r_a=umifhjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH. ºu,f0aomtylydkif;opf
awmrsm;rS opfyifrsm;ckwf,l&efpdwf0ifpm;cJh=u+yD;/ oabFmwnfaqmufjcif;ESifh tjcm;&nf&G,fcsurf sm;pGm
twGuf +AdwdefEdkifiHod@k wifydk@&ef +Adwdo#wd@k u pdwf0ifpm;cJhonf? jrefrmtm%mydkifwdk@u opfckwfjcif;ESifhywf
oufI pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;owfrSwfxm;cJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ckwfvSx J kwcf Gifh&aomopfyifrsm;udk
owfrSwfay;jcif;ESifh opfxkwfr_tay:tcGefb¾mawmfay;aqmifapjcif;paom pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@

112
aomfvnf; +Adwdo#ukr`%Dwckjzpfaom bHkab-bm;rm;opfukr`%Du ‚if;pnf;rsOf;wdk@udk csdK;azmufcJh+yD; cGifhðy
aomyrm%xuf ydkrdkckwfvSx J kwf,lcJha=umif; pGyfpGJcHcJh&onf? pifppftm;jzifh ‚if;tjiif;yGm;r_onf +Adwdo#wdk@
jrefrmedkifiHudk usL;ausmo f drf;ydkuf&ef ydk@aqmifay;cJhonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH+Adwdo#vufatmufusa&mufcJ+h yD;aemuf EdkifiH.obm0&if;jrpfrsm;xkwf,jl cif;udk t"du
tm;jzifh yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;od@k om v$t J yfxm;cJhonf? txl;ojzifh +Adwdo#ukr`%Drsm;vuf0,fok@d vkyfydkif
cGifha&muf&SdvmcJhayonf? odk@aomfvnf; udv k dkeDtpdk;&onf ,if;obm0pGrf;tm;wd@k udk pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mwGif
a&&Snfxkw, f loH;k pGJEdkif&ef&_ar#mfcsufjzifh Oya'vkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm; csrSwfcJah yonf? ta&;}uD;qHk;om"urSm
opfawmrsm;pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;udk Oya'rsm;jyXmef;aqmif&GufcJ+h yD;/ txl;ojzifh u|ef;opfrsm;ESifh ywfoufIjzpf
onf? u|ef;opfawmobm0aygufa&mufr_onf u|ef;pdkufcif;rsm;xuf ydkrdkrsm;jym;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh u|ef;
opfawmrsm;udkpDrHtkyfcsKyf&mwGift"duta=umif;udpPrSm opfukr`%Drsm;rSESpfpOf ckwfvJSEdkifaom t&G,ftpm;/
od@k r[kwf toufESifhywfoufI owfrSwfay;&efjzpfonf? ‚if;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk opfawmXmet&m&Sdrsm;rS
qHk;jzwfay;+yD;/ xdkod@k aqmif&Gufr_a=umifh opfawmrsm;rS ‘trsm;qHk;yHkrSefawmxGuf’47 udk wGufcsuf&&Sdap
onf? opfawmpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_vufpGJwGif opfyif.touf ESifh trsm;qHk;vH;k ywft&G,fwd@k udk wduspGmazmfjyxm;
onf? (7 ay 6 vufr) &Sdaom opfyifaygufawmonf trsKd;tpm;aumif;aomopfawm[k owfrSwf+yD;/ (6
ay 6 vufr) &Sdaom opfyifaygufawmudk trsKd;tpm;nHhaomopfawm[k owfrSwfonf? xdkwdik f;wmr_rSm
ajrjyifrS (4 ay 6 vufr) tjrifhwGif&Sdaom vH;k ywfudk wdkif;wmjcif;jzpfonf? u|ef;opfwpfyifonf xdt k wdik f;
48
twm a&muf&Sdap&ef tenf;qHk;tESpf (100) cef@tcsdef,l&onf?
Topfawmrl0g'twdik f;aqmif&GufcJjh cif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xda&mufaom opfxkwfvkyfa&;
vkyfief;udk aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf? ckwfvJ&S eft&G,fa&muf&Sdaomtyifrsm;udk opfawmXmet&m&Sdrsm;rS a&G;
cs,fowfrSwfay;cJhonf? ‚if;tyifrsm;udk a&G;cs,f+yD;aemuf }uD;xGm;r_&yfwef@ap&ef oif;owfap+yD; aemufqHk;
ckwfvJaS ponf? oif;owf+yD;opfyifrsm;udk opfawmtwGif;Yyif (2) ESpf odk@r[kwf (3) ESpfcef@ ajcmufaoG@
oGm;ap&ef xm;apcJhonf? ‚if;aemuf ajcmufaoG@aom&moDtwGif;wGif ckwfvS+J yD;opfvHk;rsm;udk teD;&Sd opf
yif}uD;i,fwkd@udk rxdcdkufapbJ u|J/ qifrsm;jzifh acsmif;zsm;ydkif;odk@a&mufatmif qGJcsapcJhonf? ‚if;aemuf opf
rsm;udk azmifzGJ@+yD; yifv,fqdyfurf;rsm;od@k wdik f t"dujrpfa=umif;rsm;twdik f; ar#mcsaponf? TrSwfom;zG,f
opfxkwfenf;ynmrSm jrefrmrsm; rdrdwdk@bmom wDxGifcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; EdkifiHjcm;aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmcJh
+yD;aemufydkif;/ jrefrmha'ocHuefx&dkufrsm;udik Sm;&rf;I ‚if;wd@k twGuo f pfxkwv f kyfapcJh&mwGifvnf; qufvuf
toH;k ðycJhonf? ‚if;enf;wGif v$pufrsm;Y av;vHaomopfvH;k rsm; o,f,la&G@ajymif;jcif;udk qifrsm;tm;jzifh
trsm;qHk; vkyfudik fcJhonf? ‚if;onf tvGefaumif;rGefaompGrf;tiftoH;k csr_ wckjzpf+yD; jyefvnfjynf+h rJ r[kwf
aom t&if;tjrpfoH;k pGrf;tifudt k oH;k csjcif;r&SdbJ a&&SnfwnfwhaH tmif toHk;csoGm;Edkifayonf? urBmhaps;
uGuw f Gif jrefrmh opfonf aps;jrifhrm;cJh+yD;/ EdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&Sdaom ta&;}uD;o,HZmwwckjzpfcJhonf?
obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;ay:wGiftajccHaom 'kwd,ta&;}uD;qHk;vkyfief;wckrSm a&eHwl;azmfcsufvkyf
a&;vkyfief; jzpfonf? a&eHacsmif;òr@ESifh ywf0ef;usifw0dkuf&Sd a&eHajrrsm;rS a&S;,cifumvrsm;uyif/
orm;&dk;usenf;rsm;jzifh wl;azmftoH;k ðyvmcJh&mr/S udv k dkeDacwfwGif jrefrmha&eHukr`%D49 rS acwfrDenf;pepfrsm;
udk pwiftoH;k ðyI wl;azmfvmcJhonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm a&eHudktpdrf;twdik f; jynfyodk@wifydk@a&mif;cscJh&mrS
aemufydkif;wGif &efukefòr@teD;oHvsifY a&eHcsufpuf&HkwnfaqmufI oef@pifapcJhonf? xdt k csdefu jrefrmEdkifiH
onfurBmhaps;uGut f wGuf ta&;}uD;a&eHaxmufyHh&ma'owck jzpfcJhaomfvnf;/ udkvdek DacwftwGif;u urBm
&Sd0,fvkt d m;rSm vsifjrefpGm wd;k wufrvmcJhay? xdk@a=umifha&eHxkwv f kyfr_E_ef; tvGefjrifhrm;cJhonf[k rqdkEdkif
47
Maximum sustained yield (MSY)
48
‚if;pnf;urf;csufrsm;tjyif tESpf (30) =umrS opfawmwckudk jyefIckwfvSJxkwfvkyfaomtvSnfhuspepfudkvnf; vdkufemtoHk;ðyonf?
qdv
k dk onfrSm opfckwfvSJa&;tzGJ@taejzifh aemufxyftESpf (30) =umrSom xdkae&modk@ckwfvSJ&ef jyefvmaomvkyfudkifyHk jzpfonf? 'kwd,
urBmppf rwdkifrDu ðyvkyfcJah omcef@rSef;csufrsm;t& Tpnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif;twdtusvdkufemcJyh gu/ ESpfpOf opfwefcsdef (4) odef;xkwf,lEdkif
rnf[k cef@ rSef;cJo
h nf? Todk@opfxkwf,laer_udkvnf; tpOfxm;0&aqmif&GufaeEdkifvdrfhrnf[k qdo k nf?
49
Burma Oil Company (BOC)

113
ay? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHY&Sdaeaom a&eHpkaqmif;wnf&Sdr_rSm yrm%t&i,fonf[k qdkEdkif+yD;/ udv k dkeD
acwftqHk;Y a&eHvufuseftenf;r#om usef&Sdawmhonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif udvk dkeDacwftwGif;u }uD;rm;aomtwdik f;twmjzifh xkwfvkyfcJhaom obm0t&if;
tjrpfwwd,trsKd;tpm;rSm wGif;xGuf"gwfowWKrsm;jzpfI/ ‚if;wd@k wGif ausmufrD;aoG;/ obm0"gwfaiG@/ cJ/
oGyf/ oHjzL/ vlz&rf/ aiGESifh ywWjrm;/ eDvmwd@k uJo h dk@aom ausmufrsufwGif;xGufrsm;/ &Sm;yg;ausmufrsufrsm;
trsKd;rsKd; jzpfonf? ‚if;wGif;xGufypPnf;trsm;pkudk a0;vHacgifoDaom/ EdkifiH.a'orsm;wGifawG@&+yD;/ a,bk,s
tm;jzifh e,fpyfa'orsm;wGifawG@&SdEdkifonf? ‚if;wdk@udx k kwfvkyf&ef ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;jcif;ESifh ukefoG,fr_
tcsuftcsmae&mrsm;odk@ o,f,lydk@aqmifp&dwf}uD;rm;r_wdk@a=umifh &SmazGwl;azmfxkwfvkyfr_E_ef;rSm tvGefenf;
yg;ayonf?
aemufqHk;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: tusKd;oufa&mufapaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk
rdrdwd@k wifjyvdkygonf? xdu k mvu udv k dek D+Adwdo#tpdk;&wGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk ta&;
,lxed f;odrf;umuG,&f eftwGuf pepfwusa&;qGJxm;aom oD;oef@rl0g'rsm; r&SdcJhyg? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;trsm;
tjym;udk vlr_a&;qdkif&maemufqufwJjG y\emrsm;udkxnfo h Gif;wGucf sufjcif;r&SdbJ/ aqmif&GufcsJ@xGifvmonf
ESifhtr# obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;jzpfvmaprnf jzpfonf? odk@aomf udv k dek Dacwfu
‚if;onf qdk;&Gm;aomjy\emwck r[kwfcJhyg? ta=umif;rSmudv k dek Dtpdk;&u usifhoH;k aom vGwv f yfpGm ukef
oG,rf _0g'onf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;r_udk tm;ray;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh pufr_vkyfief;
rsm;rSm tedrfhqHk;tajctaeom&SdcJhonf?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD; (1962) ckESpfrwdik frDtxd/ ygvDreftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;umvwGif udv k dkeDtpdk;&usifhoH;k
cJhaomrl0g'rsm;twdik f; qufvufvku d femusifhoH;k cJhonf? txl;ojzifh obm00ef;usif pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh xdef;
odrf;umuG,fa&;rl0g'rsm;wGif jzpfonf? ta&;}uD;aom tajymif;tvJwckom ðyvkyfcJhonf? ‚if;rSm
obm0pGrf;tm; trsm;pk xkwaf zmfokH;pGJjcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u wdu k f&dkufxdef;csKyfvkyfudik fcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? ‚if;onf Tobm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vltrsm;.vlr_a&;tusKd;twGuf ydkrdktoH;k csEdkifonf
omru/ ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;xkwfazmfokH;pGJjcif;rS xGufay:vmaom tjrwftpGef;rsm;udv k nf; EdkifiHawmf
b¾mtjzpf pkaqmif;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? xdt k csdefu pwifaqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdaom zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf;
toH;k csEdkifrnf jzpfonf?
Tumv. ta&;}uD;qHk;vuQ%mwckrSm yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;twGuf vHkavmufpGm owfrSwf
jyXmef;ay;cJhr_ r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifhudpPrsm; jzpfonf? tpdk;&onf v,f,majrrsm;/
opfawmrsm;ESifh owWKrdkif;rsm;. yifrydkifqdkifoljzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf;ae&mtrsm;pkwGif ‚if;wdk@udx k da&muf
pGm pDrHcef@cGJEdkifaompGrf;&nf tpdk;&wGifr&SdbJ/ ajr,mESifh opfawmrsm;udkjynfolydkifðycJhjcif;jzpfonf? qdk;&Gm;jyif;
xefaomqif;&JrGJawr_rSt&if;cHaomta=umif;rsm;ESifh vlOD;a&wd;k wufr_a=umifh obm00ef;usifukd xdcdu k f
ysufpD;apcJh&onf? tylydkif;opfawmrsm;ESifh pdrfhawmrsm;twGif; awmðyef;vmr_/ ajratmufa&ðyef;wD;r_ESifh
urf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;wGif 0ef;usifnpfnrf;apr_rsm; jzpfapcJhonf?
qdk&S,fvpfpepfwnfaqmufa&;tpydkif;umvrsm;u/ tpdk;& txl;ojzifh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuUX
onf obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk avvGifhðyef;wD;apjcif;r&Sdapa&;ESifh aemufrsKd;qufrsm;twGuf xdef;odrf;
xm;&efudpPudk *&kwpdkufajymqdktav;ay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; (1960) ckESpf aemufydkif;uwnf;u qefwif
ydk@a&mif;csEdkifr_ usqif;vmcJhaomtcg u|ef;opfESifh opfrmwifydk@jcif;udk t"duEdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sdapaomvkyfief;
rsm;tjzpf a&G;cs,fp&mr&SdI tpm;xdk;aqmif&GufvmcJhonf? Tod@k jynfywifydk@Edkifr_twGuf ta&;w}uD;vdk
tyfaeaomtcsdefwGif u|ef;opftpdkrsm;udkyif/ yHkrSef ESpf (40) oufwrf;rjynfah o;bJ ckwfvSJxkw, f ljcif;ðycJh
onf? txuftm%mydkifrsm;xHrSvnf; cGifhðycsufr,lcJh=ua=umif; qdkdcJh=uonf?
EdkifiHwumaxmufyHha&;at*sifpDrsm;. tultnDjzifh pwiftoHk;ðyvmcJhaom ,EW,m;oHk;opfxkwf
jcif;enf;rsm;jzifh/ rd&dk;zvmopfxkwjf cif;pepfudk tpm;xd;k vmcJh+yD;/ yifaxmifwckrSrusefatmif {&d,mwckvH;k
udk tajymifxkwf,lapaomtaetxm;jzpfvmonf? ‚if;ysufpD;ðyef;wD;aom{&d,mudk jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef

114
cufcJapaom taetxm;jzpfonf? u|ef;opfESifh opfrmjynfywifydk@r_ jrifhwufvmcJhonfudk =unfjh cif;tm;
jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif puf,EW,m;oH;k opfxkwv f kyfr_wGifus,vf mcJhonfudk !$efjyaecJhonf?
tjcm;qdk&S,fvpfacwf. ta&;}uD;aomvuQ%mw&yfrSm obm0&if;jrpfrsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;qef
qef aps;E_ef;owfrSwfEdkifaomrl0g'rsm; r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf? aps;uGut f wGif;&Sd aps;E_ef;rsm;rSm yHkysufyef;ysuf
jzpfae=uonf? jynfyrSwifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;onf tpdk;&yHhydk;xm;r_a=umifh/ aps;uGuaf ygufaps;E_ef;atmuf
a&mufaecJhonf? Taps;E_ef;rrSefuefr_a=umifh &Sm;yg;aom obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; rsm;pGm xdcdkufðyef;wD;apcJh&
onf? a&mif;csEdkifaomaps;E_ef;onf pm;oH;k olrsm;rS obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; 0,fvdt k m;udk xif[yfaejcif;
r&Sday? xdt k wGufa=umifh pm;oH;k olrsm;taejzifh rSm;,Gif;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtcsufjyoauFwrsm;
(economic indicators) udk =unfI h / xd&k Sm;yg;aom obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk xda&mufr_r&SdbJ toH;k csypf=u
awmhonf? xdt k wGufa=umifhvnf; obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; a&mif;vkt d m;udk ydkjrifhwufapcJhonf?
xdrk #ru/ ESpfaygif; (30) ausmfrdrdjynfwGif;a&;udkomtm&Hkxm;I/ jyifyurBmESifhwHcg;ydwfxm;cJhaom
rl0g'atmufwGif/ ukefoG,fr_udkuef@owfxm;aomzGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;onf/ pD;yGm;a&;usqif;vmonfESifh
tr# obm0ywf0ef;usifudv k nf; ydkysufpD;apcJhonf? oGif;ukeftpm;xd;k a&;udktav;ay;aom rl0g'a=umifh
0ef;usifydknpfnrf;apaom t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk tav;ay;aqmif&GufcJ=h uonf? wbufwGif b¾m
aiGtcuftcJ&Sdae+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwGifobm00ef;usifxdef;odrf;umuG,af &;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; Oya'
rsm; tm;aysmhcsdeJ@onfhtwGu/f 0ef;usifnpfnrf;r_wdk;vmapcJhonf? acwfaemufusaeaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;
udk toH;k csaeaoma=umifh/ vloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh wefzdk;jr‡ifhukefrsm;xkw&f mwGif EdkifiH.òyifqdkiftom&r_
pGrf;&nfukdvnf; wufrvmapcJhay? xdt k wGufa=umifh tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sda&;twGuf ukef=urf;rsm;
wifydk@jcif;ESifh obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;wifydk@a&mif;csjcif;udo k m rSDcdkaecJh&onf?
tjcm;ta&;}uD;udpPwckrSm/ vlOD;a&wd;k yGm;r_a=umifh obm0t&jzpfvmaom pGrf;tifoH;k pGJr_yHkrSefjrifh
vmjcif;jzpfonf? ukefxkwv f kyfr_csJ@xGifvmjcif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; yHkrSef}uD;xGm;vmjcif;wdk@onf/ pGrf;tif
xkwv f kyfEdkifpGrf;tm;/ v#yfppfxkwfEdkifpGrf;tm;xuf ausmfvGefrsm;jym;aecJh+yD;/ tpOfojzifhavmifpmESifh v#yfppf
"gwftm;jywfawmufr_udk umv=um&Snf jzpfay:aeapcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;t&HaiGav#mhenf;vmjcif;a=umifhvnf;
tpdk;&u avmifpmqDwifoGif;r_udk uef@owfcJhonf? ‚if;qHk;jzwfcsufonf pGrf;tifu¾wGif a&mif;vdt k m;ESifh
0,fvkt d m;uGm[r_udk ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;apcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGusqif;vmr_ESifhtwl tpdk;&.tm;v#yfppf"gwftm;
ay;puf&Hkrsm; xdef;odrf;ðyjyifjcif;ESifh tqifhjr‡ifhjcif;wd@k aqmif&Guf&ef ysufuu G fvmapcJh+yD;/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh
v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;r_ twdik f;twmonf wjznf;jznf;usqif;vmcJhonf? ‚if;v#yfppf"gwftm;
t}uD;tus,jf ywfvyfr_onf ZD0avmifpmjzpfaom xif;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;rSpGef@ypfypPnf;oHk;pGJr_udk wdk;wufvmap
cJhonf? Todk@tpm;xd;k oH;k pGJr_onf tpdk;&.w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;rsm;t& pkpkaygif;avmifpmoH;k pGJr_. (80)
&mcdkifE_ef;cef@ &Sdaeonf?
qdk&S,fvpfumvonf ppftpdk;&wufvm+yD;aemufwGif ed*Hk;csKyfcJhonf? &mpkESpfwpfpdwfr#=umanmif;
cJhonf? od@k aomf T=um&Snfaom umvwav#mufwGif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;. tjcm;udpPtrsm;pkwGif
obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mY ta&;w,l*&kpdkufr_ tvGefenf;yg;cJhonf? xd@k tjyifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;
aqmif&Gufr_onfvnf; rsm;pGmrwd;k wufcJhojzifh obm00ef;usifnpfnrf;r_jy\em rsm;pGmray:aygufcJhay?
‚if;tajctaeonf ,ckvuf&SdEdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) tpdk;&vufxuf
vGwv f yfaomwHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfod@k ajymif;vJcJ+h yD;aemufydkif;wGif tvGefv#ifjrefpGm ajymif;vJcJhonf? tpdk;&
. t"durl0g'rSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;. vkyfydkifcGifhudk jynfwGif;a&m/ jynfyodk@yg tpGrf;ukef
wHcg;zGifhvGwfvyfr_ay;cJh+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udkvnf; tm;ay;cJhonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_
rsm;onf tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifaomtajctaerSom 0ifa&mufvmEdkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ jynfwiG f;jynfyrnfonfh &if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHr_rqdk tjrwftpGef;&&Sd&ef u|rf;usifvkyfom;&&Sdr_ESifh vHkavmufaomtajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;r_wdk@ vdk
tyfygonf? trSefwu,fwGif tpdk;&onf pD;yGm;a&;pepf.tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf
aomfvnf;aumif;/ vkyfom;rsm;avhusifhynmay;jcif;ESifhywfoufI ‚if;wdk@.ynma&;jrifhrm;r_udak omfvnf;

115
aumif;/ tenf;tusOf; aqmif&GufcJ+h yD;jzpfonf? ,cif+yD;cJhaompD;yGm;a&;qkwf,w k fusqif;aeonfh acwfpepf
rsm;ESifh,SOfv#if EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; &kwfw&ufwd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJhaomfvnf; trsm;pkrSm EdkifiH.
obm0&if;jrpfrsm;udk xkw, f loHk;pGJaomvkyfief;rsm;qDodk@om OD;wnfaeonf?
tpdk;&onf obm0pGrf;tm;u¾od@k EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk óuqdkcJhonf? ta=umif;rSm
‚if;onf tpdk;&twGuf b¾maiG&&Sd&efenf;vrf;jzpf+yD;/ pDrHcef@cGJolrsm;twGufvnf; tusKd;tjrwfrsm;pGm &&Sd
apaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifhvnf; EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk vGwv f yfpGmvkyfudik fcGifhay;cJh
=u&onf? tusKd;quftaejzifh obm00ef;usifESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGeftrif;ðyef;wD;cJh&onf? txl;
ojzifh u¾ (2) ckwGif qdk;&Gm;pGmtusKd;oufa&mufr_ jzpfcJhonf? ‚if;wd@k teufwckrSm rkwfokefopfawmrsm;udk
opfxkwfvkyfjcif;twGuf ckwfvSjJ cif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&onf udv k dek Dacwfu ‚if;opfawmrsm;udk trsm;qHk;
xkwv f kyftoH;k csEdkifa&;twGuf a&&Snfudak r#mfrSef;aom pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_rl0g'udk qufvuf rusifo h Hk;awmhay? ‚if;
tpm; opfyifrsm;udk jrefjrefckwf/ jrefjrefxkwfEdkif&efom aqmif&GufcJhonf? TtusKd;qufa=umifh opfawm
xGuEf _ef;udk usqif;apcJh&Hkr#ru/ &moDOwk txl;ojzifh rdk;&GmoGef;r_ (rdk;a&csdef) ESifh ajrqDv$mwdkufpm;jcif;rsm;
qdk;&Gm;pGm jzpfapcJhonf?
rl0g'topfrsm;. qdk;&Gm;aomtusKd;quf'%fcH&onfh 'kwd,u¾rSm EdkifiH.ig;zrf;vkyfief;u¾/
txl;ojzifh urf;&dk;wef;ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf? ,cifu a'ocHwd@k u &dk;&m"avhenf;pepfrsm;oH;k I ‚if;wdk@
bmom zrf;qD;vkyfudkifcJh=uonf? zrf;qD;r_E_ef;onf toifhtwifhr#om &SdcJhayonf? odk@aomf rl0g'topf
t& EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;udk acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;oHk;I zrf;qD;cGifhvdik fpifrsm;udk xkwfay;cJhonf? ,if;. tusKd;
qufrSm ig;vkyfief;udk }uD;rm;aom twdik f;twmjzifhzrf;,lcJjh cif;jzpf+yD;/ qdk;&Gm;pGm ysufpD;ðyef;wD;v#uf&Sdonf?
‚if;onf EdkifiH.a&&Snftem*wftwGuf qdk;&Gm;&Hkr#ru toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_twGuf ig;zrf;vkyfief;tay:
rSDcdkae=u &aom a'ocHjynfolvlxt k wGufvnf; &yfwnfa&;cufcJvmaponf?
aemufqHk;taejzifhom azmfjyjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;/ ta&;r}uD;[k rrSwf,al pvdak y? ‚if;rSm (e0w)
ppftpdk;&. ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk udik fwG,af jz&Sif;&mwGif csKd@wJt h m;enf;r_onf ‚if;jy\emrsm;
udt k odtrSwfðyajz&Sif;&ef EdkifiHa&;t&qENuif;rJhr_a=umifhjzpf+yD;/ vufawG@rygE_wfjzifhom ajymqdkaecJhonf?
Oyrmjy&v#if “jrefrmEdkifiHobm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;aumfr&Sif”udk EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmuf
wGif zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf? od@k aomf&nf&G,fcsufrSm tjynfjynfqdkif&mtqifhwGif jzpfay:wd;k wufaer_rsm;
udk ajc&mcHem;axmif&Hkr#omjzpf+yD;/ vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfr_pepfatmufwiG f odomxif&Sm;pGmysufpD;vmaeaom
obm00ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;udk azmfxw k fa0zefaev#uf&Sdaom zGH@òz;r_at*sifpDrsm;/ owif;rD'D,mrsm;ESifh
obm00ef;usifqdkif&m tpdk;&r[kwf aomtzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;udk auseyfESpfodrfhap&Hkavmufom &nf
&G,faqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mEdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf tawmf
rsm;rsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xd;k &jcif;r&Sdao;bJ/ obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_ESifhywfoufaom pDppfa&;qdkif&m
tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;50 udv k nf; nd‡E_dif;aqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sdao;yg? xdk@tjyifzGH@òz;a&;
qdkif&mpDrHudef;rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&mwGifvnf; obm00ef;usif tusKd;oufa&muf
r_qdkif&m pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;apr_ r&Sdao;yg?

obm0&if;jrpfESifh obm0 0ef;usifqdkif&m rl0g'rsm;twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm;

t&if;tESD;[kqdk&mwGif a,bk,stm;jzifh &kyf0wWKypPnf;rsm;jzpfaom ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;/ puf
rsm;ESifh taqmuftOD;paom vlvyk fypPnf;rsm;udo k m jrif=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh t&if;tESD;udk t"dy`g,fazmfjy
r_wcktaejzifh ‚if;wdk@udk ðyvkyfydkifqdkifaomolrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? od@k aomfvnf; obm0ywf0ef;usif
a&ajrawmawmifrsm;rSm vltrsm;zefwD;xm;aomypPnf; xkwfvyk fr_rsm; r[kwf=uyg? wenf; obm0.

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Environmental Impact assessments (EIA)

116
vufaqmifrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf? xdk@twGuaf =umifh EdkifiHw0Sef;rS jynfot l rsm;ydkifaom ypPnf;rsm;tjzpf owf
rSwftoHk;csoifhayonf? ‚if;obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udk vuf&SdumvrsKd;quf. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuo f mru
aemifvmrnfhrsKd;qufopfrsm;. tusKd;twGufyg xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm; toH;k ðyoifhayonf? EdkifiHwcktaejzifh
rnfonfhzG@Hòz;r_yHkpHrsKd;udk ar#mfrSef;tm;xkwo f nfjzpfap/ Tobm0&if;jrpfudpPonf tpOftqufa&&Snfwnf
wHhaH tmif xdef;odrf;=u&rnf jzpfonf? Toabmw&m;onf xm0&wnfwHhEdkifaomzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ ,lqcsuf
. tESpfyif jzpf ygonf?
yxrqHk;taejzifh ausmufjzpf&kyfºuif;avmifpmESifh wGif;xGufypPnf;rsm;uJo h dk@aom jyefvnfjznfh
qnf;&ef rjzpfEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ta=umif; qdk=uygpdk@? xm0&wnfwHhEdkifaom zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_oabm
t& ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vHk;0tukefxkwf,ltoH;k ðy&ef tm;ray;yg? tu,fI Tod@k tukefxkwf,l
oH;k pGJrnfqdkygu/ aemifrsKd;qufrsm;twGuf oH;k p&mvHk;0rusefawmhaom taetxm; jzpf&ayawmhrnf?
od@k aomfxm0&wnfwHhEdkifaomzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ oabmt& Tt&if;tjrpfrsm;onf jyefvnfjznfhwif;Edkifaom
t&if;tjrpfrsm;r[kwf=uaoma=umifh/ ac|wmoHk;pGJa&;udk wdkufwGef;jcif;jzpfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;u obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; ðyef;wD;cGifh&Sdaom toifhawmfqHk;E_ef;xm;udk wGuf
xkwcf Jh+yD;jzpfygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm vuf&SdumvrsKd;qufudkomru aemiftem*wfrsKd;qufrsm;. vlr_zlvHkr_/
aysmf&Gif csrf;ajr@r_udk trsm;qHk;ay;pGrf;Edkifaom ysufpD;ðyef;wD;r_E_ef;yif jzpfygonf? tajccH,lqcsufrSm
atmufygtwdik f; jzpfygonf? a&eHuJo h dk@aom obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; qdkygpdk@? vHk;0ysufpD;ðyef;wD;r_r&SdcJhv#if
tjcm;t&mrsm;uJhodk@ rlvtwdkif;usef&Sdonf[k ,lqEdkif+yD;/ ‚if;. wpf,lepfwefzdk;onfvnf; rajymif;vJbJ
yHkao&Sdaernfjzpfonf? tu,fI ‚if;t&if;tjrpfonf tvGefv#ifjrefaomE_ef;jzifh ysufpD;ðyef;wD;aecJhygv#if
‚if;. wpf,lepfwefzdk;onf tvGefv#ifjrefpGm jrifhrm;vmrnf jzpfonf? ‚if;t&if;tjrpf wefzdk;jrifhwufvm
aomE_ef;udk tcsdefav#mch sjcif;wefzdk;E_ef;51 od@k r[kwf/ oH;k pGJr_wefzdk;E_ef;[k ac:ygonf? xd@k a=umifh obm0pGrf;
tm;.udk toifhawmfqHk; xkwf,lok;H pGJaomE_ef;xm;onf tcsdefav#mch sjcif;. vlr_a&;wefzdk;E_ef;wGif wpf,lepf
wefzdk;udk jrifhrm;wdk;wufapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
rdrdwd@k ‚if;zGifhqdkcsufrSefuefa=umif; jyqdkjcif;twGuf t&nftcsif;pHE_ef; tcsKd@&Sdayonf? yxrOD;pGm
obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; wckck. toifhawmfqHk;ðyef;wD;r_E_ef;onf rdrdwdk@&&Sdaom ‚if;pGrf;tm;rsm;. ta&twGuf
yrm%ay:wGifrlwnfonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm od&Sd+yD;om;t&if;tjrpfyrm%udk qdkvdkonf? tu,fI aemufxyf
pl;prf;&SmazGjcif;jzifh ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;yrm%udk xyfrHawG@&Sdvmygu ‚if;. toifhawmfqHk; ysufpD;ðyef;wD;r_
E_ef;wdk;jrifhEdkifrnf jzpfonf? t&if;tjrpfypPnf;rsm;. toifhawmfqHk;ysufpD;ðyef;wD;r_E_ef; (Oyrm- pGrf;tif
t&if;tjrpf) onf tjcm;tpm;xd;k ypPnf;yrm% (Oyrm- tjcm;aompGrf;tifavmifpm&Edkifaom t&if;
tjrpf) ay:wGifvnf; rlwnfaeygonf? tpm;xdk;ypPnf;yrm% rsm;avav/ xdt k &if;tjrpfypPnf;wckckudk rdrd
wd@k ydkrdkv#ifjrefpGmtoH;k csEdkifavjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh aepGrf;tifESifh avpGrf;tifwdk@uJo h dk@aom pGrf;tif
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;csEdkifygu/ ‚if;wdk@onf twdik f;tqr&Sd &&SdEdkifaomypPnf;rsm;jzpfonft h wGuf a&eHESifh
ausmufrD;aoG;wdk@uJo h dk@ jyefvnfjznfah y;Ir&aom t&if;tjrpfypPnf;rsm;udk ydkrdktoH;k csxkwf,lvmEdkifrnf
jzpfonf?
obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I/ txl;ojzifhjyefvnfjznfah y;Ir&Edkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;. ta&;
}uD;qHk;jy\emrSm/ EdkifiHwckESifhwckt=um;wGif ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm; jzpfwnfydkifqdkifr_ vGefpGmuGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_yif
jzpfygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; ydkifqdkifr_enf;aom EdkifiHu/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS 0,f,lwifoGif;&ef
yifjzpfonf? rsm;aomEdkifiHu wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifonf? xd@k a=umifhwdik f;jynf. obm0&if;jrpfrsm; ysufpD;ðyef;wD;
r_E_ef;onf wifoGif;aomEdkifiHrsm;u/ xkwfvkyfa&mif;csaomEdkifiHrsm;xuf ydkenf;yg;ygonf? odk@aomfjim;vnf;
ta&;}uD;onfrSm EdkifiHrsm;onf wckay:wck tvGefrSDcdkae&aoma=umifh urBmhobm0&if;jrpfypPnf;rsm;udk
urBmwpf0Sef;vHk;taejzifh toifhawmfqHk;E_ef;xm;jzifhom xkwf,lok;H pGJ&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;onf a,bk,s

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Social Rate of Time Discount

117
tm;jzifh EdkifiHwckESifhwck tjynfjynfqdkif&myl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;wGif/ obm0&if;jrpfypPnf;rsm;/ obm00ef;
usifxdef;odrf;umuG,fjcif;ESifhywfoufI/ vdkufemapmifhxdef;=u&rnfh pnf;rsOf;rl0g'rsm;jzpfygonf? txl;
ojzifh rnfonfhEdkifiHrqdk obm0&if;jrpfypPnf;rsm;udk tvGeftu|H toH;k csxkw, f loH;k pGJaeygu/ apmifh=unfh
xdef;odrf;&rnfrSm EdkifiHwumrdom;pk. wm0efw&yfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; TEdkifiHwum apmifh
=unfrh _atmufrS uif;vGwfaeEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg?
wzefjyefvnfjynf+h rJjzpfaom t&if;tjrpfypPnf;rsm; qdk=uygpdk@? ‚if;wd@k teufta&;}uD;aom t&if;
tjrpf (2) ckrSm opfawmrsm;ESifh om;ig;wdk@ jzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk@.xl;jcm;aomt&nftaoG;rSm obm0twdik f;
jyefvnf}uD;xGm; jznfw h if;EdkifaomE_ef;yif jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh opfawmrsm;xJ&Sd opfyifrsm;aygufa&muf
}uD;xGm;r_ESifh yifv,fjrpfacsmif;tiftdkif;rsm;twGif; ig;rsm;aygufzGm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? ‚if;wd@k .
trSefwu,f}uD;xGm;wd;k wufr_E_ef;onf opfESifh ig;rsm; xkwfvkyfzrf;,laomE_ef;ay:wGifvnf; rlwnfaeyg
onf? tu,fI xkwfvkyfzrf;,laomE_ef; tvGefenf;yg;ygu ‚if;wdk@.yrm%}uD;xGm;r_E_ef; v#ifjrefap+yD;
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ypPnf;rsm;udk toifhawmfqHk;E_ef;jzifh xkwfvkyfoH;k pGJ&rnf jzpfonf? od@k aomf a&&SnfwnfwHah omzGH@òz;apr_onf
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xdt k &if;tjrpfrsm;udk trsm;qHk;xkw, f lokH;pGJEdkifaom &kyfydkif;qdkif&mtuef@towfjzpfygonf? ‚if;uef@owf
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xkw, f lokH;pGJEdkifrnfqdkonfudk wGufcsuaf qmif&Guf&ayrnf?
TudpPwGifvnf; EdkifiHwcku ‚if;ydkifqdkifaom jyefvnfjznfq h nf;Edkifonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;oHk;apum
rl/ ‚if;oHk;pGJr_E_ef;onf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;tay:vnf; tusKd;oufa&mufapygonf? ‚if;tcsufonfvnf; awG;
awmqifjcifp&myifrvdkbJ/ EdkifiHwcktaejzifh ‚if;.t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rsm;rsm;ydkoH;k av tem*wfwGif tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;twGuf toHk;ðyp&m ydkenf;vmavyifjzpfonf? ydkta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm rkwfokefopfawmrsm;
uJo h d@k obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; ðyef;wD;r_onf urBmhobm00ef;usifESifh &moDOwkudk qdk;usKd;oufa&mufap&Hkr#ru
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;udv k nf; tvm;wl tusKd;oufa&mufapygonf? xdk@a=umifh wm0efodoad qmif&Gufap&ef
twGuf EdkifiHwck. trsKd;om;rl0g'rsm;tay:/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mzdtm;ay;r_rsm; jzpfvmjcif;yifjzpfonf? T
onfvnf; tjynfjynfqdkif&m ndE‡ _dif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;. ta&;}uD;aom tjcm;u¾wckjzpfygonf?
wwd,t"duacgif;pOfwckrSm obm00ef;usiftay: tvGeftu|Hnpfnrf;apr_wdk@rS umuG,fwm;qD;
a&;yif jzpfygonf? EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh av/ ajr/ a&ESifh obm00ef;usiftay: tvGeftu|Hnpfnrf;r_jzpfap
aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wd;k wufaqmif&Gufjcif;udk cGifhrðyoifhay? tjcm;wbufrSvnf; ‚if;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk
vH;k 0rvkyfudik foifh[k ajymIr&Edkifay? ‚if;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudik fcGifhðy&eftwGuf toifhawmfqHk;twdik f;
twmwck &Sd&ayrnf? npfnrf;r_E_ef;udak vsmu h sapaom enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh umuG,w f m;qD;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm;
jzifh ywf0ef;usiftay:qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_wdk@udk avsmhenf;aprnfqdkv#if/ ‚if;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; vkyf
udik fEdkifonft h wdik f;twmudk cGifhðyap&rnfjzpfygonf? umuG,fwm;qD;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;twGuf ukefus
p&dwfudk ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;apolu wm0efcHuscHoifhayonf?
azmfjyygtcsufrsm;rSm obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom EdkifiH.
rl0g'rsm;udv k rf;!Gefxdef;ausmif;ay;oifhaom a,bk,spnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; jzpfygonf? qufvufI Trl0g'
rsm;taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif EdkifiHwcktaejzifh vdu k femaqmif&Gufoifhaom r[mAsL[m vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufI qufvufaqG;aEG;azmfjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

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Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

118
obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh 0ef;usifqdkif&mrl0g'rsm;twGuf vrf;!$efrlrsm;

txufazmfjyyg &nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmufap&ef/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh vdu k femusifhoH;k oifh

aomr[mAsL[mqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;tcsK@d &Sdygonf? yxrtcsufrSm yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ tcGifhta&;ESifh oufqdkifyg
onf? t"duta=umif;rSm obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; trsm;pkonf vltrsm;ydkifjzpfae+yD;/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufpD.
vkyf aqmifcsufrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;.tusKd;tjrwfESifh ukefusp&dwfay:wGif rsm;pGmxdcdkufapEdkifygonf? xdk@
twGufa=umifh ‚if; pGrf;tm;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&;rsm;tay: tajccHI pDrHcef@cGJIr&Edkifay?
wenf;tm;jzifh woD;yk*~vydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk vkyfudik fpDrHcGifhðy&mwGif tuef@towf/ tcsKyftcs,frsm;&Sdrnf jzpf
ygonf? ‚if;tpm; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf/ tpdk;&u Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;csrSwfI owf
rSwf toH;k ðycGifhay;&rnf jzpfonf?
tjcm;wbufrSvnf; wdik f;jynfwckonf ‚if;.tem*wfzGH@òz;r_onf vGwv f yfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;
a&;pepftay: rSDcdkaqmif&Guf&rnf qdkonfudv k nf;/ rdrdwdk@wav#mufvHk; t}uHðyaqG;aEG;xm;cJhygonf? odk@
aomfvnf; yk*~vydkifqdkifcGifhudpPrsm;tay: cGifhðyxm;aom rnfonfyh dkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&;rsm;udkrqdk/ wif;usyf
wduspGm owfrSwfay;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ vltrsm;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf[k ta=umif;jy+yD;/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u
xifovdk 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rsm;rSvnf; umuG,af y;&rnf jzpfygonf?
'kwd,taejzifh rdrdwdk@odjrif+yD;onft h wdik f;/ obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh obm00ef;usifwdk@udk pDrHtkyfcsKyf
jcif;onf vltrsm;.zlvHo k m,m0ajymr_twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;aom udpPwck jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf;
‚if;obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk (jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudktajccHaom ppftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif rSm;,Gif;
pGm ,lqxm;ouJo h dk@) tpdk;&rSom xkw, f lokH;pGJcGifh&Sdonf[kvnf; rqdkvdak y? wzef ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk
pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;udk (vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfr_pepfatmufwGif wcgw&H toH;k csaqmif&GufaeouJhodk@) jynfwiG f;
od@k r[kwf EdkifiHjcm;yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;.vufodk@ v$t J yfvduk f&rnf[kvnf; rqdkvdkay? vltrsm;.tusKd;
pD;yGm;twGuf xdef;odrf;pDrHoifhaomudpPrsm; &Sdygao;onf?
tpdk;&taejzifh ‚if;obm0t&if;jrpfrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHkpDrHcef@cGJ&rnfukd taumif;qHk;odaomol
tjzpfvnf;/ tjrJwap rSefraeEdkifyg? ‚if;tpm; rSefuefaomrl0g'rSm ‚if;pGrf;tm;rsm;udk oifhawmfaom
aps;E_ef;owfrSwfay;jcif;/ oifhawmfaom xkw, f loH;k pGJ&rnfh yrm%owfrSwfay;jcif;tm;jzifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifyg
onf? yk*~vduu¾rsm;u aqmif&Guf&efcGifhðyay;+yD;/ aps;E_ef;pepfjzifhom xdef;csKyfap&ef jzpfonf? Oyrmtm;
jzifh tcGefaumufcHjcif;/ tpdk;&u axmufyHhaiGxnfh0ifay;jcif;jzifh aps;E_ef;udk xdef;xm;Edkifygonf? ‚if;uJhod@k
aom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;onfom wdik f;jynfwGif pwiftaumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufaeaom vGwv f yfaom
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh ydkrdkvdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfayonf?
rdrdwdk@ tjcm;ta&;w}uD; azmfjyvdak omtcsufwcsufrSm jyefvnfjznfah y;&efrjzpfEdkifaom t&if;
tjrpfypPnf;rsm;xkw, f ltoHk;ðyr_tay: xdef;csKyfEdkifaomE_ef;xm;wckud/k owfrSwfoifhygonf? Tod@k owfrSwf
&mwGif &Sdaeaom pGrf;tm;rsm;.yrm%/ EdkifiHwumaps;uGuaf ygufaps;/ ‚if;pGrf;tm;rsm;rS &Edkifaom 0ifaiG
tvm;tvm/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. vdktyfcsuf odk@r[kwf ud, k fydkiftoH;k csr_ paomtcsufrsm;udk xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;&
ayrnf? ‚if;pGrf;tm;rsm; toH;k csjcif;wGif qHk;jzwfay;aom ta&;}uD;qHk;tcsufonf ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk
toH;k ðyvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh/ rnfod@k aomtwdik f;twmtxdokH;rnf/ rnfod@k rnfyHkoHk;rnfomru/ ukefacsm
ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfEdkifajc rnfr#&Sdrnf/ EdkifiH.&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;jzpfvm&ef rnfokd@rnfyHk ‚if;ypPnf;udk a&mif;cs
jcif;rS 0ifaiGtrsm;qHk;&atmifvkyrf nf ponfwdk@udk wGucf sufum qHk;jzwfay;&rnfjzpfonf? odk@rSom ‚if;óu;
yrf;r_tm;xkwfr_toD;tyGifhrsm;udk tem*wfrsKd;qufrsm; cHpm;&,lEdkif=urnf jzpfonf?
rdrdwd@k EdkifiH&Sd jyefvnfjznfqh nf;Edkifaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfr#twdik f;twmtxd xkwf,lEdkifrnf
qdkonfrSm a&&SnfwnfwHhapa&;twGuf trsm;qHk;xkwfEdkifaomE_ef; (MSY) 53twdik f;twmt&om jzpf&
53
Maximum Sustainable yields

119
rnfjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;udkjrpfacsmif;a&a0a&vJ{&d,mrsm;ESifh opfawm{&d,mrsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom vuf&Sda*[aA'
pepfESifh wdkif;wmowfrSwf&rnf jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@ ‚if;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfr#rsm;rsm; xkwf,lEdkifrnfenf;
qdkonfh twdik f;twmowfrSwfcsufukdodxm;&rnf jzpf+yD;/ wdik f;jynfudk oJuEWm&qefaomtajctaea&muf
roGm;ap&ef/ jrpfacsmif;tif;tdkifrsm;crf;ajcmuf+yD;/ obm0pdrf;vef;pdkajyjcif;rsm;udk ysufpD;apjcif;rsKd; rjzpfap&ef
owdðy&rnf jzpfonf? ‚if;twdik f;twmudkodjcif;jzifh rdrdwd@k EdkifiH. a&&SnfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_vrf;a=umif;udk
owfrSwf&rnfjzpfonf? obm0&if;jrpfudk tajccHaom zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_tay: vH;k 0rSDcdktm;xm;jcif;xuf pufr_
zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ESifh enf;ynmwdk;wufr_udk tm;xkwaf qmif&Guf=u&rnf jzpfayonf?

obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh 0ef;usifqdkif&mrl0g'rsm;twGuf r[mAsL[majrmuf

wGef;tm;ay;vkyfief;rsm;
obm00ef;usifESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m pm&if;udef;*%ef;rsm;udk wqufwpyfwnf;
xdef;odrf;rSwfwrf;ðya&;
jrefrmEdkifiHuJhod@k aom/ obm00ef;usifqdkif&m pGrf;tm;rsm;tawmftoifhºu,f0onf[k qdkEdkifaom/
EdkifiHwpfcktzdk@ pD;yGg;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ ueOD;tapmydkif;tqifhwGif/ pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;Y obm0
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm;udv k nf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufapr_twGuf
obm00ef;usifysufpD;&r_ wefzdk;ESifh &Sm;yg;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;qHk;&_;&r_wefzdk;wdk@udk xnfo h Gif;wGucf suf+yD;/
rnfonfhudpPrsm;aqmif&GufEdkifrnfukdqHk;jzwf&mwGif/ teD;pyfqHk;cef@rSef;csufrsm; r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfrnfjzpfay
onf? trsKd;om;pm&if;tif;pepfrsm;wGif obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkvnf;/ xkwfvkyfEdkifaomtajctjrpfrsm;
tjzpf xnfhoGif;rSwfwrf;wifxm;oifhygonf? qHk;jzwfcsucf srSwfaomacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh/ wefzdk;jzwfjcif;
oabmobm0ESifh obm00ef;usifqdkif&m pm&if;tif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk odjcif;tm;jzifh/ rsm;pGmtaxmuf
tulðyEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? obm00ef;usif wdk;wufaumif;rGefr_twGuf ukefusp&dwfESifh tusKd;tjypfrsm;udk
tajccHI qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfI tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? wefzdk;jzwfjcif;oabmobm0udk
odjcif;tm;jzifh rwlnaD om ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mta&;ay:tajctaersm;t=um; OD;pm;ay;r_rsm;udka&G;cs,fEdkif
rnfjzpfygonf? pDyGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiH&-oH;k aiGb¾mcGJa0&mwGifvnf;aumif;/
wefzdk;jzwfjcif;obm0uif;rJhjcif;a=umifh obm00ef;usif umuG,fxed f;odrf;jcif;twGuf &efykHaiGavsmhenf;&ap
jcif;ESifh pGrf;tm;rsm;udk rSefuefpGm toHk;rcsEdkifjcif;rsm;/ bufvdu k fr_rsm; jzpfapEdkifygonf? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH
rsm;uJhodk@yif/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhvnf; obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_ESifhywfoufaom pDppfa&;qdkif&mvkyfief;
rsm;udk pDrHudef;rsm;.jzpfEdkifacswGucf sufaqmif&GufaomudpPrsm;wGif xnfo h Gif;yl;wGaJ qmif&Gufoifhygonf?
xd@k tjyif ta&;ygaom tajccHtaqmuftODpDrHudef;rsm;+yD;pD;r_aemufydkif;wGif jyefvnfI obm00ef;usif
ysufpD;&r_ tusKd;tjypfrsm;wefzdk;jzwfjcif; pojzifhvkyfief;rsm;udk yl;aygif;xnfo h Gif;aqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfyg
onf? umuG,fjcif;onf ukojcif;xuf ydkIaps;oufomapEdkifovdk tajccHtaqmuftODpDrHudef;rsm;.
0ef;usifudk xdcdkufysufpD;Edkifacs&Sdr_udk tuJjzwfppfaq;jcif;ESifh ysufpD;apr_udk avsmch sapEdkifygu ydkrdkaumif;rGef
ygonf?

pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m aphaqmfrufvHk;ay;jcif;rsm;
us,jf yef@aom pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;ESifh ukefaps;E_ef;jyifqifowfrSwfjcif;rsm;ESifhtwl obm00ef;usif
umuG,fxdef;odrf;aomvkyfief;rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&maphaqmfr_rufvkH;rsm;ay;jcif;onfvnf;/ obm0

120
&if;jrpfrsm;a&&Snfxw k f,loH;k pGJapEdkif&eftwGuf xda&mufaom tcsufjyowday;r_udk jzpfapEdkifygonf? aph
aqmfrufvkH;ay;r_rsm;onf pGrf;tm;rsm; oH;k pGJolrsm;udk r#wpGmuscHap&rnf jzpfonf? t&if;tjrpf enf;enf;
omtoH;k ðyrnf (odk@r[kwf) ydkrdktoH;k ðyjcif;twGufay;avsm&f rnfponfwd@k udk xdo k lrsm;taejzifh qHk;jzwf=u&
rnfjzpfygonf? ywf0ef;usifudk npfnrf;apjcif;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;apjcif;jzpfv#if xdkðyvkyfoltaejzifh
‚if;npfnrf;r_twGuf ysufpD;r_udk jyefvnfðyjyifaumif;rGefap&efESifh av#mhcsap&ef wm0ef&Sdvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?
‚if;npfnrf;r_ðyvkyfolu ay;aqmifapjcif;pnf;rsOf;54 onf obm00ef;usifumuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif; twGuf
oufomxda&mufapaomvkyfxH;k enf;rsm;. tpyifjzpfygonf? us,jf yef@aom tcGeftcabmifowfrSwf
csuf/ toHk;ðyoludk tzdk;tcay;aqmifapjcif;ESifh aps;E_ef;owfrSwfjcif;enf;vrf;rsm;udk xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;Edkifyg
onf? npfnrf;r_ðyvkyfoltm; tcGefaumufcHjcif;.&nf&G,fcsufrSm xdknpfnrf;r_udak v#mhenf;atmif/ wenf;
‚if;.xdef;odrf;umuG,fr_twGufuek fusaiGonf npfnrf;apr_twGuf ay;aqmif&rnfh '%fa=u;xufavsmh
enf;a=umif; od&Sdoabmaygufvmap&ef jzpfonf? obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m
aphaqmfr_rufvHk;ay;jcif;rsm;onf/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk a&&Snfxda&mufjynfh0pGm toHk;ðyEdkifapa&;twGuf
tcsufjyouJhod@k jzpfap+yD;/ ydkrdkxda&mufxufjrufaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGvkyfudkifapjcif;jzifh pGrf;tm;rsm;
udk umv=um&Snfa&&Snf toHk;ðyEdkifaprnf jzpfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m aphaqmfrufvHk;ay;r_rsm; xdxad &mufa&mufjzpfap&ef tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; obm0
0ef;usifumuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifh ywfoufI vlxkynmay;r_rsm;us,fus,jf yef@jyef@ aqmif&Guf
oifhygonf? obm00ef;usifxdcdkufysufpD;r_umuG,f&eftwGuf Oya'rsm;csrSwfay;jcif;ESifh obm00ef;usif
qdkif&m jy\emrsm;udkifwG,af jz&Sif;&ef pDrHcef@cGJa&;qdkif&m0efxrf;Xmersm; ydkrdkwd;k csJ@apjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkif
ygonf? pGrf;tm;rsm; xkwf,lokH;pGJjcif;ESifh ywfoufI aps;uGufu raqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;aom trSm;rsm;udk jyif
qif&efudpPrsm;Y cufcJ=uef@=umapaom EdkifiHa&;t[ef@twm;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;jcif; ponfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf
oifhygonf?
u|Efkyfwd@k obm0&if;jrpfrsm;toH;k cspDrHjcif;udk vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfY usifhoH;k ygu
tpdk;&taejzifh obm0&if;jrpfypPnf;rsm;. aps;E_ef;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh cGifhðyumvowfrSwfjcif;wdk@aqmif&GufEdkif
ygonf? Todk@aqmif&Guf&mwGif vuf&Sd pGrf;tm;rsm;udk a&&Snfwnfwh=H um&SnfcHatmif xkwv f kyfEdkifpGrf;
tm;udx k nfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;jzifh aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ pGrf;tm;rsm; xkwf,lvkyfudik fae=uaom pD;yGm;a&;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifhvnf; pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mxnfo h Gif;wGucf sufr_rsm; wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh ðyvm=urnfjzpf
onf? pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;taejzifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSjyef&aom tjrwfrsm;onf/ pmcsKyfcsKyfpOf ay;&aoma=u;
(royalty) wckwnf;tay:Yom rlrwnfbJ/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh a&&SnftusKd;udkpOf;pm;vkyfaqmifrS
om cGifhðyumv oufwrf;vnf; =um&SnfcHrnf jzpfayonf? (1988) rS (1993) ckESpfxd ppftpdk;&rS EdkifiHjcm;
ukr`%Drsm;udck GifhðycJh&mwGif ay;acsaoma=u; (royalty) tvGefenf;yg;pGmjzifh opfawmt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xkwf
,lcGifðh ycJhonf? xdv k kyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; a&wdo k mcHcJhonf? xdkvkyf&yfa=umifh xdkEdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;taejzifh
cGifhðyumvwdw k dt
k wGif;rSmyif trsm;qHk;xkw, f lEdkifatmif wGef;tm;ay;cJhovdkjzpfcJh+yD;/ ‚if;wd@k udck Gifhðyxm;
aomae&ma'orsm;&Sd opfawmt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk v#ifjrefpGm ysufpD;ðyef;wD;oGm;apcJhonf?
tvm;wl jynfyoGif;ukeftpm;xd;k xkwfvkyfa&;rsm;twGuf&nf&G,faom EdkifiHydkifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;
udak xmufyHh&ef pufr_ukef=urf;oD;ESHrsm; wGef;tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifpdkufysKd;apjcif;onfvnf;/ xm0pOfr[kwfaom
obm00ef;usifukd a&&SnfwnfwHah paomrl0g'rsm;r[kwfyg? ae&ma'orsm;pGmwGif qDav#mfr#waom tusKd;
tjrwfr&&SdbJ obm00ef;usifudx k dcduk fapaom ajrqDv$mðyef;wD;jcif;ESifh ajrt&nftaoG;usqif;jcif;udk jzpf
apcJhygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾wGifvnf;/ vuf&Sdrufvk;H ay;r_pepfrsm;tay:
zufpHkrSaeI jynfhpHkaom jyefvnfok;H oyfppfaq;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? obm0&if;jrpfrsm;udk
‚if;wd@k . rlvxkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;tm;twdik f;twmusef&Sdaeap&eftwGuf jyefvnftopfjznfhwif;apEdkifaom/ od@k

54
Polluter-pays Principle (PPP)

121
r[kwf rlvt&nftaoG;twdik f; xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifap&eftwGuf aqmif&GufyHkenf;vrf;rsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;
&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? ajrcGefaumufjcif;/ a&cGefaumufjcif;/ ajroD;pm;cspepfESifh jynfoltrsm;ydkif
ypPnf;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;twGuf toH;k csjcif;wdk@tay: jyefvnfpDppfoHk;oyfaomvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; aqmif
&Guf&ef vdktyfvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?

pnf;rsOf;xdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;ESifh Oya'rsm;

pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;onf EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tenf;i,fESifh òyifqdkifr_uif;aom yk*~vdu
pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Dtenf;i,fom yg0ifywfoufaeaom tajctaewGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ ywf0ef;usifnpf
nrf;r_udk xdef;csKyfEdkifaom/ odk@r[kwf pGrf;tm;rsm;udk ywf0ef;usifxdcdu
k fr_r&Sdap&ef toHk;ðyEdkifaomenf;ynm
rsm; wajy;nDr#waeaom tajctaewGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ toH;k ðy&ef oifhawmfayonf? rl0g'rsm; csrSwfr_
taejzifh obm00ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;a=umifh/ usef;rma&;zufwiG f &dkufcwfr_rsm; jzpfay:vmygu csrSwf
vkyfaqmif&ef ydkrdkoifhav#mfayonf? tjcm;aom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk tajccHonfh aphaqmfrufvkH;ay;r_
rsm;uJhodk@yif/ ta&twGufyrm%tay:tajccHaom xdef;odrf;r_qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;csrSwfum/ wckvH;k twdik f;
twmtaejzifh pkpkaygif;npfnrf;ysufpD;Edkifaom obm00ef;usifudk yrm%wGucf sufI/ “a&mif;0,fzvS,fEdkif
aom cGifhðycsuf ygrpfrsm;”55 xkwfay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; xdef;odrf;umuG,fr_aqmif&Guf Edkifygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sdaeaom obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;

1? opfawmOya' (1902) (opfawm Oya'/ 1990)
2? obm0awm&dkif;wd&p>mefrsm; umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; tufOya' (1936)
3? jrefrmhyifv,fjyifig;zrf; Oya'
4? a&csKdig;zrf;vkyfief;qdkif&m Oya'
5? (Aquaculture law)
6? EdkifiHjcm;ig;zrf;avSrsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufaomOya'
7? ajr,mEdkifiHydkif ðyvkyfa&;qdkif&mOya' (1953)
8? ajratmufa&qdkif&m Oya'
9? wl;ajrmif;qdkif&m Oya'
10? qnfzdk@jcif;qdkif&m Oya'
11? a&tm;pGrf;tifqdkif&m Oya'
12? jrefrmEdkifiH owWKwGif;Oya' (1994)

rl&if;? ausmaf t;/ 1997?

obm00ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tawmftoifhus,jf yef@aom Oya'rsm;

ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; &Sdaomfvnf;/ TOya'rsm;udk tao;pdwfjyefvnfpDppfjyXmef;&ef/ ðyjyifa&;qGJ&ef
vdtk yfygvdrfhrnf? pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;oabmwlnDcsufazmufzsufr_tay: w&m;pGJqdkcGifhESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif
ysufpD;apr_tay: ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkif&ef tao;pdwfjyXmef;csufrsm; vdv k drfhrnfjzpfygonf? odk@rSomobm0
0ef;usifqdkif&mcsdK;azmufr_rsm;/ xdcdu k fapr_udpPrsm;ESifhywfoufI w&m;Oya'a=umif;t& vHak vmufpGm udik f
wG,af jz&Sif;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif obm00ef;usifqdkif&mjyXmef;csuftopfrsm;udk vuf&Sdtpdk;&.
vkyx f Hk;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif;odk@ yl;aygif;xnfhoGif;&efvnf; vdt k yfaeygao;onf? wbufwGif&Sdaeaom rl0g'
pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;uwbuf/ tjcm;wbufwGif&Sdaeaom taumiftxnfazmfr_ESifh Oya'

55
Tradable permits for pollution

122
vdu k femap&efta&;,l vkyfaqmifapjcif;uwbuf/ ponfjzifh uGm[csufudk av#meh nf;apatmif ðyvkyf&ef
vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? vuf&SdzGJ@pnf;xm;aom trsKd;om;obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;
aumfr&SifwGifvnf; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomu|rf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;jzifhzGJ@pnf;oifhygonf? oufqdkifr_r&Sdaom
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. vufatmufcH aqmif&Gufaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; rjzpfapoifhyg? xdak umfr&SifrSaeI
vrf;!$efrlrsm;csrSwfjcif;/ OD;pm;ay; tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfjcif;ESifh jynfov l lxkrsm;xHrS epfemr_rsm;udk =um;emap
jcif;/ tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ESifh jy\emrsm;udk avhvmapjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufapoifhygonf? a&wdu k mvtwGif;
OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifoifhaom vkyfief;rsm;ESifh t}uHðycsuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk ðyap&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk@.
pOf;pm;csufrsm;wGif obm00ef;usifqdkif&m ta&;}uD;aom jy\emrsm;/ vlom;usef;rma&;tay: xdcdu k fap
r_ESifh t"duusaompD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;ESifh qufpyfpOf;pm;ap&rnf jzpfygonf?
‚if;aumfr&Sifudk pD;yGm;a&;udpPrsm;udk pDrHcef@cGJ&efwm0efay;xm;aomXmersm;wGif/ yl;aygif;yg0ifap+yD;
ndE‡ _dif;aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyap&rnfjzpfygonf? xdu k Jo
h dk@pD;yGm;a&;u¾ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;
yl;aygif;nd‡E_dif;aqmif&Gufjcif;onf/ txl;ojzifhatmufajctqifhESifh a'oqdkif&mtqifhrsm;wGifvnf; yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufapoifh+yD;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m jy\emrsm;udk udik fwG,af jz&Sif;&eftwGufvkyfydkifcGifh tm%m
rsm;udk atmufajctqifhwGif ydkIay;xm;oifhygonf? aus;vufzGH@òz;r_pDrHudef;rsm; (wenf;tm;jzifh a'o
qdkif&mtqifh zGH@òz;r_tpDtpOfrsm;) atmufwGif pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;r_ yl;wGv J kyfaqmif
aomZHka'orsm;wnfaxmifoifhygonf? &nf&G,fcsufrSm zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufaeaom
wcsdefwnf;Y/ a*[aA' obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udv k nf; toifhawmfqHk;oH;k pGJr_ðyEdkif&ef jzpfygonf?

pGrf;tifxda&mufpGm toHk;csEdkifa&;ESifh rGrf;rHjyifqifjcif;

a'otwGif; tjcm;zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifhE_dif;,SOf=unfhv#if jrefrmEdkifiH. pGrf;tifoH;k pGJr_onf edrfhaeao;
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sdaom t&if;tjrpfESifh pGrf;tifvHðk cHr_&Sdaeao;onf[k qdkEdkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; pD;yGm;
a&;ydkrdkyGifhvif;vmonfESifhtr#/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ydkrdkcsJ@xGifvmonfESifhtr# pGrf;tif0,fvkdtm;wufvm
vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? vuf&SdaxmufyHhEdkifr_pGrf;&nfyrm%xuf ausmv f GefoGm;rnf jzpfonf? vuf&Sd rl0g'rsm;
rajymif;vJcJv h #if ZD0avmifpmuJhod@k aom rd&dk;zvmoH;k pGJaomavmifpmrsm; tvGeftu|HtoHk;ðyr_wufvmrnf
jzpf+yD;/ obm00ef;usiftay:wGif qdk;&Gm;pGmxdcdkufvmapvdrfhrnf? obm00ef;usifESifh obm0&if;jrpftajccH
wdk@tay:xdckdufoufa&mufEdkifr_udk tvH;k pHkxnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;I pGrf;tifudx k da&mufpGm toH;k csEdkifaom enf;
vrf;rsm;ESifh tpm;xd;k avmifpmt&if;jrpfrsm; wd;k wufzGH@òz;r_ap&efudpPrsm;onf tem*wfumvwGif ydkrdkta&;
}uD;vmrnfjzpfonf?
‚if;r[mAsL[mt& pGrf;tifrsm;udk tpdk;&axmufyHhr_jzifh aps;ESdrfhxm;jcif;/ a0pkcGJa0csxm;r_pepf
(udw k mpepf) wd@k udk jyefvnfoH;k oyf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ tcsdefwdkumvtwGif; wajz;ajz;csif;yHkrSefjyefa&mufapatmif
&yfwef@ypf&rnfjzpfonf? aps;E_ef;xdef;csKyfr_udk acwfrDavmifpmrsm; toHk;ðyr_twGuf vGwv f yfpGmwdk;wufr_
&Sdap&ef csufcsif;&yfqdkif;ypfoifhygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh qif;&Jaomtdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk xif;avmifpmjzifh
csufðywfjcif;rS ydkrdkoef@&Sif;I aumif;rGefaom avmifpmrsm; ajymif;vJtoH;k csEdkifrnfh/ pGrf;tifoHk;pGJr_wGif wqifh
wuf&rnfjzpfaom pGrf;tifavScg;udk jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? a&eHqDudk jynfwiG f;wGifxkwv f kyfjcif;
od@k r[kwf wifoGif;jcif;tm;jzifh aus;vufaeqif;&Jom;jynfolrsm; oH;k EdkifatmifpDpOfoifhygonf? Todk@&&SdEdkif
v#if opfawmrsm;rS xif;avmifpmtwGucf kwf,jl cif;udk umuG,Ef dkifrnf jzpfonf? òr@jytdrfaxmifpkrsm;
twGuf "gwfaiG@ (*wfpf) toH;k csr_ pwifjcif;tm;jzifh rD;aoG;ESifh xif;avmifpmvdktyfcsufukd jzwfawmufEdkif
rnfjzpf+yD;/ rD;aoG;/ xif;tjzpfoHk;ae=uaom 'Da&awmrsm;udv k nf; umuG,fEdkifrnfjzpfygonf? tjcm;wbuf
rSvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh xif;avmifpmtjzpftoHk;ðy&ef opfawmpdkufcif;rsm;twGuf yk*~vduu¾rS &if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHvmap&ef tm;ay;oifhygonf?
a&&SnfumvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tem*wfvdt k yfcsufrsm;udk jznfqh nf;Edkif&ef tpm;xdk;pGrf;tif
toH;k csaomenf;vrf;rsm; wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmap&eftwGuf tpm;xdk;avmifpmt&if;tjrpfrsm; zGH@òz;vmap
123
&ef aqmif&Guf&ygrnf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&rS a&tm;v#yfppf/ a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiG@wdk;wufr_qdkif&m pDrHudef;rsm;
aqmif&Gufae+yD;/ qufvufvkyfaqmif&Guf&ef vsmxm;csufrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? }uD;rm;aom pGrf;tifpDrHudef;
rsm;a=umifh obm00ef;usifqdkif&mxdcdkufr_rsm; tvGef}uD;rm;Edkif+yD;/ pkpkaygif; ukefusp&dwf csOf;uyfwGufcsuf
&mwGif obm00ef;usifay:oufa&mufxdcdu k fr_wefzdk;udv k nf; xnfoh Gif;wGufcsuf&ef vdt
k yfygonf? oifhawmf
aomr[mAsL[ma&G;cs,fr_tm;jzifh pkpkaygif;ukefusp&dwfudk enf;atmifaqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
enf;ynma&G;cs,fr_/ tpm;xd;k r_avmifpm/ pGrf;tifodak vSmifr_enf;rsm;ESifh pGrf;tiftoH;k udk enf;ap&efpDrHcef@cGJr_
rsm; ponfwdk@jzpfygonf?
xd@k a=umifhpGrf;tifqdkif&m&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_pDrHudef;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;t&/ obm00ef;usifxcd dkuf
oufa&mufr_tenf;qHk;pDrHudef;rsm;/ enf;emrsm;udk a&G;cs,f vkyfaqmifoifhygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf &&SdEdkif
aom pGrf;tifa&G;cs,fr_rsm;teuf pD;yGm;a&;t& wGuaf csudkufaom ae&mrsm;wGif obm0"gwfaiG@od@k ajymif;
vJok;H pGJjcif;tm;jzifh/ obm00ef;usifqdkif&m tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;pGm&&SdEdkifonf? ‚if;onf pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf;
ydkI ac|wma&;toGifaqmif+yD;/ tjcm;ausmufjzpf&kyfºuif;avmifpmrsm;xuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefjynfh0&Hkr#ru/ 0ef;
usifqdkif&mxdcdu k fr_vnf; enf;ygonf? ydkrdkoef@&Sif;r_vnf; &Sdygonf?

trsKd;om;opfawm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; tpDtpOf

jrefrmEdkifiHonf a&S@vmrnft h em*wftwGuf vuf&Sd &Sdaeaom obm0opfawmrsm;udk ysufpD;r_r&Sd
bJ usef&Sdaeatmif xdef;odrf;&ef ta&;}uD;ayonf? aemufxyfopfawmzHk;v$rf;ajrrsm;udk ysufpD;apjcif;tm;
jzifha*[aA'r#wr_udkyg ajymif;vJapygonf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiH. jrpfa=umif;pepf ajymif;vJomG ;vdrfhrnf
jzpfygonf? vuf&SdtcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. }uD;rm;us,jf yef@aomopfawmrsm;udk pepfwus xdef;odrf;apmifh
a&SmufEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ/ umuG,fpnf;=uyfr_rsm;udv k nf; =uyf=uyfrwfrwf csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sdyg? trsKd;om;
opfawmjyefvnfxal xmifa&;pDrHudef;onf a*[aA'r#wr_udk taxmuftulðyðyjcif;jzifh/ pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;
udv k nf; ydkrdkaumif;rGefwd;k wufaprnfjzpf+yD;/ opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;udk tajccHaompufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;r_
twGuv f nf; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; yGifhaprnf jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh yJcl;&dk;rawmifwef;ESifh uyfv#u&f Sdaom
a'orsm;wGif opfawmjyefvnfxal xmifjcif;tm;jzifh/ ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;wGif&Sdaom jrpfacsmif;i,ftrsm;
tjym;udk jyefvnftoH;k 0ifapf+yD;/ a'oqdkif&mzGH@òz;r_udk ydkrdkcdkifrm tusKd;oufa&mufapygonf?
wu,fwrf;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tpdk;&tqufqufu aqmif&GufcJah om ratmifjrifonfh
pdrf;vef;pdkajya&;pDrHudef;rsm;pGm. aqmif&GufcsufrS oifcef;pmrsm;&&Sd+yD;jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh tylydkif;a'orS
opfawmrsm;udk aemufxyfðyef;wD;r_ rjzpfap&ef umuG,fa&;pDrHudef; jzpfygonf? ‚if;vkyfief;tay: vwf
wavmavhvmcsufrsm;rS t"duawG@&Sdcsufrsm;rSm pDrHcsufyHkpHa&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfaqmif
&Gufjcif;wd@k wGif a'ocHjynfolwdk@. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_udk vspfvsL&_cJh=u+yD;/ xdkpDrHudef;rsm;onf teD;csKyfpyfwGif
rSDwif;aexdik f=uaoma'ocHjynfolwk@d . b0tajctaeudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh tusKd;ouf
a&mufr_ tvGefenf;yg;cJhonf? aus;&GmtpktzGJ@tvdkuf opfawmpdkufysKd;jcif;/ rdom;pkydkifopfawmxlaxmif
jcif;ESifh opfawmydkifqdkifr_ pDrHcef@cGJjcif; ponfwkd@uJo h dk@aom atmufajcvlxrk sm;. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_udk &&Sdap
aom tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfwnfaxmifap&ef vdt k yfygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifhom ,ckvuf&Sdtaumiftxnf
azmfv#uf&Sdaom a&&Snfqufvufxed f;odrf;&ef rjzpfEdkifonfh tpdk;&pdkufcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk tpm;xd;k Edkif+yD;/ ydkI
tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &&SdapEdkifonf?
xdek nf;wlpGm opfawmpdkufcif;vkyfief; tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yk*~vdu u¾yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;onfvnf;
ydkrdktusKd; jzpfxGef;apEdkifonf? pD;yGm;a&;rufvk;H apHaqmfr_rsm;jzpfaom tcGefoufomcGifhay;jcif;/ txl;
oufomaomE_ef;jzifh aiGacs;ay;jcif;/ tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom aps;uGufrsm;zefwD;ay;jcif; ponfrsm;udkvnf;
pdkufcif;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vdu&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmap&eftwGuf v_H@aqmfEdkifygonf? yk*~vdu
opfawmpdkufcif;rsm;onf atmifjrif&eftvm;tvm&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSm vdt k yfaeaom opfawm

124
xGuu
f kefaps;uGuu
f dkjznfqh nf;ay;Edkifonfhtjyif/ wbufwvrf;rSvnf; obm0rkwfokefopfawmrsm;
umuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;udk taxmuftulðyaeapaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

vlxkem;vnf oabmaygufr_&atmif zefwD;jcif;ESifh trsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifaom zGH@òz;

wdk;wufr_
vlxt k rsm;. trltusifhrsm;ajymif;vJvufcHusifhoH;k vmap&efESifh vlxkyl;aygif;yg0ifr_ &&Sdap&efwd@k
twGuf vlxkem;vnfoabmaygufvmatmif pnf;&Hk;jcif;onf/ a&&SnfwnfwhaH omzGH@òz;r_rl0g'rsm; taumif
txnfazmfaqmif&Gufjcif;wGif t"duusaom r[mAsL[mwckjzpfygonf? twdwu f mv a'ocHjynfow l dk@.
wufºuaomyl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ r&SdcJhaoma=umifh/ obm0 0ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif;
r&SdcJhyg? atmufajcvlxkrsm;. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_onf rl0g'a&;qGJcsrSwforl sm;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ obm0
0ef;usifqdkif&mv_yf&Sm;ae=uaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udak omfvnf;aumif; a'otajctaeudk ydkrdkem;vnfapyg
onf? oifhavsmaf om0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rsm;jzpfap&ef taumif;qHk;pDrHudef;rsm; yHkpHa&;qGJEdkifa&;twGuf
r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom axmufyHhr_udk ay;Edkifygonf? a'ocHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh apwemh0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.
yl;aygif;yg0ifr_onf obm00ef;usifxed f;odrf;umuG,fa&; rl0g'rsm;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom tajctaewpf&yf
jzpfygonf?
vlxv k _yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh EdkifiHtqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh a'ocHtpktzGJ@acgif;aqmifrsm;/ jynfov l lxk
rsm;udk obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufI em;vnfoabmaygufr_ wd;k wufatmif&nf&G,f
aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ oDwif;ywf/ ajrurBmae@ESifh opfyif
pdkufysKd;a&;oDwif;ywfuJo h dk@aom tpDtpOfrsm; tqufrjywfaqmif&Gufae&ef vdktyfygonf? xdktpDtpOfrsm;
udvk nf; yHhydk;ay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? todw&m;&Sdvmaomjynfov l lxkrsm;. toHonfvnf;/ obm0
0ef;usifudk csdK;azmufzsufqD;aom tpdk;&Xmersm;/ yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf wm0efcHr_/
wm0ef,lr_&Sdvmatmif zdtm;ay;aqmif&Guf&mwGif rsm;pGmpGrf;tm;&Sdaom toHjzpfygonf? ausmif;oifcef;pm
rsm;wGif obm00ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;udk ynmay;jcif;ESifh obm00ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;udk vlxrk S b0
woufwmvHk; em;vnfoabmayguf+yD;/ tav;xm;aeapa&;twGuf txl;*&kðyaqmif&Gufoifhygonf?
Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udak v;pm;vdkufemap&eftwGuf aqmif&Guf&mwGif atmufajcjynfolvx l krsm;udk obm0
0ef;usifnpfnrf;r_ðyolwkd@udk ta&;,lEdkifapa&;twGuf tm%mydkrdkay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
tvm;wl tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tJef*sDtdk) . tcef;u¾udkvnf; ydkrdkwd;k jrifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh
aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? obm00ef;usifqdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk udkifwG,af jz&Sif;&mwGif u|rf;usifr_ESifh A[kokw
uGm[r_udk yaysmufap&ef avhusifjh cif;ESifh ynmay;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfvdrhfrnf
jzpfygonf?

125
 tcef; (6)
EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr+ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr+

tcef; (6)
126
 EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr+ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr+
,ae@acwfumvwav#mufvHk;/ ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;rsm;wGifjyefavhvm=unfhygu
EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_onf/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_. “armif;ESifa&;wGef;tm;” jzpfcJhonf? Tod@k pwifusifh
oH;k vmcJh=uonfrSm (19) &mpktv,fydkif;umvrsm;uwnf;ujzpfonf? rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. ordkif;udk tusOf;jyef
vnfoH;k oyfygu jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh udv k dkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;umvwav#mufvH;k wGif EdkifiHwumukefoG,rf _ESifh ywf
oufI xl;xl;jcm;jcm;pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonfudk awG@&Sd&onf? &&SdvmaomtusKd;tjrwftrsm;pkudk +Adwdo#
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;/ tdENd,vlrsKd; aiGwd;k acs;pm;olrsm;ESifh tdENd,rSvma&mufvkyfudik faom vkyfom;rsm;
u uJ, h loGm;cJh=uaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_rSm jrifhrm;cJhonfukd awG@Edkifonf? 'kwd,
urBmppf+yD;umv ysufpD;qHk;&_H;r_rsm;aemuf wGif jyefvnfxlaxmifvmcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;wGifvnf;
EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_onf t"duOD;aqmifae&mrS yg0iftpysKd;cJhonf? EdkifiHwumwGif pyg;aps;ESdrf0,f,lr_ ay:
aygufcJah omfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS t"duwifydk@aom qefpyg;a&mif;&r_rSm (1960) ckESpf wGif qefwefcsdef (2)
oef;&SdcJhonf? Tyrm%rSm ,cifppfóuumvrsm;&Sd qefwifydk@r_. (3 yHkESpfyHk) om&Sdaomfvnf;/ Todk@pGrf;
aqmifEdkifonfudk rsm;pGmtxif}uD;zG,f aumif;vSonf? (1962) ckESpfwGif ygvDreftpdk;&udk ppfwyfu tm%m
odrf;ðzwfcs+yD;aomumv aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHwumESifh w&m;0ifqufqHaeaomenf;
vrf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk &yfqdkif;+yD;/ wHcg;ydwftxD;usef aexdkifaom tqifheD;yg;jzpfcJhonf? EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_
rsm;taejzifhvnf;/ wajz;ajz;usqif;vmcJh&m (aiG0ifvrf;rsm;aom bdef;ukeful;r_udk z,fvdkufygu) aemufqHk;
ukefoG,fr_r&SdvkeD;yg; tajctaejzpfcJhonf? xdak emufydkif;wGif (e0w) ppftpdk;&u wdik f;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;udk
jyefvnfwHcg;zGifhay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiH&yfjcm;od@k wifydk@Edkifaom tjrwftpGef;&Edkifaom xGuu f kefrsm;
tm;vH;k udk tpdk;&u vHk;0xdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGifhr_rSm tpwmxGufaumif;rnf[k ar#mfvifch Jh
aomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf&yfrsm;rSm jyefIvGifhys,fomG ;cJh&onf? xd@k tjyif v,f,m
pdkufysKd;a&;u¾ESifh opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; jyefI wajz;ajz;av#musoGm;cJh
onf? ,cktcg ,lEdku,f-wdkw,fvf ukr`%Drsm;ESifhaqmif&Gufaeaom obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdik f;onfom
ppftpdk;&twGuf ar#mfvift h m;xm;p&musefawmhonf?

ordkif;tjrift& E_dif;,SOfcsuf
jrefrmEdkifiH. pdwfysuftm;avsmhzG,faumif;vSaom EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_tajctaerSefrSm/ tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfazmfjyxm;aom Z,m; (5? 1) ud=k unfyh gu odomxif&Sm;pGm jrifEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? T
tcsuftvuf/ udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm (1996) ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom urBmhzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_tajctaeqdkif&m tpD
&ifcHpm (World Development Report) rS &,lazmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;
jzpfaom ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu jrefrmEdkifiH.udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm rSm;,Gif;aeovm; xif&
ayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh (1980) ckESpfwGif xdik f;EdkifiHrSEdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@aom xGufukefESifh 0efaqmifr_wefzdk;
onf jrefrmEdkifiHESifhpmv#if (16) q rsm;jym;aeygonf? (1994) ckESpfa&mufaomtcg Twefzdk;onf jrefrm
EdkifiHxuf tq (60) r#ydkI rsm;jym;vmonfudk awG@=u&ygonf? tvm;wl zdvpfydkifEdkifiHESifh ,SOfyguvnf;
(1980) wGif EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@aom xGuu f kefESifh 0efaqmifr_wefzdk;onf jrefrmEdkifiHESifh (16) qrsm;&mrS/
(1994) a&mufaomtcg (24) qtxd wd;k wufvmonfudak wG@&ygonf? csrf;omºu,f0aom rav;&Sm;EdkifiH
.EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@aomxGuu f kefESifh 0efaqmifr_wefzdk;onf (1994) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHxuf (65) qrsm;jym;
onfudk awG@&+yD;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;od@k wifydk@aom xGufuek fESifh 0efaqmifr_wefzdk;onf jrefrmEdkifiH
xuf xdkESpfwGif (46) qrsm;jym;ygonf? TazmfjyygZ,m;rS aemufxyf oifcef;pmxkwf,l&&SdEdkifaom tzdk;
weftcsufwckrSm xdkEdkifiHrsm;. EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_ zGJ@pnf;yHk yHko¿mefajymif;vJomG ;cJhyHk jzpfygonf? xdkif;EdkifiH/

127
rav;&Sm;ESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHrsm;rS EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;. (70) &mcdkifE_ef;onf xkwv f kyfxm;aom vlok;H ukef
ypPnf;rsm;wifydk@jcif;jzpfygonf? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHonfom EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;. (50) &mcdkifE_ef;udk a&eHwifydk@
a&mif;csr_rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf?
Ttcsuftvufrsm;udk jyef=unfyh gu pdk;&drfxdwv f ef@zG,fjzpfygonf? ppfóuacwfumv jrefrmEdkifiH
.EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;onf vlwOD;csif;,SOfygu xdik f;EdkifiHESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;xuf rsm;ygonf? jrefrm
EdkifiH. ppfóuacwfvlwOD;csif;ysrf;r# EdkifiHwumwifydk@r_ E_ef;onf tar&duefa':vm (12² 65) &Sd+yD;/ xdik f;
EdkifiHu tar&duefa':vm (5² 10) ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHu tar&duefa':vm (6² 70) om&Sdygonf? (1940) ck
ESpfu tar&duefa':vm. aiGwefzdk;onf ,ae@umvESifhEd_if;pmv#if (12) qcef@ydkrsm;ygonf? (tar
&duefEdkifiH. pkpkaygif;jynfwiG f;xkwfuek fwefzdk;-*sD'DyD wdk;wufvmr_Ed_if;&tcsKd;56 ESifhwGufxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?)
TE_ef;twdkif;wGufygu xdu k mvu vlwOD;csif;pDEdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@r_wefzdk;rSm tar&duefa':vm 150 cef@
wefzdk;&SdaeEdkifygonf? (1994) ckESpfwGif &Sdaeaom jrefrmEdkifiH. vlOD;a& (45) oef;ESifh wGufygu/ tu,fI
ppfóuacwf EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@ukefoG,rf _taetxm;twdik f;om qufvuf xdef;xm;rnfqdkygu jrefrmEdkifiH.
,ae@umv EdkifiH&yfjcm;wifydk@r_onf tar&duefa':vm (6² 75) bDvD,H &SdaeEdkifrnf[k wGufEdkifygonf?
vuf&Sdumv jrefrmEdkifiH. tppftrSefEdkifiH&yfjcm;wifydk@r_rSm tar&duefa':vm (1) bDvD,aH usmf&Hkr#om&Sd&m/
ppfóuacwfumvpGrf;aqmifEdkifr_. (6 yHkwpfyHk) om&Sdaeonfudk awG@=u&ygvdrfhrnf? xdt k csdefwGif tdrfeD;csif;
EdkifiHwckjzpfaom xdik f;EdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_ pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfrSm ppfóuacwfumvuxuf tqrsm;pGm
wd;k wufomvGefaernfrSm taotcsm jzpfygonf? xdik f;EdkifiHrS EdkifiHjcm;od@k tajccHukef=urf; wifydk@r_wefzdk;
oufoufonf (pkpkaygif; aps;uGuf0ifa&mif;-0,fukefypPnf;rsm; wifydk@r_wefzdk; tar&duefa':vm 45
bDvD,)H . (av;yHkwpfyHk) &Sd+yD;/ tar&duefa':vm (11) bDvD,Hwefzdk;xufudk rsm;aeao;onf? tu,fI
jrefrmEdkifiHu ppfóuacwf taetxm;twdik f; tajccHukef=urf;rsm; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifygu
tar&duefa':vm (6² 7) bDvD,Hr#om &Sdaevdrfh OD;rnfjzpf&m xdik f;EdkifiH.pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_u ydkIwd;k wufvm
onfudk awG@=u&onf? xd@k tjyif pufr_xkwfvkyfwifydk@Edkifr_uvnf; tjcm;xl;jcm;aomta=umif;udpPwck
jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh (1960) ckESpfrsm; umv ygvDreftpdk;&vufatmufwGif pufr_xkwfuek fypPnf;
rsm;xkwfvkyfr_onf tvm;tvmaumif;aeaom tpysKd;taetxm;Y &SdaecJhonf? xdt k ajctaejzpfatmif
pGrf;aqmifcJh=uaom yk*~vduydkif vkyfief;rsm;udk aus;Zl;wif=u&ayrnf? odk@aomfvnf; (1962) ckESpfrS pwif
vmcJhaom ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=umifh Todk@&Sifoefv_yf&Sm;aeaom yk*~vdu pufr_xkwu f kefxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;
rsm; ysufpD;oGm;cJh&+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuv f nf; tcGifhta&;vufvGwf aemufusefcJh&ayawmhonf?
uGefjrLepftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfaom AD,uferfEdkifiHonfyif (1980-1994) ckESpfumvrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH
xufrsm;pGm pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. aps;uGuf0ifa&mif;-0,fukef EdkifiH&yfjcm;
wifydk@r_wefzdk;rSm tar&duefa':vm (472) oef;&Sd+yD;/ AD,uferfEdkifiHu tar&duefa':vm (339) oef;
wefzdk;&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; (1994) ckESpfwGifrl AD,uferfEdkifiH. EdkifiH&yfjcm;odk@ aps;uGuf0ifa&mif;-0,f ukef
ypPnf;wifydk@r_wefzdk;rSm tar&duefa':vm (3˜ 770) oef;&Sdaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. wifydk@r_rSmrl tar&d
uefa':vm (771) oef;om &SdcJhonf?

56
In terms of US GDP deflator

128
Z,m; 6? 1? EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_ (tar&duefa':vm bDvD,Htm;jzifh)
1980 1994
xkwfukefESifh 0efaqmifr_EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;aygif;
jrefrm 0² 56 1² 13
xdkif; 8² 57 59² 16
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 22² 24 46² 30
zdvpfydkif 8² 00 24² 03
rav;&Sm; 14² 84 65² 80

aps;uGuf0ifa&mif;-0,fukefEdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;aygif;
jrefrm 0² 47 0² 77
xdkif; 6² 51 45² 26
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 21² 90 40² 05
zdvpfydkif 5² 74 13² 30
rav;&Sm; 13² 00 58² 76

pufr_xkwfukefypPnf; EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wefzdk;aygif;
(aps;uGuf0ifa&mif;-0,fukefoG,fr_wifydk@r_ESifh Ed_if;,SOfaom &mcdkifE_ef;)
jrefrm 6 10
xdkif; 28 73
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 2 53
zdvpfydkif 37 76
rav;&Sm; 19 70
rl&if;? World Development Report, 1996.

TtcsdefumvtwGif; jrefrmESifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;t=um; EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nf T

r#t}uD;tus,fumG jcm;oGm;&jcif;ta=umif;rSm ar;cGef;xkwfp&myifjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh xdik f;vlrsKd;rsm;
onf &Srf;-wdbuftEG,frSqif;oufvmolrsm; twlwlyifjzpf=u+yD;/ bmompum; qif;oufvmyHk/ ,Ofaus;
r_/ ax&0g'Ak'<bmom pojzifh tarGqufcH&&Sdvmr_rsm;Y wlnDcsufrsm;pGm&Sd=uonf? bk&ifpepfESifh ywfouf
aomoabmxm;/ bk&ifESifh EdkifiHawmft=um;qufpyfr_/ bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t=um;qufpyfr_/ pojzifhrSm
vnf; ordkif;a=umif;t& òyifwleD;yg;zGH@òz;vm=uaom EdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmESifhxdik f;EdkifiHwdk@rSm
yx0Dtaetxm;t& &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u òyifbufEdkifiHrsm;jzpfcJh=u+yD;/ òr@jyEdkifiHawmfwnfaxmifr
Yvnf;aumif;/ ppfrufjzpfyGm;Ivnf;aumif; =oZmcsJ@xGifEdkifa&;twGuf òyifqdkifcJh=uonf? uGmjcm;csufrSm
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh (19) &mpktwGif;wGif udv k dkeDEdkifiH tjzpfodrf;ydkufcHcJh&+yD;/ xdkif;EdkifiHtaejzifhrl vGwv
f yf
aomEdkifiHtjzpfESifh wdkif;jynf.ta&;ygaom tkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh bk&ifpepfudk qufvufxdef;odrf;
xm;EdkifcJhonf? xdik f;bk&ifrSaeI aemufydkif;wGifacwfrDa&;tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
wGif rif;wkef;rif;u OD;aqmifI acwfrDa&;tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfaqmif&GufcJah o;aomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif
+Adwdo#wd@k EdkifiHudo k drf;ydkufcJhr_a=umifh qufvufraqmif&GufEdkifcJhay? xdt k csufa=umifh xdik f;EdkifiHtaejzifh urBmh
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh yGifhvif;qufqHvmr_a=umifh ay;tyfvmaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk ydkI,Hk=unfr_&Sd&Sd trdt&
qkyfudik fEdkifapcJhyHk&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl ajr,mrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; odrf;ydkufcH&jcif;ESifh pD;yGm;ysufuyf
}uD;t+yD;wGif jzpfvmaom q&mpHv,form;olykefa=umifh/ rdrdjynfwiG f;udkom ydkItm&Hkpdkufaomtjrifudk jzpf
apcJhyHk&onf? rnfokd@yif qdkapumrl/ (1962) ckESpf ppftm%modrf;csdefrwdik frDtxd/ ygvDreftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;
umvwGif EdkifiH&yfjcm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_rsm;zGH@òz;cJhonfudk awG@&Sd&onf?
pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufw&yfrSm ppftpdk;&tm%modrf;+yD;aomtcsdefwGif tem*wfEdkifiHawmf. pD;yGm;
a&;r[mAsL[mrsm;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;udk c%wm&SmazGjyifqifcJh=uyHk&onf? tcsKd@aomqdk&S,fvpfpD;yGGg;a&;
129
tjrif&Sdaomynm&Sifrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk &,lum &efukefwuUodkvfESifh trsKd;om;pDrHudef;0ef}uD;
Xmewdk@yl;aygif;um pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfwckudk a&;qGJcJh=uonf? xdkpD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfwGif jynfyESifh yGifhvif;pGm
wd;k wufqufqHI zGH@òz;a&;r[mAsL[mrsm;csrSwfaqmif&Guf&ef a&;qGJxm;onfudk pdwf0ifpm;zG,fawG@&onf?
TtcsufrSm xdt k pDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJ&mwGifyg0ifcJhaom vGwfvyfaomaps;uGuf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk
,Hk=unfonfh a'gufwmvSjrifh57 .tjrifrsm;a=umifh jzpfEdkifonf? od@k aomfvnf; TpD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk
jiif; y,fcH&onf? Tod@k ESifh pD;yGm;a&;usqif;vm+yD;/ aemufqHk; (25) ESpft=umwGif pD;yGm;a&;òyvJ&aom
tajctaeESifh ñuH&awmhonf?
xdok d@k jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfrsm; jyifqifaqmif&GufaeonfESifh wcsdefwnf;avmufrSmyif
xdik f;EdkifiHwGifvnf; jynfyESifhyGifhvif;pGm qufqHa&;r[mAsL[mrsm;csrSwfI pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_ tpysKd;vmcsdef
jzpfonf? xdik f;EdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_rSm (1960) ckESpf wGif jrefrmEdkifiH. (2) qom &Sdao;onf? aemufydkif;
wGif jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_onf yrm%t&a&m/ wefzdk;t&yg usqif;vmcJh+yD;/ xdik f;EdkifiHu ckefysHausmf
v$m;wd;k wufvmcJhonf? Todk@jzifh Z,m; (6? 1) wGif azmfjyxm;aom tajctaeodk@a&mufvmapcJhonf?
(e0w) ppftpdk;&u wdik f;jynfudk wHcg;zGifhI aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf usifo h Hk;&ef jyefvnfaqmif&Guf
onf? odk@aomfvnf; Tod@k aqmif&Gufr_rSm pdwfvkv d uf&aqmif&Gufjcif;r[kwfouJhodk@/ wHcg;zGifhjcif;rSmvnf;
wpdwfwydkif;omjzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;u¾. tpdwftydkif; tenf;i,fukdom yk*~vduydkifvufodk@ jyefvnfv$J
ajymif;ay;jcif;ðyonf? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_trsm;pkrSmvnf; obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdik f;ESifh [dkw,fwnfaqmuf
a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifom trsm;pk&Sdonf? [dkw,frsm;rSmvnf; vma&mufwnf;qdkolrSm tcef;rsm;. (10-15)
&mcdkifE_ef;r#om &Sdonf? qefpyg;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;xGufukefrsm;wifydk@r_rSm tpydkif;wGif c%wmwdk;wufcJh
aomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif jyefI tzsm;&_;+yD;/ usqif;oGm;onf? ppftpdk;&u wdkif;jynfpD;yGg;a&;ESifh jyifyurBm
wGifaqmif&Gufaeaom pD;yGg;a&;pepftjcm; pDppf&ef ydkufuGefjcm um&efxm;onf? Todk@EdkifiHwumaps;uGuf
ESifh xdawG@Edkif&eftwGu/f tm%mydkifrsm;od@k w&m;r0ifaxmufyHhr_rsm; ay;=u&onf? Tod@k jzifh ‘tm%mydkif
rsm;ESifh eD;uyfatmifaqmif&Guf&aom rsufESmvdrk sufESm&vkyf&r_rsm;’ESifh ‘aqGrsKd;om;csif;aumif;pm;a&;
t&if;&Sifpepfrsm;’ jzpfay:vmonf?
(1988) ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh umv=um&SnfukefoG,af &;vdak iGjyr_rsm; qufwdu k fjzpfay:ae
cJhonf? ESpfpOf ukefoG,fa&; vdak iGjyr_rSm ysrf;r# usyfoef;axmifaygif; (2² 5) cef@&Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;&onf?
(w&m;0ifaiGvJE_ef;jzpfaom tar&duefwa':vm 6 usyfjzifh wGufygu tar&duefa':vm oef; 400 cef@&Sd
rnf?) (1995§96) ckESpfwGif ESpfpOfqufwkduf ukefoG,fr_vdkaiGjyr_. (19) ESpfajrmufESpf tjzpf/ jrefrmEdkifiH.
ukefoG,fa&;vdak iGjyr_ usyfoef;axmifaygif; (5² 284) &Sd+yD;/ tjrifhqHk;pHcsdefwifcJhonf? (w&m;0ifaiGvJE_ef;jzpf
aom tar&duefwa':vm 6 usyfjzifh wGufygu tar&duefa':vm oef; 881 cef@&Sdrnf?) Tpm&if;onf
(1977§78) ckESpfrSpv#if trsm;qHk;aom ukefoG,af &;vdak iGjyr_ jzpfonf? EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefwifydk@r_,cifESpfuESifh
Ed_if;pmv#if (7) &mcdkifE_ef;usqif;um usyf oef; axmifaygif; (5² 017) &Sdonf? od@k aomfEdkifiHjcm;rS wifoGif;r_
wefzdk;pkpkaygif;onf ,cifESpfuxuf (24) &mcdkifE_ef;jrifhwufum usyfoef;axmifaygif; (1² 03) &Sdonf?
(1996§97) wGifaemufxyfw}udrf ukefoG,fa&;vdak iGjyr_ usyfoef;axmifaygif; (5² 577) od@k wzefa&mufum
xyfwufcJhonf? Todk@jzifh ukefoG,af &;vdak iGjyr_rSm emwm&SnfozG,fqufvufjzpfyGm;aecsdefwGif ukefoG,f

57
a'gufwmvSjrifhonf &efukefwuUodkvfwGif (1945) rS (1952) ckESpftxf pDyGm;a&;ynmygarmuQtjzpf wm0ef,lcJo h nf? vef'efpD;yGm;a&;
ynmoifausmif;rS yg&*lbGJ@ (yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D) &&SdcJ+h yD;/ ol.t"duOD;pm;ay;avhvmcsufrSm vlrlwdk;wufa&; oDtdk&Doabmw&m;rsm;ta=umif;
(Theories of Welfare Economics) jzpfonf? olonf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ atmufpfzdk@'fwuUodkvfrS (1952) ckESpfwGif jyefvmcJhonf? xdk@aemuf &efukef
wuUodkvfwGif ygarmuQcsKyftjzpf (1958) rS (1962) ckESpftxd wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf atmufpfzdk@'fwuUodkvfodk@jyefoGm;um/
aemufydkif;wGif vef'efpD;yGm;a&;ynmoifausmif;odk@ ajymif;a&$@onf? ol. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufaoma&;om;azmfjycsufrsm;
onf/ xdkynm&yfe,fy,fwGif trsm;ajcmufjcm;& avmufatmif pOD;awG@&Sda&;om;cJholjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh jynfy ydk@ukeftajcðy pD;yGm;a&;
pepfonf pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf armif;ESifa&; tif*sifjzpfa=umif; ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm; tawG@tñuHt&/ vltrsm;u vufrcHrD
uyif/ umv=um&Snfuwnf;u a[majyma&;om;cJo h l jzpfonf? tu,fIjrefrmEdkifiHonfom ol.t=uHay;csufrsm;twdkif; (1948)
vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcsdefrSpI vdkufemaqmif&GufcJv h #if rsm;pGmwdk;wufpnfyifaeavmuf+yD jzpfonf?
130
a&;vnf; usqif;vmonf? EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDpkpkaygif;onfvnf; tar&duefa':vm oef; (6000) ausmv f mcJh
onf? (1985§86) ckESpfudk tajccH wGuyf gu/ (1988) ckESpfrSaemufydkif;ESpfrsm; tajctaeonf tajccHESpf
yrm%. (100) atmufwGif&Sdonf? (1989§90) wGif (81) rSqufwku d fusqif;vm&m (1995§96) ckESpfwGif
tajccHxm;aomESpfyrm%. (64² 1) om &Sdawmhonf?
Tod@k tjrJwrf;vdkvdk vdkaiGjyaeaom ukefoG,fr_vdak iGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;udk &Sif;Edkif&eftwGu/f wdkif;jynf
rS&aeaom ESpf&Snftwd;k enf; acs;aiGrsm;/ tultnD*&ef@rsm;rS &aomaiGrsm;jzifh jyefvnfay;qyfjcif;ðyonf?
Tod@k acs;aiGESifhtultnDrsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh *syefEdkifiHESifh ,ciftaemuf*smr%DEdkifiHrsm;rS &&SdcJhonf?
xd@k tjyif EdkifiHwumrS0ifa&mufvmaom EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; rS&&SdvmaomaiGrsm;jzifhvnf;
jyefvnfay;qyfjcif;ðyonf? (1990) ckESpfrsm;umvwGif EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS0ifvmaomaiG
rsm;u wdik f;jynf&-oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGif v$rf;rdk;xm;cJh+yD;/ &-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGif tpdk;&zufrS
xnf0h ifpdkufay;&r_rsm; tenf;i,fom&SdcJhonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHjcm;rS tjyeftvSefulnDa&;
acs;aiGrsm;/ EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS acs;aiGrsm;r&&Sdaoma=umifh/ w&kwfEdkifiHrSay;tyfvmaom rD;&xm;
vrf;wnfaqmufa&;/ oabFmwnfaqmufa&;/ a&xGuyf pPnf;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf umvvwfacs;aiGrsm;ESifh
taxmuftyHhacs;aiGrsm;udk tm;ud;k vm=u&onf?
vuf&Sdppftpdk;&. ta&;}uD;aomvkyfaqmifcsufw&yfrSm (1988) ckESpfrSpI e,fpyfukefoG,af &;udk
w&m;0ifcGifhðycJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,ciftwdwfumvrsm;u EdkifiHwumESifhw&m;0ifukefoG,af &;udk tpdk;&uom
vH;k 0 vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf? xdo k dk@aom rl0g'rsm;a=umifh (1960) ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif;rSpI w&m;
r0ifarSmifcdkukefoG,af &;rsm;xGef;um;vmcJh&onf? xdkodk@jzpfaeaoma=umifhvnf; tpdk;&taumufcGef0ifaiG
rsm; rsm;pGmxdcdkufepfemcJh&onf? tcsKd@aomXmersm;. ajymqdkcsuft& w&m;r0ifarSmifcdkukefoG,rf _onf/
w&m;0ifukefoG,fa&;ESifh yrm%wljzpfEdkifonf[k ajymqdk=uonf? Ttwdik f;om trSefjzpfaecJhygu tpdk;&
taejzifh w&m;0ifukefoG,fr_vrf;a=umif;rsm;rS&Edkifaom EdkifiHjcm;aiGrmrsm; rsm;pGmqHk;&_H;&zG,f&Sdonf?
od@k aomfvnf; e,fpyfukefoG,af &;onf wenf;wvrf;tm;jzifh tusKd;jzpfaponf? (1988) ckESpfwGif
e,fpyfukefoG,af &;udw k &m;0if cGifhðy+yD;aom aemufydkif;wGif/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sm;yg;aeaom vloH;k ukefypPnf;
rsm;udk tpm;xd;k jznfq h nf;vmEdkifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh t0wftxnfrsm;ESifh v#yfppftoHk;taqmifrsm;jzpf
onf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@e,fpyfukefoG,af &;rSwqifh 0ifa&mufvmaomukef ypPnf;rsm;rSm t&nftaoG;
nHzh sif;=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh a'otwGif;&Sdaps;uGufrS vdktyfaeaom ukef=urf;rsm;udkxkwfvyk f wifydk@
EdkifcJhonf? Tukefrsm;taejzifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;rSvGIJ tjcm;wifydk@Edkifaom aps;uGufrsm;r&Sdyg? Oyrmtm;
jzifh bJarG;rsm;ESifh arsmufrsm;wifydk@jcif; jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHrSEdkifiHjcm;odk@ wifydk@aeaomukefrsm;wGif
vnf; ykZGef/ opfoD;rsm;/ yJrsm; ponfh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefrsm; trsm;tjym;yg0ifaeao;onf?
rnfokd@yifjzpfap ,cke,fpyfukefoG,af &;taetxm;rSm/ tqifhjrifhukefoG,af &;enf;pepfrsm; od&efrvdak o;
bJ/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuf vufiif;tvkyfjzpfaeap+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;oGif;ukef-xkwfukefvkyfief;rsm;udk A[kokw
&vmaponf? xd@k tjyif xkwfuek f-oGif;ukefcGifhðycsufvdkifpifav#mufae&onfh vkyfief;tqifhqifhudk jzwf
oef;ae&efrvdkbJ/ oabFmwifydk@r_twGuf tqifhqifhvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udkvnf; jzwfae&efrvdkbJ/ tvkyf
jzpfap=uonf?
Tod@k aom tm;omcsufrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; e,fpyfukefoG,af &;taejzifh/ tm;enf;csufrsm;vnf;&Sd
onf? Tod@k e,fpyfukefoG,af &; udak qmif&Gufaejcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;ygatmif
vkyfEdkif&ef qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifay? yxrtcsufrSm e,fpyfukef oG,fa&;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif
aexdik f=uaomvlxkrsm;twGuf ,m,Dvdt k yfaer_tusyftwnf;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Edkif&Hkr#om aqmif&Gufuek foG,f
=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ tuef@towfvdktyfcsufoabmaqmifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh yxrwESpfwGif wbufEdkifiH.
vdt k yfcsufrSm pdkufysKd;a&;xGufukefjzpfaom o=um;rsKd;vdktyfcsuf&Sdaumif;&SdEdkif+yD;/ aemufwESpfwGif Todk@
aomxkwfukefrsKd;udkyif wbufEdkifiHrS jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnfwifoGif;vmEdkifonf? Ttajctaeonf
aps;E_ef; Ed_if;&taetxm;ESifh ypPnf;odak vSmifxm;r_ taetxm;Yvnf; rSDwnfaeonf? Ttcsufa=umifh

131
ESpfzuf EdkifiHukefoG,af &;wGif yHkrSefwnf+idrfaomtaetxm;w&xdef;xm;a&; qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifoavmuf&Sd
onf? e,fpyfukefoG,af &;rSm ,m,DoabmESifh vdt k yfcsufudkjznfah y;Edkif&Hkom oabmaqmifonf? ESpfpOf
tvdu k f tajymif;tvJjzpfaeEdkifonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHrSukefoG,folrsm;taejzifh aps;qpfEdkifaom
tiftm; r&Sd=ujcif;jzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm aiGt&if;tESD;enf;jcif;ESifh ukefoG,af omae&mudk pdk;rdk;xm;r_
r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf? wbufEdkifiHod@k ukefoG,foGm;=u&aom jrefrmEdkifiHrSukefonfrsm;rSm olwk@d ypPnf;rsm;
udk &oavmufaps;ESifha&mif;cscJh=u&onfvnf; &Sdonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrukefonfrsm;twGuf ukefrsm;odkavSmif
Edkif&ef *dka'gifrsm;ESifh tjcm;ukefoG,rf _twGuf vdt k yfaomyHhydk;r_rsm;vnf; r&Sd=uay? Todk@aps;qpfEdkifpGrf;tm;
r&Sdaoma=umifh jrefrmukefonfrsm;taejzifh olwd@k xdu k fwefonf,q l aomwefzdk;xuf avsmhenf;Iom&&Sd
=uonf? wwd,tcsufrSm w&kwfEdkifiHe,fpyfwGif ukefoG,fr_udk w&kwfaiG ‘,Gef’ jzifh aqmif&Guf=u+yD;/ xdkif;
e,fpyfwGif ‘bwf’ aiG/ tdENd,e,fpyfwGif ‘&lyD;’ aiGrsm;jzifh ukefzvS,=f u&onf? jrefrmukefonfrsm; tae
jzifh olwkd@e,fpyfwGifaiGvJ&aomE_ef; ‘,Gef-usyf’/ ‘&lyD;-usyf’ paomaiGvJv, S fr_ E_ef;xm;rsm;rSm/ &efukefwGif
jzpfaeaomumvaygufaps;/ EdkifiHwumE_ef;xm;rsm;xuf avsmhenf;I&&Sdonf[k ,lq=uonf? aemufqHk;
tcsufrSm e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;aqmif&Gufjcif;. tm;enf;csufrSm aps;aygaom/ t&nftaoG; tqifhtwef;
rrDaom ukefypPnf;rsm;pkyHkwifoGif;r_udk ñuH=u&jcif;jzpfonf? wbuftdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;. e,fpyfa'orsm;
wGif zGH@òz;vmaompufr_vkyfief;rsm;u Todk@t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;aom ukefrsm;udk azgazgoDoD xkwv f kyf=u
jcif;jzpf+yD;/ T&v'fa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH. pufr_xkwu f kefypPnf;rsm; xkwv f kyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aooGm;apEdkif
onf? wenf;qdk&v#if w&kwfEdkifiHwGifxGef;opfzGH@òz;vmaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh/ Todk@ xkwv f kyf+yD;/
e,fpyfwGif ukefoG,jf cif;tm;jzifh tcGeftaumufrsm;vnf; ray;&oavmuf&Sdaom tajctaewGif/ olwk@d .
pufr_xkwu f kef xkwfvkyfr_tawG@tñuHESifh t&nftcsif;rsm;wufvmEdkifaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifr_ Tpufr_
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf/ tepfemcHI avmavmq,fjy\em&Sif;&ef/ qufqHvdu k f&jcif; jzpfygonf? wenf;
tm;jzifh tjcm;EdkifiH.pufr_xGef;um;a&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk@u "g;pmcHvdkufonfh oabmyif jzpfygonf?
tpdk;&taejzifh tcsKd@aomukefypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@&eftwGuf uef@owfxm;onf? TypPnf;
rsm;xJwGif qefpyg;/ ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;/ u|ef;opfESifh a&eHwd@k yg0ifonf? (1991) ckESpf atmufwdkbmv
(28) &ufae@wGif Todk@wm;jrpfxm;aomukefypPnf;trsKd; trnfrsm;udk (21) cktxd wd;k IowfrSwfcJhonf?
Tod@k uef@owfukefrsm; wdk;vmonfhtajctaewGif/ (1997) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif e,fpyfukefoG,af &;rsm;
tm;vH;k udk vHk;0eD;yg;&yfqdkif;ap&ef !$ef=um;cJhjyefonf? r=umao;rDumvu tpdk;&taejzifh e,fpyfukefoG,f
a&;rlrsm;jyefvnfusifhoHk;&ef aqmif&GufvmcJhaomfvnf;/ ukefoG,rf _tm;vH;k udk w&m;0ifvrf;a=umif;rS jzwf
oef;ap&efESifh tar&duefa':vmudk ukefzvS,fr_=um;cHtjzpf xm;ap&ef !$ef=um;csufrsm;xkwfjyefcJhonf?

132
ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;twGuf vrf;!$efrlrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&; (35) ESpfwmumvtwGif; rSm;,Gif;aompDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;a=umifh/
‚if;. ‘qHk;&_H;oGm;&aom tcGifhta&;rsm;’ twGuf/ jyefvnfjznfq h nf;Edkif&efrSm jyifyurBmESifh jyefvnful;vl;
qufqHzdk@ tv#iftjrefvdt k yfaecsdef jzpfygonf? Todk@vkyfief; rsm;twGuf ta&;}uD;aomtqifhrsm;udk
atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?
1? EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;rsm;ESifh zvS,Ef dkifI worwfwnf;&Sdaom aiGa=u;zvS,fa&;pepf? vuf&Sd
owfrSwfxm;aom aiGvJr_E_ef;xm;jzpf onfh tar&duefwa':vmv#if jrefrmaiG (6) usyfqdkonfrSm
vufawG@usifhoH;k &efrjzpfEdkifaom vH;k 0vGaJ csmfr_jzpfygonf? TE_ef;xm;udk zsufodrf;apoifhygonf? vkyfaqmif
oifhonfrSm umvwpHkw&mtxd prf;oyfoabmESifhaqmif&Guf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif xdef;csKyfI aiGa=u;udt k &Sif
58
ar#mxm;aompepf udk usifo h Hk;oifhygonf? vdktyfaom aiGa=u;qdkif&mumuG,fay;r_rsm;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef/
EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS axmufyHhr_rsm;&&Sdvmygu aiGa=u;E_ef;xm;taoowfrSwfygu vufawG@
usaomwefzdk;ESifh udu k fnDatmifowfrSwfoifhygonf? Tenf;pepfudk ydkvefEdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_
aqmif&GufpOfu atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufEdkifcJhaom tawG@tñuH&Sdygonf?
2? EdkifiHawmfrS vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik faer_ tm;vH;k udkzsufodrf;oifhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh qefpyg;ESifh
u|ef;opfa&mif;0,fa&;udpPrsKd; jzpfygonf? obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;Edkifa&;ESifhqdkifaom pnf;urf;csufrsm;/
Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;I vdu k femap&efxdef;csKyfapoifhygonf?
3? jynfwGif;odk@ wifoGif;r_ESifh/ jynfywifydk@r_ ESpfckpvHk;udk aiGa=u;zvS,fr_pepftopfatmufwiG f
vGwv f yfpGmaqmif&Gufap&ef cGifhðyoifh ygonf? wdik f;jynf. trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfa&;twGuf xdef;
ndE‡ dkif&eftwGu/f tpdk;&0ifaiGrsm; ta&;ay:vkdtyfrnfqdkygu oifhawmfaomE_ef;tm;jzifhowfrSwfxm;aom
wajy;nDoiG f;ukefcGefowfrSwf&ef vdt k yfaumif;/ vdt k yfvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif jynfyydk@ukeftay:wGif
vnf; a&G;cs,fowfrSwfxm;aomypPnf;rsm;Y tcGefaumuf,lr_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
4? jynfwiG f;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynfyukr`%Drsm; qufpyfr_udk txl;tm;ay;oifhygonf? Oyrm
tm;jzifh xdkif;EdkifiHqdkv#if *syefEdkifiH. ajymif;qefESifh rwfyJaps;uGut f &,lEdkif&ef óu;pm;ygonf? Tod@k
aps;uGu&f Edkifa&;twGuf *syefEdkifiH&SdoGif;ukefudpPaqmif&Gufaom ukr`%D}uD;rsm;ESifh taotcsm yl;aygif;
qufo, G faqmif&Guf=uygonf? tv#ifjrefwifydk@Edkifr_ESifh t&nftaoG;xdef;Edkifr_rSmvnf; emrnfaumif;&&ef
txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? wbufwiG f jrefrmEdkifiH.taetxm;rSm tpGeftzsm;wGifyif&Sd+yD;/ t&HaxmufyHhay;
aeoltcef;u¾wGifyif &Sdaeygonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH. ypPnf;t&nftaoG;xdef;odrf;r_ESifh pdwfcstmrcHr_
rSmvnf; emrnfaumif; r&&Sdyg? ukefypPnf;tcsKd@udk xkwv f kyfI EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@aom udpPrsm;wGif ‘jzpfonfh
tcsdefvnf;&Sd/ qHk;&_H;&onft h csdefvnf;&Sdaom tajctaeoHo&m’59 udñk uH&wwfygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh
rwnfr+idrfjzpfvmEdkifaomtaetxm;/ aps;uGuf.v_yf&Sm;aeaom taetxm;udv k nf; óuwifcef@rSef;Edkif
&ef vdkygonf? ydkrdkIwnf+idrfaom/ a&&SnfcHaompDrHr_rsKd;udv k nf; pOf;pm;aqmif&Guf&efvdt k yf+yD;/ TudpPrsm;
twGuf tpdk;&.axmufyHhr_vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf?
5? xdk@tjyif jyifyurBmESifhqufqHI ukefoG,fr_ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk wd;k jrifhaqmif&GufEdkif&ef Xme
rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;wnf axmif&efvdktyfrnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrS ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfrnfo h lrsm;
twGuf jyifyurBmrSowif;rsm;&&SdEdkifa&;tajctaeonf ,cktcgwGif vGefpGmrSenf;ygonf? Ttajctae
udk wd;k wufapatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif wd;k wufatmifjrifaeaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;.
tawG@tñuHrsm;udv k nf;/ enf;em,loifhygonf?

58
A Controlled Floating Rate
59
Boom and Bust Cycle

133
 6? rdrdwdk@. ukefoG,fr_qdkif&mr[mAsL[mwGif rdrdwd@k .EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefaps;uGufwiG f rsufESmyef;vSap
a&;/ òyifqdkifEdkifr_&Sdapa&;twGuf twdtusaqmif&Guf&ef E_d;aqmfwku d fwGef;aeaomfvnf;/ ,cifa&S;&dk;pOfvm
twdik f; ,lqxm;cJh=uovd/k xGufuek fwrsKd;wnf;tay: Y taotm;ðyxm;jcif;/ txl;oD;oef@ðyxm;aom
xGuu f kefay:Y rajymif;rvJyJ aqmif&Guf&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyg? acwfopf ukefoG,af &;qdkif&m pOf;pm;
awG;ac:r_oDtdk&Drsm;onf/ a&S;,cifpOf;pm;awG;ac:r_rsm;jzpfaom tqifhqifhajymif;vJwkd;wufaomoabm
ESifh pufr_wd;k wufvmonfESifhtr#/ wjznf;jznf;ESifh vlom;ESifh &kyf0wˆK pGrf;tm;rsm; pkaqmif;rdvmonfESifh
tr# ydkIòyifqdkif Edkiftm;&Sdaom/ tqifhjrifhaom xkwu f kefbufod@k ajymif;a&$@,ljcif;oabmudk tajccHðyxm;
jcif;jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif Todk@csOf;uyfr_onf tusKd;tjrwfjzpf&eftvm;tvmaumif;aom/ Ed_if;,SOfr_t&
vuf&SdtajctaewGif rdrdxGufukefutompD;&Edkifaom puf&Hk rsm;udk tpOfrjywf&SmazGaeum/ wufwuf
ºuºutm;ay;jcif;/ ulnaD xmufyHhay;jcif; oabmrsm;ESifhvnf;xyfwljzpfygonf? Tod@k aom tusKd;tjrwf
&&eftvm;tvmaumif;aom ukefud&k SmazG&mY tvGJoH;k pm;ðyqHk;jzwfr_rsm;&SdEdkifovd/k rdrdxGufukefudk tom
pD;&apa&;twGuf tusKd;pD;yGm;umuG,fa&;rl0g'usifhoH;k jcif;60vnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfvmEdkifygonf? Tt,l
tqudk rdrdwdk@u tjyif;txefuef@uGufygonf? Todk@rjzpfay:ap&ef owdxm;apmifh=unfjh cif;rsm;ESifh tzGJ@
tpnf;,EW,m;qdkif&m umuG,fwm;qD;r_rsm; ðyvkyfxdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
7? vuf&SdEdkifiHwumwGif aqmif&Gufae=uaom rdrdxGuu f kefypPnf;rsufESmyef;vSapa&;/ òyifqdkifr_
tm;aumif;a&;aqmif&Guf=u&mY/ jrefrmEdkifiH. obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; ºu,f0r_taetxm;/ vkyftm;aps;csKd
aom vuf&Sdtaetxm;rSm EdkifiH. obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tajccHIxkwfvyk faom xkwfukefvkyfief;rsm;/
vkyftm;rsm;rsm;oHk;I xkwv f kyf&aom ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;twGuf wc%csif; wd;k wufap&eftwGuf
tvm;tvmaumif;rsm;jzpf=uygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tvSukefypPnf;rsm;/ zdeyfcsKyfvkyfief;/ v#yfppfypPnf;wyf
qifa&;vkyfief;rsm; pojzifhwd@k rSm vkyftm;tajccHxkwfvkyf&aom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfygonf? E_dif;,SOfcsut f &
ºu,f0csrf;omae=uaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;. taetxm;onfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;
aumif;udkzefwD;ay;aeygonf? xdt k drfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm; wGif Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if vkyftm;caps;E_ef;rsm;rSm ydkI
jrifhrm;=uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif oifhwifhaomtajccHtaqmuftOD/ wnf+idrfaom trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;
xdef;ndr‡ _/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. upm;yGJrsm;wGif xifomjrifomI worwfwnf;jzpfaom pnf;rsOf; pojzifh
ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;udk zefwD;ay;Edkifygu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_aiGa=u;rsm;0ifvm&ef tvm;tvm&Sdyg
onf? Tt&if;tESD;rsm;udk jrefrmv,form;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u vHk@vxkwfIóu;yrf;+yD;/
a&&SnfcHap&ef aqmif&Guf=uvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? a&&SnfwiG f tqifhqifhwd;k wufjcif;oabmt& pufr_enf;
ynmt&ydkItqifhjrifhaom/ u|rf;usifr_ydkIvdktyfaom xkwfukefrsm;xkwv f kyfEdkifap&eftwGuf pufr_u¾
wGifa&m/ ynma&;u¾wGifyg pOf;pm;jyifqifcsufrsm; ðyvkyfxm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf?
8? a'oqdkif&myl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ydkrdk&&Sda&;ESifh urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@csKyf ('AvsLwDtdk) .
ukefoG,fr_ yGifhvif;zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm; 61 odk@ 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifa&;qdkonfrSm/ jrefrm
EdkifiHtaejzifh vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aomEdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&; usifhxH;k rsm;twdik f; tjynft h 0vdkufem aqmif
&Guf&efvdt k yfygonf? vGwv f yfaomukefoG,af &;udk twm;tqD;jzpfaprnfhydwfqdk@ wm;qD;r_rSefor#udk
z,f&Sm;apjcif;/ EdkifiHaygif;pHkESifhukefoG,af &;udkvnf; wdk;jr‡ifhaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh obm0t&udyk if tm;aumif;
csufrsm;jzpfay:vmrnf jzpfygonf? rdrdtm;aumif;csuftay:wGif tajccHòyifqdkif62aom EdkifiHwumukefoG,f
a&;. txl;ðyoD;oef@ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm; 63 tqifhudv k nf; wufvrS f;vmEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? tpysKd;umv
wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh jynfyydk@ukefOD;pm;ay;aom ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tm;ay;&ef oifhavsmrf nfjzpfyg
onf? ta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh jynfwiG f;od@k wefzdk;}uD;}uD;rm;rm; wifoGif;&eftwGuf EdkifiHjcm;

60
Protectionism
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Trade Liberalization Programs
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Comparative Advantage
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International Specialization

134
aiGa=u;rwwfEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? a&&SnfwiG f oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;xkwfvkyfa&;&nf&G,fcsuu f dkvnf;
jynfah jrmufvmrnfjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHwumaps;uGuw f Gifvnf; 0ifa&mufòyifqdkifvmEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwum
wGif ukefoG,fr_ twGuf jyif;jyif;xefxefòyifqdkifae=uaomtajctaewGif/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh rnfonfhukef
oG,af &;tkyfpktwGif;rS r0ifoifhyg? Tod@k aom ukefoG,af &;tkyfpkrsm;onf urBmtwGif; ukefoG,fr_vGwfvyf
pGm pD;qif;aeonfhudpPrsm;udk t[ef@twm;ðyae=uygonf? xdkukefoG,fa&;tkyfpkrsm;taejzifh rdrdtzGJ@0ifEdkifiH
rsm;udkom OD;pm;ay;tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;+yD;/ tkyfpkjyify&SdEdkifiHrsm;udk cGJjcm;qufqHr_ðyjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufavh&Sd
=uygonf? rnfokd@yifqdkapumrl trsm;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufxm;r_/ oabmwlnDcsufrsm;jzpfaom ukefoG,fa&;
qdkif&musifx h H;k rsm; pHowfrSwfxm;r_/ taumufcGeftrsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;owfrSwfr_ ponfwdk@rSm a,bk,stm;
jzifh tm;vHk;udt k usKd;&SdapaomudpPrsm; jzpf=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; aemufjyefqkwfIr&awmhaom tajc
taew&yfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh ta&S@awmiftm&StzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;toif; (atqD,H) ESifh atqD,H.
vGwv f yfpGm ukefoG,fr_a'oqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm;tzGJ@64 wGif yg0if+yD;om;jzpfaeygonf? od@k aomfvnf;
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh TuJo h dk@tzGJ@0ifjzpfjcif;udk ta=umif;ðyI tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;ESifhvnf; wdk;jr‡ifhIukefoG,fr_
ðy&ef/ rdrdEdkifiH&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&efvdktyfygonf? xd@k tjyif TcsrSwfxm;aom vrf;!$efr_rsm;
twdik f;/ cGJjcm;uef@owfqufqHaom vkyfxHk;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef vdkygonf?
9? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aomEdkifiHwumukefoG,rf _ rlrsm;t&wd;k wufusifhoH;k &ef
vdak omfvnf;/ xdo k dk@rl0g'rsm;usifh oH;k aqmif&Gufr_twGuf qdk;usKd;&v'frsm;&SdEdkifonfukd todtrSwfðyxm; &ef
vdt k yfygonf? vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,rf _ESifhtwl rl;,pfaq;0g;ukefoG,fr_rsm;/ usef;rma&;xdcdkufapEdkifaom
tjcm;ypPnf;rsm;/ vufeufESifh usnq f Hrsm;arSmifcdka&mif;0,fa&;ESifh/ tjymnpfnrf;yHkrsm;yg 0ifa&mufvm=u
rnfrSm rvdv k m;zG,fudpPjzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,af &;rl0g'rsm;udk xdcdu k faprnfh
xdef;csKyfr_rsm;rSefor#udk aocsmpOf;pm;oH;k oyf+yD;rSom aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? trsKd;om;tcsKyftjcm tm%m
xdyg;apr_/ vlrsKd;,Of aus;r_xdcdkufaprnfhudpPrsm;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;aprnfu h dpP&yfrsm;udk jzpfay:vm
Edkifaom aemufqufwGt J usKd;qufrsm;udk jcifhcsdefI owdxm;umuG,=f u&rnfjzpfygonf?

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ASEAN Free Trade Agreement

135
 EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr+
EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;. tcef;u¾
vGefcJhaom ESpf (30) twGif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;onf zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifh pufrlxGef;opf
vmcgpEdkifiHrsm;&Sd zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;pOf rsm;twGuf t"duta&;}uD;aom tcef;rSyg0ifaqmif&GufcJyh gonf? EdkifiH
jcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_wGif t"dutm;jzifh (4) rsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifygonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ (FDI)/ EdkifiHjcm;
aygwfhzdkvD,dk tDuGw D D &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ (Foreign Portfilio Equity Investment)/ EdkifiHjcm;rS aºu;+rD
oabma&&Snf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ - Oyrmtm;jzifh bGef;pmcsKyfrsm;ESifh 'Dbef;csm; aiGxkwf,cl Gifh tmrcHvufrSwfrsm;
(debentures) ESifh a&wdak cs;aiG (5 ESpfESifh 5-ESpfatmufacs;aiGrsm;) jzpfygonf? (Ta&wdak cs;aiG rsm;rSm
r=umao;rDESpfrsm;twGif; u ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif a&yef;pm;vmcJhygonf?) EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_
ESifh tDuGw D D=um;wGif uGmjcm;csufrSm Tt&if;tESD;rsm;tay: eD;pyfr_/ pDrHcef@cGJr_om jzpfygonf? EdkifiHjcm;
wdu k f&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;tay:wGifwpHkw&m yg0ifywfoufI pDrHcef@cGJr_vkyf=uyg
onf? xd@k tjyif a&&SnfumvwpHkw&mtxdvnf; ywfoufaer_&Sdyg+yD;/ wdkif;jynftwGif;ukefxkwf vkyfjcif;ESifh
0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;vma&muf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHaqmif&Guf=ujcif; jzpfygonf? tpk&S,f,moabm ayghwfzdkvD,kd
tDuGw D D xnfh0ifolrsm;rSmrl olwd@k xnfh0ifxm;aom tpk&S,f,m&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tay:rS tjrwftpGef; jyefvnf
&&Sda&;udo k m pdwf0ifpm;=uygonf? tpk&S,f,moabm aygwfzdkvD,dk tDuGw D Dxnfh0ifolrsm; taejzifh EdkifiH
wumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;tvdu k faomfvnf;aumif;/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;
aomfvnf;aumif;/ yk*~vduwOD;csif;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifygonf? rnfod@k aom &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsKd;jzpfap
umrl pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wck (aumfydka&;&Sif;jzpfap/ aumfydka&;&Sif;ozG,f trsm;ydkifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ jzpfap)
ydkifqdkifr_. tpk&S,f,mydkifqdkifr_ (10) &mcdkifE_ef; xuf ausmfvGefxnfh0ifxm;ygu EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHr_tjzpf vufcHowfrSwf=uygonf? wcgw&H Todk@tcsKd@tpm;cGJa0r_rSm pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfaqmif&Gufr_&Sd
=uygonf? xd@k tjyif tajctaet&/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_t& ydkifqdkifr_tcsKd;tpm;tajymif;tvJvnf; &SdEdkifyg
onf?
tDuGw D DaiGrsm;. pD;qif;r_onf tpk&S,f,maps;uGufzGH@òz;r_taetxm;ay:Y wnfrSDaeygonf?
ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl tpk &S,f,maps;uGufzGH@òz;vmcJhonfrSm (10) ESpfr#yif &SdygvdrfhOD;rnf? tm&S
EdkifiHrsm;wGif tpk&S,f,maps;uGufzGH@òz;r_ESifh EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ zGH@òz;vmyHkudk avhvm=unfhygu
tòyifoabmaqmifaeonfudk awG@=u&ygonf? (1990) ckESpfrsm;tqef;ydkif;rSom w[kefxdk;wdk;wufvmcJhjcif;
jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; tpk&S,f,maps;uGufwiG f &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_wd;k wufvmaomyrm%ESifh E_ef;xm;rSm
EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_zGH@òz;vmyHktcsKd;tpm;udk Ed_if;,SOf=unfyh gu tvGefenf;aeygao;onf? odk@aomf
vnf; rwnf+idrfajymif;vJv, G faom tpk&S,f,maps;uGufwGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_a=umifh wdik f;jynf. trsKd;om;
ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;xdef;ndr‡ _Y rwnfr+idrfjzpfEdkifonf[laom tcsufukv d nf; owdðy&rnfjzpfygonf? Todk@
rwnf+idrfajymif;vJr_rsm;rSm tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh wdik f;jynf. yuwdruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;tajctae/ od@k r[kwf cef@
rSef;wGuq f xm;onfh ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;tajctaetay:udkvnf; tajccHum tjyeftvSefxif[yfI
rwnf+idrfr_rsm; jzpfapEdkifygonf?
r=umao;rDumvrsm;u pufr_zGH@òz;vm=uaom ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_onf ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾u tusKd;ðycJhygonf? puFmyl/ rav;&Sm;/ a[mifaumif/ w&kwfESifh
xdik f;EdkifiHwdk@onf (1985) ckESpfrSpI ta&S@tm&SESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHr_trsm;qHk;vufcH&&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uygonf? (1995) ckESpfwGif w&kwfEdkifiH. pm&if;ao t&if;tESD;
rsm;. (27) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS 0ifvmaomaiGrsm;jzpfygonf? tvm;wlyif
puFmylEdkifiHwGif pm&if;aot&if;tESD;aiG. (19) &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif (17) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm (1995)

136
ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm; wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rS 0ifvmaomaiGrsm; jzpf=uygonf? w&kwf/ rav;&Sm;/ puFmyl/
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;onf xdu k mvtwGif;Y a'otwGif;&SdEdkifiHrsm;teuf trSefwu,fyif EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_trsm;qHk; vufcH&&SdcJh=uaomEdkifiHrsm; jzpfygonf? jcHKIajym&v#if EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_
rsm;onf (1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif tpðyvmcJh+yD;/ (1980) ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif;umvwGif tvsiftjrefwd;k wufvm
cJh+yD;/ (1990) ckESpfrsm;wGif pkyHkpkaqmif;rdvmygonf? xdt k csufonf xdEk dkifiHrsm;. TumvtawmtwGif;
pD;yGm;a&;w[kefxd;k zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmjcif;ESifh xyfwljzpfae=uonfudk awG@=u&ygonf?

Z,m; 6? 3? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;odk@ EdkifiHjcm;wdu

k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ 0ifa&mufvmyHk

1985- 1990 ysrf;r# 1991- 1996 ysrf;r#

w&kwfEdkifiH 2654 25828
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 551 3223
rav;&Sm; 1054 4660
puFmyl 2952 5610
xdkif;EdkifiH 1017 1934
zdvpfydkif 413 1080
AD,uferf 30 1005
jrefrmEdkifiH 28 144
rl&if;? Asian Development Bank, Asia Outlook 1997. Manila, 1997.

EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ESifhywfoufI ordkif;aemufcH
jrefrmEdkifiHonf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udpPrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;wdik f;jynfrsm;ESifh ukefoG,fpD;yGm;udpPrsm;
twGuf tpdrf;oufoufEdkifiHr[kwfay? ordkif;rsm;t& od&Sd=u&aom yxrOD;qHk; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm (17) &mpkwGif&SdcJh+yD;/ oabFmwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudik fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH.
emrnfausm=f um;vSaom u|ef;opfudkoH;k I ay:wl*DESifh tjcm;Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;u tpysKd;um zufpyfoabFm
wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufcJ=h uonf? xd&k if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh
a&aEG;aiG@acgif;jzifh ckwfarmif;aom rD;oabFmay:onfh (19) &mpktv,fydkif;umvtxd tvkyfjzpfcJhygonf?
(19) &mpktv,fydkif; wGif +Adwdo#wdk@u jrefrmEdkifiHatmufydkif;udk usL;ausmo f drf;ydkufcJh+yD;aemufydkif;wGif
EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;. t&if;tESD;rsm;jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;od@k pkðyHtajccsvmcJhygonf? xdt k &if;tESD;rsm;ESifhtwl
EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSvkyfom;rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;0ifvmcJhygonf? {&m0wD jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif qefpyg;pdkufysKd;
r_rSm tcsdefwdt k wGif;rSmyif vsifjrefpGmzGH@òz;wd;k wufvmcJhygonf? Tod@k wd;k wufvmap&ef Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS
ukr`%Drsm;u qefpyg;pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHjcif;/ qefpufrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;rsm; ðycJh=uyg
onf? xdt k csdefwGif qefpyg;&dwford f;&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ qefpufrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyf&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif; EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS tvkyform;rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;0ifa&mufvmcJhygonf?
cef@rSef;csufrsm;t& xdt k csdefu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm/ 'kwd,urBmppfrwdkifrD
(1941) ckESpfpm&if;t& aygifpwmvif oef;aygif; (155) &Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;&ygonf? +Adwdo#ydkif rmvm,k
u|ef;qG,frSvGv J #if jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjcm;aom ta&S@awmiftm&S EdkifiHrsm;teuf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_
trsm;qHk;0ifvmcJhaom/ EdkifiHjcm;ESifh wdkuf&dkufukefoG,fr_trsm;qHk;aom EdkifiHwckjzpfcJhygonf? od@k aomfvnf;
TEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;. xl;jcm;aomvuQ%mwckrSm/ TEdkifiHjcm;ukr`%D}uD;rsm;. 0ifaiG/ ukwjf cpfxm;
aom tjrwfaiGrsm;jzifh jyefvnf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHjcif;yif jzpfygonf? trsm;pkaom TpD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;onf
vkyfief;i,frsm;rSpwifvmcJh=u aomfvnf;/ ESpfaygif; (100) ausmftwGif;wGif acwfrDukr`%D}uD;rsm;tjzpf zGH@òz;

137
vm=uygonf? xdak cwfumvu tjrwftpGef;jyef vnf&&Sdr_E_ef;rSm vGefpGmjrifhrm;+yD;/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_. (20)
&mcdkifE_ef;/ od@k r[kwf xdkxufydkI&avh&Sd=uygonf? Todk@xifjrif,lqcsuf onf ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmw f dik f
atmif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ukefoG,fr_&Sif;wrf;aumif;rGefaejcif;ESifh &-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGif ydkaiGtjzpfazmfjy
aeaom tjrwftpGef;rsm;rS/ EdkifiHjcm;od@k v$aJ iGESifh rdcifEdkifiH&if;jyefydk@aiGpm&if; ponft h csuftvufrsm;u
axmufcHae=uygonf? TtawG@tñuH.emusnf;zG,ftcsufrSm yxrtcef;YazmfjycJhouJo h dk@ jrefrmEdkifiHtae
jzifh TpD;yGm;a&;jzpfpOfwGif aemufwiG fusefcJh&jcif;ESifh TzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_. toD;tyGifhrsm;udk rcHpm;&jcif; jzpf
ygonf? Ttcsufa=umifh jrefrmrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tay: trkef;w&m;rsm; 0ifcJh&ygonf?
aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udq k ef@usifaomtjrifrsm;ESifh vGwvf yfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif ‚if;.
tcef;u¾udk qef@usifr_rsm;jzpfvm&ygonf?
'kwd,urBmppft+yD; (1945) ckESpfwGif jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaom +Adwdo#tpdk;&u taxmuftyHh
ay;I pDrHudef;bkwftzGJ@65 rSwqifh t"duEdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJyh gonf?
od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh (1948) ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&;&&SdvmcJh+yD;aemufwGif tkyfcsKyfaomygvDref
tpdk;&u t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh u|ef;opfa&mif;0,f
a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ukr`%Drsm;ESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;t& tjrwftpGef;&&SdEdkifaom
vkyfief;rsm;jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@aomukr`%Drsm;jzpfonfh tqifhjrifhpufr_enf;ynmvdt k yfaom/
zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;twGut f &if;tESD;topfrsm;xyfrHvdt k yfaeaom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh a&eHukr`%Drsm;udrk l
qufvufcGifðh yxm;cJhygonf? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufwufvmaom tpdk;&topftaejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;. tcef;u¾udk vHk;0qef@usifjcif;rðyyg? (1947) ckESpf wGif jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;. zcifjzpfaom
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u EdkifiHjcm;ukefonf}uD;rsm;pka0;zGJ@xm;onfh jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;ukefonf}uD;rsm;toif;
Y rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mY EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;. tcef;u¾udv k nf; azmfjyajymqdkcJhygonf? (1955) ckESpf
wGif tpdk;&u EdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynfwiG f;&Sdvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;aom pufr_ ukef
xkwv f kyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfudik f=u&ef zdwfac:cJhygonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSvmaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk
vnf; (10) ESpftwGif; jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufjcif;rðyyg[laom tmrcHcsufudv k nf; ay;tyfcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif
tcGefuif;vGwcf Gifh/ EdkifiHjcm;od@k tjrwfrsm; jyefvnfv$J,lEdkif&ef EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,fcGifhESifh t&if;tESD;aiGa=u;
rsm; jyefvnfxkw, f loGm;EdkifcGifhpojzifh rufvH;k rsm;ay;tyfcJhygonf?
(1950) ckESpfrsm; ESpfqef;ydkif;rSpI EdkifiH&yfjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;/
pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh owWKwl; azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif zufpyfvkyfief;rsm; pwifaqmif&GufvmcJhyg
onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ,leDvDAmukr`%DESifh zufpyfIqyfjympuf&Hk wnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ aemufydkif; qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&
vufxuf (1964) ckESpfY jynfolydkifodrf;csdeftxd vkyfief;rsm;atmifjrifpGm vnfywfEdkifcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif
*syefukr`%Drsm;/ +Adwdo#ukr`%Drsm;ESifhvnf; zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;xlaxmifEdkif&ef óu;yrf;r_rsm;&SdcJhygaomfvnf;/
xdt k csdefu aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;aeqJ umvrSmyif &SdaecJhygonf? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mOya'
udk (1959) ckESpfwGif a&;qGJ jyXmef;EdkifcJh+yD;/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sd yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk EdkifiHzGH@òz;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif yl;wGyJ g0ifaqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf w&m;0ifzdwfac:Edkifatmif aqmif&GufcJhygonf?
EdkifiHzGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. vufawG@tcuftcJrsm;/ txl;ojzifhjynfwiG f;&Sd pGrf;tm;rsm;udk xkwfE_wf
oH;k pGJEdkifa&;twGuf v_H@aqmf &mwGif cufcJr_rsm;ESifhñuH&jcif;/ EdkifiHydkifpufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;wGif t&_H;ay:&jcif;
wd@k a=umifh acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;.yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifr_ tcef;u¾udkjyefvnf oH;k oyf
vm=u+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;udk zdwfac:vm=uonfhyHk&ygonf? topftm%modrf;wufvmaom qdk&S,f
vpftpdk;&u Todk@vufawG@ususpOf;pm;oH;k oyfI EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmatmif zdwf
ac:onfv h kyfief;pOfrsm;ud/k tm%modrf;&efta=umif;jycsuf qifajcwcktjzpfoHk;cJh=uygonf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH

65
Project Board System

138
Oya't& tkyfcsKyfaeaomtpdk;&taejzifh t&if;&Sifvrf;a=umif;vdu k fae+yD/ wdik f;jynfukd wnfaxmifcJh=uol/
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJcJh=uol EdkifiHzcif}uD;rsm;.rl0g'rsm;ESifh uGv
J GaJ e+yD[k azmfjycJh=uonf?

EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ vuf&Sdumvtajctae
qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'rSm q,fpkESpf (3) ckeD;yg;wdik fatmif
toufr0ifyJ&SdaecJhonf? (1988) ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif (e0w) ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya' topf
w&yfudk jyefvnftwnfðyjyXmef;cJhonf? ‚if;rSm ,cifOya'a[mif;udk tajccHI jyefvnfrGrf;rHjznfhpGufxm;
jcif;jzpfonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;pHcsdefrSDonf? a'otwGif;&Sd tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif usifh
oH;k ae=uonfh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'rsm;rSm rjynfhpHk/ &_yfaxG;r_rsm;&Sdaeonf[k oH;k oyf,lqae=uonfh
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;twGuf TEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'rSm cdkifrmjynfhpHkaom Oya'wckjzpf+yD;/
qGJaqmifr_&SdcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vuf&Sdusifo h Hk;aeaom Oya',EW,m;wckvHk;rSm ,cif+Adwdo#udv k dkeD
tkyfcsKyfa&; ESpf (100) umvtwGif;zGH@òz;vmcJhaom Oya'pepfrsm;twdik f; trsm;pktm;jzifh rajymif;rvJ ºuif;
usefaeqJ jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mOya'rsm;jzpfaom ukefypPnf; a&mif;0,fa&;twGuf Oya'rsm;ESifh pmcsKyf
pmwrf;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;/ ukr`%DtufOya'/ zufpyfvkyfief;qdkif&mOya'/ w&m;rr_ESifh &mZ0wfr_a=umif;
qdkif&mOya'rsm;rSm +Adwdo#Oya'rsm;rS qifhyGm;,l qif;oufvm=ujcif;jzpfonf? TtwGufa=umifh EdkifiHjcm;
ukr`%Drsm;tzdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvma&mufvkyfudkif&ef ydkIvG,fulp&m ta=umif;&Sdaeonf?
(1997) ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvtxdpm&if;rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_aumfr&Sifu tpD&ifcH
cJh&mwGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_pDrH udef;pkpkaygif; (224) ckudk vufcHtwnfðycJh+yD;/ wefzdk;tm;jzifh tar&duef
a':vmoef;aygif; (6˜ 030) &Sdonf[k azmfjycJhonf? Tpm&if;rSm ,cifESpfu yrm%xufpmv#if tar&duef
a':vmoef; (1000) ausmfr#wd;k wufvmonf? EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ 0ifa&mufvmaom t&if;
tjrpfrsm;t&azmfjy&v#if +AdwdefEdkifiHonftrsm;qHk;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHaomEdkifiHjzpf+yD;/ wefzdk;tm;jzifhtar&duef
a':vmoef;aygif; (1˜ 305) &Sdonf? puFmylEdkifiHuEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (1˜ 215)/
xdik f;EdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (1˜ 027)/ jyifopfEdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_
tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (470² 4)/ tar&duefEdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif;
(582)/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (477² 4)/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHu
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (208² 95) ESifh *syefEdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ tar&duef
a':vmoef;aygif; (192)/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHcJh=uonf?
Tod@k vGwv f yfyGifhvif;aom Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m tajccH&Sdaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHodk@0ifa&mufvm
aom EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm aemufydkif; (5) ESpfwGif/ tjcm;aom wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepf usifo h Hk;vm
=uaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if jyefIusqif;vmcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'jyXmef;
aomtcsdefESifh wòyifeufwnf;vdv k dkavmufwGif/ tpysKfd;vmcJhaom AD,uferfEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_
wHcg;zGifhay;aom rl0g'rsm;u ydkIatmifjrifr_&cJha=umifh avhvmawG@&Sd&onf? (1985) ckESpfrS (1990) ckESpf
twGif; ESpfpOfysrf;r#EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_0ifa&mufvmaomE_ef;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHu tar&duefa':vm (28) oef;
&SdcJh+yD;/ AD,uferfEdkifiHu ysrf;r# tar&duefa':vmoef; (30) pD &SdcJhonf? (1991) ckESpfrS pwifI AD,uferfEdkifiH
od@k EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_trsm;tjym;0ifa&mufvmcJh+yD; ysrf;r#ESpfpOf tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif; (1000) cef@
&SdcJhonf? xdu k mvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHvufcH&&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_wefzdk;xuf (10) qru rsm;jym;aecJh
onf? odk@aomfvnf; rsm;pGmaom EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;u ESpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif taumuftcGefESifh ywfouf
aomqGJaqmifr_ rufvHk;rsm;twlwlay;cJhaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya'u AD,uferfEdkifiH
wGifcsrSwfxm;aomOya'xuf &Sif;vif;vG,fula=umif; todtrSwfðycJh=uonf? TtcsufujyonfrSm EdkifiH
jcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_r0ifa&mufvmrD rdrdwd@k zufuqGJaqmifaom EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ rl0g'rsm;csjy&Hkr#avmufESifh

139
rvHak vmufa=umif;/ wdik f;jynfwGif;a&muf&Sdvmyguvnf; tjcm;aompDrHaqmif&Gufvkyfudik f&rnfh tajctae
ywf0ef;usifvnf; wd;k wuf&efvdka=umif; jyocJhonf?

(yHk? 6? 1) jrefrmEdkifiHESifh AD,uferfEdkifiHodk@ EdkifiHjcm;wdu

k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; 0ifa&mufvmr_

Figure 6.1. FDI flows into Burma and Vietnam

2500

2000
in million US$

1500

1000

500

0
1985- 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
90
Burm a Vietnam

rl&if;? World Investment Report 1997, U.N.

xd@k tjyif jrefrmtpdk;&u xkwfjyefa=ujimcJhaom EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_yrm% tar&duefa':vm

oef; (6˜ 000) &SdonfqdkonfrSmvnf; wpdwfwydkif;omrSefonfukd owdðy&ayrnf? TaiGa=u;yrm%onf
twnfðyxm;aom yrm%r#om jzpf+yD;/ TumvtwGif; vufawG@0ifa&mufvmaom trSefwu,f yrm%
rSm a=ujimxm;aomyrm%. (25² 2) &mcdkifE_ef;om &Sdygonf? EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;udk t"duwkH@qGJ
xm;&aomta=umif;rSm/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu tpdk;&.AsL&dkua&pD ,EW,m;
rsm;ESifh xdawG@qufqH&efvdt k yfrnfjzpf+yD;/ &_yfaxG;rsm;jym;aom xdef;csKyfr_rsm;/ tjyeftvSefxyfrHxdef;csKyfr_
rsm;udk ñuHae=u&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Oya'rsm;rSm óuwifowday;r_r&SdyJ csufcsif;tajymif;tvJvkyf
onfukv d nf; ñuH=u&ygonf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;xdef;csKyfr_rsm;/ oGif;ukefuef@owfwm;jrpfjcif;udpP
rsm;/ ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk e,fajrajymif;a&$@&mY uef@owfcsufrsm;/ ukefoG,rf _qdkif&m
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; pojzifhudk csufcsif;tajymif;tvJvkyfypfonfrsKd;ESifh ñuH&avh&Sdygonf? xd@k tjyif wckESifh
wckt=um;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_r&Sd=uaom0ef}uD;XmetrsKd;rsKd;ESifh jzwfoef;qufqH&jcif;a=umifh ydkI
aESmifhaES;=u&ygonf? vkyfief;twGuf aiGukefa=u;usydkI rsm;&ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;pGma=umifh ydkIvkyfief;
twGufaiGukefa=u;usrsm;ap+yD;/ vmbfpm;r_rsm;udkvnf; ydkIñuH&EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?

(yHk? 6? 2) twnfðyxm;aom EdkifiHjcm;wdu

k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_yrm%ESifh trSefwu,f0ifa&mufvmr_yrm%

140
 Figure 6.2. Actual and Approved Flow of FDI

Approved Actual

3500
3000
2500
in million US$

2000
1500
1000
500
0
1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997-
92 93 94 95 96 97 98

rl&if;? various issues, Selected Monthly Economic Data and Report of the Review of the
Economic, Financial and Social Conditions

xd@k tjyif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;wd;k wuf&&Sd&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif tjcm;ñuHawG@ae&aom tcuf

tcJwckrSm EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJv, S fr_E_ef;xm; (2) ckudk twlxm;&Sd oH;k pGJaejcif;yif jzpfygonf? Tod@k EdkifiHjcm;aiG
vJv, S fr_E_ef;xm; (2) ckESifh vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf&efrSm rsm;pGm tcuftcJ&Sdygonf? tu,fI EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHr_taejzifh pufypPnf;rsm;/ puf,EW,m;rsm;wifoGif;vmygu a':vmjzifh wefzdk;jzwf+yD;/ vuf&SdtcsdefwGif
tpdk;&u tar&duefwa':vmv#if (6) usyf wefzdk;owfrSwfxm;qJjzpfygonf? odk@aomfjyifyaps;uGuaf yguf
aps;rSmrl tar&duefwa':vmv#if usyf (300) ausmf &Sdaeygonf? tu,fI EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;
taejzifh vuf&Sd vnfywfaeaomvkyfief;rsm;rS &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk jyefvnfxkwf,lI tjcm;odk@ a&$@ajymif;vdk
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twGuv f dt
k yfaom vkyfief;oHk;p&dwfrsm;ESifh wifoGif;vm aomt&if;tESD;aiGa=u;rsm;udk b%fwGif EdkifiHjcm;
aiGpm&if;zGifh=u&ygonf? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpepfwGif vkyfudik faqmif
&Gufae&onfESifhtnD jynfwiG f;rS&&SdvmaomusyfaiGrsm;udk/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGifay;acsp&m&SdaomudpPrsm;twGuf
tufzf-tD;-pD (FEC) ESifh jyefIvJv, S fokH;pGJ=u&ygonf? tu,fI EdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;jyefvnfxkwf,vl $vJ dkygu
cGifhðycsuf&Edkif&eftwGu/f jyefvnfvJy$ dk@Edkifaom EdkifiHjcm;aiGyrm%udk uef@owfxm;ygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh
TpepftwGif;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufae&jcif;twGuf tcuftcJrsm;ydkI rsm;jym;vmapygonf?
tufzf-tD;-pDaiGa=u;zvS,fr_aps;uGufrSm trSefwu,f vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aqmif&GufEdkifoa,mif
&Sdaomfvnf;/ aps;uGuftay: tjcm;xdef;csKyfxm;aomtcsufrsm;a=umifh ukr`%Drsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm
owfrSwfxm;aomOya'abmiftwGif;Y tvkyfrjzpf Edkifatmif&Sd=uygonf? a':vmaiGrsm;udk tjcm;Oya'

141
abmiftjyifrSenf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh jyifyod@k wdkuf&dkufv$Jajymif;ay;ydk@Edkifygonf? od@k aomfvnf; EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH
olrsm;taejzifh Tenf;rsm;jzifhaqmif&Guf&rnfqdkonfrSm tvGeftEW&m,f}uD;ygonf? tvm;wlyif EdkifiHjcm;rS
xkwv f kyfolrsm;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvmzGifhxm;aom ta&mif;qdkifrsm;rSmvnf;/ oGif;ukefta&twGuf
uef@owfcsuf udw k mpepfatmufwiG f tcuftcJawG@&jyefygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh oGif;ukefwifoGif;olrsm;udk
wifoGif;cGifhðyxm;aom ukefypPnf; trsKd;trnfrsm;teufrS t"duOD;pm;ay;wifoGif;&efypPnf; tr,fukd (80)
&mcdkifE_ef;/ tjcm;rdrdwifoGif;vdkaom ukefypPnf;udk (20) &mcdkifE_ef;wifoGif;&rnf[k wif;wif;usyf=uyf
uef@owfxm;ygonf? Todk@cufcJ'kuQa&mufapaomuef@owfcsufa=umifh ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;rSm rdrdwd@k ESifh
roufqdkifaomukefypPnf;rsm;udkyg/ rdrdwd@k xkw+f yD;om; ukef=urf;rsm;/ ukefacsmrsm; wifoGif;cGifh&&Sda&;twGuf
yl;wGJwifoGif;ae=u&ygonf? jynfwiG f;oHk;aiGa=u;aps;usqif;vmonfESifhtr#/ a':vmESifhwifoGif;vmaom
ypPnf;rsm;twGuf wifoGif;&mwGifukefusaom tzdk;tcrumrdatmifjzpfvm&ygonf? TtcuftcJrsm;
a=umifh a'otwGif;&Sd&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;ESifh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSm/ Tod@k tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;=um;wGif pGef@pm;
vkyfudik f&ef&nf&G,fI vmcJh=uaomfvnf;/ aemufqHk;jrefrmEdkifiHrS vkyfief;rsm;&kyfodrf;I jyefvnfxu G fcGg=u&yg
onf? Ttcsufonf EdkifiHjcm;wdik f;jynfrsm;rS pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@'%fcwfr_a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHolrsm;ra&mufvm[laom wifjycsufESifh rsm;pGmuGJvGaJ eygonf?
Tod@k vkyfief;cGiftwGif;awG@ñuH=u&aom tcuftcJrsm;tjyif/ vGefpGmtajymif;tvJjref rwnf+idrf
aom trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&; tajctaea=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; wpdkufrwfrwf
yHkrSefpD;qif;vmrnfh tajctaerSwm;jrpfydwfqdk@aeygonf? trSefwu,fwGif tvm;tvm&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHoltrsm;pkudk tjrJwapw&dyf&dyfwufaeaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef;ESifh tajymif;tvJjrefaom
EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;zvS,fr_E_ef;xm;wd@k u [ef@wm;xm;=uygonf? TtcsufESpfcsufa=umifh tjcm;aom
aps;uGufudv k nf; rwnf+idrfysuf,iG f;ap+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckvH;k udkyg yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfapygonf? xd@k tjyif
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh rl0g'a=ujimcsufrsm;.wajy;nDvku d femusifhoH;k r_tay:wGifvnf; oHo,&Sd
ae=uygonf? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&taejzifh tjcm;aompD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_qdkif&mudpPrsm;udk qufvuf
Ixdxda&mufa&mufaqmif&Guf&ef oHEMdXmefudk rjyaoma=umifhjzpf ygonf? Ttajctaersm;a=umifh EdkifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;usqif;vmcJh+yD;/ vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;wGif EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm; jyefvnfE_wf,lr_rsm;
jzpfyGm;cJhygonf? TtwGuaf =umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftrsm;tjym; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aompuFmylESifh rav;&Sm;
EdkifiHrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tm%mydkifrsm;odk@ aemufxyfpD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyf&ef ar;cGef;xkwv f m=u
ygawmhonf?
vuf&SdEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_.obm0udk jyef=unfhygu u¾tvdu k f&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rSm a&eHESifh
obm0"gwfaiG@wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;/ owWKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;/ [dkw,fESifh c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;ESifh aqmuf
vkyfa&;u¾rsm;tay:wGifom t"du&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHae=uonfudk awG@&ygonf? vkokH;ukefypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyf
a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ txl;ojzifh vkyfom;rsm;rsm;udktvkyfay;Edkifaomvkyfief;rsm;rSm rajymyavmuf&Hkr#om
&Sdonfudak wG@&ygonf? Ttcsufuk=d unfjh cif;tm;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh ,ckcsdefwdik fumv
=um&SnfrStjrwftpGef;jyefay:Edkifaom puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvma&mufwnfaqmuf&ef pdwf0if
pm;r_r&Sdao;a=umif; oH;k oyf&ygonf? xdo k dk@aom puf&Hk tvkyf&Hkrsm;rSm (10) ESpf/ (15) ESpf=umrSom tjrwf
tpGef;jyef&Edkifygonf? Todk@wnf+idrfaom EdkifiHa&;0ef;usifESifh wnf+idrfaocsmaom trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;
r&Sdaom taetxm;ESifh xdef;csKyfr_rsm; rsm;vGef;aomtaetxm;Y tenf;qHk;ajym&v#if EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHolwOD;twGuf tjrwftpGef;&&efaocsmaumif;rGefaom taetxm;r[kwfyg? Ttaetxm;wGif
olwk@d .pDrHudef;rsm;udk ydkIxdxda&mufa&mufxdef;csKyfEdkifaom a&wd&k if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;bufokd@/ tjrwf&vG,f
onfh pD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;jzpfaom/ Oyrm [dkw,fESifh c&D;oGm;vkyfief;uJhod@k aomudpPrsKd;bufodk@om vSnhfyg
awmhonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;aps;uGuYf rvJvS,fEdkifaom jynfwGif;oH;k aiGa=u;usyfaiGudk toHk;ðyae&onfh
twGuaf =umifh/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;taejzifh a':vm0ifaiGjyef&Edkifaom u¾rsm;udo k m aqmif&Guf=uyg
onf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tjrJwap xdyfwef;rSaeI trsm;

142
qHk;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ Tukr`%Drsm;. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk a'ocHjynfwiG f;aps;uGuu f aomf
vnf;aumif;/ aiGa=u;zvS,fr_E_ef;xm;ajymif;vJaoma=umifh awG@ñuH=u&rnfhtEW&m,frsm;rSaomfvnf;
aumif; uef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;jcif;rS vGwu f if;aeEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? olwkd@taejzifh xGuu f kefa&eH/ obm0
"gwfaiG@rsm;udk EdkifiHwumaps;uGufwiG f aiGrmjzifha&mif;0,f=u rnfomjzpfonf? [dkw,fESifh c&D;oGm;vma&;
vkyfief;rSmvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'kwd,trsm;qHk; EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_jzpfaeonfrSm tvm;wlta=umif;
a=umifhyif jzpfygonf? [dkw,fvkyfief;rsm;rS&&SdaomaiGa=u;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;jzifhjyefvnf&&Sdrnf jzpfyg
onf? Todk@aom wdik f;jynfrSt&if;tjrpfrsm;xkw, f loGm;rnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;trsm;pkrSm yifv,fjyifya&
jyifwGifvnf;aumif;/ a0;vHaomt&yfrsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;&Sd=uygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh TEdkifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS jzpfvmrnfh vlwOD;csif;pD. vlr_zlvHak &;vkyfief;rsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufr_rSm rqdk
pavmufyifjzpfygonf? xdk@ tjyif TEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rSaeI tpdk;&.tdwftwGif;odk@ EdkifiHjcm;aiGrm
rsm;udk &&Sdaprnfjzpfonf?

yHk (6? 2) EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;. u¾tvdu

k f&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;r_jyyHk

Real Estate
9% Hotel &
Oil & Gas Tourism
42% 20%

Transport
4%
Mining Fisheries Manufacturing
10% 9% 6%

rl&if;? various issues, Selected Monthly Economic Data, Union of Burma

t&if;tESD;rsm; wd;k yGm;Ipkaqmif;rdvmapa&;/ odk@r[kwf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rSaeI aemufquf

wGJ aumif;usKdf;rsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf[laom &_axmifhrS=unfI h oH;k oyfygu TuJhod@k EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS
aeI jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;twGuf aumif;usKd;ðyrnfh tvm;tvmrsm;pGm rawG@&yg? wdik f;jynftwGif; pkpkaygif;
pkaqmif;rdvmaomt&if;tESD;wefzdk;66 udk wdik f;jynf.pkpkaygif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD)67 tcsKd; ESihfcs=unfyh gu
tjrJwaptusydkif;wGif&Sdae+yD;/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh vGefcJhaomq,fpkESpfrsm; twGif; (13) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om &Sdonfudk
awG@&ygonf? tjcm;aom ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif Tod@k aom t&if;tESD;pkyHkvmr_E_ef; rSm (2q- 3
q) ydkIjrifhrm;ygonf? Todk@t&if;tESD;pkyHkvmr_tay: EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;u tusKd;oufa&mufr_enf;
&jcif;rSm/ TEdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS&vmaomaiGrsm;udk tpdk;&u yifrEdkifiHjcm;aiG0ifvrf;tjzpf owfrSwf
oH;k pGJaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? TaiGrsm;jzifh pkðyHaeaomEdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDrsm;udq k yfjcif;/ tjrJvdkaiGjyaeaom
ukefoG,fr_aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;rsm;rS ay;&ef&SdaomaiGrsm;ay;acsjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufaeygonf?

66
Gross Capital Formation
67
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

143
EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;twGuf vrf;!$efrlrsm;
rdrdwd@k taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;. ta&;ygyHkudo k mru/ ulnDyHhydk;ay;Edkifonfh tvm;tvmudk
yg todtrSwfðyygonf? EdkifiHjcm; wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;omruyJ/ tDuDw G D tpk&S,f,m&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rS
&vmrnft h &if;tESD;rsm;ESifh acs;aiGrsm;rS&vmrnfht&if;tESD;rsm; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; r=um
ao;rDESpfrsm;twGif;u jzpfyGm;cJhaom tm&SaiGa=u;tusyftwnf;.tawG@tñuHudjk yef=unfhygu aiGa=u;
aps;uGufudk jyifyurBmodk@wHcg;zGifhay;aomtcg/ wHcg;zGifhay;aomtwdik f;twmESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;rS
atmufyg oifcef;pmrsm;udk xkwfE_wfavhvmoifhygonf?
vHak vmufaomjyifqifr_r&SdbJ jyifyurBmodk@aiGa=u;aps;uGuu f dk wHcg;zGifhay;jcif;onf pepf}uD;wckvH;k
usqHk;p&mta=umif;udk jzpfap+yD;/ zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaeaomvkyfief;pOf}uD;wckvH;k t}uD;
tus,f aemufjyefqkwf&avmufatmif jzpfapygonf? TtawG@tñuHudk r=umao;rDu ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;
wGif rsufjrifawG@cJh=u&ygonf? vHak vmufaomjyifqifr_qdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;/ ukr`%Drsm;. vkyfief;
aqmif&Gufr_rsm;twGuf yGifhvif;Ixifomjrifomvkyfudik faqmif&Gufap&ef vdt k yfaomOya'pnf;rsOf; jyXmef;
csufrsm;vkyfxm;jcif;/ b%fpepftay:Y pepfusaomxdef;csKyfr_rsm;aqmif&Gufxm;jcif;/ aiGacs;olrsm;twGuf
tEW&m,fudkóuwifjrifomatmif aqmif&Gufay;xm;jcif;ESifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSaiGacs;iSm;r_ESifh vdu k fem&rnfh
0wW&m;rsm;udk oifhavsmaf ompnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; csrSwfxm;ay;jcif;wd@k jzpfonf? EdkifiHwckESifhwckt=um; ae@pOf
pD;qif;ae=uaom aiGa=u;rsm;yrm%rSm tvGef}uD;rm;ygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh rdrdEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&; tajccH
aumif;rsm;&SdonfqdkOD;awmh/ EdkifiHi,fwcktaejzifh rdrdESifhywfoufjcif;r&Sdaom EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;pD;qif;r_.
&kwfw&ufckefwufusqif;ajymif;vJr_'%fudk jyif;jyif;xefxefcHpm;&EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? tu,fIpD;yGm;a&;
tajccHrsm; tm;aysmhcsdeJ@aeygu/ pD;yGm;a&;.yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfaer_ tajctaetay:xif[yf+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;
aiGa=u;rsm;wdkif;jynftwGif;rS &kwfw&ufjyefxGufoGm;Edkifygonf? Ttajctaeudk EdkifiHjcm;rSaiGa=u; wGuf
csufupm;olrsm;.wdu k fcdkufr_ESifh =uHK&ygu/ aoG;vef@I tpkvdkuf xGuaf jy;=uaom om;&dkif;tkyfpOf;pm;r_
68
rsKd; jzifh tjcm;aomaiGa=u;aps;uGuu f vnf; jyefxGufajy;oGm;Edkifygonf? TtajctaersKd;ESifh=uHK&ygu
vuf&Sdtajctae. zGJ@pnf;xm;yHktcsKd;tpm;udk rsm;pGmajymif;vJoGm;Edkifygonf? TtajctaersKd; ta&S@tm&S
EdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfysufcJ+h yD;/ aemufqHk; aiGa=u;tusyftwnf;uyfqdkufcJh&ygawmhonf?
Tpmwrf;. yifrtcsuftvufrsm;taejzifh tav;ay;wifjyvdkonfrSm EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;.
ta&;ygyHkudk a,bk,swifjyvdkjcif;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;ESifh acwfrDa&;vrf;a=umif;odk@ av#muf&m
vrf;wGif xdxad &mufa&muftoH;k csEdkifapa&; jzpfygonf? atmufazmfjyygtydkif;wGif EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;
aps;uGuaf y:rSaeI tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;&&SdEdkif&ef/ rdrd.zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_t&Sdeft[kefvnf; rxdcdu k fEdkifap&ef
&nf&G,fI jrefrmEdkifiHrSvdu k femoifhaom a,bk,srl0g'rsm;udw k ifjyxm;ygonf?
1? EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;onf wdik f;jynftwGif;odk@ pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm; o,faqmif
vma&;twGuf t"dutcef;u¾ rS tusKd;ðyygonf? TEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;a=umifh EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd
vltrsm;tjym;udk vkyftm;ae&mcsxm;ay;Edkif+yD;/ ta&S@awmif tm&SEdkifiHrsm;aqmif&GufcJ=h uovdk jynfyydk@ukef
OD;pm;ay;aom pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ 69 jzpfay:apatmifvnf; ulnyD Hhydk;ay;Edkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH taejzifh
vnf; EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk wdik f;jynfjyifyrS&&SdvmEdkifaom yk*~vdut&if;tESD;rsm;tjzpf
oabmxm;I óuqdkoifhygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odk@ EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; acsmarG@pGm
0ifa&mufvmEdkifa&;twGuf jyifqifr_rsm;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHjyefvnfwnf
aqmufa&;twGuf t"duOD;pm;ay;vkyfief;taejzifh aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? EdkifiHwumukr`%D}uD;rsm;taejzifh
wdik f;jynfwck.EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&m taxGaxGtajctaersm;ESifh xdt k drf&SifEdkifiH. tajctaeudk =unfh

68
Herd mentality of the market
69
Export-led Economic Development

144
I wk@H jyefðyrlaqmif&Gufavh&Sd=uygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh pD;yGm;a&;yGifhvif;vmapa&;twGuf ðyjyifajymif;vJ
r_rsm; ydkIvkyfaqmifygu EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;wdik f;jynftwGif;odk@ydkI 0ifa&mufvmatmif
qGJaqmifEdkifapygvdrfhrnf? EdkifiH.vlOD;a&/ o,HZmw pGrf;tm;rsm; aygºu,f0r_/ yx0Dtaetxm; ponfwkd@
rSm jrefrmEdkifiHtwGufqGJaqmif tm;aumif;aom tcsufrsm;jzpfaeygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHa&; wnf+idrfr_
&atmif aqmif&Gufay;jcif;/ wifóuwGufqEdkifaom rl0g'rsm;udk jyXmef;xm;ay;jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
twGuf ‘upm;yGJpnf;rsOf;rsm;’70udk aocsm&Sdapjcif;/ AsL&dkua&pDóu;eDpepfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;xm;ay;jcif; wd@k jzifh/
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;.,H=k unfr_jyefaumif;vmatmif aqmif&Guf&efvdkygonf?
2? wdkif;jynf. trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;rl0g'wpHkvH;k onf xdkEdkifiHtwGif;od@k EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;0ifvmapa&;twGuf rsm;pGm tusKd;oufa&mufr_&Sdapygonf? xdk@tjyif wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrf
atmif/ ydkIyGifhvif;vmatmif qufvufvkyfaqmifaom vkyfief;rsm;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh aiGa=u;azmifyGr_E_ef;xm;
udk óuwifwGuq f xm;Edkifjcif;/ wdik f;jynfwGif;oHk;pGJaomaiGa=u;udk wnf+idrfatmif aqmif&Gufxm;Edkifjcif;/
ponfwdk@aqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfygonf? ukefoG,fa&;vGwv f yfyGifhvif;ap&eftwGuf aqmif&Gufaom vkyfief;
rsm;onfvnf; wdik f;jynftwGif;oGif;ukefrsm;vG,v f G,fuu l loGif;vmapEdkifjcif;/ jynfwGif;rS xGuu f kefrsm;
tvG,w f ul wifydk@Edkifjcif;twGuf/ EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;jzifhaqmif&Gufaeaomvkyfief;rsm; ydkI
xda&muftusKd;&Sdapatmifaqmif&Gufay;yg onf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh aps;uGuu f dkyHkpHysuf,Gif;apaom
cGJjcm;uef@owfqufqHaer_rsm; (Oyrm- EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; tay:udo k m cGJjcm;uef@owfxm;csufrsm;)
udk yxrOD;qHk;y,fzsufoifhygonf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh rufvkH; tcGifhta&;ay;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufay;jcif;/ TtcGifh
ta&;rsm;jyefvnf&kwfodrf;jcif;/ vkyfief;rsm;od@k tpdk;&axmufyHhaiGrsm;ay;I yHhydk;jcif;paomudpPrsm;rSm jyify
EdkifiHjcm;rS vma&mufòyifqdkifrnfh EdkifiHwumukr`%Drsm;udk cGJjcm;uef@owfqufqH&ma&mufapaoma=umifh
TvkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;oifhygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;wdu k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ydkI
0ifvmap&ef yGifhvif;aomrl0g'rsm;csrSwf jcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;.ydkifqdkifcGifhudk ydkI owfrSwfay;jcif;
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;u aqmif&Gufaeaom vkyfief;rsm;tay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,f
xm;r_rsm;udk y,fzsufay;jcif; (Oyrmtm;jzifh- EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; cef@tyfwm0efay;jcif;/ a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk
OD;pm;ay;cef@tyf&rnf[k uef@owfxm;jcif;/ EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh zufpyfvkyfudik faqmif&Guf&
rnf[k awmif;qdkjcif; pojzifh) tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ y,fzsuf&ef vdt k yfygonf? tjrwftpGef;rsm;udk jyef
vnfxkw, f l&efudpPrsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ jynfyodk@t&if;tESD;rsm; jyefvnfxkwf,l&efudpPYvnf;aumif;
wjznf;jznf;csif;jyefvnf av#mhay;aomrl0g'rsm; csrSwf oifhygonf? xdk@tjyif xdkEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;
ae&mwGif wdik f;&if;om;rsm;rS tpm;xdk;Ijyefvnf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHvmap&efvnf; wdu k fwGef;tm;ay;aom pDrHcsuf
rsm; pepfwusaqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh t"duusaom tajccH taqmuftODrsm;
jzpfonfh vrf;/ qdyfurf;/ avqdyf/ v#yfppf/ w,fvDzkef;qufoG,fa&;ponfwdk@udkvnf; jyefvnfjr‡ifhwif wnf
aqmuf&efvdkygonf? Todk@aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udkydkI qGJaqmifapEdkifrnf jzpfyg
onf?
3? ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;rS tawG@tñuHudak vhvmjcif;tm;jzifh/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. aiGa=u;qdkif&m
taqmuftODrsm;udk jyifqifjcif;/ vlxktrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomukr`%Drsm;udk vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom
EdkifiHwumaps;uGut f =um;Y yGJwdk;òyifqdkifEdkifap&ef jyifqifjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif tajc
taewckckjzpfvmrnfqdkygu tvdv k dók uwifowday;Edkifaom pepfrsKd;udv k nf; jyifqif&ef vdt k yfygonf? EdkifiH
wumaiGa=u;aps;uGuu f dk udik fwG,af qmif&Gufrnfo h lrsm;/ trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;udk udik fwG,faqmif&Gufrnfhol
rsm;/ Tolrsm;udk xdef;csKyf}uD;=uyfrnfo h lrsm;udk óuwifIavhusifhxm;ay;oifhygonf?
4? EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;aps;uGufod@k wHcg;zGifhay;jcif;onf wajz;ajz;csif;oGm;oifhygonf? rdrd.
tqifhoifhjzpfEdkifaomtajctae/ vHak vmufaomjyifqifr_/ rddrd. pepftwGif; u|rf;usifaqmif&GufEdkifr_

70
Rules of the game

145
t&nftcsif;wd@k ESifh wdik f;wm+yD;zGifhoifhygonf? aiGa=u;aps;uGuf wHcg;pwifzGifhpOfumvwGif t&G,ftpm;/
tiftm;yrm%/ a'owGif;aps;uGu. f wnf+idrfr_tajctaetay:vdu k fI/ wdik f;jynftwGif;&Sd &efyHkaiG/ aiGa=u;
rsm;csufcsif;a&$@ajymif;oGm;rnfhta&;rS xdef;csKyfxm;rnfhvdt k yfaom wpHkw&mxdef;csKyfr_rsm; xm;&Sdoifhyg
onf? txl;ojzifh jynfyEdkifiHrsm;rSacs;,lrnfh a&wdak cs;aiGrsm;udv k nf; xdef;csKyfxm;oifh+yD;/ xdak &wdak cs;aiG
rsm;a=umifh jzpfvmrnfhpGef@pm;&r_/ tEW&m,fudv k nf; óuIodomjrifomatmif aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?
tvdv k dx
k def;csKyfa&;pepfrsm;vnf; xm;&Sd&efvdktyfygonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh TpepftwGif; yg0ifaqmif&Gufrnfh
olrsm;taejzifh acs;,lrnfhEdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;yrm%tcsKd;tpm;onfo. l pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifhudu k fnDr_&Sd-
r&Sd pojzifhuef@owfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh xdef;csKyfr_wpHkw&mxm;&Sd&ef vdt k yfygrnf?) txdef;tcsKyfrJ@
e,fpyfjzwfausmfIacs;iSm;jcif;/ acs;,ljcif;rsm;udk EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;jzpfaom
EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@ (tdkiftrftufzf) ponfwdk@rSwqifh xdef;csKyfr_rsm;csrSwfxm;oifhygonf?
Ttcsufonf EdkifiHwum&SdaiGa=u;aps;uGufwiG f; v_yf&Sm;ae=uolrsm;taejzifh ypfy,fxm;=uaom tcsuf
jzpfygonf? TtwGuaf =umifhvnf; r=umao;rDESpfrsm;u tm&SaiGa=u;tusyftwnf;jzpfay:vmcJh&jcif;
jzpfygonf?
5? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tjcm;ta&;w}uD;aqmif&Gufajz&Sif;&efudpPwckrSm wdik f;jynftwGif;
vma&mufvkyfudkif=uaom EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;t=um;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;t=um;
xda&mufaomòyifqdkifr_jzpfap&ef tm;ay;jcif;yifjzpfonf? wdkif;jynftwGif;xdef;csKyfr_rsm;z,f&Sm;ay;jcif;ESifh
tuef@towfrsm;udkz,f&Sm;ay;jcif;onf wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sdaps;uGuo f dk@ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; 0ifvmap
&efzdwfac:&Hkr#om &nf&G,fonf? Tod@k EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; 0ifa&mufvm+yD;aemufydkif;umvwGif
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;t=um; òyifqdkifEdkifapa&;/ a'ocHpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhyg òyifqdkifr_&Sdapa&;udv k nf;
wd;k wuftm;ay;&ef vdt k yfonf? EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHol ukr`%Drsm;ESifh a'ocHpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; ukr`%Drsm;
t=um; aps;uGufòyifqdkifr_udu k ef@owfxm;aom/ wbufapmif;eif;tusKd;tjrwfjzpfaeapaom tcsKd@aom
Oya'rsm;/ vkyfxH;k rsm;udk aocsmpDppfI z,f&Sm;apoifhonf? wEdkifiHvH;k qdkif&m trsKd;om;òyifqdkifr_udk tm;ay;
aom rl0g'atmufwGif TvkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;udk tm;ay;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udv k nf; aocsmpDpOf
aqmif&Gufapoihfonf? Oya'a=umif;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;jzifh aocsmtm;jznfhay;oifhonf? tcsif;csif; òyifqdkif
aeomukr`%Drsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;=um;wGif ydkItiftm;aumif;aom/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfEdkifaom tae
txm;&&eftwGuf ukr`%Dtcsif;csif;yl;aygif;jcif;/ tjcm;ukr`%D.ydkifcGifhrsm;udk 0,f,jl cif;paomudpP&yfrsm;
aqmif&Gufavh&Sd=uygonf? t&if;tjrpfrsm;uef@owf&ef/ 0,f,lodak vSmifpkaqmif;r_udk uef@owf&ef &nf&G,f
aqmif&Gufaom tydkjznfo h abmwlnDcsufrsm;/ aemufxyfvdu k fonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm; vkyf=uonf
vnf;&Sdygonf? tkyfpkwpkwzGJ@tm;oD;oef@ w&m;0iftcGifhta&; (z&efcsKduftcGifhta&;) csay;&eftwGuf
oD;oef@uef@owfcsufðyaomudpPrsm; aqmif&Gufavh&Sd=uovdk/ tjrwftpGef;ydkrdk&,lvdkaom avmbpdwfjzifh
rw&m;aomenf;tm; jzifhòyifqdkifr_rsm;/ ypPnf;v$aJ jymif;vufcHr_rsm;wGif tjrJrSDcdkae&avatmif aqmif&Guf
xm;onfrsm; ponfrsm;aqmif&Gufavh&Sd=uygonf? txufazmfjyyg vkyf&yfrsm;onf aps;uGut f wGif;
vGwv f yfpGmòyifqdkifEdkifpGrf;&nfudk usqif;,kwaf vsmhapygonf? Tod@k aom udpP&yfrsm;udk wckcsif; udpPtvdkuf
aocsmpDppfI qHk;jzwfcsuf&v'fudk tcsdefwdt k wGif;/ ta&;,lEdkif aomtm%mtjynft h 0jzifh qHk;jzwfcsuf
csay;&efvnf; vdktyfonf? TuJo h d@k aom pD;yGm;a&;udpP&yfrsm;onf El;nHhodrfarG@pGmudkifwG,f aqmif&Guf&ef
vdt k yf+yD;/ EdkifiHwumtrsm;pku vufcHxm;aompmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;/ vkyfxHk;rsm;ESifhtnDjzpfap&eftwGuf
vdt k yfaom òyifqdkifr_jr‡ifhwifa&; taxGaxGpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;&Sdap&eftwGuf tjcm;aom EdkifiH&yfjcm;tpdk;&
rsm;ESifhvnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufajz&Sif;&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? xdk@tjyif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m yÉdyuQrsm;/ rnDr#
aomukefoG,fr_vkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;tay: ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf tjcm;aomEdkifiH&yfjcm;tpdk;&rsm;ESifhvnf;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufajz&Sif;&ef vdktyfrnf jzpfygonf?

146
 tcef; (7)
trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;wnf_idrfapa&;twGuf
b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa-u;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;

147
 tcef; (7)
trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;wnf_idrfapa&;twGuf
b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa-u;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&SdruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;tajctae
wEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudw k dik f;wmaom rnfokd@aomruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m pHowfrSwf
csufrsm;ESifh=unf=h unfh/ vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSm 0rf;enf;zG,f&mus&_H;r_udk jyoaeonf?
b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_udk/ ydkufqHrsm;xyfrH&dkufxkwI f ajz&Sif; aomenf;oufoufjzifh aqmif&Gufae&+yD;/ (1995)
ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom urBmhb%ftpD&ifcHpmt& (1993) ckESpfwdik f;jynf.pkpk aygif;xkwu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) .
(6² 3) &mcdkifE_ef;yrm%r#yif &Sdvdrfhrnf[kazmfjycJhonf? wdik f;jynftwGif;vSnhv f nfoHk;pGJaeaom aiGa=u;
yrm%rSm (1988) ckESpfwGif usyfoef; (16˜ 000) &Sd&mrS (1995) ckESpfwGif usyfoef; (1˜ 108˜ 000) od@k tq
(70) eD;yg;r# wdk;wufvmcJhonf? vlrsm;.trSefwu,fvlaer_ukefusp&dwfudk azmfjy&eftwGuf ud, k fpm;rðy
71
Edkifaom/ pm;oHk;olaps;E_ef;!$ef;udef; rSmvnf; (5) qausmw f ufvmcJhonf? vufawG@vlaer_ukefusp&dwf
rsm;wGifrl TtajctaexufydkIqdk;&Gm;onf? vuf&SdowfrSwfxm;aom w&m;0ifaiGvJvS,fE_ef;jzpfonfh
tar&duefwa':vmv#if (6) usyfqdkonfrSmvnf; rwefwqaps;jzpfonf? TaiGvJvS,fE_ef;rSm wyfrawmf
twGif;&SdaeaomtcGifhxl;cHt&m&Sdacgif;aqmiftcsKd@ESifh olwdk@.tquftoG,rf sm;twGuo f m rsm;pGmaom
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jzpfaponf? xdo k lrsm;u wdik f;jynfjyifyu tpdk;&w&m;0ifaiGvJvS,fE_ef;jzifh wifoGif;vm
=uaom "gwfqD/ avmifpmqD ponfrsm;udk aps;uGufaygufaps;twdik f;jyefa&mif;um tjrwfrsm;pGm&&Sdae=u
onf?
Tod@k qufvufxdef;odrf;&efrjzpfEdkifawmhaom ,dk,Gif;aeaomtajctaetwGuaf jz&Sif;&ef enf;
vrf;rsm;udk rpOf;pm;rD/ rdrdwdk@taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH.b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&mordkif;aemufcHtusOf;udók u
wifavhvmoifhayonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH.b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&mtajctae ordkif;aemufcHtusOf;

,cifuazmfjyxm;cJhovdk udkvdkeDacwfjrefrmEdkifiHwGif aiGa=u;pepfonf tdENd,EdkifiH&Sd&lyD;aiGESifh csdwf
qufxm;cJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwv f yfpGmqHk;jzwfvkyfudkifcGifh&Sdonfh aiGa=u;rl0g'qdkif&m tm%mydkiftzGJ@
tpnf;r&Sdonft h wGufa=umifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_qdkonfrSm jy\emwck r[kwfcJhyg? xdk@tjyif (1852) ckESpf
atmufjrefrmEdkifiHudk+Adwdo#wkd@ usL;ausmo f drf;ydkufcJhonft
h csdefrSpI (1941) ckESpf *syefusL;ausmford f;ydkufr_
umvtxd/ jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;onf urBmhpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifhcsdwfqufxm;aoma=umifh 0,fvkdtm;tajccH
aomvdak iGjyr_a=umifh jzpfvmonfh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_rsKd;vHk;0 rjzpfay:cJhzl;yg? pD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;umvwGif EdkifiH
jyify&Sdazmufonf EdkifiHrsm;xHrS 0,fvkt d m;usqif;oGm;cJhaoma=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf;pD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;
ESifh ñuHcJh&onf? odk@aomfvnf; TpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;rSm wdik f;jynftwGif; ukefusok;H pGJr_rsm;vmaom
tajctaeudk jyefjznfq h nf;Edkif&efóu;yrf;&if;rS jzpfvmaom twGif;rSjzpfonfh pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;rsKd;
r[kwfay? *syefacwf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvwGif aiGa=u;tqrwefazmif;yGcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; +Adwdo#
aemufydkif; jyef0ifvm+yD;aomtcg Ttajctaevnf; jyefvnfaysmufoGm;cJhonf?
71
Consumer Price Index

148
 vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif; ygvDreftpdk;&vufxufwiG f jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfb%fudk wnf
axmifcJh+yD;/ aiGa=u;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udkqHk;jzwf&ef tm%mtyfESif;xm;cJhonf? TtajctaewGif aiGa=u;
azmif;yGr_udk aumif;pGmxdef;csKyfxm;EdkifcJh+yD;/ urBmhaps;uGufwGifvnf; qefaps;E_ef;aumif;&aecJhonf? jynfyrS
wifoGif;vmaomvlok;H ukefypPnf;rsm;udkvnf; ‘vGwfvyfaomtaxGaxGvkid fpifpepf’ 72 atmufwGif vGwf
vGwv f yfvyfa&mif;0,fazmufum;cGifh ðyxm;cJhonf? xdt k csdefuud&k D;,m;ppfa=umifh jrefrmhqefta&mif;oGuf
aecsdef/ pD;yGm;aumif;aecsdefjzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGif urBmhqefaps;usqif;I vloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;wifoGif;r_udk
uef@owfcJhaomtcg ukefypPnf;aps;E_ef;rsm;wufvmcJhonf? b¾ma&;vdkaiGjyr_rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ xdef;Edkif
odrf;Edkifaom tajctaewGifom&SdcJhonf?
udvk dek Dtpdk;&vufatmufwGif ajrcGefESifhxkwu f kefoGif;ukefrsm;ay:rS&&Sdaom taumufcGefaiGrsm;rSm
tpdk;&.t"du0ifaiGjzpfcJhonf? ,cif (1937) ckESpfrwdik frDu jrefrmEdkifiHonf tdENd,EdkifiH. jynfe,fwck
tjzpfaecJh&aomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGifoD;jcm;udv k dkeDjzpfvmonf? xdu k dkvdkeDjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf wdik f;jynf
b¾ma&;toH;k p&dwfwGifydkaiGjyojzifh/ xdak iGrsm;udk e,l;a'vD&Sd A[dktm%mydkifrsm;xH v$aJ y;&onf? jrefrm
EdkifiHonf udv k dkeDacwfwGif +Adwdo#tdENd,EdkifiH. a&$O tkaomief;ozG,fjzpfcJhonf? tjcm;+Adwdo#tdENd,jynf
e,frsm;ESifhEd_if;pmv#if jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdobm0o,HZmwrSm vlOD;a&xufrsm;+yD; aygºu,f0aeonf? xdt k wGuf
a=umifh tjcm;qif;&Jaom tdENd,jynfe,frsm;udkaxmufyHhay;Edkif&eftwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHrSydkaiGrsm;ud/k tdENd,
jynf XmecsKyfu/ ydkIn‡pfxkwfcJ=h uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHudk tdENd,jynfrrS cGJxkwfvdu k faomtcg bwf*sufrSydkaiG
rsm;udk/ tdENd,jynfodk@ jrefrmjynfrSay;&ef&Sdaom taºu;rsm;udk qufvufay;acsap&ef toH;k ðycJh=uonf?
udvk dek Dacwfumvwav#mufvHk;wGif wdik f;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;pepfrSm usrf;&dk;vpfZDzJ,m;yHkpH (vGwfvyf
pGmaps;uGufudv k $wfay;xm;aompepf) twdik f;oGm;aecJhonf? aps;uGut f wGif; tpdk;&u0ifaqmif&Gufrnfh
tcef;u¾udkvnf; wwfEdkifor#tenf;i,fom&SdapcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&&Sdap&ef aqmif
&Gufay;jcif;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk xlaxmifxdef;odrf;xm;ay;jcif;ESifh tdrfwGif;vkyfief;rsm;ozG,fjzpfaom
tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;zGH@òz;wdk;wufapa&;ESifh xdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;rsKd;rSom wm0ef,lcJo h nf? EdkifiHtaejzifh
pdkufysKd;a&;u¾xkwfvkyfr_ESifh EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@r_wGif tajccHI pD;yGm;aumif;aeonfESifhtr# tpdk;&.0ifaiGESifh
oH;k pGJaiGxdef;nda‡ &;rSm jy\emw&yf r[kwfcJhyg? tjrJwapydkaiGjyaecJhonf?
udvk dek Dacwfumv. tpdk;&&-oH;k aiGpm&if; bwf*sufudak vhvm=unfyh gu Todk@xl;jcm;aom tajc
taeudk worwfvHk;vdkvdak wG@&SdEdkifonf? (1940-41) ckESpf udv k dkeDjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&. &-oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;
bwf*sufudk=unfhygu t"dutm;jzifhw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; udpPrsm;twGuf tpdk;&oHk;pGJaiGudk trsm;qHk;oH;k pGJcJh
a=umif;awG@&Sd&onf? (tpdk;&bwf*sufpkpkaygif;. 44 &mcdkifE_ef;ausm&f Sdonf?) usef;rma&;twGuf (2) &mcdkif
E_ef;ESifh ynma&;twGufukdrl (6) &mcdkifE_ef;om oH;k pGJcJhonf? tef'&yfpf (Andrus) . (1984) avhvmcsuf
wGif tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwckjzpfaomxdkif;EdkifiH.b¾maiGa=u;oH;k pGJyHkudk jrefrmEdkifiHESifh Ed_if;,SOfazmfjycJhonf?
(1938-39) ckESpfwGif vlOD;a&t& xdik f;ESifh jrefrmruGmjcm;vSaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;toH;k p&dwf
xufydkI xdik f;EdkifiHu (88) &mcdkifE_ef;ydkI oH;k pGJcJhonf?
tjcm;wbufwGif Todk@aomudkvdek Dacwf tpdk;&0ifaiGrsm; trsm;qHk;&&Sdaomae&mrSm ajrcGefrsm;ESifh
xkwu f kefoGif;ukefqdkif&m taumufcGefrsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? ajrcGefrsm;rS &&SdaiGrSm pkpkaygif;tpdk;&0ifaiG.
(27) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ 0ifaiGtay:rStcGefaiG aumufcH &&Sdr_rSm (11) &mcdkifE_ef;om&SdcJhonf? wdusaompm&if;
Z,m;rSwfwrf;rsm; rSwfwrf;rwifEdkifaoma=umifh xdt k csdefujynfwiG f;ukr`%D/ vkyfief;tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm
enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tcGefa&Smif=uonf? +Adwdo#ukr`%Drsm;ESifh tdENd,ukr`%Drsm;rSm olwkd@.XmecsKyf&Sd&m
rl&if;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tcGefudjk yefvnfay;aqmif=u&onf? xdktwGufa=umifh pD;yGm;a&;avmutay:Y tcGef0ef
xkyf0efydk;zdpD;r_enf;onf? odk@aomfvnf; ðcHIqdk&v#if v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;tay:Y tcGef0efxkyf0efydk; ydkIzdpD;cJh

72
Open General License (OGL)

149
onf? a&S;,cifumvurl v,f,mvkyfief;rS ydkv#Hr_rsm;udk a&$eef;awmfodk@ydk@um bk&ifESifh tm%mydkifrsm;xH
ay;ydk@&jcif;rsKd;om&SdcJh&mrS udv k dkeDacwfwiG f ydkItcGefaumufcHvm&onf?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;umvwGif t}uD;tus,q f Hk;aomajymif;vJr_rSm wdik f;jynf.b¾ma&;pepftajccH
udak jymif;vJowfrSwfcJjh cif;jzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;umvwGif EdkifiHawmfpdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefrsm; ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@ 73 u t"du0ifaiG&Smay;EdkifaomXmejzpfaoma=umifh wdik f;jynf. b¾ma&;pepf
tajccHtjzpf jzpfvmonfukad wG@=u&onf? tpdk;&.t"du0ifaiGrSm urBmhaps;uGufwGif aps;aumif;&aeaom
aygufaps;ESifh pyg;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;bkwftzGJ@rS wdik f;jynftwGif; owfrSwfxm;aomaps;E_ef;jzifh v,f
orm;rsm;udk aps;ESdrf0,f,laoma=umifh &&SdvmaomaiGuGm[csuftjrwfu tpdk;&.tajccH0ifaiGjzpfvmcJh
onf? Tpepfjzifh wdik f;jynftwGif; &-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf; b¾ma&;bwf*sufukd wnf+idrfatmif xdef;odrf;
xm;cJhyHk&onf? Ttajctaeonf pD;yGm;a&;ynmtjrifjzifhazmfjy&v#if ‘tedrfhqHk;r#ajc&aeaom tae
txm;’ 74 jzpf+yD;/ v,form;rsm;rSm pyg;pdkufysKd;&efrufvH;k r&Sdawmhaom tajctaea=umifh aemufqHk; EdkifiH
jcm;aps;uGufokd@wifydk@r_vnf;usqif;vmcJh&onf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh wdik f;jynftwGif;wifoGif;vmaom
vlok;H ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;vnf;usqif;vmcJh&onf?
xd@k tjyif ygvDreftpdk;&taejzifh tjcm;aom trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mjy\emrsm;jzifhvnf;
ñuHcJh&onf? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;wufvmaom tpdk;&opftaejzifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾ acwfrDapa&;
twGu/f wdik f;jynf. vlr_a&;/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;ap a&;twGuf &nfrSef;csuf}uD;}uD;jzifh zGH@òz;a&;
pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhonf? ppf+yD;umv ppfa=umifhysufpD;oGm;&aomwdkif;jynf. jyefvnfxlaxmif
a&;vkyfief;udk aqmif&GufIr+yD;ao;aomumvrSmyif/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾rS xGufukefoD;ESHrsm;rSmvnf;
ppfóuacwfumvtajctaetxdjyefvnfxkwfvkyfEdkifao;jcif; r&Sdao;ay? ppfóuacwfumvwav#mufvHk;
wGif ukefoG,fr_rS wav#mufvH;k ydkaiGjyaecJhaomfvnf;/ xkwu f kefrS&&SdaomEdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGxuf ydkIwifoGif;vdk
aom0,fvkt d m;a=umifh ñuHawG@&aom EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;jy\emudk xdkumvwav#mufvH;k wGif ñuHawG@aecJh&

Figure 7.1. Budget Surplus/Deficit (% of GDP)

8.00%

6.00%

4.00%

2.00%

0.00%
1949-50

1954-55

1959-60

1964-65

1969-70

1974-75

1979-80

1984-85

1989-90

1994-95

-2.00%

-4.00%
-6.00%

-8.00%
-10.00%

yHk (7? 1) b¾ma&; vdak iG/ ydkaiGjyr_tajctae (*sD'DyD &mcdkifE_ef;tm;jzifh)

rl&if;? various issues, Statistical Yearbook. Union of Burma.

73
State Agricultural Marketing Board (SAMB)
74
Low-level equilibrium

150
onf? tpdk;&u xdjk y\emudak jz&Sif;Edkif&ef enf;vrf; (2) ckudk wvSnfq h D toH;k ðyavh&Sdonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiG
vuf0,f&SdaeaomumvwGif tpdk;&uoGif;ukefvdik fpifrsm; (Open General License) udk vGwfvGwv f yfvyf
xkwaf y;jcif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;avsmeh nf;oGm;aomumvwGif/ oGif;ukefvdkifpifrsm;rSwqifh oGif;ukefrsm;.
tcsKd;tpm;udk uef@owfjcif;enf; (2) rsKd;jzpfonf? udk&D;,m;ppfyGJumvwGif pD;yGm;a&;wufaecJhaomfvnf;/
(1950) aemufydkif;umv rsm;wGif ppf+yD;I qefaps;E_ef;a&m/ 0,fvkt d m;ygusqif;oGm;aomtajctaewGif
tpdk;&uqefpyg;ESifh oGif;ukefypPnf;rsm;ukefcsif; zvS,af om bmwmpepfudt k oH;k ðycJhonf? Tenf;vrf;rSm
vnf;ratmifjrifvSay? ta=umif;rSm ukefcsif;zvS,fEdkifaomxkwu f kef trsKd;tpm;ESifh yrm%rSm tuef@
towf&Sd+yD;/ vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_tqifhwGifvnf; jy\emrsm;+yD; &_yfaxG;cufcJvSonf?
xd@k tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSaxmufyHhaiGrsm;jzifh zGH@òz;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk aiGa=u;rsm;
axmufyHhay;cJhao;onf? tar&duefEdkifiHrS ydkv#HaeaompdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefrsm;udk jynfwiG f;oH;k aiGjzifh 0,f,l
Edkifaom yDt,fvf (40) (PL 40) tpDtpOft&/ 0g*Grf;rsm; 0,f,w l ifoGif;+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. tvm;tvm
aumif;aomcsnfr#ifESifh txnfvkyfief;twGufukef=urf;rsm;axmufyHhay;cJhonf? T yDt,fvf (40) rSm
tjcm;aomaxmufyHha&;pepfwrsKd; jzpfonf? xdt k csdefumvu tpdk;&rSm rdrd.vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;twGif;rSom
wwfEdkifor#aqmif&Guf&ef twwfEdkifqHk;óu;yrf;cJh+yD;/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_udk wm;qD;Edkif&efóu;yrf;cJhonf? yHk (7?
1) wGif (1951-52)/ (1955-56)/ (1957-58) ckESpfrsm;tcsKd@Yom b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_tenf;i,fukd awG@=u
&onf? (1955-56) ckESpfwGif wdik f;jynf.pkpkaygif;xGufukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) . (1² 4) &mcdkifE_ef;om&SdcJh+yD;
vdak iGjyr_tedrfhqHk;taetxm;[k qdkEdkifonf? xdkumvwGifwnf+idrfaomukefaps;E_ef;udk wwfEdkifor# xdef;odrf;
xm;EdkifcJhonf?
od@k aomfvnf; txufazmfjyyg rl0g'a=umifh rxifrSwfaomtusKfd;qufrsm; aemufydkif;wGifjzpfvmcJh
&onf? xkwfukefoGif;ukefvdik fpifpepfrSaeI oGif;ukefypPnf;rsm;udk ta&twGu/f trsKd;tpm; uef@owfr_vkyf
aoma=umifh aemufydkif;wGif t*wdvku d fpm;r_rsm;/ eD;pyfaom pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;om txl;tcGifhta&;&aom
tajctaersm;jzpfvmonf? Tod@k txl;tcGifhta&;&olrsm;rSm jrefrmrsm;omjzpf+yD;/ 0,f,lpm;oH;k olrsm;
twGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfapcJhonf? xd@k tjyifEdkifiHwumaygufaps;ESifhrnDbJ/ pyg;aps;udk (300) usyfjzifh tpdk;&u
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyf0,f,l+yD;/ tpdk;&.b¾ma&;tydk0ifaiG&ap&ef zefwD;aom pepfa=umifh/ v,f,mpdkuf
ysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk tjrJwapcsKd;ESdrfxm;ouJo h dk@ &SdapcJhonf? v,form;rsm;taejzifh t&nftaoG;ydkrdkaumif;
rGefaom pyg;rsm;xGu&f SdEdkifatmif/ pyg;ta&twGuyf dkxGuv f matmif rufvkH;aphaqmfr_rsm; usqif;apcJhonf?
aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif Tjy\emrsm;uydkIqdk;&Gm;vmcJhonf?
jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efqdk&S,fvpfpepfumvwGif tpdk;&.vlr_a&;ukefusp&dwfrsm;u ESpfqwufvm
cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm yk*~vduydkifvkyfief;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduwpdwfwydkif;ydkifaom vkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfol
ydkifodrf;ydkufcJhaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tpdk;&taejzifh yxrydkif;wGif b¾ma&;&-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;udk
udu k fnDrSefuefatmifyxrydkif;wGif óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufao;aomfvnf;/ (1973) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;&Sm;yg;
vmr_jy\emESifhtwl tcsuf (3) cka=umifh jynfwiG f;qefpyg;aps;E_ef;udk jr‡ifhwifcJh&onf? EdkifiHjcm;rS 0,f,l
wifoGif;r_udk uef@owfòcd;jcHaeonf=h um;rSyif &-oHk;aiGpm&if; b¾ma&;bwf*sufwiG f vdak iGjyvmcJh&onf?
jynfwiG f;ukefaps;E_ef;rSmvnf; }uD;jrifhvmcJhonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDudk vltrsm; axmufcH
r_&&Sdapa&;twGuf vlóuufrsm;atmifqGJaqmifaom pDrHudef;rsm;vkyf&aoma=umifh tpdk;&toHk;p&dwfrsm; ydkI
rsm;jym;wdk;wufvmcJhonf? TtcsdefrSpI tjrJwapaiGa=u;azmif;yGr_wufaeap&efrsKd;aphudk csrdcJhyHk&onf?
ygvDreftpdk;&vufxufpGrf;aqmifr_rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxufwiG f b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_
rsm;/ xdkvdak iGjyr_twGuf aiGa=u;xyfrH&dkufxw k fjznfhoGif;&onfrsm; tjrJwapqufIwd;k wufaecJh onf?
(1988) ckESpfaemufydkif; (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxufwGifrl b¾ma&;ESifh aiGa=u;qdkif&mrnDr#
uarmufurjzpfr_rsm; ydkIododomom xif&Sm;ajymif;vJvmcJhonf? (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufatmufwGif
ppfwyfudak xmufyHhEdkif&eftwGufESifh t&_H;ay:aeaom EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jznfq h nf;Edkif&ef
twGuf aiGa=u;rsm;yHkESdyf&dkufxkwfjcif;/ A[dkb%frSacs;,ljcif;rsm; wpdkufrwfrwfqufvuf vkyfaqmifcJhonf?

151
EdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;udw
k Hcg;zGifhay;jcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;aiGESifhvJv,S foHk;pGJEdkifonfqdkaom =um;cHaiG (tufzf-tD;-pD) rsm;
&dkufxw k fay;cJhonfqdkaomfvnf; wdik f;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;udk trSefwu,fvGwv f yfpGmzGifhay;cJhjcif; r[kwfay?
,cktcsdefwdkifoGif;ukefrsm;udk vdik fpifpepfjzifh }uD;=uyfxm;jcif;udk qufvufaqmif&Gufaeonf? tu,fI
vlwOD;taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;ukefrsm;0,f,lwifoGif;Edkif&ef/ EdkifiHjcm;aiG&&Sd&efvdktyf+yD;/ xdak iGudkEdkifiHawmfydkifb%f
wckckwGif pm&if;zGifhtyfESH&efvdktyfonf? rnfonfu h kefypPnf;rsm;udk wifoGif;cGifh&Sdonf/ rnfonft h csdefumv
wGif wifoGif;cGifh&Sdonfpojzifh qHk;jzwfcsufukd tpdk;&u csKyfudik fxm;ao;onf? oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkaom
tcsufrSm tpdk;&ESifh tquftEG,f&Sdolrsm;/ =oZm&Sdolrsm;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;jzpfapjcif;yif jzpfonf?
wenf;qdk&aomf rsufESmvdu k fr_rsm;/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? r=um;ao;rDumvtaetxm;u
jzpfvmcJhaomwdkif;jynf. trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;jy\emrsm;ESifh ywfoufv#if tao;pdwfxyfrHaqG;aEG;&ef
vdt k yfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

vuf&Sd trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&; pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&m jy\emrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&SdtajctaewGif b¾ma&;&-oHk;aiGpm&if;Y vdak iGjyaejcif;/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef;
xm; v#ifv#ifjrefjrefwdk;wufaejcif;jy\ersm; ñuHae&+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; ukefoG,af &;vdak iG t}uD;
tus,jf yaer_/ xdkukefoG,v f dkaiGrsm;udk jyefvnfay;qyf&efjy\emrsm; pojzifh }uD;rm;aom trsKd;om;ruU&dk
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&ygonf? Tjy\emrsm;rSm wckESifhwck qufpyfae=u+yD;/ a&m
,Suaf e=uygonf? yHk (7? 2) wGif b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_/ aiGa=u;xnfo h Gif;r_/ pm;oH;k olaps;E_ef;jy!$ef;udef; ponf
rsm;. tjyeftvSefqufpyfwdk;wufaeyHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf?
yHk (7? 2) pm;oHk;olaps;E_ef;jy!$ef;udef; (CPI) / aiGa=u;xnfo h Gif;r_/ b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_ ponfrsm;.
tjyeftvSefqufpyfaeyHk

Figure 7.2. Relationship Between CPI, Money

Supply and Fiscal Deficit

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Note: 1987=100

Money Supply Consumer Price Index Budget Deficit 152

rl&if;? Statistical Yearbook 1997, Union of Burma.
vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif;wGif ydkufqHrsm;&dkufxkwfIxnfhoGif;aeaom aiGa=u;xnfh
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vnfEd_if;,SOf=unfah omtcg tajymif;tvJ/ jy\emudkododomomawG@=u&ygonf? EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;
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k frrDyJ
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twdik f;om jzpfay:cJhygonf? Ttajctaeonf yHkrSefvcjzifhtoufqufae&aom jynfolrsm;/ txl;ojzifh
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}uD;av;vSaom0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfygonf?

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Ed_if;,SOfcsuf?
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1991§96
pm;oHk;olaps;E_ef;jy!$ef;udef; (1986 286² 52 349² 30 460² 44 603² 66 735² 51 882² 81 308² 1 µ
ckESpfudk tajccH
owfrSwfI 100 [kxm;yg
onf?)
CPI Index (1986=100)
tpdk;&vcpm;rsm;. ysrf;r# vc 10849 10879 11162 14370 16453 16328 150² 5 µ
rl&if;? IMF, 1997.

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ukefrsm;. yrm%/ trsKd;tpm;rsm;udkvnf; uef@owfvmcJhygonf? xdk@tjyiftpdk;&taejzifh jynfoltrsm;
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E_wfokH;pGJxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? aemufqHk; (1996) 'DZifbmvtxd&&Sdaom pm&if;rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
usef&Sdaeaom EdkifiHjcm;t&efaiGa=u;yrm%rSm tar&duef a':vm (206) oef;txdusqif;oGm;cJhygonf? odk@
aomfvnf;jynfot l rsm;tyfESHxm;aom EdkifiHjcm;aiGtyfESHaiGrsm;rSm tar&duefa':vm (382) oef;&Sdaeyg
onf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh tpdk;&taejzifh jynfoltrsm;tyfESHxm;aomEdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;xJrS tar&duefa':vm
(176) oef;udk oHk;pGJxm;cJhonf[k ,lqEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyif pHkprf;&&Sdaomowif;rsm;t& tpdk;&taejzifh
ay;qyf &ef &Sdaeaom EdkifiHjcm;aºu;+rDrsm;twGuf yk*~vdub%frsm;rSvnf;acs;iSm;cJha=umif; od&ygonf?
xdo
k d@k jrefrm tpdk;&odk@acs;iSm;=uaom ta=umif;rSmvnf; jrefrmtpdk;&taejzifh (1998) ckESpf ESpfv,fydkif;rSpI
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=uaoma=umifh xdak cs;aiGrsm;twGuf tmrcHcsuf&Sdonf[k,lqumacs;iSm;=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
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aom tufzf-tD;-pDaiGyrm% tvsiftjrefjrifhwufvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? tufzf-tD;-pD (FEC) qdkonfrSm
tar&duefa':vmaiGtpm;wefzdk;wl jrefrmEdkifiHrS &dkufESdyfxm;aom =um;cHaiGa=u;wrsKd;jzpf+yD;/ jyifyaps;uGuf

153
aygufaps;twdik f; jrefrmaiGESifhvJv,S fEdkifaom aiGa=u;jzpfygonf? xdk tufzf-tD;-pDudk jrefrmEdkifiHodk@wif
oGif;vmaom ukefypPnf;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifhay;acs&efvnf; toH;k ðyEdkifygonf? trSefwGif tufzf-
tD;-pDudk vH;k 0vGwfvyfpGmzvS,fcGifhðyxm;aom =um;cHaiGa=u;jzpf+yD;/ tar&duefa':vm. wefzdk;ESifhcsdwfquf
xm;ygonf? (1997) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif vtenf;i,ftwGif;Y vSnhv f nfoHk;pGJaeaom tufzf-tD;-pDyrm%
(100) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf &kwfcsnf; jrifhwufoGm;aoma=umifh jynfwiG f;od@k oGif;ukefwifydk@aeaomvkyfief;rsm;
uoduatmufjzpf=u&ygonf? jynfwiG f;odk@ oGif;ukefwif oGif;aeolrsm;ESifh ta&mif;qdkifydkif&Sifrsm;rSm ,cif
owfrSwfxm;aomusyfaiGaps;E_ef;jzifha&mif;cs&ef/ ukefypPnf;rsm;xyfrH rjznfq h nf;Edkif avmufatmifjzpfcJh&yg
onf? ta&mif;aps;qdkifrsm;ESifh aps;a&mif;olrsm;rSm ae@pOftr#eD;yg;ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;udk xyfrHItopfjyifqif
owfrSwfjcif;rsm; vkyfaecJh=u&ygonf? oGif;ukefwifoGif;olrsm;twGuf t&H_;ay:cJ=h u&ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf
pufr_ukef=urf;rsm; twGuf jynfyrSwifoGif;ukefrsm;udk tvGefrSDcdktm;xm;ae&aomEdkifiHjzpfonfhtm;avsmpf Gm/
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Figure 7.3.The Rise of FEC Rate and Price of Cooking Oil (1995-
97)
350

300

250

200
kyat

150

100

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0
95 Aug 96 Jan 96 Jun 96 Nov 97 Apr

FEC Rate Cooking Oil

rl&if;? "er*~Zif;/ ZEM0g&Dv 1998?

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156
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ukefypPnf;uenf; ‘aiGtrsm;u ypPnf;tenf;pkaemufvku d faeaomtajctae’ rsKd; jzpfaeapygonf? atmuf
azmfjyygtcsuftvufrsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;a&mif;0,fzvS,af &;aps;uGuftwGuf rwnfr+idrfjzpfap&
aom ta=umif;t&if;rsm;tay: tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;csufrsm; jzpfygonf?

(u) yk*~vdursm;rS tyfESHxm;aomEdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;tyfESHaiGrsm;udk tpdk;&uxkwf,o

l Hk;pGJaer_onf/ xdt
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jzpfapygonf?
157
(c) vnfywfaqmif&Gufaeaom tpdk;&vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;twGuf vdt k yfaeaomEdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;rsm;udk
r&SmazGrjznfhwif;Edkifr_onfvnf;/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS wifoGif;vmaomEdkifiHjcm;ukefwifoGif;r_udk ydkI
0,fvkt d m;awmif;qdkr_ jzpfapygonf? tpdk;&Xmersm;taejzifh yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; wifoGif;vm
aomukefypPnf;rsm;rSaeI jynfwGif;oH;k usyfaiGjzifh 0,f,lpkaqmif;odk avSmifae=u&ygonf?
(*) EdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;r_ rwefwqwd;k wufrsm;jym;ae&aom aemufxyfta=umif;wckrSmvnf;/ tppftrSef
twd;k E_ef;udk tE_wfavsmI h jyxm;aomrl 75 ESifh A[dkb%frSaumif;pGmxdef;csKyf raqmif&GufrpDrHaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? aqmufvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;jzpf aom bdvyfajr/ oHr%dacsmif;rsm;/ tdrf&dkufoHrsm; ponfrsm;udk
‘tajccHowWKESifh vloHk;ukefrsm;’ trsKd;tpm;atmufwGif xnfh oGif;owfrSwf+yD;/ jynfwGif;odk@wifoGif;aeaom
wifoGif;ukefwefzdk;pkpkaygif;. (50) ausmaf e&m,lxm;ygonf? Todk@aomEdkifiHjcm; ukefypPnf;wifoGif;r_udk
axmufyHhay;Edkif&eftwGuf A[dkb%fwdk;E_ef;udk (15) &mcdkifE_ef;txdtjrifhqHk;jr‡ifhxm;um/ aps;uGut f wGif;
aiGacs;,lr_rsm;twGuf twd;k E_ef;udEk Sdrfhxm;apaom rl0g'jzifh wrif&nf&G,fI aqmif&GufaeyHk&ygonf? T
tajctaewGif aiGa=u; azmif;yGr_E_ef;rSm ESpfpOfysrf;r#tm;jzifh (25) ESifh (30) &mcdkifE_ef;=um;wGif wd;k wufaeyg
onf? vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif; wGif jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;wGif aqmufvkyfa&;u¾rSm rwef
wq wd;k wufvmcJhygonf? Taqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;.wd;k wufvmr_. t"du&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHaiGtrsm;pkudk
b%frsm;uaiGacs;iSm;I aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf?
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wdik f;jynftwGif;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;jyefvnf qkwfcGgoGm;=ujcif;ESifh aemufxyfEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; xyfrH&&Sdr_
aES;auG;usqif;aeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odk@ trSef
wu,f0ifa&mufvmcJhaom EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ pkpkaygif;udjk yef=unfhygu wdk;wufr_E_ef;aES;auG;aeonfudk
avhvmawG@&Sd&rnf jzpfygonf? cGifhðyoabmwlnDxm;aomEdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;teufrS (av;yHkwpfyHk)
cef@om trSefwu,fvma&mufjr‡KyfESHcJh=uygonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHodk@vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡yfESH vkyfudik fae=u
aom vkyfief;trsm;tjym;vnf; jyef&kwfodrf;oGm;=uygonf? od@k r[kwf vkyfief;rsm;&yfqdkif;cJh=uygonf?
tar&dueftpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiHtay: pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfydwfqdk@ ta&;,lxm;r_a=umifh jyefvnfqkwfcGgoGm;=u
aomukr`%Drsm;rSm tenf;pkomjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif tar&duefukr`%Drsm;taejzifhvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;r_rSm tenf;pkomjzpfygonf?
ydkIta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aomvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh
tEW&m,f&SdIpGef@pm;&Edkifaom 0ef;usiftaetxm;Yvkyfudik f&efwGucf sI vkyfief;tajccsvmolrsm;/ txl;
ojzifh 0ef;usifa'otwGif;rS pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;jzpfaomfvnf;/ xdu k kr`%Drsm;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftvkyfrjzpfI
&yfqdkif;jcif;/ jyefvnfxGucf Ggjcif;rsm; ðyae=uygonf? ta=umif;rSm vHk;0 xdef;csKyfwif;usyfxm;aom tae
txm;Y qufvufvkyfudik f&ef tcuftcJ&Sdvmaoma=umifhjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&.rl0g'rsm; worwf
wnf;r&SdbJ ajymif;vJaejcif;/ wdusa&&mr&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,rf _E_ef;xm;rl0g'rsm;atmufY vkyfudik f&m
wGif tcuftcJ&Sdjcif; ponfwd@k rSm EdkifiHjcm;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;t"du&ifqdkif=u&aom jy\emrsm;jzpfygonf?
(1997) ckESpfaemufydkif;rSpI TEdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;. jynfwiG f;oHk;usyfaiGtay: ,H=k unfr_/ 0,fvkt d m;
rSm tvGeftrif;usqif;vmcJhygonf?

a&&Snfumvtaetxm;twGuf trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;

vuf&Sdjy\emrsm;rSm tpdk;&.rdrd&&SdEdkifpGrf;aomaiGESifhr#atmif toH;k p&dwfudk xdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;r&Sd
aom pepfwpHkvHk;.tm;enf;csuftay:rS jrpfzsm;cHvmjcif;jzpfygonf? tjcm;wydkif;wGifvnf; EdkifiHjcm;od@k rdrd
wifydk@ukefrsm;udk rjr‡ifhwifEdkifaomtaetxm;ESifh oufqdkifygonf? a&&SnfwiG frl EdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukefjr‡ifhwifjcif;

75
Policy of negative real interest rates

158
tm;jzifhom EdkifiHjcm;aiG&-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;udk wd;k wufaumif;rGefatmifaqmif&GufEdkifrnf jzpfygonf?
wdik f;jynftwGif; EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;wd;k wufvmapjcif;jzifhvnf; a&wdu k mvwGifEdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;jywf
vyftcuftcJawG@ae&r_jy\emudk ukpm;Edkifygonf? od@k aomfvnf; ydk@ukefwd;k wufxkwfvkyfEdkifr_/ rdrdpGrf;
aqmifEdkifr_t&nftaoG; jrifhrm;vmr_/ jynfyydk@ukefaps;uGu&f SmazGEdkifr_wdk@uom a&&SnftwGufjy\emudk
ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?
tpdk;&. b¾ma&;&-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGif pepft&udkrSm;,Gif;aeaom jy\emrsm;udk
jyefvnf ðyjyifEdkif&eftwGuf tajccHtcsuf }uD; (3) csufudk =unf&h rnfjzpfygonf? yxrwcsufrSm ppfwyf
tiftm;csJ@xGif&ef tpdk;&uwpdkufrwfrwf óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufaer_ESifh vloef;0ufeD;yg;udk wyfrawmftwGif;
wGif xdef;odrf;xm;&onfh jy\emjzpfygonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm tjrwftpGef;rxGufbJ t&_H;jyaeaom EdkifiH
awmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufyHhydk;usm;uefay;aeonfh jy\emjzpfygonf? aemufqHk;tcsufrSm
tpdk;&AsL&dkua&pD,EW,m;rsm;udk xda&mufr_&Sdap&ef pepfwusjyefvnfrzGJ@pnf;Edkifjcif;ESifh 0efxrf;rsm;udk xd
a&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh vdktyfaom tiftm;twdik f;twmwpHkw&mtxd av#mhcsao;usKH@rypfEdkifaom
a=umifh jzpfygonf? Tjy\emrsm;tm;vH;k onf aemufcHEdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeygonf? Tydkv#H
aeaom 0efxrf;rsm;/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ae&may;cef@xm;Edkifaom tpDtpOfrsm;raqmif&GufEdkifjcif;ESifh
tjcm;ae&m Xmersm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSvnf; pepfwustvkyfcef@xm;ae&mcsxm;ay;&ef rv$aJ jymif;ay;
Edkifaoma=umifh jzpfonf? Todk@pepfwus jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;rnfqdkygu jzpfay:vmEdkifaom taxGaxGEdkifiHa&;
&dkufcwfr_*,ufrsm;onf wefzdk;}uD;}uD;ay;&aom taetxm;a&mufEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyif tcGefaumufcHr_
pepf jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;jcif;qdkif&mudpPYvnf;/ EdkifiHa&;t&qHk;jzwfcsufcsvkyfaqmif&efvdktyfae+yD;/ tcGef}uD;=uyf
aumufcHrnfh EdkifiHawmf,EW,m;rsm;udkvnf; t*wdvdu k fpm;r_uif;I xdxad &mufa&mufaqmif&GufEdkifap&ef
aocsmjyifqifaqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfygonf?
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ajymif;vJr_vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk &yfqdkif; I/ wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk &nf&G,fI pepfwusðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyf+yD;/
yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk jynfwGif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_rsm;udk vGwv f yfpGmvkyfaqmifcGifhðyygu/ EdkifiHjcm; odk@
wifydk@r_udk a&wdu k mvwGif jr‡ifhwifEdkifygonf? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾xGuf ypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm; wifydk@
a&mif;cscGifh vGwfvyfpGmcGifhðyvdkufygu/ xdkpdkufysKd;a&;u¾wGif toH;k rðy&ao;bJ usef&Sdaeao;aom t&if;
tjrpfrsm;/ tvm;tvmrsm; tm;pdkufxkwv f kyfudkifvm=u+yD;/ wd;k wufvmapEdkifygonf? a&&SnfwiG f pufr_
enf;ynmzGH@òz;vmr_/ b¾maiGa=u; t&if;tESD;xnfh0ifjr‡KyfESHEdkifr_rsm;&SdrSom v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾xGuf
ukefrsm;udk tqifhjrifhwckodk@a&mufatmif wGef;wifEdkifrnfjzpfygonf? xdw k dk;wufr_udkvnf; a&&SnfwnfwHh
atmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpm. oufqdkif&mu¾Y tao;pdwfudk azmfjyaqG;aEG;
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t&toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvudk jzwfausm+f yD;aomtcsdefwGif Tvkyfief;rsm;udk wdk;wufaqmif&GufEdkif&ef aiG
vH;k aiG&if;jzifh EdkifiHwumaxmufyHhulnDr_rsm;udv k nf;&,l&ef vdktyfvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf?
rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fazmufum;r_rsm;rS&aeaom aiGrsm;a=umifh/ wpHkvHk;qdkif&m trsKd;om;ruU&dk
pD;yGm;a&;tay:wGif yg0ifoufa&mufr_&SdaeonfqdkaomudpPrSm wdwu d suspm&if;Z,m; udef;*%ef;rsm;jzifh
razmfjyEdkifaomfvnf; txl;tav;ay;oifhaomudpP jzpfygonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,folrsm;u TpD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS&&Sdvmaom EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;rsm; trsm;pkudk EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif odkrSD;xm;Edkifygonf? odk@aomf
vnf; wpHkw&maomyrm%rSm wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;twGif;odk@ jyef0ifvmrnfrSm rkcsaocsmjzpfygonf? w&m;
r0ifarSmifcdkukefypPnf;rsm; wifoGif;r_tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;toH;k ðyEdkif&ef wdu k f&dkufusyf
aiGjzifhvJv, S fjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; jyef0ifvmrnf jzpfonf? Ttcsufa=umifh[kwGufqEdkifaom tae

159
txm;rSm vloHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;aps;E_ef;tqrwefjrifhwufvmjcif;ESifh arSmifcdkaps;uGuw f Gif aiGvJv, S fE_ef;rSm
tar&duefwa':vmv#if (300) usyftxuf&SdaeEdkifaomfvnf;/ xdktwdik f;twmxd rwufvmjcif;jzpfyg
onf?
xd@k tjyif pepfwckvHk;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf aq;+rD;wdt k vG,fukxkH; r&Sd
yg? wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm jzpfaeaom taxGaxGEdkifiHa&;-pD;yGm;a&;wpHkvHk;tajctaeudk vHk;0ðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;vkyf&efyif jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;t&qdkv#if ppfrSefaomEdkifiHa&;t& awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfay:
vmap&efvdktyf+yD;/ aemifvmrnfzh GJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;twGuftajccHrlrsm;udk oabmwlnrD _&&ef
vdtk yfygonf? ppfwyfuv$rf;rdk;cs,fv, S fxm;aom csKyfudik fr_rsKd;rjzpfapbJ/ wdik f;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tygt0if/
jynfot l rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udv k nf; tmrcHay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? Todk@aom tpdk;&topfjzpfay:vmrS
om EdkifiHwumaxmufcHr_udk &&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf? EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;axmufyHh pD;qif;r_rsm; 0ifa&mufvmEdkif
=urnfjzpfonf? rdrdwdk@,cktpD&ifcHpmwGifazmfjy xm;onfh rl0g'rsm;twdik f;csrSwf+yD;/ wpdkufrwfrwf pGJudkif
oGm;rSom a&&SnfumvwGif tusKd;tjrwfrsm;jyefvnf&&Sda&;twGuf ar#mfrSef;vmEdkifrnf jzpfonf?
b¾ma&;ESifhaiGa=u;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;ESifhqdkifaom vdt k yfaomt=uHðywifjycsufrsm;udk aemufydkif;
tcef;rsm;wGif tus,fw0ifhwifjyxm;ygonf?

160
b¾ma&;ESifhaiGa=u;qdkif&mwnf+idrfr_&&SdapEdkifa&;twGuf rl0g'rsm;qdkif&mvrf;!$efrlrsm;
vufawG@rusaom tar&duefwpfa':vmv#if (6) usyfESifhwefzdk;owfrSwfxm;aom aiGa=u;
vJv, S fr_E_ef;xm;udk y,fzsufoifhygonf? aiGa=u;zvS,f&ef jzpfEdkifaomtjcm;pepfwckjzifh tpm;xdk;oifhyg
onf? tenf;qHk;vuf&SdvdkaiGjyaeaom EdkifiHjcm;&-oH;k aiG pm&if;&Sif;wrf;jy\emtwGuf toHk;ðyoifhygonf?
ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; tvkyfjzpfvm+yD;aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmusyfaiGESifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGvHk;0vGwv f yfpGm vJvS,fEdkif
aom taetxm;ra&mufao;rD/ tjcm;vJvS,fEdkifaom pepfwckud&k Sm=uH toH;k ðyoifhygonf? a0zefp&m&Sd
onfrSm vuf&Sdw&m;0ifowfrSwfxm;aom aiGvJvS,fr_E_ef;xm;rSm vufawG@wGif vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf&ef
rjzpfEdkifaoma=umifh/ vH;k 0roufqdkifouJo h dk@ jzpfaeygonf? Trl0g'udk qufvufrudik fpGJoifhawmhyg? vuf&Sd
w&m;0ifowfrSwfxm;aom aiGvJE_ef;onf vkyfief;ukefusp&dwfrsm;/ tjrwftpGef;rsm;udk vufawG@
wGu&f efcufcJap+yD;/ tpdk;&.xifomjrifom&Sdr_udkvnf; a00g; aysmufuG,fapygonf? urBmhaps;uGuftwGif;&Sd
aps;E_ef;ESifh jynfwGif;&Sdaps;uGufaps;E_ef;udk trSeftuefwGufcsufEdkif&ef yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf? xd@k
tjyif Tpepfudq k ufvufowfrSwfxm;jcif;tm;jzifh rsufESmvdkuf t*wdvdu k fpm;r_rsm;/ pepftwGif;jcpm;r_
rsm;jzpfapygonf? vlenf;pktcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;rsm;udk tpdk;&uaxmufyHhay;r_jzifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;udk oHk;pGJcGifh
&ap+yD;/ w&m;0ifaiGvJE_ef;jzifh jynfwiG f;odk@ukefwifoGif;cGifh &apygonf? vlenf;pkudo k m txl;tusKd;&Sdapyg
onf?
rnfokd@aom EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;vJvS,rf _pepfrsKd;udk csrSwf&rnfqdkonfrSm twdtust=uHrðyvdkao;
yg? qufvufaqG;aEG; tjrifzvS,=f u&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? rdrdwd@k taejzifh a&S;&dk;pOfvmtoH;k ðycJhaom
76
‘aiGa=u;bkwftzGJ@’ pepfrsKd;jzifh csOf;uyfyHkudo k abmawG@ygonf? twdwfumvu jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf;
tvm;wlaiGa=u;bkwftzGJ@pepfrsKd;jzifh aqmif&Gufxm;cJhzl;aom tawG@tñuHvnf;&Sdaeygonf? oD;jcm;vGwf
vyfpGmpDrHcef@cGJcGifh&Sdaom EdkifiHawmfA[dkb%f. pOf;pm;csifhcsdefqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh/ aiGa=u;qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif qHk;jzwf
tm%mydkifcGifhudk tpdk;&taejzifh0ifa&mufpGufzuf+yD;/ tm%mtvGo J H;k pm;ðyI xifovdk cs,fvS,faecJhonf
rSm q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umjrifhae+yDjzpfygonf? tpdk;&.ydkrdkoHk;pGJxm;aom toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk jznfhwif;Edkif
ap&eftwGuf ydkufqH xyfrH&dkufxkw&f ef !$ef=um;csufudk tpdk;&cef@tyfxm;aom t&m&Sdrsm;u rnfokd@jiif;
y,fEdkif=urnfukd rdrdwdk@taejzifhvufawG@pOf;pm;=unfh&efyif cufcJvSygonf? wdkif;jynfwiG f yk*~vdu pD;yGm;a&;
u¾aumif;pGmrzGH@òz;ao;aomtaetxm;wGif TuJo h dk@jzpfae&onfrSmvnf; ta=umif;wckjzpfygonf?
tu,fI pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;vm+yD;/ tjcm;vkyfief;rsm; b%fwdkufrsm;wGif tvkyf&Edkifaomtajctae&Sdygu/ rdrd.
vkyfydkifcGifhudk +cdrf;ajcmufvmonfESifh wòyiffeuf xdt k &m&Sdrsm;tvkyfrS xGufoGm;=uvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?
Tod@k aomtajctaersm;atmufwiG f ,lvq D D;. r[mAsL[muJo h d@k ol@ud,k fol csnfwkid fjzifh csnfaESmifxm;
77
jcif;om taumif;qHk;jzpfaeygawmhonf? b¾ma&; &-oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGif tqifajyapa&;/
wnf+idrfapa&;twGuo f m óu;pm;xdef;odrf;I oduQmq,fae&aomtaetxm;om jzpfoifhonf? aiGa=u;
bkwftzGJ@pepfatmufwGifrl aiGa=u;rsm;xyfrH&dkufxw k frnfqdkv#if rdrdwGif&Sdaeaom EdkifiHjcm;t&efaiGa=u;ESifh
wGucf suf&ef wGcJ sdwfxm;ygonf? tu,fIjyifyrS aiGa=u;/ pD;yGm;a&;*,ufrsm;a=umifh rdrdEdkifiHtwGif; aiGa=u;
pepfwGif/ qdk;usKd;&dkufcwfr_rsm; jyif;jyif;xefxef ñuHvmygu/ aqmif&Guf&efenf;vrf;rSm EdkifiHwumaiGa=u; &ef
yHkaiGtzGJ@ (tdkiftrftufzf) bufod@k tultnDawmif;&ef tpDtpOfrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? vdt k yfygu tjcm;
EdkifiHwumaiGa=u; aps;uGufrsm;wGifvnf; &SmazGaxmufyHhI usm;uefEdkifygonf? tm*sifwD;em;/ tufpwdk;
eD;,m;uJo h dk@aom EdkifiHrsm;onf TEdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;zvS,fr_pepfjzifh atmifjrifr_&aomEdkifiHrsm;jzpf&m/ xdkEdkifiH
rsm;. tawG@tñuHudv k nf; avhvmoifhygonf?

76
Currency board system
77
,lvDqD; (Ulysses) rSm pma&;q&m*sdrf;*|Kd ufpf (James Joyce) . 1922 ckESpfwGifxkwfa0aom pdwfydkif;qdkif&mudkazmf!$ef;onfh 0wˆKwtkyfjzpf
onf?
161
 tjcm;a&G;cs,f&ef enf;vrf;wckrSm wajz;ajz;ESifhaps;uGuaf ygufaps;a&mufatmif xdef;ndo ‡ Gm;aom
78
‘csdwfqufxm;Iwa&G@a&G@oGm;aom aiGa=u;zvS,fr_pepf’ udv k nf; toH;k ðyEdkifygonf? TpepfwGif aiGa=u;
zvS,fr_E_ef;onf tcsdef,lIwa&G@a&G@ajymif;vJum jyifyaps;uGuaf ygufaps;ESifhnDvmatmif xdef;nda‡ qmif
&GufomG ;aom pepfjzpfygonf? TaiGa=u;zvS,fr_pepf (2) ck. tm;omcsuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk qufvuf
aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;oGm;=u&efvdt k yfrnf jzpfygonf? Todk@aiGa=u;zvS,fr_pepf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpPrsm;udk EdkifiH
wumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ u|rf;usifolrsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif; tultnDrsm;/
t=uH^m%frsm;&,lEdkifygonf? ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm yGif;vif;Ixifomjrifom&Sdaom/ vufawG@ tvkyfjzpf
Edkifaom aiGa=u;zvS,fr_E_ef;xm;pepf&Sdapa&;ESifh EdkifiHwumESifh aiGa=u;v$aJ jymif;tyfESHr_rsm;Y ta&twGuf
yrm%tuef@towfr&Sdapa&; jzpfygonf?
rnfokd@aom vufawG@usaomEdkifiHjcm;aiGvJv, S fr_E_ef;xm; xm;&Sdonfrqdk/ wdik f;jynf. b¾ma&;
&-oH;k aiG&Sif;wrf;wnf+idrfr_&Sd&efvnf; vdt k yfygonf? wdkif;jynf. b¾ma&;&-oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;a=umifh
EdkifiH jcm;aiGvJv, S fr_E_ef;xm;udk xdcduk fapaom tajctaersKd; rjzpfapoifhyg? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;csdefrSpI
tpdk;& 0ifaiG. t"du yifr&if;jrpftjzpf ukefoG,fa&;bkwftzGJ@rScsKyfudik fItjrwftpGef;rsm;udk b¾ma&;0if
aiGtjzpf toH;k ðyaeaompepfudk tqHk;owfap&rnfjzpfonf? Todk@aomvkyfxH;k vkyfenf;onf jynfyydk@ukef
wifydk@r_udk wif;usyfap+yD;/ jynfyrSt&if;tESD;qdkif&m oGif;ukefrsm;/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifhtwl pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_udk
vnf; xdcdu k fapygonf?
tcGefaiGaumufcHa&;twGuf us,fjyef@aom/ ydkIðyvG,af jymif;vG,&f Sdaom tajccHpepfrsKd;xm;&Sdap
oifhygonf? yxrtapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif pdkufysKd;a&;u¾rsm;/ tajccHukefypPnf;xkwv f kyfa&;u¾rsm;/ EdkifiH
jcm;ukefoG,fr_rsm;wdk@tay:wGif tenf;qHk; tcGefaiG0efydaevdrfhrnf jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif b¾maiG&&Sda&;
twGuf tjcm;aomvkyfief;wckrSm oifhawmfaomE_ef;xm;jzifh oGif;ukefrsm;tay: wajy;nDoiG f;ukefcGef
owfrSwfaumufcHjcif;jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif jynfyydk@ukefrsm;tay:vnf; tcGefpnf;=uyfoifhygonf? xdo k dk@
jynfyydk@ukefrsm;tay: tcGefpnf;=uyf&mY ðyvG,fjyifvG,&f Sdatmif/ ,cifaqmif&GufcJah om ukefoG,af &;bkwf
tzGJ@yHkpHrsKd; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik fr_ rjzpfapatmif/ aps;uGufukd yHkysufyef;ysufrjzpfapatmif *&kpdkuf&ef
vdt k yfygonf? ,cifa&S;jrefrmbk&ifrsm;ESifh udkvdkeDacwftpdk;&vufxufwGifusifo h Hk;cJhaom ajrcGefwdu k f&dkuf
aumufcHjcif;yHkpHudk pepfwusjyifqifI jyefvnfusifhoHk;oifhygonf? TajrcGefpepfa=umifh v,form;rsm;
tay:0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfaprnfrSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvdak omfvnf;/ Tpepf.aumif;usKd;rSm v,form;rsm;tay:
tjynft h 0tusKd;tjrwfrsm;jyefay;Edkifjcif; jzpfygonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfyydk@ukefcGefrsm;tm;vHk; jyefay;Edkifyg
onf?) xdk@tjyif v,form;rsm;vkyfudik faomajrrS xGufor#oD;ESHrsm;udk aps;uGuaf ps;twdik f; a&mif;&aom
a=umifh/ ,cifuaps;aygifusKd; tajctaer[kwfaoma=umifh rdrdtusKd;pD;yGm;rufvk;H twGuf ydkxkwfvkyfEdkif
aom tusKd;udv k nf; cHpm;&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;ajrcGefpepfrsKd;udk *syefEdkifiHwGif ar*sDumvaemufydkif;/ acwfrD
ajymif;vJa&;umvu toH;k ðycJhzl;ygonf? omwlnDr#cHpm;apr_t& òr@jyaevlxk rsm;taejzifhvnf;/ olwkd@
wwfpGrf;or# 0efudkxrf;=u&rnfjzpfygonf? jynfo@l 0efxrf;rsm;/ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;/ yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;u¾rS
0efxrf;rsm;udkvnf;/ tpydkif;umvwGif olwdk@xHrS&&SdEdkifaom 0efaiGcGefyrm% rsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&SdEdkifaomf
vnf;/ tcGefwdk;wufI aumufoifhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;yGifhvif;vm+yD;aemufydkif; yk*~vduu¾rsm;wGif ydkI
vkyfydkifcGifh&SdvmonfESifhtr# pD;yGm;a&;tjrwftpGef;rsm;rSvnf; oifhawmfaomE_ef;xm;owfrSwfum tcGef
aumufcHoifhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufzGH@òz;vmonfESifhtr# TuJo h dk@pD;yGm;a&;tjrwftpGef;rsm;rS aumufcH
aomtcGefaiGrsm;vnf; wd;k wuf&&Sdvmrnfjzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif òr@jya'orsm;wGif wefzdk;tay:xyfqifh
aqmif;aomtcGefaumufcHr_ 79 pepfudv k nf; pwifusifhoH;k oifhygonf?

78
Crawling peg system
79
Value-added tax

162
 tcGefaiGaumufcHr_. tajccHrlonf EdkifiHawmfb¾ma&;0ifaiGrsm;Edkifor# rsm;ap&efjzpf+yD;/ tcGef
aumufcH&&SdEdkifaom tajccHrsm;udkvnf; us,jf yef@Edkifor#us,fjyef@atmif csJ@xGif&rnfjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif rwl
uGjJ ym;aom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;=um;wGif wwfEdkifor#omwlnDr#r_&Sdap&ef tcGefpepfwGif owdðyoifhygonf?
&nfrSef;csuf}uD;rm;vGef;aom tpdk;&b¾maiGrsm;udk jyefvnfcGJa0ay;onfh pepfrsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;oifhygonf?
xdo k d@k vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh xda&mufr_rjzpfaponft h jyif/ qdk;usKd;rsm;yg jzpfay:apEdkifygonf?
xd@k tjyif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh yk*~vduydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;u¾toD;oD;odk@
b%fvkyfief;qdkif&mtaxmuftyHhrsm;ESifh aiGa=u;rsm;ulnDEdkif&ef tm;ay;wdu k fwGef;oifhygonf? aiGwd;k E_ef;
owfrSwfxdef;csKyfjcif;rsKd; xyfrHraqmif&Gufap&ef a&Smif&Sm;oifhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Todk@qdkjcif;tm;jzifh
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh aiGa=u;u¾twGuf vHk;0xdef;csKyfr_ vufv$waf y;vdu k faom vpfZzD J,m;yHkpHrsKd;udk
aqmif&Guf&rnf[k qdkvdjk cif;r[kwfyg? Todk@vufv$wfay;vdkufygu tJvfab;eD;,m;EdkifiHwGif ‘yd&rpf yHkpH
tpDtpOf’80 aqmif&GufpOfu awG@ñuHcJ&h aom tusyfqdkuf'kuQa&mufr_rsKd;udk zdwfac:ovdk jzpfapygvdrfhrnf?
xdk@tjyif tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;aiGvdrfnmr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmEdkifygao;onf? vkyfief;rsm;aiGvnfywfr_ ajyvnf
aejcif;&Sd-r&Sdudk pepfwus}uD;=uyfaejcif;/ apmifh=unfhaejcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? Tod@k }uD;=uyf&ef
twGuf avsmu f efaomvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf&efvnf;vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? TudpPrsm; pDrHcef@cGJ
rnfo h lrsm;udk avhusifhynmay;Edkif&eftwGuv f nf;/ EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrSaeI vnf;aumif;/
tjcm;aomu|rf;usifolrsm;xHrSvnf;aumif; tultnDrsm;&SmazGoifhygonf?
b¾ma&;ESifhaiGa=u;wnf+idrfr_&Sdapa&;twGuf tjcm;ta&;}uD;aomvkyfief;wckrSm jynfwGif;pk
aqmif;aiGudk jr‡ifhwif&efjzpfygonf? jyifyaps;uGufaygufaps;twdkif; twd;k E_ef;udx k m;&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh/ aiGa=u;udk
81
rwd;k yGm;atmifzdESdyfxm;ovdk jzpfap+yD;/ Ttajctae wGif vltrsm;uaiGa=u;pkaqmif;&ef pdwf0ifpm;=u
rnfr[kwfyg? TtajctaersKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;oifhygonf? ydkI&nf&G,fcsu}f uD;}uD; jzifhpOf;pm;xm;onf[k ,lq
EdkifaomudpPrSm puFmylEdkifiHwGifaqmif&Gufxm;ovdk ‘aemifa&;qdkif&m A[dk&efyHkaiG’82 w&yf xlaxmif&ef jzpfyg
onf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh Tod@k &efyHkaiGrsKd;xlaxmifa&;udpPudk pdwf0ifpm;aumif; pdwf0ifpm;ygvdrfhrnf?
tpysKd;umvwGif oifhwifhaomE_ef;jzifh xlaxmifEdkifygonf? T&efyHkaiGrSm olwdk@tvkyfrStem;,laom tcsdef
wGif &&SdrnfhyifpifaiGtwGuf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh 0efxrf;rsm;rS rjzpfraexnfh0ifaiGrsKd;jzifh xlaxmifxm;aom
&efyHkaiGjzpfygonf? puFmylEdkifiHwGif TuJhod@k a&S@a&;qdkif&m&efyHkaiGxm;jcif;tm;jzifh pkaqmif;aiGudkcef@rSef;xm;
onfxufydkI (40) &mcdkifE_ef;txd jrifhwufvmapcJhygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhrl Tr#jrifhrm;aom pkaqmif;
aiGyrm%rsKd;udk ar#mfrSef;xm;Ir&Edkifyg? ar#mfvnf; rar#mfrSef;xm;oifhyg? od@k aomfvnf; TuJhod@k vltrsm;udk
v_@H aqmfI/ jynfwiG f;pkaqmif;aiGwufvmap&efaqmif&Gufaom t=uHtpnfrsKd;rSm wefzdk;xm;twk,zl G,f jzpf
ygonf? TuJhod@k enf;vrf;rsKd;udk =uHqóu;yrf;oifhygonf?

80
(Pyramid Schemes) yd&rpfyHktpDtpOfonfrSm vGefcJah omESpftenf;i,ftwGif;u tJvfaA;eD,m;EdkifiHwGif qmvD bm&D&Sm (Sali Berisha)
tpdk;&u csrSwfusifo h Hk;cJah omtpDtpOfjzpfonf? qdv k dkonfrSm vlrsm;udk TtpDtpOfwGif t&if;tESD;vkyfvmatmifpnf;&Hk;a&;ESifh vlopf
xyfrHpnf;&Hk;Edkifonfholrsm; udk qkay;onfhtpDtpOfjzpfonf? (Oyrm &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHol vlopf 10 OD;udk xyfrHpnf;&Hk;ay;Edkifygu xdkpnf;&Hk;ol tae
jzifh qkaiG&rnfjzpfonf?) yd&rpfyHktoGifjzpfaeonfqdo k nfrSm xdyfqHk;wGifvl (10) OD;&SdI/ atmufwGif (100)/ (1000) pojzif&h Sdaom tpOf
rjywfaomvlopfpkaqmif;r_yHkpH&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf? TyHkpHrSm tajccHwGif vlrsm;rsm;udkwdk;I wdk;I pkaqmif;&oavmuf/ t&if;&aiGudk
xkwf,loHk;pGJaeonf jzpfojzif/h }uD;xGm;aernf jzpfygonf? ta=umif;wckcka=umifh aiGxnfh0ifol usqif;oGm;v#if pepfrSm/ òyduGJoGm;rnf jzpfyg
onf? aeat;vdrfenf; trsKd;rsKd;uJhodk@/ t&if;xJhaiGudk tvkyfbmrS rvkyfEdkifyJ/ tjrwftjzpf jyefay;aeaompepfjzpfojzif/h t&if;xJhol
usoGm;v#if pepf òyduGJoGm;rnf jzpfygonf? TtpDtpOfonf 'kp&dkufr_rsm;jzpfaom bdef;ukeful;r_/ vufeufarSmifckdr_ ponfrsm;ESifv h nf; yg0if
ywfoufaeonf[k a0zefolrsm;u qdo k nf? xdyfydkif;olrsm;u aiGrsm;,lIxGufajy;aomtcg vltrsm; rGJaw'kuQa&muf=u&onf? vlxktrsm;
u rauseyfaoma=umifh qlyltHkºuG=u&m aemufqH;k qmvD bm&D&Smtpdk;&ðywfuscJ&h onf?
81
Financial repression
82
Central Provident Fund

163
 tcef; (8)
qif;&Jjcif;ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzefŒjzL;r+

164
 tcef; (8)
qif;&Jjcif;ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzefŒjzL;r+
&mpkESpf=umjzwfoef;cJh&aom zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;tawG@tñuHrsm;rS rdrdwdk@avhvmcJh=u&onfrSm
pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_onf TzGH@òz;r_a=umifh&&SdvmaomtoD;tyGifhrsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd vlrsm;tm;vH;k od@k
omwlnDr#cGJa0ay;vdrfhrnf[k tmrcHcsufr&Sda=umif; awG@&SdcJh&ygonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh EdkifiHtwGif;qif;&JrGJawr_
ESifhñuHae&aomtajctaeudk ordkif;aemufcHtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;
rnfjzpfygonf? Tqif;&Jr_jy\emudk ajyavsmah pa&;twGuaf qmif&Gufoifhaomenf;vrf;rsm;udv k nf;/ aps;
uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepfatmufwGifyif rnfod@k aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;ygrnf?

vuf&Sdqif;&Jr_tajctaeESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_
vGefcJhaomtESpf (30) twGif;/ obm0t&if;jrpfypPnf;rsm;ºu,f0pGm&&Sdydkifqdkifvifhupm;/ jrefrm
EdkifiHonf zGH@òz;r_tenf;qHk;EdkifiHwcktjzpfod@k qkwf,kwuf sqif;cJh&ygonf? ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHonf tvGefqif;&J
csKd@wJhtajctaewGif &Sdaeygonf? vlwpfOD;csif;0ifaiGzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_E_ef; onf/ aemufqHk;+yD;cJhonfh (10) ESpfwm
umvtwGif; ESpfpOfysrf;r# (0² 45) &mcdkifE_ef;cef@om&SdcJhygonf? trSefpifppfwGif (1962) ckESpf ppfwyfu
EdkifiHawmftm%m&,lcJhcsdefrSpI zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_rsm; &yfwef@aecJhjcif;jzpfygonf? TwpfOD;csif;0ifaiGwd;k wufr_
E_ef;onf tdrfeD;csif;ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. xdu k mvtwGif; tHh=ozG,f&mwdk;wufr_E_ef;rsm;Ed_if;,SOf
vGefpGmjcm;em;aeonfudk awG@&ayrnf?
yHk (8? 1) ESpfpOfvlwOD;csif;0ifaiGwd;k wufr_&mcdkifE_ef; (Average Annual Growth (%) of GNP Per Capita)
(1985-1994) Ed_if;,SOfjyxm;aomyHk?

9.00%
8.00%
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
a s ia d ia
rm ine es lan ys
Bu p on ai l a
i l ip nd Th Ma
Ph I

rl&if;? World Development Report 1996, World Bank and Review of Financial, Economic and
Social Conditions 1995-96, Union of Myanmar.

trSefwu,fwGif/ EdkifiHwpfck.vlr_zlvHak &;qdkif&mudpPrsm;onf ‚if;.trsKd;om;0ifaiG (pkpkaygif;xkwf

ukefrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;. pkpkaygif;wefzdk;) ay:wGifom wnfrSDae&Hkr#ru/ xdk0ifaiGudk rnfod@k rnfyHkenf;
vrf;jzifh cGJa0jzef@jzL;onfqdkaomtcsuftay:wGifvnf; rlwnfaeygonf? (qdkvdo k nfrSm xdk0ifaiGudk EdkifiHwGif;
rSDwif;aexdik faom jynfolvlxkrsm;t=um; rnfokd@cGJa0jzef@jzL;oenf;[laom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf?) xd@k a=umifh
165
,ckavhvmr_wGif t"duxm;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfolvx l krsm;. vlr_zlvHak &;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom udpPrsm;udk
rnfokd@wdk;wufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfenf;[laomtcsufudk tajcðyxm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif vuf&Sdvlr_zlvHk
a&;tajctaeESifh tem*wfwGifjzpfvmEdkifaomcef@rSef;csuf/ 0ifaiGrsm;udrk nfokd@cGJa0vkyfaqmifrnfenf;/ Todk@
cGJa0jzef@jzL;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk rnfokd@wdk;wufatmifaqmif&GufEdkifrnfenf; [laomudpPrsm;udk xnfo h Gif;
pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfayonf?
jrefrmjynfuhJod@k aomEdkifiHrsKd;wGif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpm&if;tif;udef;*%ef;rsm; tvGef&Sm;yg;I/ &Hzef
&Hcgtm;xm;EdkifzG,fvnf; r&Sdacs? txl;ojzifhqif;&JrGJawjcif;jy\emrsm;ESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_qdkif&mudpP&yf
rsm;wGif jzpfygonf? qif;&JrGJawjcif;udw k dik f;wmjcif;onf cufcJaomvkyfief;jzpfygonf? tcsdefumvwck
twGif;&Sd vlrsm;.pm;oHk;r_ESifh 0ifaiGqdkif&mtcsuftvuf udef;*%ef;rsm; twdtusr&ygu ‚if;wd@k .toGif
o¿mefudk yHkzrf;,l&eftwGuf aqmuf&Guf&efr0@H&Jaomtvkyfwpfckjzpfonf? aemufqHk;taejzifh tdrfaxmifpk
qdkif&moef;acgifpm&if;ppfwrf;aumuf,lar;jref;r_udk pepfwusaqmuf&GufEdkifcJhonfrSm (1970) ckESpfrsm;u
jzpfygonf? vltrsm;. vlaer_tqifhtwef;wdik f;wmjcif;ESifhqdkifaom pHE_ef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk ynma&;
qdkif&matmifjrifr_/ vltrsm;oHk;jynfolydkifypPnf;rsm;&&SdoH;k pGJEdkifr_ESifh usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;wd@k uJhod@k aom
tcsuftvufrsm;ud=k unfI h vnf; cef@rSef;wGufqEdkifygonf? atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom ukvor*~zGH@òz;r_
tpDtpOf (,ltJef'DyD) . vlom;qdkif&mzGH@òz;r_!$ef;udef; (HDI) rSaeIS jrefrmEdkifiH. vlr_tqifhtwef;zGH@òz;
wd;k wufvmyHkudk tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfIavhvmEdkifygonf?

Z,m; (8-1) vlom;qdkif&mzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ (Human Development) tajctae

vlom;qdkif&m arG;zGm;pOfumv tom;wif uav; aomufok;H a& uav;aoE_ef;

zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ wGif&Sdaom ausmif;tyfr_tcsKd; oef@&&Sdaom (ysrf;r# 1000 t&Sif
!$ef;udef; ysrf;r#oufwrf; vlOD;a& arG;v#if)
(HDI Rank) (ESpf) Gross school &mcdkifE_ef;
Life enrolment ratio
Polulation Infant mortality
Expectancy (%)
with access to rate (per 1,000
at birth safe water live births)
(years) (%)
1996 1960 1993 1960 1993 1990-1995 1960 1993
jrefrmEdkifiH (113) 43² 8 57² 9 33 49 38 158 82
tif'dkeD;&Sm; (102) 41² 2 63² 0 39 61 62 150 56
zdvpfydkif (95) 52² 8 66² 5 75 77 85 106 43
xdkif;EdkifiH (52) 52² 3 69² 2 46 54 86 103 36
rav;&Sm; (53) 53² 0 70² 9 58 61 78 72 13
rl&if;? Human Development Report 1996, UNDP, New York 1996. World Tables 1982, World Bank,
Washington D.C. 1982.

0ifaiGrnDr#r_twdik f;twmudk trSefwu,fjzpfay:aeaom0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_ESifh vHk;0omwlnDr#jzpf

aomcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_wdk@t=um; rnfr#uGJvGjJ cm;em;onfudk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh a,bk,stm;jzifhod&Sd wdik f;wm
Edkifygonf? Ttcsuft&vuf&Sdwdik f;jynftwGif;&Sd 0ifaiGrnDr#r_onf tvGeftrif;uGmjcm;r_ r&SdEdkifao;[k
oH;k oyfEdkifygonf? ta=umif;rSm wdik f;jynftwGif;&Sd vlrsKd;rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifhvlrsKd;wckwnf;eD;yg;
jzpf+yD;/ xdtk wGuaf =umifhvlwef;pm;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ Zmwftedrfhtjrifh&aomfvnf;aumif; uGjJ ym;jcm;
em;&eftcsufrsm; r&Sdyg? xdu k Jhod@k Zmwftedrfhtjrifh/ vlwef;pm;uGJjym;jcm;em;r_a=umifh tvGefrnDr#aom ypPnf;
OpPmydkifqdkiftokkH;csEdkifr_ (od@k r[kwf) 0ifaiG&&Sdr_rnDr#aomtwdik f;twmrsm;jzifh uGJjym;jcm;em;aom vlwef;

166
pm;rsm;tjzpfuGjJ ym;Edkifygonf? aemufxyfta=umif;&if;w&yfrSm wdik f;jynftwGif;&Sd vltrsm;pk.0ifaiGonf
a,bk,stm;jzifhedrfhusae+yD;/ ‚if;wd@k tcsif;csif;t=um; rsm;pGmuGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH. ueOD;umvrsm;u ydkifqdkifr_ypPnf;OpPmrsm;jzef@a0jcif;onf oifhawmfavsmu f efaom
taetxm;&SdcJhygonf? ta=umif;rSm r#wr_udOk D;pm;ay;cJhaom ygvDreftpdk;&ESifh qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_
pepfrsm;twGif; usifo h Hk;cJhaom ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;r_0g'a=umifhvnf; wpdwfwydkif; jzpfygonf? ‚if;tpDtpOf
rsm;t& vlwa,mufcsif;pD. ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifhudk trsm;qHk; (9) {urS (10) {utxd uef@owfcJhygonf?
qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&acwfOD;ydkif;u ðyvkyfcJhaom wEdkifiHvHk;twdik f;twmESifh tus,ftjyef@ jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJh
jcif;a=umifh EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ydkifESifh jynfwiG f;&Sdvlxkrsm;. yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk; tqHk;owfap
cJh+yD;/ òr@aevlwef;pm;rsm;udk omwlnDr#qif;&JrGJawapaom tajctaeod@k twif;tusyfydk@aqmifcJhygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;topfrsm;ESifh "eºu,f0pkyHkvmap&eftwGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk wHcg;zGifh
ay;vmaomtcg/ tem*wfwGifrnDr#r_onf obm0t&odompGmwdk;wufvmEdkifaom tvm;tvm&Sdae
onf?
E_dif;,SOfcsuft&/ jrefrmEdkifiH.vuf&Sd&ifqdkifae&aomjy\emrSm vlwOD;csif;pD. ysrf;r#0ifaiG&&Sdr_
twdik f;twmedrfhusaejcif;ESifh vlxrk sm;t=um;qif;&JrGJawr_twdik f;twm}uD;rm;pGm jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfygonf?
txl;ojzifhaus;vufaevlxkrsm;wGif qif;&JrGJawr_udk trsm;qHk;awG@&+yD;/ pkpkaygif;aus;vufa'oaevlOD;a&
. oH;k yHkwpfyHkcef@rSm vH;k 0qif;&JrGJawaomtajctaeñuHaeonf[k twdtusqdkEdkifonf? ajr,m od@k r[kwf
ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfjcif;twGuftajccHud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;uJo h d@k / xkwv
f kyfr_ðyEdkifaom udk,fydkifypPnf;ydkif
qdkifr_r&Sdolrsm;ESifh pdwfcsvkðH cHaomtvkyftudik fr&Sdolrsm; rsm;jym;aeonf? tjcm;wpfzufwGifvnf; òr@jyrsm;
wGif aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_eSifh ‚if;wd@k rlvaexdkifae&mrsm;rS a0;vHaomòr@jyifae&mrsm;od@k twif;tusyfajymif;a&$@
apjcif;wkd@a=umif@ ‚if;wd@k . vlaer_tqifhtwef; &kwfcsnf;edrfhusoGm;&aomòr@aeqif;&Jom; vlwef;pm;rsm;
vnf; &Sdaeonf? òr@aeqif;&Jom;vlxkrsm;onf vpmE_ef;tvGefedrfhusI vkyfcGifcdkifjrJpdwfcsvHðk cHr_r&Sdaom
yHkrSefr[kwfonfhpD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfudik fae=u&onf?

qif;&Jr_tajctaeESifh 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_qdkif&m ordkif;aemufcH

ordkif;wav#mufvHk;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHonfpm;a&&duQmydkv#cH JhI/ &duQmxkwfvkyfaomEdkifiHwcktjzpf&yf
wnfcJhonf? jrefrmbk&ifrsm;vufxufu tdrfaxmifpktoD;oD;onf ‚if;wd@k ydkifudk,fydkifajruGufrsm;ay:wGif
xGef,ufpdkufysKd;vkyfudik fcJh=uonf? tpOftvmoabmt& bk&ifu a&ajr@ocif/ ajra&rsm;tm;vH;k udkydkifqdkif
onf[kqdkxm;ojzifh/ ajr,mtrsm;ydkifqdkifaom ajrydkif&Sifrsm;[lI ray:aygufcJah y? vltrsm;pkrSm yxrOD;qHk;
tajcpdkufaexdik f=uolrsm;/ wDxGifvkyfudik f=uolrsm;tjzpf/ "avhxk;H wrf;t&ajr,mrsm;ydkifqdkifcJh=u+yD; tarG
qufcHv$Jajymif;cJh=uonf? wcgw&Hjynfow l dk@onf bk&ifwyfrawmfwGif tr_xrf;cJhjcif;udk axmufxm;I
bk&ifrS ajruGufrsm;csD;jr‡ifhjcif;&Sdonf? ukef;abmifacwfaESmif;ydkif;tcsdeftxd ajr,ma&mif;csjcif;onf "avh
xH;k pHr[kwfcJah y? xdk@a=umifhTtcsdefumvrsm;u xkwfvkyfr_. tajccHud&d,mjzpfaom ajr,mydkifqdkifjcif;rSm
r#wpGmjzef@jzL;cGJa0xm;r_a=umifhvlwef;pm;rnDr#r_tenf;i,fom&SdcJhonf?
+Adwdo#udv k dkeDtpdk;&vufxufwGif vlOD;a&usJyg;I EHk;wifajrom;aumif;aom atmufjrefrmjynf
jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oudkzGifhvSpfay;cJh+yD;/ qefxkwfvkyfr_wd;k wufap&ef vkyfudik fapcJhonf? rnfonfjh refrmEdkifiHom;
rqdk tajccsaexdkifEdkif+yD; vkyfudik fcGifhawmif;&HkomvdktyfcJhonf? vkyfom;vdt k yfaeaomtajctaeESifhyif
&ifqdkifcJh&+yD; jAdwdo#tpdk;&u tdENd,rSvkyfom;rsm;ac:,lwifoGif;cJh&onf? ESpfpOftxufjrefrmjynfrS atmuf
jrefrmjynfodk@ &moDtvdkufvkyfudik fpm;aomufaom vkyfom;rsm;ajymif;a&$@r_yHkrSefwd;k wufaecJhonf? zGH@òz;r_.
tpydkif;tqifhwGif atmufjrefrmjynf.v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;u¾rSm wdk;wuf}uD;xGm;aecJh+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
ajr,mrJhvkyfom;[lI ºuif;usef&SdraecJhay?

167
 od@k aomfvnf; tjcm;ukefxkwfud&d,mypPnf;rsm;ydkifqdkifr_jzpfaom a&eHajrrsm;/ a&eHcsufpuf&Hkrsm;/
oabmFvkid f;rsm;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ukr`%Drsm;ESifh oGif;ukef-xkwu f kefyGJ&Hkrsm;udk jAdwdo#ESifh Oa&myukr`%D
tenf;i,fwk@d uom ydkifqdkifcJh=uonf? xdk@tjyif tdENd,ESifhw&kwfvrl sKd;rsm;ydkifaom tv,ftvwfwef;pm;
qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;puf&Hkrsm;ydkifqdkifcJh+yD;/ wdik f;&if;om;jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;rSmrl qefpuf
i,frsm;ESifh tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omydkifqdkifcJhonf? v,f,mvkyfief;r[kwfaom xkwfvyk fEdkifpGrf;&Sd
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ypPnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;rSomydkifqdkifcJhojzifh/ vlrsKd;rsm;t=um; "eOpPmºu,f0r_jzef@a0jcif;
rnDr#r_udkzefwD;jzpfay:apcJhonf?
udv k dek Dacwfaemufydkif;tcdsefwGif jrefrmhv,f,morm;rsm;onf (1930) ckESpfrsm;wGif; jzpfcJhaom
umv=um&SnfpD;yGm;ysufuyfa=umifh/ jynfyrSpD;yGm;ysufuyf. &dkufcwfr_'%fudk cHpm;cJh=u&onf? rlvu
jrefrmEdkifiHatmufydkif;wGif v,f,mwDxGif ydkifqdkifvkyfudik fol/ rlvtajccsv,fvkyfudik fI v,fydkifqdkifaexdik f
olrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ydkifajrrsm;udkqHk;&_H;I/ aiGacs;iSm;olrsm;xHokd@ ay;tyfcJh=u&onf? txl;ojzifhtdENd,awmif
ydkif;rSvmaomaiGwdk;acs;pm;onfh cspfwD;rsm;xHokd@ aºu;rqyfEdkifI odrf;ydkufjcif;cHcJh=u&onf? jrifhrm;aom
twd;k E_ef;xm;ESifh xdef;csKyfr_r&Sd/ pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf;pepfwusaomaiGacs;pepfrsm;ESifh v,f,mxGufypPnf;
aps;E_ef;usqif;r_ xyfavmif;aygif;vdu k faomtcg v,form;rsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@.acs;aiGrsm;udk jyefvnfay;qyf
jcif;rðyEdkif=uawmhbJ/ ‚if;wkd@ydkifajr,mrsm;udk aiGwd;k acs;pm;olrsm;u odrf;ydkufjcif;udkcHcJh&onf? (1940) ckESpf
wGif atmufjrefrmjynfY ajr,mtm;vH;k . (47) &mcdkifE_ef;udk v,f,mvkyfudik fjcif;r&Sdaomajrydkif&Sifrsm;u
ydkifqdkifcJh+yD; ‚if;wd@k teuf (25) &mcdkifE_ef;udk tdENd,rSvmaomaiGwd;k acs;ol cspfwD;wk@d u ydkifqdkifcJh=uonf?
od@k aomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ,cktcdseftxdajr,mrJhvkyfom;rsm;. jy\emudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
rawG@&ao;yg? ta=umif;rSm ajr,mrJhv,form;rsm;ta&twGufonf aus;&GmwckpDwGif ysrf;r#tm;jzifh OD;a&
tvGefenf;yg;+yD;/ ‚if;v,fulvDrsm;udk v,fvkyfief;rsm;YulnDv#if qefpyg;aps;E_ef; rnfodk@yifajymif;vJonf
qdkapumrl/ vkyfcudk yHkaoxH;k wrf;pOfvm qefwif;ta&twGujf zifh ay;acsaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdt k wGuf
a=umifhv,fulvDrsm;. rdom;pkrsm;twGuf wESpfvH;k pm 0rf;pmzlvHak pcJh+yD;/ v,f,mcsdefr[kwfaom&moDwGif
ysHusvkyfom;vkyfjcif;jzifh tydk0ifaiGxyf&aponf?
'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aemufydkif;/ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhaom (1948) ckESpfwGif
urBmppfrwdkifrDu ypPnf;ydkifqdkifr_.zGJ@pnf;yHktm;vHk; ajymif;vJcJhonf? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf +Adwdo#ESifh
Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ydkifqdkifcJh=uaom EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkif vkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfolydkifodrf;,lcJh
onf? t&if;tESD;ydkifqdkifr_tcef;wGif 'kwd,ae&m,lxm;aom tdENd,ESifh w&kwfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifwkd@.
ta&;ygr_avsmhenf;vmap&efvnf;/ jrefrmwdik f;&if;om;wkd@udk OD;pm;ay;I oGif;ukef-xkwfukefvdkifpifrsm;csay;
cJhonf? xdkolrsm;trsm;pkrSm ‚if;wd@k . &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk pufr_vkyfief;rsm;u¾od@k ajymif;a&$@tajccscJh=u
onf? ta=umif;rSm jynfwiG f;pm;oH;k olwk@d twGuf ukefypPnf;0,fvkt d m;jrifhwufvmr_udk wkH@jyef&efjzpfonf?
tjcm;wbufrSvnf; EdkifiHydkifpuf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hktrsm;pku òr@aevkyfom;tiftm;rsm;udk tvkyfae&may;xm;Edkif
cJh onf?
wcdsefwnf;rSmyif tpdk;&u v,f,mpdkufysKd;ajrrsm;tm;vHk;udk jynfolydkifodrf;,lcJ+h yD; v,form;rsm;
od@k tawmftoifhnDr#pGmjzef@jzL;cGJa0ay;cJhonf? rl0g'opfrsm;t& v,form;rsm;taejzifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;
a&;twGufacs;aiGtaxmuftyH@rsm;vnf; &&SdcHpm;EdkifcJh=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; tpdk;&uyHkao enf;yg;aom
pyg;aps;jzifhowfrSwf0,f,jl cif;a=umifh/ Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&=unfhv#if v,form;rsm;onf tajctaexl;jcm;wd;k
wufrvmcJhay? òr@jy&Sdae@pm;vkyfcpm;tvkyform;rsm;u tajctaeydkaumif;aeonf?
tjcm;wbufwGif òr@jy&SdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifi,frsm;taejzifhvnf;/ ‚if;wk@d .vkyfief;rsm;wGif;
ud&d,m wefqmyvmtopfrsm;jzifh acwfrDwd;k wufxkwfvkyf&eftcGifhtvrf;&vmjcif;ESifh jynfwGif;wGifvnf;
0,fvdk tm;wdk;wufvmaoma=umifh/ tajctaeaumif;vmcJhonf? wEdkifiHvH;k twdik f;twmESifh=unfhv#if
jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;csJ@xGif&eftwGuf tm;,laeaomtcsdefwGif/ t&if;tjrpftajccHrsm;udk r#wpGmjzef@a0
xm;cJhonf[k qdkEdkifonf? TvGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHjrifuGif;udkavhvmaomolrsm;taejzifh

168
awG@=u&rnfrSm qdk;&Gm;jyif;xefaomqif;&JrGJawr_'%f xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rcHpm;&jcif;yif jzpfonf? odk@aomf
&efukefòr@ qifajczkef;wGifysHus&yfuGurf sm;udk awG@&onf? TonfrSmvnf; jynfwGif;ppf'%fa=umifh òr@jyrsm;
ay:od@k ajymif;a&$@tajccsolrsm; rsm;jym;vmr_a=umifhjzpfonf? xdo k lrsm;udkvnf; TtcsdefwGifcsJ@xGifvmaom
vkyfom;tiftm;trsm;tjym;vdkaeonfh puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;udk tvG,w f ulyif qGJ,lvkyfudik fapcJhjcif; ðyEdkifcJh
onf?
rdrdjynfwGif;a&;udkom tm&Hkxm;pOf;pm;I/ jyifyurBmESifhwHcg;ydwfcJhaom qdk&S,fvpfacwf. (25) ESpf
wmumvtwGif;wGif wdik f;jynftajctaerSm qif;&Jr_ydkwdk;wufvmcJh+yD;/ ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aomtajctaeod@k rsm;pGm
ajymif;vJcJhonf? qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&onf ygvDreftpdk;&rSpwifcJhaomajr,ma0jcrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ud/k ajr,m
oD;pm;csxm;jcif;qdkif&mOya' xkwjf yefjcif;jzifhqufvuftwnfðyapcJh+yD;/ v,f,mrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfydkiftjzpf
ESifh vuf&SdxGef,ufvkyfudik fae=uolrsm;udk v,fvkyfydkifcGifh&Sdolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfay;cJhonf? vuf&Sdajr,m
tenf;i,fydkifqdkif+yD; v,frvkyfEdkifolrsm;taejzifh/ ajrudik Sm;&rf;vdyk gu ajr,maumfrDwDrsm;.}uD;=uyfr_jzifh
‚if;wd@k ydkifajrrsm;udik Sm;&rf;cGifhðyEdkifonf? xdak jr,maumfrDwDrS ajr,mcGJa0csxm;ay;&ef av#mufv$mwifvm
olrsm;teufrS tqif;&JqHk;oludk ay;&rnf[lI ajriSm;r_wGifr#wr_&Sdap&ef rlcsxm;cJhonf? tpdk;&.owfrSwf
xm;aomrl0g'pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh rnDygu ajr,maumfrwDu ajr,mrsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;,lEdkif+yD;/ rlvydkif&Sifu
tarGv$aJ jymif;qufcHrnfo h lr&SdyJ aoqHk;oGm;yguvnf;/ ajriSm;topfrsm;xHod@k xyfrHcsay;Edkifonf? ‚if;tpD
tpOft& ajrydkif&Sift}uD;pm;rsm;ay:aygufvm&ef ta=umif;r&SdawmhbJ/ v,form;tm;vH;k .tajctaeudk
ajriSm;vkyfudik folrsm;tjzpfodk@ avsmedrfhusa&mufapcJhonf? v,form;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;uH=urRmESifh tem*wf
tvm;tvmrSm ajrcGef odk@r[kwf tiSm;crnfr#udk EdkifiHawmfuv,form;rsm;xHrSxkwf,lrnfqkdonfhtcsuf
u qHk;jzwfay;cJhonf?
tpdk;&.ajr,mcGJa0jzeff@xm;a&;tpDtpOfonf (1960) ckESpfrsm;aemufydkif;rsm;txd ouf0ifaecJh+yD;/
aemufydkif;wGif tm;aysmhqkwf,kwfvmcJhonf? ajrcGJa0jzef@xm;jcif;onfv,form;OD;a&rsm;Edkifoavmufrsm;
rsm;/ ajr,mydkifqkdifcGifh&Sdap&ef&nf&G,fcJah omfvnf; qdk&S,fvpfacwfwpfav#mufvHk; xGefxufpdkufysdK;vkyfudik fEdkif
aomajr{ursm; ajymif;vJwd;k wufr_r&SdvmcJhay? vlOD;a&wdk;wufajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;a=umifh/ wdk;yGm;vmaom
rdom;pkrsm;twGuf xGef,ufpdkufysKd;vkyfudik f&efajrrvHak vmufawmhay? (1970) ckESpf tpydkif;rpIS aus;vuf
ESifhòr@jyvlOD;a&tcsKd@rajymif;rvJ&SdaeaomtajctaewGif/ aus;vufaev,f,mrJhvlOD;a&u wd;k wufvmcJh
onf? xkwfvkyf&efajr,mydkifqdkifjcif;vH;k 0r&Sdol/ tjcm;xkwfvkyfEdkifaomud&d,mypPnf;rsm; ydkifqdkifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdol
rsm;u v,f,mrsm;wGifusyrf;v,fulvDrsm;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ xif;ckwfol/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;i,frsm;
ESifh vrf;azmufaomvkyfief;rsm;wGif tvkyf=urf;vkyfolrsm;tjzpftoufarG;=u&onf?
&efukefòr@ESifhtjcm;òr@}uD;rsm;wGif jynfoyl dkifajr odk@r[kwf yk*~vduydkifajrrsm;ay:wGif usL;ausmaf exdik f
+yD; usbrf;tvkyform;/ puf&Hktvkyf&Hki,frsm;ESifh acgif;&GufAswfxk;d aps;onfrsm;tjzpfvkyfudik faeaom qif;&J
aomtkyfpk}uD;rSm }uD;xGm;rsm;jym;vmaeayonf? ‚if;wkd@onf&efukefòr@vlOD;a&. oH;k yHkwpfyHkcef@txd&Sdvmae
onf? (1970) ckESpfoef;acgifpm&if;t& usL;ausmaf eolrsm;ta&twGuo f nf tdrfaxmifpkpkaygif; (389644)
. (28³ 9) &mcdkifE_ef;&SdaecJhonf? xdpk OftwGif; pD;yGm;a&;onf qdk&S,fvpfacwf. tqHk;owfjcif;od@k OD;wnf
vsuf qkwf,kwu f sqif;jcif;vmonf? vltrsm;udt k vkyfvufrJhjzpfapum/ òr@aeqif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;
tvsiftjref wdk;yGm;vmapcJhonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif/ wdik f;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm; trsm;pkrSDwif;aexdkifvsu&f Sd=uaom a0;vHacgifoDonfh
e,fpyfa'orsm;onfvnf;/ vlr_uyf'kuQtpyfodk@a&mufapcJhonf? yx0Dtaetxm;t& awmawmifxlxyf
aom‚if;a'orsm;onf/ t"duusaomòr@}uD;rsm;ESifh wdkif;jynf.tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;tcsuf
tcsmA[dkXmersm;ESifhvnf; aumif;rGefaomvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufrsm;r&Sday? Ta'orsm;wGif 0ifaiG&
&SdEdkifaomvkyfief;vnf; aumif;pGmrzGH@òz;=uay? xdk@tjyifynma&;tqifhtwef;edrfhyg;r_a=umifh/ ‚if;a'orsm;
wGif vlom;t&if;tjrpfvnf; &Sm;yg;vSonf? txl;ojzifhjrefrmEdkifiHwGif (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif;ðyvkyfcJhaom
pmwwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifvnf;/ ‚if;a'orsm;usef&pfvpfvyfaecJhonf? a'otwGif;xGef,ufvkyf

169
udik fEdkifaomajr,m&Sm;yg;jcif;a=umifh/ a&$@ajymif;awmif,mESifh opfawmrsm;udkckwfxiG frD;&_d@pdkufysKd;aom v,f
,mvkyfief;rsm;jzifhom toufarG;=u&onf? Todk@jzifh ESpfumv=um&SnfvmonfESifhtr# a&G@ajymif;&aom
ajrrsm;&Sm;yg;vmum/ wdak wmif;aomumvtwGif; rlvajrwGifyifjyefIpdkufysKd;=u&aoma=umifh ajr=oZmðyef;
wD;r_ESifh txGufE_ef;avsm@usr_wdk@jzpfay:vm&onf?

yHk (8? 2) vlOD;a&wd;k wufvmr_ESifh pdkufysKd;Edkifaomajr{uwdk;wufvmr_jyyHk

Population
Figure 8.2. Growth of population and cultivable land
Cultivable land
50 25,400

40 25,200

Cultivable land in
Population in

25,000
millions

30

acres
24,800
20
24,600
10 24,400
0 24,200
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Year

rl&if;? Review of the Financial Economic and Social Conditions, and the Statistical Year Book, various issues,
Union of Myanmar.

Ta'orsm;wGifEd_if;,SOf=unfhygu ajr,mESifhvlOD;a&tcsKd;rSm tawmftoifhaumif;rGefr#waeao;

aomfvnf; A[dkdtpdk;&ESifh vlrsKd;pkwdik f;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;t=um; umv=um&SnfpGm vufeufpGJudkifwdu k f
cdkufr_rsm;a=umifh/ qif;&Jaomv,form;rsm;taejzifh ajr,m&&Sdvkyfudik fcGifhudk[ef@wm;zsufqD;ouJo h d@k &SdaecJh
onf? Twdik f;&if;om;aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd qif;&Jom;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ppfab;'kuQonfrsm;jzpf&jcif;/ t"rR
a&$@ajymif;ae&mcsxm;cH&jcif;ESifh t"rRvkyftm;ay;ay:wmqGJjcif;wd@k '%fudk cH=u&onf? tqdk;&Gm;qHk;rSmqif;&J
om;rsm;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif “jzwfav;jzwf”enf;AsL[m[k vlodrsm;aom/ aomif;usef;olacsr_ef;a&; txl;
ppfqifa&;rsm;. '%fudkcHpm;ae&jcif;yifjzpfonf? ‚if;enf;AsL[mt& wdik f;&if;om;a'orsm;udkydwfqdk@ vrf;
yef;qufo, G fa&;jzwfawmufjcif;ESifh vltrsm;twGuf usef;rma&;ESifhynma&;wkd@uJo h dk@aom vlr_0efaqmifr_
vkyfief;rsm;wm;qD;apjcif;wdk@yg0ifonf?
vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfr_pepfatmufwGif aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk wpdwfwydkif;zGifhI pwifusifhoHk;cJhonf?
od@k aomfvnf; qdk&S,fvpfpepfvufxufuusifhoH;k cJhaom xdef;csKyfr_rsm; usef&SdaeqJjzpfonf? t"dutm;jzifh
trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;&Sd tm;enf;csufESifh csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom tqrwefaiG
a=u;azmif;yGr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufr_wef@aejcif;jzpfvm&onf? Ttajctaeu qif;&Jaomjynforl sm;tay:
0efxkyf0efydk;ydaponf? tpdk;&.ppftiftm;csJ@xGifjcif;ESifh wdk;csJ@taumiftxnfazmfvmaompDrHudef;topf
rsm;udk axmufyHhae&aoma=umifh b¾ma&;vdkaiGjyvm+yD;/ ESpfpOfaiGazmif;yGr_E_ef;wufvmonf? ESpfpOfaiG
a=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef; (30) &mcdkifE_ef;txdwdk;jrifhapcJhonf? (1988) ckESpfESifh (1996) ckESpftwGif;wGif vpmE_ef;
xm;urajymif;rvJ yHkrSefusefaeaomfvnf;/ vlaer_p&dwfrsm;u tqrwefjrifhwufvmcJhonf?
(1960) ckESpfygvDreftpdk;&vufxufwGif omrmefvufvkyfvufpm;wOD;&aom0ifaiGESifh
vdtk yfaomtajccHpm;ukefrsm;aps;E_ef;ESifh vuf&Sd (1996) ckESpf (e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxufwGif tvkyform;
wOD;0ifaiGESifh tajccHpm;ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;udk Ed_if;,SOf=unfhygu wd;k wufzdpD;vmaom qif;&JrGJawr_ tajctae

170
udk awG@Edkifygonf? (yHk 8? 2 ud=k unfhyg?) òr@jyaetvkyform;wOD;twGuf t"duvdt k yfaom pm;eyf&duQm
aps;E_ef;onf cef@rSef;tq (50) cef@jrifhwufvmcJhaomfvnf;/ xdu k mvESpfcktwGif;&Sd tedrfhqHk;vkyfcaiGonf
(10) qr#omwd;k wufvmcJhonfukd awG@&ygonf? jyifyaygufaps;t&&aom wae@vkyfcaiG (100) usyf/ wv
vpm (2600) usyfqdkonfrSmvnf; (1960) ckESpfwGif&&Sdaom tvkyform;wOD;. tedrfhqHk;vpmESifh ,SOfv#if
(32) qom&Sdyg ao;onf? ,cifvlrsm;zlvHo k avmuf&&Sd&efqdkonfrSm rsm;pGmvdktyfaeygao;onf?
b¾ma&;vdak iGjyr_jy\emñuHae&aom (e0w) ppftpdk;&onf/ xd&k -oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;ajyvnf
ap&eftwGuf óu;yrf;r_rsm;ðyvkyfcJhao;aomfvnf; ratmifjrifyg? Tod@k &-oHk;aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;ajyvnfap&ef
aqmif&Guf&mwGif tcGefaiGudkpepfwuswd;k aumufapaompepfr#jzifhom rvHak vmufyg? wbufwGiftpdk;&oHk;
pGJaiGudv
k nf; av#mch s&rnfjzpfygonf? EdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;udk wif;usyfpGmcGJwrf;owfrSwfuef@
owfjcif;/ ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;u¾toH;k p&dwfav#mhcsjcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;rS rSm,lwifoGif;aeaom ta&;}uD;
aq;0g;rsm;/ pufud&d,mrsm;udkwifoGif;cGifhuef@owfjcif;pojzifh ðyvkyfygonf? ta=umif;rSmT0ef}uD;Xmersm;
onf tjcm;aom0ef}uD;Xmersm;uJo h d@k EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGr&SmEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;
wGifvlr_a&;u¾rsm;toH;k p&dwfonf wdik f;jynf.pkpkaygif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) tcsKd;ESifh,SOfygu w&dyf&dyf
usqif;aeonfudk awG@&ygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh qif;&Jom;jynforl sm;. tajctaeudk ydkqdk;apygonf?
xd@k tjyifpufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;0ifa&mufrvmonfhtwGuf òr@jyaevkyfom;
tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf tvkyftudik f&&Sd&eftcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; rzefwD;EdkifcJhay? EdkifiH.t"duEdkifiHjcm;ydk@ukef
jzpfaom qefESifhtjcm;pdkufysKd;a&;xkwu f kefrsm;udk pdkufysKd;ae=uonfv h ,form;rsm;onfvnf;/ tqrwef
avsmx h m;aomEdkifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,fE_ef;ESifh v,f,mxkwfukefrsm;ay:wGif aps;E_ef;uef@owf0,fr_wdk@t=um;
=um;n‡yfydjym;ae&ygonf?

Z,m; (8? 2) jrefrmEdkifiH. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk;òr@jzpfaom rEWav;wGif a&G;cs,fxm;aomukefypPnf;rsm;udk

vufvD0,f,laomaps;E_ef;rsm; ajymif;vJvmyHk?

&&SdaomtedrfhqHk;
aps;E_ef; aps;E_ef; vkyfcudk wdkif;wmyHk
(usyfaiGjzifh) jrifhwufvmr_ tpm;taomufjzifh
zvS,fygu &Edkifaom
&EdkifaomtcsKd;
1960 1996 1960 1996
a&G;cs,fxm;aom
vloHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;
ipdefqef 1² 01 46² 00 46 79 17 jynf
ajryJqD 3² 71 244² 00 66 22 3 yd\m
ESrf;qD 3² 71 221² 00 60 22 4 yd\m
ukvm;yJ/ yJpOf;iHk 1² 10 158² 33 144 73 5 yd\m
rwfyJ 1² 10 91² 67 83 73 9 yd\m
yJ}uD; 0² 84 79² 17 94 95 10 yd\m
pm;awmfyJ 1² 26 141² 67 112 63 6 yd\m
jiKwfoD; (&Snf) 5² 00 310² 00 62 16 3 yd\m
=uufoGefjzL 3² 11 162² 50 52 26 5 yd\m
=uufoGefeD (tvwfpm;) 1² 91 140² 00 73 42 6 yd\m
qm; 0² 41 21² 00 51 195 38 yd\m
o=um; 1² 99 129² 00 65 40 6 yd\m

171
 rl&if;? Statistical Yearbook 1961, Union of Myanmar. Dana, Vol. 7, No. 5, February 1997

TuJo h dk@aps;uGufysuf,Gif;apaom rSm;,Gif;c|wfacsmfr_rsm;udkz,f&Sm;rSom/ pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;aqmifr_

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olrsm;onf vuf&SdtajctaewGifrajymif;vJyJ AdkvfaejrJusm;aejrJtajctaeudo k m qkyfudkifxm;=u+yD;/ tusKd;
pD;yGm;rsm;udk rsufESmomay;xm;aom oGif;ukefvdik fpifcGifhðyxm;olrsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;aiGtcsKd;usudkifaqmifcGifhðy
xm;olrsm;qDodk@om v$aJ jymif;ay;ae=uygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh tenf;i,faom vlrsm;om ºu,f0vm=u
+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGifhcsdefrSpI wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sd qif;&JolESifh csrf;omolrsm;t=um; uGm[csuf ydkrdk}uD;rm;vm
cJh&ygonf?
xd@k tjyif r=umao;rDumvu wdik f;jynftwGif;&Sd t&if;tjrpfrsm;cGJa0&mwGifvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh
rsm;pGm rr#waomtaetxm;jzifh aqmif&GufcJhygonf? vGefcJhaom (5) ESpfumvtwGif;&efukefòr@v,f&Sd
t"duusaomaps;uGuf0ifajrae&mrsm;wGif pkpkaygif; (52) pwk&ef;rdkiftus,fudk taqmuftODrsm;zG@Hòz;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf cGifhðycsufcsay;cJhygonf? ‚if;ajruGufrsm;teuf trsm;pkrSm csrf;om ºu,f0aom
taqmuftOD;aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;odk@ aps;E_ef;edrfhpGma&mif;csay;jcif;/ aps;E_ef;oufompGmjzifh iSm;&rf;
jcif;rsm;ðycJh=u +yD;jzpfonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&eftwGuf òr@jya'orS qif;&Jom;&yfuGuf
rsm;rS vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmud/k òr@pGefrsm;odk@ESifxkwaf jymif;a&$@apcJhonf? xdak e&mrsm;wGif ynma&;ESifhusef;rm
a&;twGuf vlr_0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;csKd@wJI h tajccHtaqmuftODvnf; vHkavmufaumif;rGefjcif;r&Sday?
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xm;vifhupm;/ rsm;pGmqkwf,kwfusqif;r_rsm;&Sdaeonf? aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ajr,mrJhv,fvkyfom;rsm;
vnf;wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? wEdkifiHvH;k &Sd pkpkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifaeolvlOD;a& (11)
oef;. oH;k yHkwpfykHcef@txdrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? v,form;rsm;rSm tpdk;&.t"rRoD;ESH0,f,lpkaqmif;r_pepf/
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cHae=u&qJjzpf+yD;/ aus;vuf&Sdrdom;pkrsm;. 0ifaiGusqif;r_udq k ufvufjzpfay:aeaponf?
òr@jybufwGifvnf; tv,ftvwfwef;pm; vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpfowfrSwfxm;jcif;cH&aom tpdk;&
t&mxrf;/ tr_xrf;rsm;/ ausmif;q&m-q&mrrsm;ESifh tjcm;vcpm;0efxrf;rsm;onf òr@jywGifrSDwif;aexdik fae
olrsm;. trsm;pkjzpfonf? xdkolrsm;onfvnf; topfaomqif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpf a&muf&Sdaponf?
TuJo h dk@tus,t f jyef@jzpfvmaomtajctaeudk &efukefòr@wGifavhvmprf;qpfcsufrsm;t& vlvwfwef;pm;
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ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlncD sufrsm; ðyvkyfaqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf? vufeufpGJudik fwdkufcdkufr_rsm; avsmh
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jzifh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;zGH@òz;wddk;wufvmap&efESifh usef;rma&;ESifhynma&;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;wd;k cJs@
jcif;wk@d udk aqmif&GufcJo h nf? vGefcJhaom (5) ESpfwmumvtwGif; e,fpyfa'ozGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf
ppftpdk;&taejzifh pkpkaygif;usyfoef;aygif; (3205) uscHokH;pGJcJhonf? txl;ojzifh tpkd;&taejzifh tajccH

172
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ukefusp&dwfrsm;. (ig;yHkwpfyHk) cef@&SdaecJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; avhvmolrsm;uazmfjy=uonfrSm aps;uGuf
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aoma=umifh epfem&aomwefzdk;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh ‚if;a'o&Sdqif;&Jom;jynforl sm;tzdk@
xyfrHIzdpD;aponf? qif;&JrGJawaponf?
qif;&JrGJawr_a=umifh aemufqHk;xGuaf yguftaejzifh v,form;rsm;udk bdef;pdkufysKd;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;ok@d
vnf;wGef;ydk@apcJhonf? bdef;pdkufysKd;r_rSm Ta'orsm;wGif 0,fvkdtm;wufvmjcif;ESifh tjcm;xkwfvkyfpdkufysKd;
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xuftjrwf (4) qydk&EdkifI tcdsefwdw k dt
k wGif; pdkufysKd;Edkifonf? uefx&dkufpepfjzifhpdkufysKd;EdkifouJo
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aom (5-6) uDvk&d Sdonfh xGufukefrsm;udk rl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;rsm;od@k a&mif;csjcif;tm;jzifh wESpf0ifaiG cef@rSef;
ajctar&duefa':vm (100) rS (120) xd&&SdEdkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; tjrwftpGef;trsm;pkjzpfaom cef@rSef;ajc
tar&duefa':vm (1) bDvD,Hcef@udk udak ps;uGufukdxdef;csKyfaeom bdef;&mZmrsm;ESifh t*wdfvdu k fpm;onfh
85
t&m&Sdrsm;uom cHpm;&,lae=uonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; rl;,pfaq;0g;rS&&SdvmaomaiGrsm; 0ifvmr_
a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ESifh tjcm;aomvlr_a&;jy\emrsm;udv k nf; a'owGif;&Sdqif;&Jom;
v,form;rsm;taejzifh qufvuf&ifqdkifae=u&onf? rl;,pfaq;0g;oH;k pGJjcif;onf a'otwGif; rl;,pfaq;
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a'owGif; &Sdqif;&Jom;wkkd@. vlaer_b0udt k rSefwu,f+cdrf;acsmufv#uf&Sdaeonf?

83
Burma: Foreign Economic Trends Report.. United States Department of State, Washington D.C. 1996. TtpD&ifcHpmwGif (1988) ckESpfrS
(1993) ckESpfumvtwGif; tpdk;&uw&m;0ifowfrSwfxm;aomae@pm;tvkyform;p&dwf wae@v#if (15) usyfE_ef;jzifx h m;&SdwGufcsuf+yD;/
aqmufvkyfa&;pDrHcsufrsm;wGif vlxkrsm;zufrSyg0ifxnfh0if&r_udk wGufcsufazmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tvkyfconfyif jyify
aps;uGufaygufaps;twdkif;vkyfygu &&Sdrnfhvkyfcxuf (3) qr#enf;yg;aeygao;onf?
84
Doug J. Porter, Wheeling and Dealing: HIV/AIDS and Development of the Shan State Borders. Australian National University, 1994.
bdef;pdkufysKd;jcif;jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ae=u&ol vlOD;a&cef@rSef;csufudk TpmtkyfrS,lygonf? ol.wGufcsufr_t& rdom;pkwckonf ysrf;r#
ajr (0² 4) rS (0² 75) [ufwmt=um; pdkufysKd;=uonf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf?
85
rl;,pfaq;0g;ukefoG,fr_ESifh ywfoufaeaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rS 0ifaiGudkazmfjy&mwGif rsm;pGmrwdrusjzpfEdkifygonf? tar&duefjynf
axmifpk EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;XmerScef@rSef;azmfjyxm;aom pdkuf{uESifh xGuf&Sdr_udef;*%ef;rsm;onf/ (e0w) ppftpdk;&ESifh ukvor*~u azmfjy
aomudef;*%ef;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;ygonf? [D;&dk;tif;ESifh bdef;a&mif;0,fr_rsm;rS &&Sdaom0ifaiGudkwGufcsuf&mwGif jynfywifydk@aom yrm%
ESifh (1989) ckESpfwGif&Sdaeaomaps;E_ef; ([D;&dk;tif;wuDvdkv#if 5802 a':vm/ bdef;pdrf;wuDvdkv#if 200 a':vm) jzifh ajr‡mufxm;jcif;jzpfyg
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd pdkuf{urSm &De'f (Renard) ucef@rSef;wGufcsufxm;r_jzpfygonf? vGefcJah omESpfrsm;twGif; trSefwu,fwifydk@r_rSm
,ckcef@rSef;wGufcsufr_xuf rsm;Edkifygonf? vGefcJah omESpfrsm;twGif; ydkrdka&mif;0,fazmufum;r_rsm;vmcJ+h yD;/ aps;E_ef;vnf;wdk;rsm;vmcJyh gonf?
173
yHk (8? 3) rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fr_u pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;yg0ifywfoufaer_udk jyyHk?

Poppy cultivation
Figure 8.3. The Size of Drug Economy
Total income
Estimated value of drug export

1200.00 180

Opium cultivation (thousand

160
1000.00
140
(US$ million)

800.00 120

hectres)
100
600.00
80
400.00 60
40
200.00
20
0.00 0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Source: Burma:Foreign Economic Trends Report , The U.S. Department of State, Washington D.C.
1996; Ronald D. Renard, The Burmese Connection: Illegal Drugs & the Making of the Golden
Triangle , Boulder, CO, 1996; Doug J Porter, Wheeling and Dealing: HIV/AIDS and Development of
the Shan State Borders , Australian National University, Canberra, 1994.

rl&if;? Burma: Foreign Economic Trends Report, The U.S. Department of State, Washington D.C
1996; Ronald D. Renard, The Burmese Connection: Illegal Drugs & the Making of the Golden Triangle,
Boulder, CO, 1996; Doug J porter, Wheeling and Dealing; HIV/AIDS and Development of the Shan
State Borders, Australian National University, Canberra, 1994.

174
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udv k nf; vlxt k rsm;okk@d r#r#wwcGJa0ydkifqdkifapaom pepfrsKd;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?
vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;tqifhwGif vuf&Sdppftpdk;&pwifusifo h Hk;cJhaom pD;yGm;a&;pepf
ðyjyifajymif;vJr_r[mAsL[mrsm;. aemufqufwJG&dkufcwfr_a=umifhjzpfvmaom tusKd;qufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI
qufEG,faeaomoifcef;pmrsm; &,loifhygonf? TzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_.rl0g'rsm;onf vlrsm;.aexdik fr_b0udk
,cifuxufydkrdkaumif;rGefaprnf[ktmrcHjcif;r&Sdyg? tm&Sta&S@ydkif;EdkifiHrsm;. tHHhrcef;pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wuf
atmifjrifr_rsm;rSrdrdwkd@tm;ajymonfrSm “r#wpGmzG@Hòz;wdk;wufr_”udkjzpfapaomr_0g'rsm;onf/ aps;uGuf
twGif;aps;E_ef;rSefuefpGm jzpfapatmif owfrSwfaom rl0g'rsm;uJo h d@k ta&;}uD;ayonf? tu,fItpdk;&onf
aumif;rGefaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;udv k kyfapumrl/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfwnf
+idrfap&ef aqmif&Gufr_ESifh tajccHtaqmuftODxdef;ndr‡ _ tpDtpOfrsm;onf a&wdu k mvwGif qif;&Jaom
jynfow l kd@tay: tawmftwefqdk;&Gm;aom xdcdu k fepfemr_rsm; jzpfapygonf? xd@k a=umifhðyjyifajymif;vJr_
tpDtpOfrsm;wGif qif;&JrGJawr_udo k ufomap&ef yHhydk;aomtpDtpOfrsm;udv k nf; yl;aygif;xnfo h Gif;&efrSm
tvGefta&;}uD;vSygonf? xdk@twGuaf =umifh wdkif;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;udk cGJa0jzef@jzL;jcif;qdkif&m &_axmifh
rSvnf; rdrdwk@d xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;&ef vdt k yfygrnf? Todk@us,fjyef@aomenf;AsL[mrsm;ESifhtnD aus;vufESifh
òr@jya'orsm;wGif qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emudkajz&Sif;&eftwGuf aqmif&GufEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; aqmif
&GufEdkifygonf?

qif;&JrGJawr+avsmhusapjcif;ESifh jzeffŒa0jcif;rl0g'qdkif&m r[mAsL[m

ajrmuf wGef;tm;ay;r+
rdrdwk@d .cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmoHk;oyfr_wGif rdrdwkd@a&S@OD;pGmoH;k oyfcJhonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHonf,ckvuf&Sd
umvwGif 0ifaiGcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_jy\emESifh "eOpPmcGJa0jcif;jy\emwGift}uD;tus,fr&Sdao;aomfvnf;/ vl
trsm;pkonfxl;xl;jcm;jcm; edrfhusvmaomtajctaeod@k tvsiftjref usqif;vmaeonf? xd@k tjyifpdk;&drf
zG,f&mTtajctaerSaeI aemufydkif;wGift}uD;tus,f"eOpPmcGJa0r_ rnDr#aomtajctaeodk@ OD;wnfvm
apEdkifonf? ydkrdkodomxif&Sm;aomjy\emwckrSm pD;yGma&;pepf.u¾ (3) ckodk@r[kwf {&d,m (3) ckwGif
177
qif;&JrGJawr_jy\em &Sdaejcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;wk@d rSmòr@jyaeqif;&Jom;rsm;/ aus;vufaeqif;&Jom;rsm;ESifh
wdik f;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkae&ma'orsm;&Sd qif;&JrGJawr_rsm;yif jzpfonf?
od@k aomfaus;vufa'oESifh awmifwef;e,fpyfa'orsm;wGifjzpfay:aeaom qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emrSm
tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvdktyfcsufrsm;a=umifhjzpf&+yD;/ tpdk;&zufu wufºupGmOD;aqmifI ðyjyifajymif;vJ
r_rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfaeygonf? rdrdwdk@.avhvmawG@&dScsufrSmajr,mrJhv,fvkyfom;rsm;ESifh aus;vuf&Sd
qif;&Jr_jy\emudk vuf&Sdwnf&Sdaeaom xkwfvkyfa&;qdkif&mzGJ@pnf;yHkjzifh ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef rjzpfEdkifyg?
ta=umif;rSm xyfrHa0jcrf;&efvHkavmufaomajr{&d,mr&Sdjcif;/ aus;vufa'orsm;wGifpufr_enf;ynmtopf
rsm;ajymif;vJr_r&Sdjcif;ESifh pufr_ukefxkwfvkyfief;topfrsm; xyfrHwd;k yGm;vmjcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
‚if;jy\emudak jz&Sif;vdv k #if bufpHkaxmifhpHkaqmif&Guf&ygrnf? aus;vuf&Sdpufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;zGifhay;jcif;/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;wdk;jr‡ifhapjcif;ESifh aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;jcif;/ enf;ynmopf
rsm; ulnDrsm;axmufyH@ay;jcif;rsm;jzifhom aqmif&Gufajz&Sif;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf?
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾wGif tusOf;csHK;azmfjyxm;aom r[mAsL[mqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif/ aus;
vufa'owGifaexdik faom 0ifaiGtqifhtwef;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfv h ,form;rsm;twGuf 0ifaiG&&SdEdkifaom tcGifh
tvrf;topfrsm;udk wifjyxm;ygonf? ‚if;zG@Hòz;wd;k wufr_twGuf r[mAsL[mrsm;udk ajr,mrJhv,form;
rsm;uJhodk@aom ydkIxdcdkufepfemae&aom tkyfpkrsm;udOk D;wnfypfrSwfxm;I oD;oef@tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfaqmif
&Gufjcif;jzifhtaumiftxnfazmf&ef vdt k yfygonf? TuJo h dk@r[mAsL[mrsm;cs&mwGif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk
xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;Edkif&ef wifjyvdkygonf?

1? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh aus;vufa'oaejynfolrsm;t=um; oifhwifhr#waom ajr,mcGJa0jzef@jzL;xm;jcif;&Sd

aomfvnf;/ tpdk;&taejzifh v,form;rsm;ajroD;pm;csvkyfudik f&mwGif ydkrdkvHðk cHtmrcHr_&Sdap&eftwGuf aqmif
&Gufay;&efvdt k yfygonf? odk@rSom ‚if;wk@d ajrrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkfifpGrf;&SdaomtoH;k ðyr_twGuf a&&Snf&if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ðyvkyfEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? r=um;ao;rDumvrsm;u tpdk;&ucsrSwfusifhoHk;cJhaom rl0g'rsm;jzpfonfh
pGef@ypfajrrsm;ESifh trsm;ydkifajrt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudik f&ef
twGuyf k*~vduydkifv$aJ jymif;ay;jcif;ud/k ajr,mrJhv,fvkyfom;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udck sifhcsdefIvnf;aumif;/
xif;avmifpmESifh tjcm;aus;vufoH;k tdrfaxmifpkoHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;&&Sda&;twGuf obm0tajccHpGrf;tm;
rsm;tay:wGifrDScdkaeaomaus;vufaejynfolrsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@.rdom;pkrsm;pGmwd@k .tusKd;qHk;&_H;&r_wd@k udk E_dif;csdef
pOf;pm;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? tvm;wlpGm tpdk;&.tajccHtaqmuftODpDrHcsuf}uD;rsm;jzpfaom a&umwm
wnfaqmufa&;pDrHcsufrsm;wGif a&$@ajymif;cH&olrsm;twGuf vHak vmufaomavsmaf =u;ay;aqmifoifhonfh
tjyif/ xdkolrsm;epfemqHk;&_H;&aom vlr_wefzdk;rsm;udkyg yl;aygif;xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;oifhygonf?
2? tqif;&JqHk;aomv,form;rsm;taejzifh aiGacs;iSm;Edkif&eftwGuf Xmeae&mrsm;r&SdouJo h dk@/ tvm;wlacs;
,lEdkifaom tjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;vnf; r&Sdyg? v,form;rsm;onf ajr,mydkifqdkifaomfvnf;/ acs;aiGr&SdbJESifh
aumif;rGefpGmtoH;k ðyEdkifrnf r[kwfyg? xnfhoGif;&if;ESD;r_tenf;i,fðy&Hkr#jzifh xGuu f keftajrmuftjrm;&&Sd&ef
tajctae&Sdaomfvnf; vkyfudkifEdkifjcif;rðyEdkifay? tpdk;&taejzifh qif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf tao;pm;acs;aiG
vkyfief;rsm;wd@k csJ@aqmif&GufEdkifaom uGef,ufrsm; wnfaqmufay;oifhygonf? Tod@k qif;&Jom;rsm;tm; aiG
acs;aomatmifjrifaeaom Oyrmrsm;jzpfonfh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHrS A&mrif;b%fuJo h dk@aom atmifjrifae
aomOyrmrsm;udk twl,loifhygonf? TA&mrif;b%ftaejzifh oifhwifhaomrl0g'rsm;csrSwfjcif;/ pkpnf;
zGJ@pnf;r_rsm;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh acs;aiGjyefvnfaumufcH&r_udk aocsmatmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? xdk
tpDtpOfrsm;. atmifjrifapaomaomhcsufrSm acs;aiGrsm;udk twd;k E_ef;enf;enf;/ azmazmoDoDxw k facs;ay;
jcif;r[kwfbJ/ vdt k yfaompkaqmif;aiGudk rjzpfraepkaqmif;ap&ef tav;teufxm;jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;qefqef
twd;k E_ef;rsm;aumuf,ljcif;/ ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfr_udkxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ESifh tusKd;pD;yGm;cHpm;cGifhESifh oufqdkif
olrsm;od@k vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;udk yGifhvif;pGmwifjyodapjcif;/ yHkrSefjyefvnfay;qyfolrsm;twGuf cdkifrmaom

178
rufvkH;rsm;ESifh urf;vSrf;jcif;/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk TtpDtpOfudak xmufcHaqmif&Gufvmap&ef pnf;&Hk;xm;
jcif;wd@k jzpfygonf?
òr@jhyaejynfolrsm;. qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emrSm trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mrSm;,Gif;c|wfacsmfr_rsm;/
vkyfief;twGuf&if;ESD;&mwGifñuHae&aom aiGazmif;yGr_E_ef;}uD;jrifhonfjh y\em/ EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;zvS,fr_udk
xdef;csKyfxm;r_ESifh pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&mrsm;wGif jynfyrS&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_r&Sdjcif; ponft
h csufrsm;ESifh ydkIoufqdkif
aeygonf? tu,fIpufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;wkd;csJ@Edkifygu/ cdkifrmaomtrsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm; csrSwf
usifo h H;k Edkifygu tem*wfumvwGif òr@jyqif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf tvkyftudik ftcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh 0ifaiGwdk;yGm;
vmaprnfjzpfonf? a&&SnfwGif wef;wlnDr#jzpfr_twGuf ynma&;ESifhusef;rma&;0efaqmifr_rsm;jr‡ifhwifay;
jcif;/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wd;k wufaqmufvkyfay;jcif; ponfrsm;aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&m
rl0g'rsm;wGif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;oifhfygonf?

(1) vkyftm;rsm;rsm;vkdtyfaom pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;jzifh xkwv f kyfjcif;qDodk@OD;wnfaom zGH@òz;a&;tpD

tpOfrsm;csrSwfay;jcif;jzifh/ qif;&Jom;jynfolrsm; ydkIyg0ifEdkfifaom xkwv f kyfr_vkyfief;rsm; jzpfay:wd;k wufvm
rnfjzpfonf? tpdk;&taejzifh rnfok@d aompufr_vkyfief;u¾rsm;onf/ EdkifiHtwGif; trsm;tjym;ydkv#Haeonfh
u|rf;usifr_r&Sdaomvkyfom;rsm;ESifh toifhtwifhu|rf;usifvkyfom;rsm;udk taumif;qHk;ae&mcsxm;ay;Edkif
aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfudk &SmazGazmfxkw+f yD;/ wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf? od@k aomfvnf;
vkyfom;aps;uGuw f Gifvdtk yfonfxufydkI 0ifa&mufrpGufzufrdap&ef vdt k yfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tedrfhqHk;
vkyfcvpmE_ef;rsm;owfrSwfjcif;/ vkyfief;vHðk cHr_vkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;jyXmef;jcif;ESifh vlr_zlvHak &;tcGifhta&;rsm;
jyXmef;jcif; ponfhpGufzufr_rsm;jzpfygonf? Ttcsufrsm;onf vkyfom;vdt k yfcsufawmif;qdkr_udk t[ef@
twm;jzpfapygonf?
(2) ,cktajctaewGif òr@jy&SdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;Y yHkrSefr[kwfaompD;yGm;a&;ESifh yk*~vdutcef;u¾onf
ydkI ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾wGifyg0ifaeonf? vkyfom;rsm;rsm;toH;k ðyEdkifaomvkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifa&;[l
onfh a,bk,srltjyif/ Tu¾udo k D;jcm;rl0g'rsm;csrSwfI wdk;jrifhay;apEdkifygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh ao;i,f
aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf xdef;csKyfr_rsm;av#mch say;jcif;/ yHkrSefpnf;rsOf;rsm;owfrSwfxm;aom tqifh
qifh vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk y,fzsufjcif;jzifhpojzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? twdwu f mvu w&m;0iftaumif
txnfazmf rSwfyHkwifEdkif&eftwGuf uef@owfaomóu;eDpepfrsm;vGef;aoma=umifh/ Tvkyfief;trsm;pkrSm
w&m;0ifyHkrSef r[kwfbJvnfywfaecJh&jcif;jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh e,fajruef@owfr_rsm;uJo h dk@aom Oya'
rsm;/ òr@}uD;rsm;wGif aps;qdkifi,frsm;zGifhvSpfjcif;udk wm;jrpfaomOya'rsm;/ *VKefpDrHudef;rsm;a=umifhzdESdyfr_rsm;/
vmbfpm;aom jrLeDpDy,f&Jrsm;. qufa=u;awmif;cHr_rsm;ESifhawG@}uHKae&ygonf?
(3) tpdk;&taejzifh tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_qdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufay;Edkifyg
onf? vdt k yfaomaiGa=u;axmufyHhay;jcif;/ aps;oufomaompD;yGm;a&;qdkifcef; vkyfief;ae&mrsm;csay;jcif;/
vdt k yfaomtajccH0efaqmifr_rsm;ay;jcif; ponfrsm;jzifh ulnDEdkifygonf? Tvkyfief;rsKd;udk w&m;0ifpD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;twGufa&m/ w&m;0ifwnf&Sdraeao;onfh vkyfief;rsm;twGufyg aqmif&Gufay;Edkifygonf? pD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;}uD;udk rsufESmomay;aomrufvkH;rsm;a=umifh/ vkyfief;i,frsm;udk rxdcdkufap&ef owdðyoifhygonf?
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;twGuf pufr_ZkHrsm;wnfaqmufEdkif&ef urf;vSrf;ouJhod@k / w&m;0ifr[kwfao;aom
yk*~vduvkyfief;i,frsm;taejzifhvnf; yg0ifaqmif&GufvmEdkifap&ef tcGifhta&;ay;oifhygonf? pufr_ZHkrsm;/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ZHk (Business Park) rsm;wGif wGzJ ufjznfhqnf;apaom vkyif ef;tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zGifhay;jcif;
tm;jzifh aemufxyfpD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufcsJ@xGifvmap&efESifh tvkyftudik ftcGifhtvrf;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef
twGuf aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
(4) ,cktajctaewGif tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mrwnf+idrfaomtajctaersm;. zdpD;r_udk
=uH=h uHch Hae=u&ygonf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;tydk0ifaiG&&Sdapaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;r&Sdaoma=umifhvnf; ar#mfvifh
csufuif;rJhae=uygonf? tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh aqmif&Gufae=uaomvkyfief;rSm/ tpdk;&vkyfief;jyifywGif

179
tcsdefydkif;tvkyfwck &SmazGvkyfudik fae&jcif;jzpfygonf? Tta=umif;a=umifh rlvujyifyu¾wGif vkyfudik fae
=uaomvkyfom;rsm;ESifhtòyiftqdkif tvkyfudv k kae=u&ygonf? xdt
k wGuaf =umifh vkyfief;cGifrS cGifh&uf&Snf,l
vmjcif;/ aevnfpmpm;csdef tcsdefydk,lvmjcif;rsm; jzpfvmygonf? tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;. xda&mufpGm
pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_usqif;vmygonf? tajccHusus tzGJ@tpnf;pepfqdkif&mudpPrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifapjcif;jzifh
òr@jyaeqif;&Jom;jynfolrsm;twGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;udk avsmhusvmapEdkifygonf?

tpdk;&taejzifh/ e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifh awmawmifxlxyfaomaus;vufa'orsm;&Sd qif;&JrGJawr_

jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&ef twGufqdkv#if tvGefcufcJ=um&Snfvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;& tquf
qufu vspfvsL&_xm;cJhjcif;ESifh umv=um&Snfypfxm;cJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf? ‚if;a'orsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;
t&ta&;ay;r_r&Sdjcif;/ a0;uGmvGef;aoma=umifhvnf; obm0t&qufpyfr_enf;jcif;rsm;a=umifh jyifyurBmESifh
ul;oef;qufoG,fr_ cufcJapcJhygonf? e,fpyfa'o&Sdqif;&Jom;jynfolrsm;twGuf zGH@òz;r_udkaqmif&Gufay;&ef
vkyfaqmifEdkifaom r[mAsL[mqdkif&mpOf;pm;r_rsm; atmufwGifoD;oef@azmfjyxm;ygonf?

(1) tpdk;&taejzifh csKd@,Gif;aom &moDOwkESifh a&ajrt&udyk ifpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfudik fEdkifr_tvm;tvm cufcJaom

a'orsm;odk@ xdpyfaqmif&GufEdkif&ef óu;yrf;oifhygonf? txl;ojzifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;nHhzsif;aom e,fpyf
a'orsm;jzpfygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh ‚if;a'orsm;wGif a&wdu k mvY qif;&JrGJawr_udak vsmu h soufomap&ef
twGuf tjref0ifaiG&&Sdapaomvkyfief;rsm;/ a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifaompdkufysKd;oD;ESHrsm;udk pepfwus tpDtpOfcs
taumiftxnfazmfoifhygonf? a&&Snftaetxm;wGifrl tpdk;&taejzifhqufoG,fa&;pepf/ vrf;yef;quf
oG,af &;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;/ ynma&;vkyfief;rsm; wdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef tm&Hkpdkufaqmif&Gufay;oifhyg
onf? odk@rSompD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;wckvHk;ESifh yl;aygif;qufpyfvmapEdkifrnfjzpfygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifhom
a&&SnfwiG f‚if;a'orsm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufvmapEdkifrnf jzpfygonf?
(2) aus;vufa'orsm;wGif jynforl sm;udk vkyfcray;bJt"rRcdkif;apjcif;/ odk@r[kwf vkyfcav#mhay;I cdkif;ap
aer_rsm;udk tpdk;&rSusifhoH;k aoma=umifh/ aus;vufaejynfolrsm;. qif;&JrGJawr_jy\em ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vm&yg
onf? Tvkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh rlvuyif0ifaiGenf;yg;&onfhtxJ/ jynfow l dk@. tajctaeudk ydkqdk;vmaponf?
vkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsm;twGuf oifhwifhr#waomtpm;xdk;vkyfcrsm;aqmif&Gufay;r_udk usifhoH;k apoifhygonf?
tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm; vdkufemap&efvnf; =uyfrwfwdkufwGef;oifhygonf?
(3) rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\emonf tjynfjynfqdkif&me,fedrdwfudak usmv f Gefxdcduk faeaomudpP jzpfygonf? tpdk;&
. bdef;tpm;xd;k oD;ESHtpDtpOfESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;yaysmufa&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&mulnD axmufyHh
r_rsm;jzifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh/ tpdk;&.0efxkyf0efydk;udk avsmu
h sapEdkifygonf? e,fpyfa'orsm;jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tJef*sDtdkrsm;) udv k nf; todtrSwfðyI yg0if
aqmif&GufcGifðh yoifhygonf?

ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh qif;&JrGJawr_avsmeh nf;usqif;apa&;ESifh nD!Gwfr#wpGmcGJa0jzef@jzL;r_qdkif&m rnf

onft h pDtpOfrsm;udkrqdk qkwf,kwt f m;aysmhapEdkifaom t"duta=umif;tcsufwckudk rdrdwk@d tav;*&kðy
oifhygonf? ‚if;rSmjrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;wGif twdik f;tq}uD;rm;pGmyg0ifaeonfh rl;,pfaq;0g;ukefoG,fr_rS &&Sdae
aomaiGrsm;ESifh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;a=umifh jynfwiG f;ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;ESifh tdk;tdrftaqmuftODrsm;.aps;
wnf+idrfr_udk xdcdu k fapygonf? ‚if;jy\emESifhpyfvsOf;I vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaomrnfonfóh u;yrf;tm;xkwfr_
udrk qdk yHkrSefaqmif&GufI&rnfr[kwfyg? cGJa0jzef@xm;r_rnDr#jcif;udk jyefvnfðyjyifnDr#ap&efESifhpyfvsOf;I xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;xm;aom omrefajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;xufausmfveG f aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfygonf?

180
tcef; (9)
ynma&;

181
 tcef; (9)
ynma&;
vuf&Sdynma&;u¾ tajctae
jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh ynma&;tay:rsm;pGm tav;ay;r_&Sd=u+yD;/ Ttcsufudk jrefrmEdkifiHwGifpm
wwfajrmufaomvlOD;a&E_ef; rsm;jym;r_u jyoaeonf? rdbrsm;taejzifh b,fae&ma&mufa&muf uav;rsm;
udk pmoifausmif;ydk@um pmoif&efapv$w=f uonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rlvwef;t&G,fuav;
rsm; ausmif;tyfr_E_ef; jrifhrm;onf? touf (5) ESpfrS (10) ESpft&G,f uav; trsm;pkrSm ausmif;rsm;wGif
wufa&mufynmoif=um; Edkif=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; ynma&;vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;Edkif&eftwGuf pm
oifausmif;ta&twGurf Sm ,ae@ umvpHxm;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh wdik f;wmv#if vHak vmufr_r&Sday? jrefrm
EdkifiHtv,fydkif;a'o pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;aom a'orsm;wGif ysrf;r#tm;jzifh &Gm (5) &GmwGif pmoifausmif;
wausmif;&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf;e,fpyfaus;vufa'orsm;wGif &Gm (25) &GmrS pmoifausmif;wausmif;om
xm;&SdEdkif=uonf? Ttcsufa=umifhyif tpdk;&rSaxmufyHhxm;aom rlvwef;ausmif;trsm;tjym;rSm pmoif
om;uav;tiftm;ESifhrr#yJ jynf=h uyfae&onf? q&mwa,mufv#if pmoifom;uav;rsm;pGmudk }uD;=uyfae
&onf? q&mtrsm;pkrSm acwfrDynmoif=um;a&;enf;pepfrsm;udv k nf; avhusifhynmay;xm;r_r&Sday? xd@k
tjyif ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; oif=um;r_ taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm;vnf; qif;&JcsKd@wJhvSonf?
yHk? 9? 1? rlvwef;uav;ausmif;tyfr_jyZ,m; (touf 5-ESpf&Sdaom uav; 100 twGut
f csKd;)

Drop-out
Never Enroll
34%
39%

Complete
Primary
School
27%

rl&if;? UNICEF, 1995.

tusKd;qufwckrSm uav;rsm;ausmif;xGu&f r_rsm;jym;jcif;yifjzpfonf? vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;&Sd udef;

*%ef;rsm; t& azmfjy&rnfqdkv#if rlvwef;tqifhYyif ausmif;wufaeaomuav;OD;a&. (34) &mcdkifE_ef;
ausmif;xGu&f r_&Sdonf[k cef@rSef;azmfjy=uonf? Tudef;*%ef;rSm tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhEd_if;pmv#if tvGefrsm;
jym;aeonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH.ynma&;rSm rlvwef;tqifhwGif EdkifiHwumtqifhtwef;rD
onf[k ta&twGut f & qdkEdkifaomfvnf;/ ynma&;t&nftaoG;tydkif;t&qdkv#if rsm;pGmvdktyfcsuf&Sd ae
onf? ynma&;t&nftaoG;edrfhusr_udk jyoEdkifaom tcsufwckrSm uav;rsm;twef;us+yD;/ rlvtwef;jyef
wuf&aomE_ef; jrifhrm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh rlvwef;rsm;wGifjzpf+yD; òr@jya&m/ aus;vufwiG fyg T

182
jy\emudkñuH&onf? rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif=um;aeaomuav;rsm;. (av;yHkwyHk) rSm ESpfpOf
qdkovdk pmar;yGJus&_H;=uonf? TtwGuaf =umifh rdbrsm;wGif0efxkyf0efydk; ydkvm&+yD;/ uav;rsm;twGuv f nf;
tv,fwef;ynma&;od@k tul;tajymif;Y tcuftcJrsm;ñuH=u&onf? aemufqHk;xkwaf 0cJhaom ukvor*~
zGH@òz;r_tpDtpOf (,ltJef'DyD) . tpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmEdkifiH.rlvwef;ynma&;tajctaeonf ‘ta&;ay:
tm&Hkpdkuf&rnfh tajctaeodk@ wdww f qdwfESifh’ wa&G@a&G@ul;ajymif;ae+yD jzpfonf[k owday;azmfjycJhonf?
rlvwef;ynm oif=um;aeaom uav;rsm;. (27) &mcdkifE_ef;om (5) ESpfwmumv +yD;qHk;atmif oif=um;
Edkif=uonf? rlvwef;tqifhwGifyif ausmif;xGu&f aomuav;aygif; (34) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ rlvwef;ynma&;
ausmif; vH;k 0rwufEdkifoluav;aygif; (39) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? xdt k pD&ifcHpmwGifyif rlv
wef;ynma&;+yD;qHk;&ef oif=um;&rnfh ysrf;r#umvonf uav;rsm;twGuf (5) ESpfr[kwfyJ/ (12² 2) ESpf jzpf
onf[k azmfjyxm;onf? ta=umif;rSm twef;us+yD; t}udrf}udrfjyefaeae&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? 86
ynma&;ydkif;wGif tuef@towf}uD;rm;r_rSm tv,fwef;tqifhwGif ta&twGut f &a&m/ t&nf
taoG;ydkif;t&yg ydkIqdk;onf? tv,fwef;ynmoif=um;a&;twGuf ausmif;tyfESHaom uav;OD;a&rSm
tvGefenf;onf? a'otwGif;&SdEdkifiHrsm;wGif tenf;qHk; taetxm;jzpfaeonf? ausmif;tyfaomuav;
ta&twGufenf;aeonf=h um;rSyif/ pmoif=um;r_taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm;rSmvnf; jynfph HkzlvHkr_r&Sday?
Oyrmtm;jzifh ausmif;ta&twGu/f t&nftaoG;jynfhrDaom q&mta&twGu/f tjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpf
aomzwfpmtkyfrsm;/ pm=unfw h dkufrsm;/ "gwfcGcJ ef;rsm; jynfhpHkzlvHkr_ r&Sd=uay? tv,fwef;ausmif;wufa&muf
atmifjrif+yD;aom uav;rsm;. (30) &mcdkifE_ef;om txufwef;ausmif;rsm;odk@ wufa&mufynmoif=um;
Edkif=uonf? txufwef;ausmif;ynmoif =um;aeaom ausmif;om;rsm;teufrS (33) &mcdkifE_ef;aom
ausmif;om;rsm;om txufwef;ausmif;aemufqHk;pmar;yGJatmifjrif=uonf? wenf;azmfjy&rnfqdkv#if rlv
wef;ynmwufa&mufoif=um;aeaom ausmif;omrsm;teufrS (1² 8) &mcdkifE_ef;onfom txufwef;
ausmif;ynma&; atmifjrif+yD;qHk;onfhoabm oufa&mufaeonf?
tjcm;aom xdcdu k faponfh ynma&;tcsKd;rnDr_wckrSm TtqifhwGifpufr_enf;ynmrsm;ESifh ywf
oufIoif=um;avhusifah y;rnfh oif=um;r_taxmuftulypPnf;rsm; r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? cef@rSef;csufrsm;t&
pufr_enf;ynm ausmif;rsm;wGif pm&if;ay;oGif;ausmif; wuf=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;ta&twGurf Sm (1² 2)
&mcdkifE_ef;om&Sdonf? Ed_if;,SOfazmfjy&rnfqdkv#if tdrfeD;csif;xdik f;EdkifiHwGif (16² 2) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;
EdkifiHwGif (10² 6) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf? cef@rSef;&onfrSm tpdk;&taejzifh tv,fwef;tqifhwGif taxGaxGu|rf;
usifr_&ap&ef t"duOD;pmay;oif=um;aom a&S;&dk;pOfvmrl0g'udk qufvufusifhoH;k aeyHk&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;tcef;u¾ao;i,faeao;jcif;ESifh vlok;H ukefxkwv f kyfr_enf;yg;jcif;wdk@a=umifh pufr_enf;
ynmoif=um;a&;udk vdt k yfcsufenf;aeao;onf[k ,lq&onf? xdk@tjyif tvkyftudik f&&Sda&;twGuf &nf
&G,faom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; tcef;u¾tenf;tusOf;r#om &Sdae
ao;onf? odk@aomfvnf; Ttqifhynma&;wGif pufr_enf;ynmoifwef; rsm;r&Sdr_a=umifh/ tv,ftvwf
wef;tqifh&Sdaom pufr_u|rf;usifolvyk fom;rsm;arG;xkwfay;Edkifa&;rSm t}uD;tus,f tuef@towfjzpfae&
onf? Tpufr_u|rf;usifolvkyfom;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tv#iftjrefzGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;twGufta&;ygaomol
rsm; jzpf=uonf?
od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHESifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;E_dif;pmv#if pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom t&nftaoG;uGm[r_
rSm }uD;}uD;rm;rm;odomxif&Sm;r_ r&SdvSaomfvnf;/ ynma&;pepf.tm;enf;csufrsm;udk tqifhjrifhwuUodv k f
ynma&;tqifhY txl;awG@=u&ygonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif tqifhjrifhynma&;Y oif=um;&ef pm&if;ay;oGif;
aom ausmif;om;OD;a&onf (4² 6) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;xm;ygonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if rav;&Sm;
EdkifiHY (7) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHY (10) &mcdkifE_ef;/ xdkif;EdkifiHY (16) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdygonf? xd@k tjyif
wuUodv k frsm;od@k axmufyHhay;r_rsm;rSmvnf; tvGefenf;yg;ygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh wuUodv k frsm;wGif

86
UNICEF, Children and Women in Myanmar: A Situation Analysis. New York, 1995.

183
"gwfcGcJ ef;ypPnf;rsm; tvHt k avmufr&Sdjcif;/ pm=unfhwdu k frsm;xyfrH rwd;k csJ@Edkifjcif;rsm; ñuH=u&ygonf? xdx k uf
ydkIqdk;&Gm;aomtajctaerSm wuUodv k fq&mrsm;taejzifh tqifhjrifhynma&;rsm;twGuf avhvmqnf;yl;
avhusifhEdkif&ef EdkifiH&yfjcm;wuUodv
k frsm;odk@ apv$wfEdkifjcif;r&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh wuUodv k f
q&mrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHwumA[kokwtqifhtwef;rsm;ESifh &ifabmifwef;trDvdu k fEdkif&ef cufcJvmygonf?
EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif avhusifhynmay;r_rSm ydkItxl;vdktyfvmygonf? ta=umif;rSm ,cif&Sdaeaom EdkifiH&yfjcm;
wGif twdwfumvu avhvmqnf;yl;cJh=u&onfh ygarmuQrsm;/ q&mtrsm;rSm touft&G,ft& tem;,l
=u&awmhrnfh tcsdefod@k a&mufvm=uaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Ttcsufonf ppftm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&; (35)
ESpfwmatmufwGif txD;usefoif;uGJaecJh&aom EdkifiHwck. 0rf;enf;zG,f&mtjzpftysufudk xif[yfazmfjyae
ygonf?
xd@k tjyif pepftwGif;Y tHh=op&maumif;aom uarmufurjy\emwckudkvnf; awG@&ygonf?
ta=umif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh txufwef;ynma&;+yD;qHk;atmifjrif&eftwGuf cufcufcJcJóu;yrf;=u
&aomfvnf;/ txufwef;ausmif;atmif+yD;I wuUokv d f a&mufygu wuUokv d fynma&;pepftwGif; vG,f
vG,u f lul jzwfoef;atmifjrifoGm;Edkifjcif;yif jzpfonf? wuUodv k fausmif;twef;rsm;wGif tcsdefjynfw h uf
a&mufaomausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh pmar;yGJrsm;atmifjrifr_E_ef;rsm;ygonf? xdk@tjyifwuUodkvfynma&;
tqifhwGif pmay;pm,l (ta0;oif) oifwef;rsm; rsm;pGm&Sdaejcif;yif jzpfygonf? (1993) ckESpfwGif tpD&ifcHpm
rsm;t& ta0;oifpmay;pm,lpepfjzifh wuUodkvfynma&;oif=um;=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh yxr
ESpfoifwef;rsm;wGif atmifjrifr_E_ef; (84) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD;/ yOPrESpfwGif atmifjrifr_E_ef; (98) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf[k
azmfjyxm;ygonf? TtcsufrSm tqifhjrifhwuUodkvfynma&;wGif oif=um;r_tqifhtwef;edrfhusaejcif;ESifh
pmar;yGJrsm;t&nftaoG;edrfhusjcif;rsm;udk azmfjyaeygonf?
ynma&;u¾wGif tqifhtwef;edrfhusvmjcif;ESifhywfoufI owday;r_taejzifhazmfjyEdkifaom
vuQ%mwckrSm/ vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; ynma&;u¾twGuf toH;k p&dwfrSm jynfwGif;pkpkaygif; xkwu f k ef
wefzdk; (*sD'DyD) tcsKd;t& avsmhenf;usqif;vmaejcif; jzpfygonf? ausmif;rsm;twGuf toHk;p&dwfbwf*suf
usqif;vmonfESifhtr# rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;rSm t&nftcsif;xuf/ ta&twGuu f dk ydkIOD;pm;ay;vm=u&yg
onf? ynma&;t&nftaoG;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tav;rxm;EdkifawmhbJ/ ausmif;rsm;ESifh &kyf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;
udo k m OD;pm;ay;wd;k csJ@aeygonf? vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; tpdk;&.ynma&;u¾twGuf toH;k p&dwf
bwf*sufrSm odod omomavsmhenf;vmonfESifhtr#/ ynma&;u¾toH;k p&dwfrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkif&ef/
uav;rdbrsm;/ &yf&Gmrsm;rSxnf0h if&r_rsm; ydkIrsm;vmygonf? ae&mrsm;pGmwGif ausmif;aqmifrsm;aqmuf
vkyfa&;/ ausmif;jyifqifxdef;odrf;r_udpPrsm;/ oif=um;r_ taxmuf tulypPnf;rsm;0,f,jl znfq h nf;a&;twGuf
yk*~vdutvSLaiGrsm;jzifh tm;ðyvkyf aqmifae=u&ygonf? rdb-q&mtoif;qdkonfrSmvnf; ausmif;ukefus
p&dwfrsm;twGuf &yf&GmtwGif;&efyHkaiGaumufcHay;a&;toif;r#om jzpfaeygonf? olwd@k taejzifh ausmif;
rsm;.pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&mudpPrsm;/ oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;a&;qGJa&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;twGuf ajyma&;qdkcGifhtenf;tusOf;
r#om &Sdygonf? TpDrHcef@cGJr_/ rl0g'rsm; tm;vHk;udk ynma&;0ef}uD;XmerS csKyfudik fxm;ygonf?

184
yHk 9? 2? ynma&;toH;k p&dwfusqif;vmr_jyyHk (jynfwGif;pkpkaygif;tom;wifxkwu f kefwefzdk;- *sD'DyD
&mcdkifE_ef;t&)
rl&if;? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. (1996-97) b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;tajctaersm;qdkif&m tpD&if
cHpm?

3.5%

3.0%

2.5%

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%
1961 1971 1981 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

xd@k tjyif ausmif;0wfpHkzdk;/ zwfpmtkyfzdk;/ tvGwu f sL&Sifausmif;p&dwfrsm; xyfrHIukefus=u&+yD;/

rdbrsm;tay: ydkI0efxkyf0efydk;zdpD; vmygonf? xl;jcm;odomaomtcsufrSm rdbrsm;taejzifhausmif;rsm;wGif
xnf0h if&aomaiGa=u;ukefusr_rsm;vmonfESifhtr# rlvwef;ausmif;om;wOD;ynmoif=um;Edkifa&;twGuf
ESpfpOf xyfrHukefus&aomaiG/ ,cifESpfuxuf (oH;k yHkESpfyHk) cef@ydkI xyfrHukef usvmcJhygonf? ynma&;twGuf
aiGukefa=u;usrsm;vmaom jy\emudak us;vufa'orsm;wGif ydkIododomomcH=u&ygonf? xdkaus;vuf
a'orsm;wGif rdbrsm;rSm uav;rsm;udk ausmif;ydk@ynmoif=um;Edkifjcif;r&Sdawmhyg? TtajctaeatmufwGif
ynma&;u¾twGuf ukefusp&dwfudk tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vdur#cHapa&;twGuf tuef@towf}uD;vmonfESifh
tr#/ Tynma&;pepfudx k def;odrf; Edkifa&;twGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;rSm yk*~vdutvSLaiGrsm;tay: ydkItm;xm;
vmae=u&ygonf? TtajctaetwGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdol rSm EdkfifiHawmftpdk;&jzpf+yD;/ ynma&;u¾twGuf
toH;k p&dwfbwf*sufrsm;ydkI csay;cGifhðyoifhygonf? ausmif;om;trsm; ausmif; xGuf=u&aomta=umif;rSm
ynma&;t&nftaoG;edrfhusvmr_onfvnf; wa=umif;jzpf+yD;/ ynma&;wGif&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;jcif;tm;jzifh jyef&
vmEdkifaom tusKd;tjrwf/ tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ud&k &SdEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkif/ ynma&;pepfwGif tus,ftjyef@csKd@,Gif;
csufrsm;&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
Z,m; 9? 1? ppftoH;k p&dwfESifh (ynma&;ESifhusef;rma&;) aygif;toH;k p&dwf &mcdkifE_ef;t& E_dif;,SOfazmfjy csuf?
1960 1990
jrefrmEdkifiH 241 222
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 207 49
rav;&Sm; 48 38
zdvpfydkif 44 41
xdkif;EdkifiH 96 71
rl&if;? UNDP, Human Development Report 1997.

t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cGJa0ae&mcsxm;oH;k pGJjcif; tjrif&_axmifhbufrS=unfhrnfqdkygu vlom;t&if;

tjrpfrsm;xkwv
f kyfEdkifa&;twGuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_vkyf&ef tajctaersm;ud/k ppftoH;k p&dwf}uD;jrifhjcif;/ xkwf

185
vkyfr_rjzpfxGef;aom ppfa&;qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif tukeftuscHaejcif;rsm;u tjrJwap[ef@wm;xm;wwfyg
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ppfwyfua&&SnftkyfcsKyfaeaom tajctaeY TtajctaeydkI jzpfapygonf? ta&S@
awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;. tpdk;&&-oH;k aiGpm&if; bwf*sufrsm;wGif ppfa&;toH;k p&dwfrsm;udk av#mch soHk;pGJvm
jcif;onf xl;jcm;aomtajctaew&yfjzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. bwf*suftajctaerSm Ed_if;
,SOfygu xl;jcm;ajymif;vJvmr_ r&Sdao;bJ jzpfaeygonf? ynma&;u¾uJo h dk@aom tajccHvlr_a&;0efaqmifr_
udpPrsm;twGuf tpdk;&.&-oH;k aiGpm&if;bwf*sufukd u¾rsm;tvdu k f jyefvnfjyifqifoH;k pGJapygu t&if;
tjrpfrsm;ydkI&&SdvmEdkifrnf jzpfonf?

ynma&;rl0g'rsm;qdkif&m aemufcHordkif;
txufwGifazmfjycJhonft h wdik f; jrefrmEdkifiHwGifpmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;jrifhrm;ygonf? TtcsufrSm
,ciftwdwu f mvrsm;uwnf;u qufcH&&Sdvmaom trsKd;om;a&;qdkif&mtarGjzpfygonf? pmwwfajrmufr_
E_ef;jrifhrm;&jcif;.ta=umif;wcsufrSm jrefrmpmayonf pum;oHukd &nf!e$ f;Ivdkufa&;aom pmayjzpf+yD;/
tjcm;aomw&kwf-wdbufbmompmay (Sino-Tibetan Languages) rsm;uJo h dk@ pmvHk;wcktay:wGif/ toH
wcktay:wGif t"dy`g,fwckxGufaom {u0Àbmompum;jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmpmayrSm tjcm;aom
pmayrsm;a&;=uovdk t&kyfpmpepfjzifha&;om;jcif; r[kwfaoma=umifh ydkIrSwf&vG,fapygonf? a&S;,cifu
jrefrmrsm;taejzifh tdENd,awmifydkif;pmayudk tajcðyarG;pm;I qifhyGm;,lvmcJh=uygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh
Asnf;ESifho&rsm;udo k Hk;um toH xGuu f dk vduk fa&;jcif;jzpfygonf? xd@k aemuf toHxGujf zifha&;aom/ a0g[m&
wcktay:wGif t"dy`g,fwckxGufaom {u0Àbmompum; (wGpJ yfbmompum;[kvnf;ac:onf) tjzpf/
pmaywcktjzpfajymif;vJ wdk;wuf,v l mjcif; jzpfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh jrefrmpmayudk vl}uD;vli,fwdkif;
rqdk a&;wwf/ zwfwwfap&efoif=um;ay;&ef tcsdefwdktwGif; oif=um;wwfajrmufap&ef vG,fulygonf?
xd@k tjyif pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;jrifhrm;&jcif;. tjcm;ta=umif;wcsufrSm Ak'<bmom,H=k unfr_ESifh
qufEG,faeaom ynma&;tay: tav;xm;r_a=umifhjzpfygonf? ynm&Sdjcif;udk vlwd@k .tod^m%fyg&rD
tjzpf zGifhqdkavh&Sd=uygonf? xdktcsufa=umifh Ak'<bmom bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;wGif apwem0efxrf;pepf
jzifh bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;pmoif=um;a&;pepfrsm;udk tpysKd;cJh=u+yD;/ a,mufsm;av;rsm;u ynmoif=um;EdkifcGifh
&Sd=uygonf? pmayoufoufr#om r[kwfbJ/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;/ vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wGif;
rnfokd@usif=h uHaexdik f&rnfqdkonfrsm;udkyg oif=um;ay;=uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH udv k dkeDacwfpD;yGm;a&; tajc
taersm;ta=umif;rSwfwrf;wifcJhol xif&Sm;aomynm&Sif a*s-tufpf-zmeDA,f. rSwfwrf;rsm;t& “vl
trsm;wGif xdak cwfxdu k mvtajctaeESifh rEd_if;,SOfomavmufatmif xl;c|efajymifajrmufr_rsm; &SdcJhonf?”
[k xdkbkef;awmf}uD;pmoifausmif;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; Ttaetxm;rSm udv k dkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;umvwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ajymif;vJoGm;&yg
onf? xdt k csdefu tkyfcsKyfcJhaom +Adwdo#ukdvdek Dtpdk;&. rl0g'rSm jrefrmEdkifiHudk pD;yGm;a&;ESifhul;oef;a&mif;
0,fr_t&zGH@òz;vmap&efESifh jyifyEdkifiHrsm;ESifh wHcg;zGifhqufqH xdawG@ap&ef &nf&G,fxm;cJhygonf? T&nf&G,f
csufa=umifhyif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_&Sdapa&;twGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfcsxm;&efvdt k yfvm
ygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh ausmif;ynma&;pepftaejzifh udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;. atmufajcESifh tv,ftvwf
tqifh0efxrf;rsm;udk jznfq h nf;cef@xm;Edkif&eftwGuf ynmwwfrsm;arG;xkwaf omynma&;pDrHudef; jzpfvmyg
onf? tqifhjrifh&mxl;rsm;udkrl rl&if;+AdwdefEdkifiHwGif avhusifhxm;+yD;vmaom +Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;twGuu f dkom
uef@owfxm;ygonf?
ausmif;rsm;udk trsKd;tpm;tm;jzifh (3) rsKd;cGJjcm;I wnfaxmifcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ
(1) t*Fvdyftxufwef;ausmif;rsm;? Tausmif;rsm;wGif bmom&yftm;vHk;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhoif=um;
ygonf? jrefrmbmomudkrl t&efbmom&yftaejzifhom oif=um;ay;ygonf?

186
(2) t*Fvdyf- jrefrmESpfbmomoifausmif;rsm;? Tausmif;rsm;wGif t*Fvdyfbmoma&m/ jrefrmpmayudkyg
oif=um;r_=um;cH bmompum;rsm;tjzpf oHk;pGJygonf?
(3) jrefrmausmif;rsm;? Tausmif;rsm;wGifrl jrefrmbmomjzifhyif vH;k 0oif=um;r_ðyygonf?
tcsKd@aomausmif;rsm;udk udv k dkeDtpdk;&uaxmufyHha=u;tjynft h 0ay;xm;+yD;/ tpdk;&uyif pDrHtkyf
csKyf=uygonf? trsm;pkaom ausmif;rsm;rSmrl &yf&Gmrsm;rSaiGa=u;axmufyHh=u+yD;/ xdak 'ocHrsm;uyif pDrH
tkyfcsKyf=uygonf? udv k dkeDtpdk;&u wpdwfwydkif;aiGa=u; axmufyHhay;onfvnf;&Sd+yD;/ tpdk;&ynma&; ppfaq;
a&; t&m&SdwOD;u yHkrSefvSnfhvnf}uD;=uyfr_&Sdygonf? a'oqdkif&mESifh òr@jytkyfcsKyfa&;udpPrsm;wGif jrefrm
bmompum;udo k m=um;cHtjzpf trsm;tm;jzifhoH;k pGJ=uygonf? t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;rsm;/ t*Fvdyf- jrefrm
ESpfbmomoifausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;+yD;vmolrsm;taejzifh wuUodv k fqufwufcGifh&=uygonf? jrefrmbmom
oufoufjzifh oifaomausmif;rsm;rS atmifjrifvmolrsm;rSm wuUokv d fwufcGifh r&=uyg?
wuUodv k frsm;rSausmif;+yD;vmolrsm;/ t*Fvdyfbmom pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifh t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ESpf
bmomoifpmoifausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;+yD;vmaomausmif;om;rsm;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGifatmufajcESifh
tv,ftvwfwef;0efxrf;rsm;tjzpf cef@tyfwm0ef ay;avh&Sd=uygonf? jrefrmbmompmoifausmif;rsm;rS
ausmif;+yD;vmaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSmrl tvkyf&&Sd&eftcGifhta&; tenf; tusOf;r#om &Sdygonf? xdkolrsm;
taejzifh aus;vufrsm;wGifausmif;q&mrsm;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ wd&dp>mefaq;ukvufaxmuftjzpf
aomfvnf;aumif;/ ajrwdik f;pma&;vufaxmuftjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; pojzifhtvkyf&=uygonf? Ttcsuf
a=umifh t*Fvdyfpmoif=um;wwfajrmufvmolrsm;ESifh jrefrmbmomoufoufom oif=um;wwfajrmufvm
olrsm;t=um;wGif uGm[csuf}uD;}uD; rm;rm;&Sdaeygonf? vufawG@wGifrl t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhoif=um;aom
ausmif;rsm;udk 0ifcGifh&&efrSm cufcJygonf? oD;oef@vufa&G;pifvlrsm;rSom Tausmif;rsm;udk wufa&mufoif
=um;Edkif=u+yD;/ xdak usmif;rsm;rS ausmif;+yD;vmolrsm;taejzifhvnf; vlxt k rsm;pkESifhuif;uGmaom oD;oef@
vlwef;pm;tkyfpk0ifrsm; jzpfvm=uygonf?
udvk dek Dacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;tapmydkif;umvrsm;/ wuUodkvfynma&;ESifhywfoufI azmfjy&v#if/
uvuwWm;wuUodv k fESifhcsdwfquf xm;aom 'D*&Daumvdyfwckudk &efukefòr@wGifpwifwnfaxmifcJhygonf?
aemufydkif; (1920) ckESpfwGif ,cif&Sd aeaom&efukef aumvdyftay:tajccHI &efukefwuUodkvfukd wnf
axmifcJhygonf? oif=um;aombmom&yfrsm;rSm 0dZm… ESifh odyH̀ynm/ Oya'ynm/ opfawm/ pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh
aq;ynm/ tif*sifeD,m bmom&yfrsm;jzpfygonf? &efukefwuUodfv k frSm atmufpzdk@'fESifh urf;b&pfcsf
wuUodv k frsm;udk twk,u l mwnfaxmifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? xdktcsdefu +Adwdo#udkvdkeDe,fwckjzpfaom jrefrm
EdkifiHrSm/ tjcm;aom +Adwdo#tdENd,udkvdek D. tkyfcsKyfa&;atmuf&Sda'orsm;ESifh Ed_if;pmv#if tvGeftrif;
ºu,f0pD;yGm;aumif;aeaoma=umifh/ xdx k ufydkI tqifhjrifhaom wuUodv k fynma&;pepfudk wnfaxmifrnf
qdkyguvnf; wnfaxmifEdkifaomtvm;tvm&Sdygonf?
&efukefwuUodkvfonf (1940) ckESpfwdik fatmif/ tm&SwdkufEdkifiHrsm;&Sd wuUodkvfrsm;wGif xdyfwef;
wuUodv k fwcktjzpf yg0ifcJhygonf? +AdwdefESifhOa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS xif&Sm;ausm=f um;aom ynm&Sif trsm;tjym;
&efukefod@k vmI ygarmuQrsm;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ q&mrsm;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; vma&mufwm0ef
,lcJ=h uygonf? &efukefwuUodkvfrS ygarmuQrsm;taejzifhvnf; rnfonfah e&ma'owGifrqdk xdyfwef;ae&m
rsm;wGif todtrSwfðy ae&may;cH=u&ygonf? &efukefwuUodkvftaejzifh tcsKd@aombmom&yfrsm;jzpfonfh
aq;ynm/ opfawmESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mXmersm;wGif ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mt& tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;r_udk xdef;
odrf;xm;&SdcJhygonf?
Tenf;tm;jzifh +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfolrsm;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHod@k acwfrDynma&;pepfudk tpðyusifhoH;k
vmcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tod@k aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tay: a0zefr_rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? a0zefr_wckrSm
Tynma&;pepfonf udv k dkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudt k axmuf tyHhjzpfap&ef &nf&G,fxm;jcif;omjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;
om;rsm;taejzifh wdik f;jynfukt d jrwfxw k fcs,fv, S fEdkifap&eftwGufom jzpfonf[kqdkygonf? udkvdek DtkyfcsKyf
a&;taejzifh pepftwGif;vlrsm;rsm;rvdt k yfonfhtajctaewGif/ ynma&;u¾wd;k csJ@r_udv k nf; tenf;tusOf;

187
om aqmif&GufcJyh gonf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;aoma0zefcsufrSm Tynma&;pepftaejzifh ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&m
oufoufudkom OD;pm;ay;xm;+yD;/ vufawG@jy\emrsm;/ ukefxkwv f kyfa&;qdkif&m jy\emrsm; &ifqdkifajz&Sif;
Edkif&eftwGuf tenf;i,fr#om tm&Hk xm;onf[k qdkygonf? txl;ojzifh pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&mynm&yfrsm;
wGif jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif Tynma&;pepfonf aiGukefa=u;usrsm;vS+yD;/ ynmwwfolrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom
vlr_todik f;t0dkif;rsm;t=um; vlwef;pm;uGm[r_udk}uD;rm;apatmif aqmif&Gufxm;ouJhod@k &Sdonf[k qdkyg
onf? xdk@tjyif t*Fvdyfpmwwforl sm;ESifh jrefrmpmomwwfolrsm;t=um;uGm[r_vnf; }uD;xGm;vmapyg
onf?
xdo k d@k ynma&;pepfopftaejzifh r&nf&G,fcJah omfvnf;/ wdik f;jynftwGuf rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdapcJhaom
jzpf&yfrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? wuUodv k ftqifhwGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhynmoif=um;a&;udk aqmif&Gufxm;cJh
aoma=umifh/ jrefrmvlxkrsm;tzdk@ acwfrDurBm}uD;ESifh acwfrDtodow k rsm;ESifh yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf xdawG@vm
Edkif=uygonf? xdk@tjyif udkvdek DtkyfcsKyfa&;udx k def;odrf;jr‡ifhwifEdkif&ef &nf&G,fxm;cJhaom xdyk nma&;pepfu
jrefrmvli,ftrsm;tjym;udk rsufpdyGifhvmapcJhygonf? xdkvli,frsm;udk EdkifiH&yfjcm;&SdEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh quf
oG,cf Gifh &vmapygonf? udv k dkeDpepf. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk jrifvm=uygonf? aemufydkif;wGif xdpk epfudk jyef
vnfwdu k fyGJ0ifEdkifap&eftwGuf jyifqifavhusifhay;ouJhodk@&Sdvmapygonf?
wckvH;k taetxm;ESifhajym&v#if udv k dkeDpepfudk tkyfcsKyfaqmif&Gufaeolrsm;rSm ynmwwftkyfcsKyf
ol0efxrf;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ xdo k lrsm;.pGrf;aqmifcsufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH.tajctaeudk em;vnfoabmayguf
vmap+yD;/ urBmtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiH.tqifhae&mudv k nf; em;vnfo&d Sdvm=u&ygonf? &efukefwuUodv k fESifh
ausmif;rsm;rSavhusifhynmoif=um;ay;vdkuf=uaomolrsm;rSaeI xufjrufaom/ bufrvdkufaom0efxrf;
rsm;udk arG;xkwfEdkifcJh=u+yD;/ óuwifcef@rSef;wGucf sufI aocsmaom Oya'pepfrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;rsm;
ay:aygufvm=uygonf? xdkpepfa=umifh yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;u¾taejzifh ydkIxdxda&mufa&muf vnfywfvkyf
udik fvmEdkif=uygonf? tu,fI jrefrmEdkifiHudk udv k dkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;a&mufrvmcJhbJ/ jrefrmrif;rsm;uom quf
vuftkyfcsKyfxm;cJhrnfqdkygu jrefrmEdkifiH.zGH@òz;r_tqifhtwef;taejzifh Ttaetxm;xda&muf&Sdvmap&ef
ta=umif;r&Sdyg? tjcm;tajctaewrsKd;jzpfaeEdkifygonf? *syefEdkifiHwGifrl xdktcsdefavmufrSmyif acwfrDzGH@òz;a&;
tpDtpOfrsm;pwifae+yD;/ atmufajcESifhtv,ftvwfwef;pm; pufr_ESifh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&Sifrsm;udk
t"duxm;arG;xkwfaecsdef jzpfygonf? xdo k dk@aomtajctaerSaeI *syefEdkifiHtaejzifh pufr_zGH@òz;aomEdkifiH
tjzpf wGef;wifEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?
(1942) ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#wdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGucf GgoGm;&aomtcg *syefrsm;u/ jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkuf
cJh=uygonf? xdt k csdefwGiftkyfcsKyfa&;tajc taeysufjym;oavmuf jzpfaeonf? od@k aomfvnf; umvwdk
twGif;rSmrl wnf+idrfr_jyef&vmatmif/ tkyfcsKyfa&;jyef&vmatmifvkyf EdkifcJh=uygonf? TtwGuft"du pDrH
aqmif&GufcJ=h uolrsm;rSm ,cifudv k dek DtkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; atmufajcESifh tv,ftvwfwef;0efxrf;rsm;
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uaom jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;jzpfygonf? Todk@jrefrmrsm;udk,fwkid f aumif;rGef/
xda&mufaomtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwckudk jyefvnfwnfaxmifEdkifcJhonfudk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh/ ynma&;pepfrSm
tvkyfjzpf/ tusKd;&Sda=umif;awG@&ygonf? tm;enf;csufrSm ynma&;pepfwckvHk;wGif wnf&Sdaejcif;r[kwfbJ/
ynma&;pepfu OD;wnfxm;aom &nf&G,fcsufwGifom tm;enf;csuf&Sdaea=umif; awG@&ygonf?
(1948) ckESpfwGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh olwkd@.tdrfudk olwd@k ud, k fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&vmcJhygonf? xdk
tcsdefwGif tpdk;&taejzifh wdkif;jynf.a&&SnfzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf jyifqifcsrSwfvkyfaqmifaomvkyfief; tpD
tpOftrsm;jym;udak qmif&GufcJhygonf? txl;ta&;ygaomudpPw&yfrSm ynma&;u¾ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
vkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf? twdwfumvu csKd@,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;udk=unhfI jyefvnfjyifqifjcif; jzpfygonf?
xdt k csdefrSpI ynma&;u¾wGif ausmif;om;trsm;udk ydkrdkIvufcHEdkif&ef ynma&pepfudk wd;k csJ@cJhyg onf?
xd@k tjyif wuUokv d fynma&;tqifhESifh ausmif;rsm;wGifyg rdrdwdik f;jynfv@l tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ydkIudu k fnDaom/
vufawG@vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk ydkjznfq h nf;Edkifaom taetxm;twGuf jyifqifcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif xdt k csdefu
wkid f;jynfzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhvnf; o[Zmwjzpfatmif ðyjyifcJh=uygonf?

188
 ausmif;rsm;ta&twGuu f dk wd;k csJ@cJhygonf? wuUodkvfrsm;wGifvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkvufcHEdkif
atmif csJ@xGifcJyh gonf? q&mtwwfoifavhusifha&;ausmif;rsm;udv k nf; wdk;csJ@wnfaxmifcJhygonf? xd@k tjyif
pufr_qdkif&mbmom&yftrsm;tjym;udkvnf; oif=um;vmcJhygonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSapv$waf omynmawmf
oiftajrmuftrsm;udkvnf; wESpf+yD;wESpf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;wuUodv k frsm;wGif ynmqnf;yl;Edkifa&;twGuf ap
v$wcf Jhygonf? ouf}uD;ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; vlxt k rsm;ynmoif=um;Edkifaompepfudk
vnf; wnfaxmifcJhygonf? &efukefwuUodv k fonfvnf; zGJ@pnf;yHkt&}uD;vmcJh+yD;/ ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&m pHcsdef
pH!$ef;Yvnf; urBm.xdak 'o tydkif;&Sd tqifhjrifhynma&;A[dkXmewcktjzpf wnf&SdcJhygonf? ynm&yfqdkif&m
Xmetopfrsm;udkvnf; xyfrHzGifhvSpfwdk;csJ@cJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh pDyGm;a&;qdkif&mpDrHcef@cGJa&;oifwef;rsm;udk
tar&duefwuUodv k fESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufwk;d csJ@cJh+yD;/ tif*sifeD,mqdkif&mbmom&yfrsm;udv k nf; qdkAD,uf
,leD,H. tultnDjzifhwd;k csJ@zGifhvSpfcJhygonf?
xdo
k d@k aqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifh ynma&;pepfrSmtqifhwdik f;wGif rsm;pGmus,fjyef@csJ@xGifvmEdkifcJhygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; xdt k csdefwdkif ynma&;pepfwGif ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mbufudkom OD;pm;ay;aeaom wrf;!$wfr_&Sd
aeygao;onf? vufawG@wGif pufr_bmom&yfrsm;ESifh tif*sifeD,mbmom&yfrsm;wGif tv,ftvwfwef;
pufr_ynm&Sifrsm; avhusifhoifwef;ay;&ef/ taxGaxGpufr_ausmif;rsm; (Polytechnic school) vdt k yfaeyg
ao;onf? Oyrmtaejzifhazmfjy&v#if xdu k mv+yD;qHk;onft h csdeftxd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tv,ftvwfwef;
pufr_ynm&Sifrsm;udk arG;xkw&f ef/ tif;pdef pufr_vufr_odyH̀ (ydkvDwufcedcf) [laom ausmif;wausmif;om&Sd
ygonf?
ynma&;wGif vlrsm;rsm;ydkI xdawG@cGifh&ap&eftwGuf tpdk;&uaqmif&GufcJah omxl;jcm;onfh vkyf
ief;wckrSm/ wuUokv d frsm;tygt0if ynma&;tqifhwdkif;Y tcrJhynma&;pepfudk jyXmef;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? T
jyXmef;csufa=umifh ausmif;aeolausmif;om;tiftm;rsm;pGm wd;k wufvmcJhonf? txl;ojzifh wuUodv k f
tqifhynma&;wGifjzpfonf? odk@aomf raumif;aomtusKd;quftaejzifh ynma&;t&nftaoG;udk usqif;
vmapcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh ausmif;0ifa=u;/ ausmif;vcay;p&mrvkad omfvnf;/ ausmif;om;rdb
rsm;taejzifh olwd@k om;orD;rsm;ausmif;wufaepOfumvtwGif; tjcm;aomukefusp&dwfrsm;udk ay;ae=u
&ao;onf? Ttcsufa=umifh aus;vufa'orsm;/ òr@e,frsm;wGifaexdkif=uaom rdom;pkrsm;/ ydkIa0;vH
acgifoDaoma'orsm;wGifaexdik f=uolrsm;twGuf epfemapcJhonf? Tp&dwfrsm;rwwfEdkifaoma=umifh uGuf
csef xm;onfEh S,f jzpfaponf?
(1962) ckESpfwGif tm%modrf;+yD;wufvmaom qdk&S,fvpfppftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;umvodk@ a&muf
aomtcg/ ynma&;u¾ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tay: jyif;xefaomtjrifrsm;&SdvmcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ,cif
umvu &efukefwuUodv k fwGif ud, k fydkif&efyHkaiG&Sd+yD;/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;udpPrsm;wGifvnf; wuUodkvfrsm;aumifpDrS
wqifh vGwv f yfpGmaqmif&GufydkifcGifh&SdcJhonf? wuUodv k frsm;aumifpDwGif ygarmuQrsm;/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh
vlxzk ufrSpdwfyg0ifpm;olrsm;/ yg0if=u+yD; wuUokv d f.qD;edwfwiG frl ygarmuQrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom ynm&Sifrsm;
jzifh yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;cJh=uonf? xdt k opfwufvmaomtpdk;&. yxrOD;qHk;aomaqmif&GufcsufrSm &efukef
wuUodv k f. oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpGmwnf&SdaecGifhudk &kwfodrf;cJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u wdkuf&dkufcsKyfudik f
aom ,EW,m;wckudkzGJ@pnf;cJhygonf? tqifhjrifhynma&;Xmersm;tm;vH;k onf ynma&;!$ef=um;r_ OD;pD;Xme.
csKyfudkifr_atmufodk@a&muf&SdvmapcJhonf?
ausmif;pepfwckvHk;wGifvnf;tvm;wl tajymif;tvJrsm;vkyfaqmifcJhonf? yk*~vduydkifausmif;
rsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfolydkifodrf;onf? rlvu omoemðyrpf&Sifrsm;rS wnfaxmifxm;aomemrnf&ausmif;rsm;/
a'oqdkif&m apwemh0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS wnfaxmifxm;aomausmif;rsm;/ (Oyrmtm;jzifh &efukef&Sd
rufo'pfausmif;ESifh trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpDrSwnfaxmifxm;aom òr@rausmif;rsm;) tygt0if jynfolydkif
odrf;cJhonf? Tvkyf&yf. tusKd;oufa&mufr_wckrSm aemufydkif;wGifxdkausmif;rSq&m/ q&mrrsm;udk tpdk;&u
vcay;vm&aoma=umifh aiGukefa=u;usrsm;vmjcif; jzpfonf? ,cifu xdq k &m/ q&mrrsm;udk rlvu

189
yk*~vdutoif;tzGJ@rsm;u vcay;cJh=uonf? TtusKd;qufa=umifh tpdk;&wGifynma&;taqmuftODrsm;
ydkrdkwd;k wufvmapjcif;r&SdbJ/ b¾ma&;0efxkyf0efydk; ydkIzdpD;vmaponf?
ynma&;. tESpftom;qdkif&moabmxm;rsm;wGifvnf; ajymif;vJr_rsm; rsm;pGm vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
Tod@k tajymif;tvJrsm;udk r=umc%aqmif&Gufavh&Sdaoma=umifh/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh q&mrsm;taejzifh
rvdv k m;tyfaom jy\emrsm;udk jyefvnfnd‡Ed_if;jyif qif&jcif;rsm; vkyf=u&onf? ynma&;oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;
qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif ajymif;vJr_}uD; (3) }udrfaqmif&GufcJh+yD;/ oif=um;r_=um;cH bmom&yfudpPrsm;wGif
vnf;aumif;/ tqifhjrifhynma&;jzpfaom wuUodkvfrsm;zGJ@pnf;yHkpepfqdkif&mudpPrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; ðyjyif
ajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhonf? qdk&S,fvpftkyfcsKyfa&; tapmydkif;umvrsm;yif vlr_odyH̀bmom&yfwGif
,Ofaus;r_ydkif;qdkif&mu¾udk oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;rS y,fzsufcJhonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. rd&dk;zvmwefzdk;xm;r_rsm;
jzpfaom &dk;om;r_/ wnf=unfr_/ }uD;oltay:&dkao av;pm;r_/ tvkyf&Siftay:xm;&Sdtyfaom 0wW&m;pojzifh
oif=um;aeaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk zwfpmtkyfa[mif;rsm;rS z,f&Sm;cJhonf? jyefvnftpm;xd;k vmaom
zwfpmtkyfopfwGif qdk&S,fvpf,Ofaus;r_ESifhavsmfnDEdkifaom t,ltqrsm;udk tpm;xdk;vmcJhonf?
ppftpdk;&vufxufwiG f ,cifucef@tyfxm;aom ynmwwftpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;ae&mwGif/ ppftpdk;&
tay:opPmcHaomolrsm;jzifh tpm;xd;k cJhonf? vufawG@wGif t&nftcsif;xuf/ opPmcHr_udkom OD;pm;ay;a&G;
cs,faomrludk jyXmef;xm;ovdjk zpfcJhonf? &dk;&m "avhxkH;wrf;t& ynma&;udOk D;pm;ay;aom tavhtxESifh
vlawmfrsm;ukt d av;xm;aom t,ltqrSm arS;rdSefvmcJh&onf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh raumif;aomtusKd;
quftaejzifh vli,frsKd;qufrsm;taejzifh ynmudkóu;pm;oif=um;vdkpdwfavsmhyg;vmcJh&onf? vkyfief;cGif
&mxl;rsm;odk@ t&nftcsif;/ 0d&d,óu;pm;tm;xkwfr_jzifh wufvSrf;vmaom tavhtxudak ysmufapcJhonf?
xdt k csufrsm;tpm; tcGifhta&;,lvkrd _ESifh ppftpdk;&tay:rsufpdpHkrSdwf axmufcHaer_rsm; jzpfay:vmatmif
wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf?
tjcm;aom t}uD;tus,af jymif;vJr_w&yfrSm jrefrmpmudk wuUokv d ftygt0if/ ynma&;tqifh
wdik f;Y oif=um;r_=um;cHbmom&yftaejzifh jyXmef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? zwfpmtkyfrsm;rxkwfvkyfEdkifaoma=umifh
q&mrsm;rSm rlvupHowfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;pmtkyfrsm;udk bmomjyefI oifcef;pmrSwfpk
tjzpf ausmif;om;rsm;udx k kwfay;=u&onf? ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; tjcm;pmayrsm;udk rzwf&_Edkifawmh
ay? a,bk,sajym&rnfqdkv#if Tod@k aqmif&GufcJhr_onf ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;a&;twGuf rnfodk@r#
tusKd;rðycJhay? xdt k jyif qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&rS tjcm;ðyvkyfcJhaom }uD;}uD;rm;rm;tajymif;tvJwckrSm
tv,fwef;tqifh ausmif;tqifhrsm;rSaeI 0dZm… ESifh odyH̀bmom&yfrsm;udk cGJjcm;oif=um;apjcif;jzpfonf?
ydkIxl;c|efonf,lqaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk ody`Hbmom&yfrsm; oif,laponf? pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeaumif;
rGefaom rdom;pkrsm;rSuav;i,frsm;onf tcsdefydkusL&Sifoifwef;rsm;udk wufa&mufoif=um;Edkif=uaom
a=umifh/ odyH̀bmom&yfrsm;vdik f;udk &&Sd&eftcGifhta&;ydkrsm;onf? Tod@k odyH̀bmom&yfrsm;wufEdkifrSom aiG0if
vrf;aumif;aom q&m0ef/ tif*sifeD,mpaom oufarG;0rf;a=umif;ynm&yfrsm;udk qufvufqnf;yl;Edkif=u
rnfjzpfonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& qdk&rnfqdkv#if qif;&Jaomrdom;pkrsm;rS uav;i,frsm;onf trSwfrsm;rsm;
r&EdkifawmhbJ/ 0dZ…mwGJ bmom&yfrsm;udk avhvmcGifh&apawmhonf? Tbmom&yfrsm;jzifh bGJ@&yguvnf;
0ifaiGenf;aomtvkyfrsm;om &&SdEdkif=uonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif tqifhjrifhynma&;pepfwGifvnf; ausmif;rsm;udx k yfcGJjyefonf? &efukefwuUodv k f
. oif=um;a&;r[mXmersm;udk rdcifwuUodv k frScGJxkwf+yD;/ t&G,ftpm;tm;jzifh ydkIi,faomwuUodv k frsm;
jyefIwnfaxmifaponf? Oyrmtm;jzifh aq;wuUodkvf/ ynma&;wuUodv k f/ pufr_wuUodkvfpojzifh jzpf
onf? xdk@tjyif 0dZm… ESifh odyH̀r[mXmersm;udv k nf; xyfcGJap+yD;/ xyfrH ydkif;jcm;r_rsm; vkyfonf? Tpepft&
ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuUodkvfyxrESpfwGif t"dubmom&yfa&G;cs,fr_vkyf=u&+yD;/ ausmif;oufwrf;
wav#mufvH;k wGif xdb k mom&yfudo k m qufvufavhvmoGm;&awmhonf? xdo k dk@aqmif&Guf&jcif;. jrifom
aom &nf&G,fcsufrSm ausmif;om;rsm;udk txl;ðybmom&yf/ {&d,mwckwnf;wGifom wpdkufrwfrwfavhvm
oGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fonf? odk@aomfvnf; trSef&nf&G,fcsufrSm ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&;ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;

190
ray:aygufvmap&eftwGuf wm;qD;&efjzpfonf? ausmif;om;rsm;udk oufqdkif&mXmeq&mrsm;. tkyfcsKyfr_
atmufwGif cGJjcm;xm;ap+yD;/ ausmif;yk&0k%fwdkif;udk pnf;urf;ao0yfap&efESifh tpDtpOfwus xdef;odrf;Edkifap
&ef &nf&G,fonf?
xd@k tjyif txl;ðywuUodv k ftoD;oD;rS arG;xkwaf y;rnfhbGJ@&ynmwwfrsm;udkvnf; qdk&S,fvpfpDrH
udef;.vdt k yfcsufESifhtnD ta&twGuf uef@owfay;onf? Tpepf. atmifjrifr_onf pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;
wd;k wufr_E_ef;ESifh qufpyfxm;onf? od@k aomfqdk&S,fvpfpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;umvwGif pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wuf
r_[lI tenf;tusOf;r#om &SdcJhonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh ynma&;pepftaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;tajccHESifh vH;k 0uif;
uGmvmcJh&onf? txl;ðywuUodv k ftoD;oD;rS ta&twGut f vduk farG;xkwvf dkufaom bGJ@&rsm;onf tvkyf
r&Edkifaom tvkyfvufrJhrsm;jzpfvm=uonf? xdyk nma&;pepfrS arG;xkwaf y;vdkufaom ausmif;om; axmif
aygif;rsm;pGmrSmvnf; ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mudk aumif;pGmwwfajrmufjcif;r&Sd=uay? xd@k tjyif t*Fvdyfpum;ajym
qdkEdkifjcif;vnf; r&Sd=uay? pD;yGm;a&;udt k "du csKyfudkifcs,fvS,fxm;aom tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; tvkyf
r&Edkif=uaoma=umifh/ aemufqHk;wGif toufarG;0rf;a=umif;twGuf arSmifcdkvkyfief;rsm;jzifh toufarG;&ol
rsm;/ vrf;ab;yvufazmif;aps;onfrsm; jzpfvm=uonf?
ausmif;q&mrsm;. tajccHvpmrSmvnf; ESpftvdkuf wefzdk;Ed_if;,SOfcsut f ajccHt&vsifvsifjrefjref
avsmeh nf;usqif;vmonf? ausmif;q&mrsm;.vpmrSm rdom;pkzlvHak &;twGuf rjzpfEdkifawmhaoma=umifh/
ausmif;csdefjyifywGif tjcm;tvkyfvkyfI tydk0ifaiG&Sm ajz&Sif;=u&onf? aemufqHk; rdrdpmoifcef;rS ausmif;
om;rsm;udkyif tca=u;aiG,lum tcsdefydkusL&Sifjy=u&onf? TtusKd;qufa=umifh tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif
oif=um;r_t&nftaoG; tvsiftjrefusqif;vmcJhonf? ausmif;om;trsm;u ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;&Sd yHkrSef
oifwef;rsm;xuf ydkI jznfhpGufavhvm&efvdktyfonf[k ,lqvm=uaoma=umifh jyifyyk*~vduusL&Sif
oifwef;rsm; r_dvdak ygufvmcJhonf? Todk@tusifhysufjcpm;aer_rsm;u ynma&;pepfae&mtESH@tjym;wGif jzpf
vmcJhonf? (e0w) ppftpdk;& tm%modrf;+yD; tkyfcsKyfaepOf ausmif;rsm;udk =um&Snfydwfxm;aom umvwGif
xdyk k*~vduoifwef;rsm;ydkI rsm;jym;vmcJh&onf?
ynma&;t&nftaoG;usqif;&Hkr#ru/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxufwGif ynma&;u¾. xl;jcm;
aomtajymif;tvJw&yfrSm ynma&;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; tus,ftjyef@csJ@xGifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf
vnf; TcsJ@xGifr_rsm;rSm ueOD;tpysKd;tqifhr#omjzpfonf? ausmif;trsm;tjym;zGifhEdkifcJhonf? tqifhjrifhynm
a&;pepfudv k nf; tus,ftjyef@csJ@xGifcJhonf? wuUokv d frsm;wGif pmoif=um;Edkifaom ausmif;om;ta&
twGurf Smvnf; wr[kwfcsif;wd;k wufvmcJhonf? Tod@k ta&twGut f m;jzifh rsm;jym;wd;k wufvmr_udk EdkifiH
wumtultnDay;a&;at*sifpDrsm;uyif todtrSwfðycJh=u&onf? Todk@ta&twGut f & rsm;jym;atmif
jrifvmr_ud/k t&nftaoG;t&qHk;&_H;usqif;&r_ESifh cGJjcm;&_jrifoifhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh wuUodv k frsm;onf
zdtm;ay;r_rsm;atmufwGif olwd@k Edkifaom0efxufausmif;om;rsm;ydkrdkvufcHcJh=u&+yD;/ wcgw&Ht&nftaoG;
xdef;odrf;a&;rludk pGef@v$wfcJ=h u&onf?
(e0w) ppftpdk;&taejzifhvnf; ,cifqdk&S,fvpftpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;twdik f; vrf;a[mif;jyefvdkuf
onf? ta=umif;rSm ppftpdk;&tay: rauseyfr_rsm;/ qef@usifaer_rsm; txl;ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;todik f;
t0dkif;wGif tus,t f jyef@&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tm%mydkifrsm;. pdk;&drfylyefcsufrSmynma&;pepfudk acsm
arG@aeap&ef vnfywfaea&;omjzpf+yD;/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;a&;udk xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;jcif; rðyay?
(e0w) ppftpdk;&. tapmydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;umvrsm;wGif tqifhjrifhynmoif=um;Edkifaom wuUokv d frsm;/
ausmif;rsm;tm;vHk;udk (3) ESpfausm=f um ydwfxm;cJh+yD;/ q&mrsm;udv k nf; A[dkEdkifiHa&;wuUodkvf (azmif}uD;)
wGif wpfvwm txl;rGrf;rHoifwef;rsm;wufa&mufapcJhonf?
trSefwGif ppftpdk;&taejzifh ynma&;u¾udk pdwf0ifpm;tav;ay;r_ tenf;i,fom&SdcJhonf? ppf
tpdk;&vufxufwiG foHk;aom vlwOD;csif;pD. ynma&;u¾toH;k p&dwfonf tjcm;ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiH
rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if enf;aeonf? umuG,fa&;toHk;p&dwf. tpGef;xGufr#om&Sdonf? xdk@tjyif tqifhjrifh
ynmrsm;qufvufoif=um;Edkifa&;twGuv f nf; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;r&Sdaoma=umifh/ wuUodkvfrsm;wGif pepf

191
wus avhusifhxm;aom q&mrsm;r&SdoavmufeD;yg;jzpfae+yD jzpfonf? ynmwwfajrmufr_tay: tajccHI
tvkyftudik f&&eftcGifhtvrf;rSm r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf? wenf;qdk&aomf ynma&;u¾wGif&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHI
jyef&vmaom tusKd;tjrwfrSm tvGefenf;onf? xdt k wGufa=umifh qif;&Jaomrdom;pkrsm;rSm uav;rsm;
rlvwef;ynmoif=um;+yD;v#if ausmif;xGufapawmhonf? xdk@twltqifhjrifhynma&;wGifvnf; ausmif;om;
rsm;taejzifh bGJ@vufrSwfukd*k%fwcktjzpfomwefzdk;xm;=u+yD;/ wu,ftodtynmwwfajrmufa&;twGuf
oif=um;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfay? TtajctaewGif ta0;oifpmay;pm,loifwef;rsm;udkom vltrsm;ydkrdk a&G;cs,f
vm=uaomvrf;a=umif;jzpfvmonf? ta0;oifpmay;pm,loifwef;rsm;wGif pm&if;ay;oGif;ynmoif=uol
rsm;rSm tcsdefjynfhausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufaomausmif;om;rsm;xuf ta&twGuyf dkrsm;aeonf? ynm
a&;pepfwckvHk;rSm tedrfhusqHk;taetxm; a&muf&Sdae&onf?

ynma&;u¾zGHŒòzd;a&;twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm;
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,EW,m;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ t"duðyvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wk;d wufr_&ap&efjzpfonf? xdt k wGuf
a=umifh zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tpDtpOfcsrSwforl sm;u &kyf0wˆK,EW,m;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡Kyf
ESHa&;udk t}uD;tus,ftav;ay;cJh=uonf? xdkodk@&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHapEdkif&eftwGuf vltrsm;udk ac|wmpkaqmif;
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vmaom&v'frSm pdwfysufzG,f&m aumif;vSayonf?
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aomta=umif;rSmvnf; ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vmjcif;ESifh vkyfom;rsm;t&nftcsif;jr‡ifh avhusifhoif
wef;ay;r_rsm;&&SdvmcJhaoma=umifh jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh TtawG@tñuHrsKd;udk *syefEdkifiHESifh pufr_zGH@òz;vmcgp
EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif awG@&Sd&onf? xdkEdkifiHrsm;. 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;umv pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;
wd;k wufr_udt k Hhrcef;wdk;wufr_tjzpf azmfjycJh=uonf? TEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh tjcm;ta&;t}uD;aom t&if;
tjrpfrsm;udk ynma&;u¾twGuf tav;ay;oHk;pGJcJh=u+yD;/ olwkd@.vlxkrsm;udk txl;ojzifh acwfopfodyH̀ESifh
pufr_enf;ynmrsm;udk avhusifhynmay;r_rsm; ðycJh=uonf? Oyrm ar*sDjyefvnfjyifqifa&;umvrSpI *syef
EdkifiHtaejzifhynma&;pepfacwfrDa&;twGuf tpGrf;ukefóu;yrf;cJh+yD;/ tjcm;Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;pmv#ifyif
ydkIynma&;tay:&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHcJhonf?
ynma&;qkdif&mzGH@òz;wdk;wufvmjcif;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_&ap&efaqmif&Guf&mwGif vlom;t&if;
tjrpfydkif;qdkif&m&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ vkyfief;rsm;Y enf;vrf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf? yxrtqifhtaejzifh pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;
vmap+yD;/ vkyftm;xnfhoGif;r_. xkwv f kyfEdkifr_pGrf;&nfudk jrifhvmaponf? wDxiG fzefwD;r_rsm; jzpfvmap&ef
wGef;tm;ay;onf? 'kwd,tqifhtaejzifh EdkifiH.vkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm; t&nftaoG;jrifhwufvmapjcif;
tm;jzifh/ &kyf0wˆKqdkif&mt&if;tjrpfrsm;. xkwv f kyfEdkifr_pGrf;&nfudv
k nf; jrifhvmaponf? &kyf0wˆKtay:csnf;
oufouf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHjcif;tm;jzifh aemufqHk;jyef&Edkifaom tusKd;tjrwfenf;vmaponf? Tod@k tm;jzifh
aemufqHk;&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_xnfo h Gif;jcif;tm;jzifh jyef&aomtusKd;tjrwfukv d nf; wd;k yGm;vmaponf? aemufydkif;
wGiftusKfd;quf (2) ckjzpfay:vmonf? wckrSm EdkifiH.vkyfom;rsm;t&nftaoG;jrifhwufvmjcif;tm;jzifh

87
Productivity of Labour and Capital

192
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tcsufwckrSm xdkEdkifiHrSxGufukefrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHwumaps;uGufwiG f rsufESmyef;vSap+yD;/ òyifqdkifEdkifr_wuf
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oabmaygufvmcJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; xdkynm&Sifrsm;u ynma&;qdkif&mzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udk tjcm;
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ae&mcsxm;a&;rl’ 88 [k vlodrsm;aeaom csOf;uyfyHkrsKd;jzifh ynma&;u¾udo k abmxm;cJh=uonf? TcsOf;
uyfyHkt& pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcsufa&;qGJolrsm;u yxrOD;qHk; ay;tyfvmaom wdik f;jynf&Sd pkaqmif;r_E_ef;xm;/ EdkifiH
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wufr_E_ef;twdik f; arG;xkwaf y;&efaqmif&Guf&onf? Ttjrift& ynma&;u¾. zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_qdkonfrSm/
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vm=uonf? xdo k dk@odjrifvm&aomta=umif;rSm &Sif;onf? wdkif;jynfwckwGif ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;
vmygu xdw k dkif;jynf. pufr_enf;ynmvnf;zGH@òz;jrifhrm;vmrnf jzpfonf? xdt k cg wdik f;jynf.pGrf;tm;pkrsm;
rsm;jzpfaom ajr}uD;/ vkyftm;ESifh aiGa=u;t&if;tESD;wdk@. xkwfvkyfEdkifr_pGrf;tm;vnf; jrifhwufvmrnf jzpf
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onf[k ,lq&onf?
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taoG;ESifhywfoufIedrfhusae+yD;/ tjcm;tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;jzpfaom vrf;yrf;/ qufoG,fa&;udpPrsm;
wGifvnf; tajccHrzGH@òz;ao;bJ &Sdaeonf? xdk@tjyifjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHv#if tusKd;
tjrwfrsm;rsm;pm;pm; &Edkifaomvkyfief;rsm; r&Sdao;ay? xdt k wGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;

88
Manpower requirement approach

193
jr‡KyfESHr_ rsm;rsm;pm;pm;&&ef qGJaqmifEdkif&ef tvm;tvmenf;onf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm tu,fI EdkifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; rnfr#yif 0ifa&mufvmapumrl/ T&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;taejzifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾/
pufr_u¾rsm;wGif rsm;rsm;pm;pm;xnfhoGif;jr‡KyfESH&ef ta=umif;r&Sday? ta=umif;rSm wdik f;jynf. ynma&;
tqifhtwef;edrfhusaejcif;ESifh vkyfom;rsm;udak vhusifhynmay;&r_a=umifh aiGukefa=u;usrsm;+yD;/ tjrwftpGef;
&Edkifacsenf;oGm;Edkifaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;taejzifh tjrwftpGef;
rsm;rsm;&Edkifaom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh wdik f;jynf.obm0ywf0ef;usifypPnf;rsm;xkwf,lok;H pGJaom udpPrsm;
wGifom ydkIoGm;Edkifonf? xdktwGufa=umifh wdik f;jynf.obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh ywf0ef;usifqHk;&_H;&r_ESifh
xdcdu k fysufpD;&r_rsm; v#ifv#ifjrefjrefjzpfvmEdkifonf?
xd@k tjyif Tod@k EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_vrf;ta=umif;tay: rSDcdkaom csOf;uyfyHk. t"dutm;enf;
csufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;vmap&ef qGJaqmifpnf;&Hk;I &if;ESD;r_rsm;vmatmif aqmif&Guf
aeaomtajctaeY tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;uvnf; tòyiftqdkif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udjk r‡ifhwifae=ujcif; jzpf
onf? TtwGufa=umifh Tvrf;a=umif;twdkif;vdkufygu jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh xdkEdkifiHrsm;udk &kyf0wˆKaiGa=u;
t&if;tESD;jr‡KyfESHr_tajctaeY vdu k frD&efta=umif; r&Sdawmhay? Ttaetxm;wGif rdrdwdk@taejzifh v#ifv#if
jrefjrefpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmaom tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;rS rwljcm;em;csufrsm;udk tao;pdwf
avhvm&ef vdt k yfvmygonf?
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tHhrcef;wdk;wufr_”[k ac:qdkae=u aomfvnf;/ uGjJ ym;r_rsm;pGm &Sdygonf? yxrtqifh0if ta&S@ajrmufzsm;
tm&SEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh *syef/ udk&D;,m;/ wdik f0rf EdkifiHrsm;ESifh 'kwd,tqifh0if ta&S@awmiftm&Spufr_xGef;opfp
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wd;k wufvma&;ESifh jyifyudak r#mf=unfah om zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mr[mAsL[mrsm;90 udk csrSwfaqmif&Guf=uygonf? xdk
EdkifiHrsm;. ynma&;u¾tay: &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ESifh usifhoH;k aomrl0g'rsm;rSm pufr_enf;ynma&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;
ESifh u|rf;usift&nftaoG;&&Sda&;zefwD;=ur_rsm;rSm wEdkifiHESifh wEdkifiHrsm;pGm uGjJ ym;ygonf?

Z,m;? 9? 2? ta&S@tm&SESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif ausmif;tyfr_tcsKd;tpm; (touftkyfpktvdu

k f
&mcdkifE_ef;xm;)
tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;tqifh tqifhjrifhynma&;
1965 1980 1995 1965 1980 1995
jrefrm 15 22 32 1 4² 7 5² 4
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 12 29 48 1 3² 6 11² 1
rav;&Sm; 28 48 57 2 4² 1 10² 6
zdvpfydkif 41 64 79 19 24² 4 27² 4
xdkif; 14 29 55 2 14² 7 20² 1
puFmyl 45 58 65 10 7² 8 33² 7
udk&D;,m; 35 78 98 6 14² 7 52² 0
*syef 82 93 99 13 30² 5 40² 3
rl&if;? UNESCO Statistical Yearbook 1997, UNESCO and World Development Report 1996,
World Bank.

ta&S@ajrmufzsm;EdkifiHrsm;rSm obm0t&udkyif obm0o,HZmwcsKfd@wJrh _a=umifh/ ynma&;u¾jr‡ifh

wifa&;udk tpdk;&rl0g'rsm;wGif xdyfwef;trsKd;om;a&;rl0g'wcktjzpfjyXmef;um =uyf=uyfrwfrwf aqmif&Guf
89
High Performing Asian Economies (HPAEs)
90
Export-led, Outward-looking Development Strategy

194
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atmifjrifr_&v'fudk =unfhyguawG@Edkifonf? xdk@tjyifpufr_enf;ynmrsm;ESifh okawoevkyfief;rsm; twGuf
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ynmzGH@òz;r_udk EdkifiHjcm;wdu
k f&dkuf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ESifh twlygvmaom/ EdkifiHwumukr`%Drsm;. pufr_enf;ynmv$J
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ESifh tqifhjrifhynma&;avhvmolausmif;om;ta&twGuf rSmvdt k yfaeaom u|rf;usifvkyfom;ta&twGuf
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a&mufrnfqdkygu/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;jr‡ifhwifrxm;bJESifh/ pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;r_r&SdyJESifh rdrdwd@k &nfrSef;xm;
aomzGH@òz;a&;qdkif&m&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk a&mufEdkif&ef vrf;yifr&Sday? Tenf;vrf;onfom rdrdwdk@taejzifh
zGH@òz;a&;avScg;xpfrsm;ay:odk@ tjrefqHk;wufvSrf;Edkifrnfv h rf;yif jzpfawmhonf?

195
ynma&;qdkif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;
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tjref&&Sda&;twGuf armif;ESifa&;tif*siftjzpf ynma&;udk t"duxm;aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf? ynma&;udk
t"duxm;aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh wd;k wufr_udjk zpfap&Hkru/ acwfrDa&;vrf;a=umif;ESifhvnf; trDvdu k fEdkifrnf
jzpfonf? TonfrSm tajccHvGwfpOf;pm;awG;ac:csufrsKd; r[kwfyg? Tae&mwGif owdðy&eftcsufrSm jrefrm
EdkifiH.twdwfu ynma&;pGrf;aqmifr_rsm;onf wd;k wufae+yD;jzpfaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH (2) ckjzpfaom xdik f;
EdkifiH/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhEd_if;pmv#if ta&twGut
f m;jzifh &v'fruGmjcm;onfudk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? xdk
twGuaf =umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh ynma&;u¾wGifxl;xl;jcm;jcm;atmifjrifr_rsm;&&eftwGuf tvSrf;ruGm
a0;onfudk awG@=u&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh twdwfu *syefEdkifiHESifh awmifud&k D;,m;EdkifiHwdk@wGif
pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_jzpfay:vmapatmif wGef;tm;ay;cJhaom/ t&nftaoG;&Sdaom vkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm;
xGuaf y:vma&;ESifh ,SOfòyifvdak om,Ofaus;r_udk ynma&;u¾wGif arG;jrLavhusifhay;&efvdktyfrnf jzpfyg
onf? Todk@aomtcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;udk ðcHiHkpOf;pm;ygu/ jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;u¾ zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;
twGu&f nfrSef;csufonf/ t&G,fa&muf+yD;aom vli,frsm;tm;vH;k udk wwfpGrf;or# ynmoif=um;apa&;
jzpf+yD;/ olwd@k taejzifh xdkodk@wwfu|rf;vmaomynma&;rS tusKd;tjrwfjyefvnf&&Sdapa&;yif jzpfonf? T
&nfrSef;csufrsm; xajrmufatmifjrifapa&;twGuf r[mAsL[mqdkif&mt"dutcsufrsm;udk aemufvmrnfh
tydkif;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?

ynma&;qdkif&m zGHΘzd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csuf

ypfrSwfrsm;
rlvwef;ynma&;
ynma&;qdkif&m r[mAsL[mrsm;twGuf udef;*%ef;qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk yxrOD;qHk;pwif
pOf;pm;&ef vdtk yfrnfjzpfygonf? u|rf;usifr_vdktyfaom vkyfief;cGifrsm;jzpfonfh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;
wGifjzpfap/ pufr_vkyfief;/ tjcm;aomvkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyfom;wOD; xdxad &mufa&muf tvkyfvkyfudik fapEdkif
&eftwGuf tenf;qHk; (10) ESpfcef@ ynmoif=um;&efvdt k yfrnf jzpfygonf? xdktwGufa=umifh rdrdwdk@taejzifh
&nfrSef;csufypfrSwfukd (2025) ckESpf tjzpf cef@rSef;xm;Edkifygonf? xdt
k csdefwGif vkyfief;cGiftwGif;0ifa&muf
vm=urnfh vli,frsm;tm;vH;k onf txufwef;ynm atmif+yD;om;jzpfae+yD[k ,lqEdkifygonf? TonfrSm
&nfrSef;csuf}uD; vGef;aom ypfrSwfxm;csufjzpf+yD;/ tqifhvdkufaqmif&GufomG ;rSom Ttajctaeudk a&muf&Sd
rnfjzpfygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh yxrtqifhtaejzifh q,fESpfwmumvtwGif;wGif vlrsm;tm;vH;k udk
rlvwef;ynma&;oif=um;wwfajrmufap&ef aqmif&Guf=u& rnf jzpfygonf? rsm;pGmaomavhvmr_rsm;t&
rlvwef;ynma&;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ xnfo
h Gif;aqmif&Gufjcif;onf/ tusKd;tjrwftrsm;qHk; jyefvnf&vmap
aom vkyfief;jzpfygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh vlwkid f;txufwef;ynm oif=um;wwfajrmufEdkifa&; &nfrSef;
csufukd aemifvmrnfhaemufxyf (10) ESpf/ (15) ESpfwGif xyfrHypfrSwfxm;I aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? ,ckvuf&Sd
umvwGif (e0w) ppftpdk;& taejzifh tajccHynma&;udk vlwdik f;oif=um;wwfajrmufEdkifa&;twGuf &nfrSef;
csufxm;aqmif&Gufaeygonf? rlvwef;ynmoif =um;Edkifaom touft&G,f&Sdonfh uav;tm;vH;k . (80)
&mcdkifE_ef;onf ouU&mZf (2000) wGif rlvwef;ynm+yD;pDwwfajrmufap&ef vsmxm;ygonf? T&nfrSef;csuf
twGuf ukvor*~at*sifpDrsm;. tultnD&,lum aqmif&Gufaeygonf? tu,fIrdrdwd@k taejzifh Tvrf;

196
a=umif;twdik f;aemufxyf (25) ESpf xyfItm;jznfhvkyfaqmifygu txufazmfjyyg&nfrSef;csufukd &&SdEdkifyg
onf?
vlom;t&if;tjrpftrsm;tjym; wnfaxmif&&SdEdkifa&;twGuf/ tjcm;aomjy\emwckrSm pmwwf
ajrmufr_E_ef;jrifhrm;ap&efESifh TE_ef;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&efjzpfygonf? tenf;qHk; pma&;wwfzwfwwf&Hk/
tvkyfjzpf&Hktaetxm;&atmif aqmif&Guf&efvdt k yfyg vdrfhrnf? (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif;u qdk&S,fvpf
tpdk;&u tus,ftjyef@aqmif&GufcJah om pmwwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ‘t’oHk;vHk; pDrHudef;rsm;a=umifh
wdik f;jynftaejzifhtusKd;jzpfxGef;cJh&aomfvnf;/ ,ckvuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom uav;rsm;ausmif;xGu=f u&onfh
taetxm;/ uav;rsm;trsm;pk vHk;0ausmif;wufzl;jcif;r&Sdonft h aetxm;wdk@a=umifh txufygtm;
aumif;csufukd jyefacszsufovdk jzpfEdkifygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh pmrwwfajrmufaponfhudpP. yifr
ta=umif;&if;jzpfaom qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emudkyaysmufatmif oHEMdXmefcsaqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf?
xd@k tjyif pmwwfajrmufvmaomolrsm;t=um;wGifvnf;/ tvkyfjzpfEdkif&Hk pmwwfajrmufr_udk qufvufxdef;
odrf;&ef vdtk yfygvdrfhrnf? xdk@tjyif vlr_todik f;t0dkif;udt
k ajccHI aqmif&Gufaom ynmoif=um;a&; vkyfief;
rsm;udkvnf; wdk;csJ@aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? rlvwef;ynma&;wd;k csJ@oif=um;&ef óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_
onftxl;ojzifhtcGifhta&;r&bJ epfemae=u&aomtkyfpkrsm;jzpfonfh wdik f;&if;om;a'orsm;ESifh a0;vHacgif
oDonfah 'orsm;&Sd uav;rsm; ynmoif=um;Edkifap&ef OD;wnfóu;yrf;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?

tv,fwef;tqifhwGif pufr_enf;ynmESifhtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;
ynm&yfqdkif&moifwef;rsm;ay;a&;
tv,fwef;tqifh twef;}uD;ausmif;om;rsm;wGif pufr_enf;ynmESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm
&yfqdkif&mynm&yfrsm; oifwef;ay;Edkifa&;twGuf txl;tav;ay;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? ocsFmESifh odyH̀
bmom&yfrsm;udk ydkItav;ay;oif=um;oifhygonf? ta=umif;rSm Tbmom&yfrsm;onf pufr_zGH@òz;
wd;k wufr_twGuf tajccHjzpfaoma=umifhjzpfygonf? rlvwef;ynmoif=um;wwfajrmufapa&;twGuf
&nfrSef;csufxm;&Sdonfh tvm;wl/ ouU&mZf (2025) wGif oifhawmfaomta&twGu&f Sdonfh wuUodkvf
ynmwwfajrmuf+yD;jzpfaom odyH̀ynm&Sifrsm;/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;/ refae*smrsm;&&Sdatmif arG;xkwfoifhygonf?
Tod@k ynm&Sifrsm; arG;xkw&f mwGifvnf; wdkif;jynf.vdt k yfcsufESifh zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_E_ef;ESifhwajy;nD jzpfoihfyg
onf? T&nfrSef;csufudk jynfah jrmufap&ef twGuf rdrdwdk@taejzifh tvkyfcGifr0if=ucif/ ausmif;om;rsm;
wuUodv k frsm;/ pufr_ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;wuf&efpm&if;ay;oGif;r_E_ef;udk jr‡ifhwif&Hkjzifhr+yD;yg? xdk
ausmif;om;rsm;udk ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mt&tm;enf;aom ausmif;om;rsm;wufa&mufEdkifa&;twGuf touf
arG;0rf;ausmif;qdkif&mynm&yfoifausmif;rsm;ESifh pufr_vufr_ausmif;rsm;wGif cGJjcm;oif=um;ap&efvnf;
ta&;}uD;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; xdak usmif;om;rsm;. ynma&;udk xdkpufr_oufarG;ausmif;rsm;jzifhyif r+yD;
qHk;apoifhyg? tjcm;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; qufvuf&Sdaeapoifhygonf? aemufydkif;wGifqufvufI taxG
axGpufr_odyH̀ydkvDwufcedcfausmif;rsm;/ wuUodv k frsm;wGif ynmvdv k m;yguqufvufoif=um;Edkifaom tcGifh
tvrf;rsm;vnf; zefwD;xm;oifhygonf?
tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; vkyfief;cGiftwGif;a&mufESifhae+yD;aom tiftm;pkrsm;udk t&nftaoG;jr‡ifh
oifwef;rsm; pDpOfay;oifhygonf? xdo k lrsm;udk vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rsm;/ tjcm;xyfqifhynma&;pojzifh pDpOf
ay;oifhygonf? ausmif;ESpfukefcsdefwGif pmar;yGJwckwnf;jzifh ausmif;om;wOD;. pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_t&nftcsif;
udqk Hk;jzwfaom/ b0uH=urRmudkqHk;jzwfaom wif;usyfaompepfrsKd; r&Sdapoifhyg? xdk ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh
olwk@d t&nftcsif;udjk yoEdkifaom tcGifhtvrf;taejzifh pOfqufrjywftuJjzwfpepfrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk
prf;oyfavhvma&;pepfrsm;/ wDxGifzefwD;Edkifaom=uHqawG;ac:r_rsm;jzpfay:vmatmif avhusifhysKd;axmifoifh
ygonf?

197
tqifhjrifhynma&; (wwd,tqifhynma&;)
rdrdwd@k taejzifh rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef;/ txufwef;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;trsm;pk ausmif;wuf
vmapa&;udk &nfrSef;csufxm; onfESifhtnD/ tqifhjrifhynma&;udv k nf;wd;k csJ@vm&ef vdt
k yfvdrfhrnf jzpfyg
onf? pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk acwfrDzGH@òz;aponfqdk&mY tqifhjrifhESifh tv,ftvwfwGiftkyfcsKyfpDrHEdkifrnfh
vltiftm;rsm;pGm vdt k yfvmrnfjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh wuUodv k ftqifhwGif avhusifhxm;aom tif*sif
eD,mrsm;ESifh pufr_ynm&Sifrsm; jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ,ckumvwGif Ttqifhrsm;Yausmif;wufa&muf
ae=uaom ausmif;om;ta&twGurf Smtenf;i,fom &Sdygonf? ,cktcsdefwGif wuUodv k ftqifhjrifh ynm
a&;Y ausmif;om;rsm;ausmif;wufa&mufr_&mcdkifE_ef;rSm (6) &mcdkifE_ef;xufyif enf;aeygonf? Ttae
txm;twdik f;onf tqifhjrifhynmrsm;wwfu|rf; aomvkyfom;tiftm;rsm;&&Sda&;twGuf tvGefenf;+yD;/
rvHkravmufjzpfp&m ta=umif;&Sdygonf? xdt k wGufausmif; wuUodv k f tqifhjrifhynma&; ausmif;wuf
a&mufol &mcdkifE_ef;rsm;vmatmif óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdt k cgrSom xdktqifhjrifhynmwwfajrmuf
+yD;aom vkyfom;tiftm;pkvnf; wd;k rsm;vmrnfjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh aemufvmrnfh (25) ESpftwGif;
(20) &mcdkif E_ef;jzpfvmatmif &nfrSef;csufrsKd;xm;&SdEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif ta0;oifynma&;wuUodv k frsm;/
pmay;pm,loifwef;rsm;vnf;xm;&Sd aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
vuf&Sdwvrf;oGm;aeaom pepftpm;/ tqifhjrifhwuUodkvfynma&;pepfudk ydkIðyvG,af jymif;vG,f
taetxm;&Sdaom/ tjcm;a&G; cs,fp&mvrf;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;Edkifaompepfudk zefwD;oifhygonf? wd;k csJ@vm
aompD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh pufr_zGH@òz;r_wdk@ESifhtwl wajy;nDtrSD vdu k fEdkif&eftwGuf vdt k yfaeaom tv,f
tvwfwef;pufr_ynm&Sifrsm;udk jznfq h nf;Edkif&ef/ taxGaxGpufr_odyH̀ ydkvDwufcedcf pufr_ausmif;rsm; rnfr#
vdt k yfrnfqdkonfudk pepfwusjyifqifwGucf sufxm;oifhygonf? aemufydkif;wGif xdkpufr_oufarG;ausmif;rsm;
udk wuUodv k fynma&;tqifhjzpfvmatmif vdt k yfcsufESifhtnD jr‡ifhwifEdkifygonf? Tod@k tqifhjrifh wuUodv k f
ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tus,ftjyef@csJ@xGif rnfqdkv#if tjcm;aomyk*~vdut&if;tjrpfrsm;rS aiGa=u;t&if;
tESD;xnfh0ifr_rsm;vnf; &SmazG&efvdt k yfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? tqifhjrifhwuUodkvfynma&;tqifhwGif
yk*~vduydkifynma&;ausmif;rsm;udv k nf; cGifhðy+yD;/ yk*~vduESifh tpdk;& yl;wGJaqmif&Gufaom ynma&;pepfrsKd;
cGifhðyapoifhygonf? tqifhjrifhwuUodv k fynma&;wGif yk*~vduydkif;rSaiGa=u;xnf0h ifr_udk cGifhðyjcif;tm;jzifh
vkyfief;xda&mufr_a&m/ omwlnDr#r_udkyg ydkIjzpfapygonf? tpdk;&axmufyHha=u;rsm;udk trSefwu,fvdt k yf
aeaom qif&Jonfah usmif;om;rsm;ESifh ta&twGut f &ud, k fpm;ðyr_enf;aeaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf axmufyHhay;Edkifygonf? ynmoifqkpepf/ aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;r_pepf/ tpdk;&ESifh
yk*~vduXmersm;rSacs;aom ausmif;p&dwfacs;aiGpepf pojzifhudkvnf; pDpOfoifhygonf? odk@rSom qif;&Jonfh
rdom;pkrsm;rS ynmawmfaomausmif;om;rsm;udk wuUodkvfwuf a&mufEdkifatmif ulnaD y;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf?
xdu k fwefaomausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeray;aoma=umifh/ tqifhjrifhwuUodv k f ynma&;&
&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; jiif;y,fcH&onfrsm; rjzpfapoifhyg?

ynma&;t&nftaoG;
,ckynma&;pepfopf. tajccHawG;ac:csufrSm b0woufwmvH;k ynmoif=um;qnf;yl;EdkifcGifh&Sdap
rnfh pepfjzpfygonf? ausmif;om; rsm;taejzifh tajccHA[kokwrsm;ESifh u|rf;usifr_rsm;&&Sdap+yD;/ vufawG@
wGifjyefvnftoHk;csap&ef/ wDxGifzefwD;r_ vkyfaqmif&efESifh bGJ@&+yD;umvaemufydkif;wGifvnf; olwd@k . tajc
taeESifhtm;avsmfpGm qufvufynmqnf;yl;cGifh&&Sda&; jzpfygonf? xdktwGufa=umifh ynma&;u¾qdkif&m
&nfrSef;csufudk ta&twGuu f def;*%ef;rsm;jzifhcsnf; csrSwfxm;&Hkr#jzifh r+yD;yg? ynma&;qdkif&m t&nftaoG;
198
udv k nf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? ynma&;u¾. t&nftaoG;udktqifhwdik f;wGif
wd;k wufvmatmifjr‡ifh wifoifhygonf? rlvwef;/ tv,fwef;/ txufwef;ESifh wuUodkvftqifhjrifh ynma&;
Xmetm;vHk;wGif jr‡ifhwif&efjzpfygonf? ynma&;qdkif&m t&if;tjrpftaxmuftulypPnf;rsm;jzpfaom
ausmif;oHk;zwfpmtkyfrsm;/ ynma&;qdkif&mtultnDrsm;/ xd@k tjyif t&nftcsif;&Sdaom q&menf;jyrsm;
pojzifhvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom ynma&;t&nftaoG;jrifhwufvmrnf jzpfygonf?
twdww f csdefu &efukefwuUodkvfonf ynma&;qdkif&mvGwfvyfcGifh&Sdaom/ ynmoif=um; avhvm
a&;udpPrsm;twGuf cdkv_&H mXme ynmcHwyf}uD;jzpfcJhygonf? xd@k a=umifh ynma&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;
r&Sdjcif;/ q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;udx k def;csKyf+yD; tpdk;&upOf;pm; awG;ac:aeonfhtwdik f; vdkufvH awG;ac:
vmap&ef yHkoGif;jcif;/ wcsdefu *k%foduQm&SdcJhaom tqifhjrifhynma&;Xmersm;jzpfonfh jrefrmEdkifiHokawoe
toif; pojzifhudk òzdcGJzsufqD;ypfjcif;/ tpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;twdik f;vdu k femaqmif&Gufolrsm;udkom qkvmbfrsm;
csD;jr‡ifhjcif; paom taetxm;rsm;onf tqifhjrifhwuUodkvfynmavhvmoif=um;a&;. tESpfom&/ 0ef;usif
wckvH;k udk zsufqD;ypfouJhodk@ jzpfapygonf? ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh jyefay;jcif;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;. pl;prf;
avhvmvdak ompdwf/ aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkr_rsm;udk ysKd;axmifay;jcif;ponfwd@k onf ynma&;pepfopftaejzifh aqmif
&Guf=u&rnfu h dpPrsm; jzpfygonf?
awG@&Sdcsufrsm;t& ynma&;pepf}uD;wckvHk;. tqifhwdik f;wGif jcpm;,dk,Gif;r_rsm; jzpfay:aeonfudk
awG@=u&ygonf? txl;ojzifh oif=um;a&;/ trSwfay;pepf/ pmar;yGJrsm;jzifh qef;ppfjcif; paom udpPrsm;wGif
tygt0ifvmbfpm;r_rsm; jzpfay:aeygonf? ausmif;q&mrsm;/ enf;jyrsm;rSm olwd@k . ausmif;om;rsm;udk
aiG,lItydkusL&Sifjyaejcif;rsm;&Sdaeygonf? Tpepfonf ausmif;om;rsm;tay: rsufESmvdkufr_tjyif/ tvGJ
oH;k pm;r_rsm;vnf; jzpfvmEdkifygonf? Tod@k ,d, k Gif;aeaom tajctaersm;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;
tajctaetay:wGif wnfaeygonf? q&mrsm;taejzifh &aomvcESifh w&dyf&dyfwufaeaom aiGa=u;
azmif;yGr_wGif vHak vmufr_r&Sd=uyg? ukefypPnf;aps;E_ef;rsm;wnf+idrfap&ef xdef;nd&‡ efvdt k yfrnft
h jyif/ vpmE_ef;
xm;rsm;udkvnf; jyefvnfjyifqifowfrSwf&ef vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? Tod@k aom tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;udk vmrnfh
umv tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;pepfopftwGif;Y cGifhðyapI rjzpfyg?

òyifqdkifEdkifr_t&nftcsif;ESifh wDxGifzefwD;r_udk wdk;wufapjcif;

jrefrmEdkifiH. zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mr[mAsL[mtwdik f; aqmif&GufaeaomtcsdefwGif/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;.
OD;aqmifr_aemufrS tpOfrSDcdkvdkufaeI rjzpfEdkifyg? tcsKd@aomudpP&yfrsm;/ u¾rsm;wGif tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;
xufomvGefEdkifaom tajctaeudk zefwD;,l=u&rnf jzpfygonf? jzpfEdkifaom tvm;tvmrsm;pGm&Sdygonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh- pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&m ZD0enf;ynm&yfrsm;91 / uGefjyLwmaqmhzf0J,m;zGH@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;92/ v,f
,moHk;pufr_ypPnf;rsm;/ od@k r[kwf tEkpdwftif*sifeD,menf;ynmrsm;93 pojzifh jzpfygonf? Ttvm;tvm
rsm;udk wGef;tm;ay;aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHwcktaejzifh wuUodv k frsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;oD;jcm;
vGwv f yfaom okawoevkyfief;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tm;ay;&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? tcsKd@aomvkyfief;{&d,m
rsm;twGuf aemufqHk;ay:enf;ynmudk trDvdu k f&efvdtk yfygvdrfhrnf? tv,ftvwfwef;tqifh pufr_enf;
ynm ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;Y yk*~vduXmersm;. yHhydk;jznfq h nf;r_vnf; vdt k yfrnfjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
ukr`%Drsm;rS rwnfwnfaxmifaom oD;oef@ynm&yfqdkif&modyH̀ausmif; rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_jzifh ygvm
aom oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm; pojzifh jzpfygonf? taxGaxGpufr_bmom &yfrsm;oif=um;aom ydkvDwufcedcf
ausmif;rsm;tjyif/ txl;ðyoufarG;ynmausmif;rsm;wGif tcsKd@aom bmom&yfrsm;udk txl;ðyoif=um;
avhusifhay;&efvnf; vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh aqmhzf0J,m; ta=umif;oif=um;aom odyH̀ausmif;rsm;/

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Agri-bio-technology
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Computer Software Development
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Pricision Engineering

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rnf? xdkpufr_ynmoifausmif;rsm;. pHcsdefpH!$ef;owfrSwfjcif;udk wEdkifiHvHk;wajy;nD jzpfap&efvnf; owfrSwf
aqmif&Guf&ygvdrfhrnf?

ynma&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;twGuf r[mAsL[mqdkif&mwGef;tm;ay;r+

ynma&;qdkif&m t&nftaoG;udk jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHqdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufwiG f&SdpOfu ynma&;tqifhtwef;tuJjzwfr_ESifhywfoufI jrefrm
EdkifiH. ynma&;udkEdkifiHwum tqifhtwef;ESifh pHxdk;tuJjzwfp&mrvdka=umif; a0zefajym=um;cJh+yD;/ jrefrm
EdkifiH.ynma&;tqifhtwef;onf EdkifiH.vdt k yfcsufESifh trsKd;om;a&;vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfr_tay:rSmom
tuJjzwf&ef vrf;vGq J Hk;jzwfcJh=uonf? Todk@aomqifajcrsKfd;onf vGwv f yfyGifh vif;aomywf0ef;usifY rdrd
vlrsKd;rsm;.pGrf;aqmifcsufukd jr‡ifhwifEdkifa&;twGuq f kdonfrSm rjzpfEdkifyg? urBmay:wGifòyifqdkifr_jyif;xefae
aom aps;uGuYf jrefrmEdkifiHrSxkwfuek frsm; ae&m&&efqdkonfrSm/ jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;tqifhtwef;udk urBmh
tqifhrDjzpfa&;twGuf &nf&G,fcsufxm;rSom jzpfEdkifygonf?
Ttaetxm;wGif EdkifiH&yfjcm;Yynmavhvmoif=um;a&;twGuf ynmoifqk paumvm;&Spf xm;
&Sda&; pepfonf ta&;}uD;vmygonf? enf;jyq&mrsm;ESifh okawoeðyolrsm;udk qufvufavhusifhay;Edkif&ef
twGu/f urBmt&yf&yf&Sd oif=um;a&;wuUodv k frsm;odk@ ydk@&ef/ okawoeXmersm;odk@ydk@&ef EdkifiHawmfynmoif
qkrsm; pDpOfzefwD;oifhygonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif avhusifhxm;aom/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGifynmoif=um;xm;aom
ynm&Sifq&mrsm;csKd@wJhonfu h dpPonf wdik f;jynfzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;udpPtwGuf vuf&SdumvwGifa&m/ aemif
tem*wfwGifyg &ifqdkifajz&Sif;=u&rnfu h dpPjzpfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHawmfynmoifqktpDtpOfudk
csJ@xGifapoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;xHrS TuJhod@k ynma&;udpPrsm;ESifh&nf&G,fI tultnDawmif;
cHoifhygonf? oifhawmfaomausmif;om;rsm;a&G;cs,fEdkif&efESifh ynmawmfoifapv$wfEdkif&ef tpDtpOfrsm;
aocsm csrSwfoifhygonf?
xd@k tjyif owdðy&eftcsufwckrSm jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;tqifhtwef;udk EdkifiHwumtqifhrDatmif
jr‡ifhwifrnfqdkygu/ atmuftajctqifhrSpI ynma&;t&nftaoG;udk pepfwusjr‡ifhwifay;jcif;r&SdyJ rjzpfEdkif
ay? Todk@t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifaom r[mAsL[mrsm; wGif rsm;pGmaomavhvmr_rsm;t& avhvmoif=um;r_
t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfaom zwfpmtkyfrsm;ESifh oif=um;r_taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm;tay: ESpfpOftoH;k p&dwf udk
wd;k wufoHk;pGJjcif;tm;jzifh jyefI&vmaom&v'f ydkIaumif;onfukad wG@=u&ygonf? ,cktcgwGif ausmif;
rsm;pGmY zwfpmtkyfrsm;a0jcrf;r_rSm vHak vmufaphiSr_ r&Sdyg? aumif;rGefaompm=unfhwdkufpepfrsm;udk
ausmif;rsm;wGifa&m/ &yfuGufrsm;wGifygxm;&SdI pmtkyfiSm;&rf;Edkifaom pepfw&yfudk óu;pm;pDpOfoifhygonf?
xd@k tjyif oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;ESifhywfoufaom jyefvnfoH;k oyfr_rsm; aqmif&GufI/ ,ae@vuf&SdumvESifh oifh
avsmaf om ynma&;pepfudk ausmif;om;rsm; &&Sdoif,lEdkifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd qef;ppfapoihfygonf? xdk@tjyif
ausmif;oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;rsm;wGif rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;wdrf;!$wfr_udkrS tajcrcHxm;onf/h pDppfydkif;jcm; qifjcif
wwfaomawG;ac:r_udjk r‡ifhwifay;onfhynma&; pepfjzpfvmatmif aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?
xd@k tjyif ynm&nft&nftaoG;jrifhwufvmap&eftwGuf tjcm;ta&;}uD;aom r[mAsL[mwck
rSm q&mrsm;udk avhusifhysKd;axmifay;a&;ausmif;/ Xmersm;wd;k csJ@ zGifhvSpfa&;jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif q&mrsm;
twGuf rGrf;rHavhusifah &;oifwef;rsm;. t&nftaoG;a&m/ xda&mufr_udkyg wdk;wufapoifhygonf? b¾m
a&;t& tcuftcJ&SdEdkifaomtajctaewGif q&mrsm;/ enf;jyrsm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;twGuf vuf&Sd&Sdaeonfh
ausmif;/ Xmersm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;jcif;/ ynma&;Xmeudk tajctaeESifhvdu k favsmnDaxGjzpfr_udk jyef
vnfppfaq;apjcif;enf;tm;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif pepftwGif;&Sd oif=um;a&;q&mrsm;ESifh tkyf
csKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;tcsKd;udk twd;k tavsmðh yI aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyif q&mrsm;.pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nf

200
aoG; jrifhvmap&eftwGuf tpdk;&taejzifh oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ q&mrsm;. wm0efESifht&nftaoG; wd;k wuf
vmr_tay: tajcðyI ajz;ajz;csif;vpmrsm;wd;k wufay;jcif; ponfeh nf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
trSefwGif ausmif;om;-q&mtcsKd;tpm;rSm wajz;ajz;csif;usqif;vmaeygonf? xdk@tjyif ausmif;
pmoifcef;rsm;t&G,ftpm;rSmvnf; xdef;odrf;pDrHEdkifaom taetxm;jzpfvmygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh (1996)
ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;-q&mtcsKd;tpm;rSm rlvwef; tqifhwGif ausmif;om; (33) OD;xufenf;aom tajc
taewGif q&mwOD;&Sdygonf? TtcsKd;tpm;onf tjcm;aom ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfEdkifaom
tcsKdf;jzpfygonf? tjcm;aomta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pmoifcef;tcsKd;tpm;rSm ysrf;r#tm;jzifh (25-40)
=um;&Sdygonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; rlvwef;jyq&mrsm;.vpmrSm/ EdkifiHawmfrS rlvwef;ynma&;twGuf
oH;k pGJaiG pkpkaygif;. (87) &mcdkifE_ef;txd jrifhwufvmcJhygonf? tjcm;axmufjyEdkifaomtcsufrSm q&mrsm;
avhusifht&nftaoG;jr‡ifhoifwef;rsm;ay;r_tay:Y ydkIoHk;pGJvma=umif;ajymEdkifygonf?

oif=um;r_=um;cH bmompum;
tjcm;aom ta&;ygaomudpPwckrSm oif=um;r_=um;cH bmompum;udpPjzpfygonf? ausmif;om;
rsm;taejzifh olwkd@yxrOD;qHk; pwifavhvmoifhaom bmompum;onf rdcifbmompum;yif jzpfygonf?
Tenf;tm;jzifh olwdk@.&dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk xdef;odrf;Edkifrnfhwckwnf;aom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf? odk@aomf
vnf;EdkifiHtwGif;wGif rwluJjG ym;aomvlrsKd;pk wdik f;&if;om;rsm;&Sdaeygonf? bmompum;t&vnf; uGjJ ym;ae
=uygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif Twdik f;&if;om;vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf wckESifhwckpD;yGm;a&;t&/ vlr_a&;t&/
EdkifiHa&;t& ul;vl;qufqHae=u&ygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh wEdkifiHvH;k twdkif;twmESifh toH;k ðyEdkifaom
bmompum; wck&Sdv#ifydkaumif;ygrnf? xd@k tjyif a'otoD;oD;&Sduav;rsm;tm;vH;k udk xdkbmompum;
oif=um;ay;&efvnf; vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? xif&Sm;aom taetxm;rSm jrefrmbmompum;udkyif toH;k ðya&;
jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sdvltrsm;pku od&Sd em;vnfajymqdkaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
Tod@k a&G;cs,fr_wGif jrefrmpum;udrk dcifbmomtjzpfajymqdkaaom uav;i,frsm;twGufydkI tcGifhta&;
&zG,f&m&Sdygonf? tjcm;aomwdkif;&if;om;uav;rsm;rSm olwd@k .rdcifbmompum;tjyif jrefrmbmom
pum;udkyg tydkoif,l&rnfjzpfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh Todk@taetxm;rS uGm[r_ rjzpf
ay:apa&;twGuf xdef;ndr‡ _rsm; aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmuav;i,frsm;udk tjcm;aom
wdik f;&if;om;bmompum;wckckoif=um;apjcif;/ odk@r[kwf tjcm;aombmom&yfwckckoif=um;apjcif;
aqmif&Gufapoifhygonf?
tjyif;txefòyifqdkifae=uaom urBmhtajctaewGif jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;wdk;wufapa&;qdkonfrSm/
tjcm;urBmt&yf&yf&Sd vlrsm;rnfok@d aqmif&Gufae=uonfudk ae&mXmewdkif;/ bmom&yfwdik f;wGif avhvm=u
&rnfjzpfygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh rdrdwdk@taejzifhtenf;qHk; urBmay:wGifajymqdkae=uaom bmompum;
wckckudk wwfajrmufu|rf;usifatmif oif=um;&efvdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfolrsm;taejzifh
t*Fvdyfbmompum;jzifh u|rf;0ifaeonfrSm &mpkESpfwckausmf+yD jzpfygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh t*FvdyfpmrSm
obm0t&udyk if wuUodv k frsm;ESifh ausmif;rsm;wGif 'kwd,bmompum;wcktjzpf a&G;cs,fIoif=um;ay;&ef
vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; tpdk;&taejzifhxdxda&mufa&mufvkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfrnf
jzpfygonf? vdt k yfygu tultnD&&SdEdkifaom EdkifiHwumt&if;tjrpfrsm;rSaeI enf;ynmESifh aiGa=u;
axmufyHhr_rsm; &,laqmif&Guf&ef vdt k yfvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm t*Fvdyfpmudk (15) ESpfausmf=um
tav;ay;r_jywfawmufaecJh+yD;rS Trl0g'twdkif;jyefvnftaumiftxnfazmfrnfqdkygu rsm;pGmaom tcuf
tcJrsm;awG@ñuHEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif t*Fvdyfpmwwfu|rf;r_ESifhywfoufI aus;vufESifh òr@jy
rsm;&Sd pmoifausmif;rsm;=um;wGifvnf; uGm[r_rsm;&Sdaeygonf?
xd@k tjyif t*Fvdyfpmudk wuUodkvftqifhynma&;wGif oif=um;r_=um;cH bmompum;tjzpfxm;I
oH;k pGJapoifhygonf? ta=umif;rSm jrefrmbmompum;tm;jzifh oH;k pGJoif=um;jcif;tm;jzifh aiGukefa=u;us

201
ydkrsm;&ef&Sdonft
h jyif/ oif=um;a&;Yvnf; rjzpfEdkifavmufatmif tcuftcJ&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? qdkvdk
onfrSm txufwef;tqifh&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;rS wuUodv k fqufwuf&eftwGuf &nfrSef;csuf&Sdonf qdkv#if
t*Fvdyfpmudk roifrae&bmom&yfwcktjzpf oif=um;&efjzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; t*Fvdyfpmudk tqifhjrifh
wef;jzpfonfh pufr_enf;ynmausmif;rsm;/ aumvdyfrsm;wGif oif=um;r_=um;cHbmompum;tjzpf rjzpfrae
oH;k pGJ&rnf[k rqdkvdkyg? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdak usmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;trsm;pk oif=um;wufa&muf
Edkifap&eftwGuf jzpfygonf? xdkolrsm;udk jrefrmbmompum;ESifhyif oif=um;ay;I jzpfEdkifygonf?
ynma&;qdkif&mokawoeðycsufrsm;t& i,f&G,faomuav;rsm;. bmom;jcm;pum; topfoif
=um;vufcHEdkifr_rSm/ t&G,fa&muf+yD;olrsm;/ vl}uD;rsm;ESifh rnfod@k r#uGmjcm;r_ r&Sdonfudk awG@=u&ygonf? xdk@
tjyif rlvwef;wpfwef;tqifhuav;rsm;wGif t*Fvdyfpmudkpwifoif=um;ay;Edkifrnfh t&nftcsif;&Sdaom
q&mrsm;&Sm;yg;aeonfudk awG@=u&ygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh aemifvmrnfu h mv (10) ESpf od@k r[kwf
xdx k ufydkaomtcsdefwGif uav;rsm;udk rlvwef; (4) wef;rSpwifI t*Fvdyfpmoif=um;Edkifatmif &nf&G,fjyif
qifoifhygonf? Ttouft&G,fwiG f uav;rsm;rSm bmomjcm;pum;topfwckudk vufcHoif=um;Edkif&ef
vHak vmufaomtouft&G,fa&mufae+yD jzpf+yD;/ rdcifbmompum;ESifhywfoufaom wpHkw&maom tajccH
udv k nf; em;vnfoabmaygufae+yD jzpfygonf? rlwvef; (4) wef;rS/ txufwef; (10) wef;txd (7) ESpf
wm t*Fvdyfpmoif=um;r_rSm xdak usmif;om;wa,muftwGuf t*Fvdyfpmudk tvkyfjzpf&HkA[kokw&Sdae+yDjzpf
ygonf? pufr_enf;ynmqdkif&m bmom&yfrsm;udk zwf&_oabmaygufEdkif+yD;/ tjcm;olrsm;ESifhvnf; xdxd
a&mufa&mufqufqHEdkif+yDjzpfygonf? txufwef;aESmif;ydkif; twef;}uD;rsm;ynma&;wGif t*FvdyfpmudkydkI
=uyf=uyfrwfrwfoif=um;ap+yD;/ wuUodv k fr0ifciftqifhtxd Ttwdik f;aqmif&Gufapoifhygonf?

ynma&;qdkif&m ukefusp&dwfrsm;ESifh yk*~vdutoif;tzGJ@rsm;. tcef;u¾

wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;tpDtrHatmufrSmyif/ ynma&;qdkif&maxmufyHhay;r_rsm;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&
taejzifh ta&;}uD;aomtcef;u¾rS &SdaeonfqdkonfrSm oHo,&Sdp&rvdak omtcsufjzpfonf? tpdk;&
taxmuftyHhrsm;taejzifh ynmoif=um;tcsdeft&G,f vli,fwdik f;udk tqifhwckr[kwfwckY oif=um;Edkifap
&eftwGuf pDpOfay;&rnfjzpfonf? ynma&;udk vlwkid f;wajy;nD cGJjcm;uef@owfr_ESifh óuwifqHk;jzwfuef@owf
csufrsm;r&Sdap&yJ tus,ftjyef@&&Sdap&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@qdkjcif;tm;jzifh ynma&;qdkif&mY
yk*~vdutcef;u¾udkypfy,fjcif; r[kwfyg? qdkvdo k nfrSm yk*~vduvkwOD;csif;pDaomfvnf;aumif;/ tzGJ@vdu k f
aomfvnf;aumif; ynma&;vkyfief;twGuf ausmif;rsm;wnfaxmifjcif;/ wuUodv k frsm;wnfaxmifjcif;udk
cGifhðyoifhygonf? xd@k tjyifxdo k dk@aqmif&Gufvmapa&;twGuf tm;yifay;oifhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; xdak usmif;
rsm;wGifoif=um;r_ ynma&;t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;ap&efom }uD;=uyfppfaq;&rnfjzpfygonf? ,ckvuf&Sd
avhvmr_. EdkifiHawmfzGH@òz;wd;k wufapa&;twGufenf;vrf;&Sm csOf;uyfyHkrSm ynma&;u¾udw k d;k wufap+yD;/
EdkifiHwGif;&Sdvkyfomrsm;. pufr_enf;ynmtqifhudk jrifhvmap&eftcsufudk t"dutajccHxm;I t=uHðyae
jcif;jzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;xm;apvdyk gonf? aemifvmrnfh ESpf (20) umvvH;k vHk; T&nfrSef;csufjynfah jrmuf
atmifjrifapa&;twGuaf qmif&Guf&ef tav;ay;oifhygonf?
owdðyp&mtcsufrSm +Adwdo#ukdvdek DtkyfcsKyfa&;umvwGif vli,fv&l G,frsm;ynmwwfajrmufEdkifa&;
twGuf yk*~vdutcef;u¾rS txl;yHhydk;ay;cJhonfqdkaom tcsufjzpfygonf? xdu k dpPwGif ausmif;trsKd;rsKd;&SdEdkif
ygonf? tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;[kac:aom tpdk;&u aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;xm;onfhausmif;rsKd; &SdEdkifyg
onf? xd@k tjyifausmif;rsm;wnfaxmifI a'oqdkif&muaxmufyHhaom/ Oyrm tm;jzifh &yf&GmjrLeDpyg,fESifh
c&dkifaumifpDrsm;rSaxmufyHhaom ausmif;rsm;/ xd@k tjyif tpdk;&ESifhroufqdkifaom trsKd;om;ynma&;
aumifpDrSzGifhxm;aom trsKd;om;ausmif;uJhod@k aom ud, k fxludk,fausmif;rsm;/ xdk@tjyif rdrd&yf&GmrS wnf
axmifaom/ odk@r[kwf tvSL&SiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwnfaxmifaom ausmif;rsm;- Oyrmtm;jzifh Ak'<bmom
pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifh txdrf;trSwfausmif;rsm; &SdEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyif c&pf,efomoemðytoif;rsm;rS wnf

202
axmifaom/ pDrH}uD;=uyfaom rpf&Sifausmif;rsKd;vnf;&SdEdkifygonf? Tausmif;rsm;teuf jrLeDpyg,fausmif;rsm;
ESifh c&dkifaumifpDrsm;rSaxmufyHhaomausmif;rsm;rSm tcrJhynmoif=um;ay;=u+yD;/ jrefrmbmomoufoufjzifh
oif=um;=uygonf? tjcm;usefaomausmif;rsm;rSm tpdk;&u wpdwfwydkif;axmufyHh+yD;/ ynma&;!$ef=um;r_
OD;pD;Xmeu }uD;=uyfn$ef=um;r_atmufwGif aqmif&Guf=u&ygonf? tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGifyif
tpdk;&uukefusp&dwfrsm; axmufyHhaomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;vcaumuf,lygonf? rdbrsm; u
wpdwfwydkif;uscHapaomyHkpHjzpfygonf? TuJo h dk@ aomynma&;pepf. tm;enf;csuf&v'fwckrSm
aus;vufaetus,ftjyef@aomvlxrk sm;. ynma&;twGuf vspfvsL&_xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? xdo k lrsm;rSm
ynmoif=um;cGifhr&=uyg? aus;vufaevlxkrsm;. uav;rsm;rSm ta&;-tzwf-twGuf ‘t’oH;k vH;k ynm
a&;udk tESH@tjym;&Sdaeaom bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;Yom oif=um;=u&ygonf?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif; ygvDreftpdk;&wufvmaomtcg EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ynma&;pepf wck
vH;k . b¾ma&;axmufyHha&;udk wm0ef,lcJhygonf? ausmif;pepfrsm;udv k nf; tpkd;&axmufyHhxm;aom
ausmif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;ausmif;rsm;udk wajy;nDjzpfatmif jyef vnfjyifqifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&
taejzifh,cifuwnf;u&SdcJhaom omoemðyrpf&Sifausmif;rsm;/ ud, k fxul dk,fxausmif;rsm;udkrl yk*~vdu
taejzifh/ tpkd;&taxmuftyHhrygbJ qufvufwm0ef,l&ef cGifhðyxm;ay;cJhonf? qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxuf
wGifrl yk*~vduausmif;rsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufI tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfaomausmif;rsm;tjzpfod@k ajymif;vJcJh
onf?
vmrnfhynma&;pepfopfatmufwiG f ,cifutpdk;&taxmuftyHhwpdwfwydkif;&&SdcJhaomausmif;
rsm;/ tpdk;&taxmuftyHh r,laomyk*~vduausmif;rsm;tm;vH;k onf ynma&;0ef}uD;Xme. tkyfcsKyfr_
atmufwGif &Sdoifhonf? yk*~vdutoif;tzGJ@rsm;jzpfaom tpdk;&ESifhroufqdkifaomtzGJ@rsm;jzpfonfh vlr_a&;
toif;rsm;/ bmoma&;qdkif&mtoif;rsm;udkvnf; tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;ESifhtòyifynma&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif
&Gufap&ef tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyoifhonf? odk@aomfvnf; uav;rsm;tm;vHk; rlvwef;ynm+yD;qHk;onftxd
ynmoif=um;Edkifa&;rSm tpdk;&tay:wGif t"duwm0ef&SdaevdrfhOD;rnf jzpfonf? yk*~vduausmif;rsm;taejzifh
tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifh ynma&;axmufyHhay;r_rsm;aqmif&GufEdkifaomfvnf;/ òr@rsm;ESifh òr@}uD;rsm;wGifom
aqmif&GufEdkif=uvdrfhOD;rnfjzpfonf? wbufwGifrl tpdk;&taejzifh vuf&Sdynma&;pepfESifh tus,t f jyef@
wnf axmifxm;aomausmif;rsm;udyk ifqufvufxdef;odrf;xm;&ef vdt k yfvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? od@k rSom ynm
a&;tcGifhta&;udk tus,t f jyef@vlwdik f;&&SdcHpm;Edkif+yD;/ vltzGJ@tpnf;&Sdvlwef;pm;ra&G;/ ynmqufvufoif
=um;vdak omolrsm;twGuf oif=um;avhvmEdkifcGifh&ap&rnf jzpfonf?
od@k aomfvnf; ,ckvuf&SdpepfwGifusifhoHk;aeonfh ynma&;pepfwckvHk;wGif tcrJhynma&;qdkonf
rSm a&&Snfxdef;odrf;Edkif&eftwGuf vG,u f lrnfr[kwfay? rdbrsm;taejzifh olwkd@.om;orD;rsm;twGuf ynm
a&;qdkif&maxmufyHhay;r_wGif wpdwfwydkif;wm0ef,loifhonfqdkaom tcsufukd todtrSwfðy&ayrnf?
txufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;tjyif rdbrsm;xHrStvSLxnfh0ifaiGrsm;&&Sdap&ef v_H@aqmfpnf;&Hk;jcif;/ vlxrk sm;udk
v_@H aqmfpnf;&Hk;jcif;rSm jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_obm0ESifhudkufn+D yD;/ ynma&;twGut f oifhawmfqHk;ESifh tjzpfEdkifqHk;
b¾maiG&Edkifonfv h rf;jzpfygonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh ynma&;udt k av;xm;avh&Sd=u+yD; “odyH̀orRH
"meH ewW”d [kqdkavh&Sd =uygonf? t"dy`g,frSm pufr_ody`Hynmtm;jzifh&vmaomtusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh wlaom
tusKd;pD;yGm;r&Sd[k t"dy`g,f&ygonf? ynma&;twGuv f SL'gef;jcif;/ tjcm;aomolrsm;udk ynmoif=um;Edkif&ef
axmufyHhay;jcif;wdk@rSm tvSL&Sifrsm;twGuf ukokdvfrsm;pGmjzpfaponf[k ,lqxm;=uygonf? rdbrsm;om
ru/ tjcm;aomomrefjynfolrsm;yif ynma&;twGuf vSL'gef;=uayvdrfhrnf? xdkod@k ynma&;twGuf tvSL
xnf0h ifvmapa&;twGuf tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyoifhayonf?

203
wuUodkvfrsm; jyefvnfpkzGJ@a&;
,ckzGJ@pnf;yHk&Sdaeonfh cGJjcm;xm;aom/ bmom&yfrsm;tvdu k ftxl;oD;oef@ðyxm;aom wuUodkvf/
odyH̀rsm;udk bmom&yfwckESifhwck tcsdwftquf/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_r&SdyJ jzpfae&aomtaetxm;udk
jyefvnfjyifqifoifhygonf? wuUokv d frsm;toD;oD;onf ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif uGjJ ym;aeaom ausmif;y&d0k%f
rsm;udk ausmif;,lepf}uD;rsm;tjzpf jyefvnfpkpnf;+yD;/ ukefusp&dwfoufomapaom/ rdrdbmomb¾maiG jznfh
wif;&ef jzpfEdkifaomtaetxm;udk aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif A[dkcsKyfudik fr_t}uD;tus,f,ljcif;
rsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;apoifh+yD;/ rdrdbmomoD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&GufEdkifaom/ rdrdbmom udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sd
aom wuUodv k f/ oufarG;ody`Hrsm;tcsif;csif; rdrdausmif;. *k%faumif;owif;twGuf tòyiftqdkifaqmif&Guf
apjcif;rsKd; jzpfoifhygonf? EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; rdrdvdkvm;OD;pm;ay;csufrsm;omrubJ/ xdak usmif;
rsm;. pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nftay:rlwnfI taxmuftyHhrsm;udk cGJa0owfrSwfay;jcif;/ nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;
ðyoifhygonf?

vkyfief;u|rf;usifaooyfr_udk txl;ðyaomtusifhudk trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_wck jzpfvm

apa&;ESifh topfaomEdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf ay:xGef;vmapa&;
jrefrmwdk@onf/ ,ckvmrnfah cwfwiG f tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh,SOfòyifa&mif;csEdkifatmif/ rdrdwdk@. vkyf&nf
udik f&nf tqrwefwd;k wuf aumif;rGefvm+yD;/ u|efawmfwdk@ðyvkyfa&mif;csonfh ypPnf;rsm;/ xGuu f kefrsm;u
vnf; aooyfaumif;rGefI tjcm;olrsm;xuf omvGefonfh ypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfEdkif&ef vdt k yfygonf? wcgu
*syefypPnf;rsm;rSm vSyaomfvnf;/ toH;k rcH/ t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;onf[k tajymcHcJh&onf? *syefum;qdkv#if
xkwv f kyfcgpu r0,fvdk=u? tDwmvDvkyf zd,ufum;/ t*FvefEdkifiHvkyf atmf pwifum;/ tar&duefvkyf zdk@'f
um; ponfwkd@vd/k t&nftaoG; tqifhjrifh/ cdkifcHhr_/ aumif;rGefr_wGif rrD[kxifcJh=uonf? ESpfaygif;tawmf =um
,if;tjrifaysmufoGm;atmif/ pm;oHk;olrsm; vufcHEdkifatmif t&nftaoG;wd;k wufaumif;rGefa&;/ cdkif
cef@a&;wdk@udk *syefum;ukr`%Drsm;u tm;oGefaqmif&GufcJ&h ygonf? ,if;odk@aqmif&GufaomtcgrS *syefum;
onf vS&HkbJ/ a&&SnftoH;k rcH qdkaom t,ltqpGJaysmufcJh&ygonf?
ydkIeD;pyfaomOyrmjy&v#if/ u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHonf tpOftvmt&/ qefaumif;rsm;jzpfonfh Oa&my
(1)/ Oa&my (2) paom Oa&mywdu k fodk@ pm;oHk;qeftjzpfydk@ay;&aom EdkifiHonf/ u|efawmfwdk@twGuf
taumif;qHk;aom&mausmfrsKd;aphrsm;udk vufcH pdkufysKd;onfrSpI rsKd;aumif;rsm; ysufpD;ukefum/ qefpyg;
tnHu h do
k m xkwfvkyfEdkifaomEdkifiHb0od@k ul;ajymif;cJh&ygonf? xdik f;EdkifiHxkwfqefu qefaumif;pm;oHk;olrsm;
t=um;wGif/ ysKdwdik f;óuufwJhESif;qDcdkif jzpfvmcJh&ygonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf vGefcJh aomtESpf (30-40) twGif;
&Sd&if;pGJ t&nftaoG;udk xdef;odrf;rxm;Edkifonftxd jzpfvmcJh&ygonf?
*syef.Oyrmudk,lI/ u|efawmfwd@k . ukefxkwv f kyfief;udk urBmwGif,SOfòyifa&mif;cs&mwGif/ t&nf
taoG;aumif;rGefpH0ifonfh ypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfonf[lI emrnfxifay:vmap&ef vdkygonf? xd@k a=umifh
u|efawmfwd@k onf v,f,mpdkufysKd;aomEdkifiHrS wqifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;od@k ajymif;vJxlaxmif&mwGif/ t&nf
taoG;aumif;r_/ cdkifrmaumif;rGefr_/ p&dwfputm;jzifhvnf; enf;atmif/ ,SOfòyifEdkifatmif óu;pm;zdk@vdkyg
onf?
qdkvdo k nfrSm u|efawmfwkd@onf aooyfaumif;rGefaom/ trsm;xuft&nftaoG;omaom ypPnf;
rsm;udk ,SOfòyifxkwv f kyf Edkifaom EdkifiHtjzpf ajymif;vJzdk@ vdt
k yfvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? v,f,mpdkufysKd;aom
EdkifiHwGif tpp wdik f;wmr_/ Ed_if;,SOfr_wGif t=urf;zsOf;oabmjzifh vufcHEdkifaomfvnf;/ pufr_EdkifiHwGif toH;k
tE_H;twdik f;twm tm;vH;k onf/ rDvDrDwmvdkuf/ trSm; pifaom/ oJvpJ ifjzpfaom ypPnf;rsm;udk ,SOfòyif
xkwv f kyfEdkifzdk@ vdkygonf? ,if;od@k ,SOfòyifxkwfvkyfzdk@qdkv#if/ u|efawmfwd@k onf/ t&nftaoG;/ t&nftcsif;
aooyfaumif;rGef/ pH&nfrDaom tajctaea&muf&Sdatmif óu;yrf;zdk@vdkygrnf? aooyf aumif;rGefaom

204
pHcsdefrDxkwv f kyfr_udk ta&;ay;aom,Ofaus;r_w&yfudkyg xlaxmif&ef vdktyfygonf? tjzpfavmufudkvufcH
aom/ “'DavmufESifh &ygw,fuGm”[laom pnf;urf;avsmh&Jr_awGukd vufcHEdkifrnf r[kwfyg? u|efawmfwd@k .
,Ofaus;r_w&yf vHk;onf t&nftaoG;ud&k zdk@ xkwfvkyfEdkifaom tajctaeod@k a&muf&Sd&ef vdkygrnf?
taumif;xuf tjzpfudk ta&;xm;aom avsm&h J&J pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh u|efawmfwdk@ wufvm&efta=umif;r&Sd
yg?
q&maZmf*sDwcgu wifjycJhovd/k jrefrmwdk@onf wdik f;jynftpwGif aooyfaumif;rGefzdk@xuf/ rnfol
u tòyifa&S@u a&mufo avmufyJqdkaom rlwnfIqHk;jzwfaom ‘tjzpf,Ofaus;r_’rS wdusrSefuef/ pHcsdef
udu k f/ &wDrSef/ rDvDrDwm twdik f;twmtwdik f; xkwfvkyfEdkifaom ,Ofaus;r_udk tajccHxm;Edkifatmif óu;yrf;
zdk@vdyk gonf? uH&mZm}uD;/ uH&mZmi,fwdk@onf ,SOfòyifeef;awmf aqmuf&mwGif tjzpfaqmifvkyfaom/ uH
&mZmi,fudk tEdkifay;cJh+yD;/ opf}uD;0g;}uD;jzifh tcdkiftcef@aqmufvkyfaom uH&mZm}uD;rSm pa&G;udu k f t&nf
rSefatmifvkyfonfud/k tcsdefaESmif;onfqdkI tjzpfaqmufoludk tEdkifay;cJhygonf?
,if;tjzpf/ tay:,Hvkyfjyaom,Ofaus;r_onf jrefrmhtrltusifhrsm;wGif tawmfcdik fjrJae+yD jzpfyg
onf? vlawmfESifhvlaumif; wGif vlawmfu vlaumif;avmufta&;r}uD;/ tjzpfvkyfaomolu a&S@a&muf+yD;
taumif;vkyfaomolu aemufwGifusefaeygonf? ,if;om"ursm;rSm jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf pwifcJhonfh
acwfrS tpðycJh&m/ ,ckqdkv#if tawmfyifta&xlae+yD jzpfygonf?
yg&*lrsm;rsm;xGuaf tmif/ (Ph. D) bGJ@awGukd omomxdk;xdk; t&nftaoG;rrSefbJ ay;aeojzifh/
“[dkvl onfvl (awG@or#vl) yg&*l/ jrifjrif or# ygarmuQ”acwfod@k a&mufcJ+h yD jzpfygonf? tjzpfudo k m =unfh
onf/h tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif aecJhonfrSm umv=um anmif;cJh+yD jzpfojzifh/ bGJ@awG *k%fxl;awG azmif;yGae
+yD;/ tESpfr&Sd aomawmwGif =uufqlyifrsm; rif;rlaecJhygonf? tkyfcsKyfol rsm;uvnf;/ tjzpfudo k m *&kpdkuf+yD;/
taumif;tawmfudk wefzdk;rxm;ojzifh/ qm;rxGufbJ qm;a&udv k ,fuGif;xJxnfhI qm;csufjyr_/ opfyif
rpdkuf&bJESifh vl}uD;jrif&ef awmwef;}uD;awmifjzpfae+yD [lI vl}uD;oGm;&mvrf;wav#muf/ ,m,DqGJpdkuf opf
yifwef;wdk@ pdkufjyaom t&m&Sdrsm;aumif;pm;aeaomacwfwGif/ wu,ft&nftaoG; aumif;&efrvd/k tjzpf
udyk J *&kxm; +yD; t&nftaoG;udk *&krxm;cJhonfrSm =um+yD jzpfygonf? TuJhodk@vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf/ pufr_
pepfudk ajymif;vJa&;. }uD;pGmaom taESmifht,Sufrsm; jzpfae&ygonf?
od@k twGuaf =umifh u|efawmfwdk@xlaxmif&ef wifjyaeaom/ acwfopfwGif t&nftaoG;udu k f/ pH0if/
&wDuku d fxw k fvkyfEdkifaom ynm&SifawG/ wwfu|rf;olawG arG;xkw&f ef vdt k yfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@.
ynma&;pepfonf u|rf;usifwwfajrmufaom vli,frsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;udk pwifxkwfvkyf&ef vdt k yfygonf?
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_udk jyefvnfxal xmif&mwGif u|rf;usifwwf ajrmuf/ tqifhjrifhpGm wwfu|rf;olrsm;ud/k
OD;pm;ay;xkwfvkyf&ef vdkygonf? u|efawmfwdk@. pOf;pm;csufrsm;udk tjrpfuae awmfvSefypf&ef vdt k yfygrnf?
xdx k ufru/ vlopf/ pdwfopf/ t&nftaoG;opfrsm; jynfph Hkaom wwfu|rf;olrsm;ay:vmrnfh
trsKd;om;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;}uD; w&yfud/k wnfaqmufzdk@ vdkygvdrfhrnf?
vlawmfrvdk/ vlaumif;bJvdo k nf qdkonfrSm/ vkyfief;wwfu|rf;r_xuf vl}uD;udk &dkao/ usKd;EGH/ opPm
&Sdaom “rSefyghbk&m; wynf”h awGukyd J/ arG;xkw&f ef vufcHxm;cJhonfrSm tawmfyif=umcJhyg+yD? u|efawmfwd@k .
,Ofaus;r_w&yfvHk;udk awmfvSefa&;ozG,fajymif;vJ rvkyfbJ/ pH&nfuku d f wdusrSef uefaom ypPnf;rsm;udk
xkwv f kyfEdkifrnf r[kwfyg? u|efawmfwdk@. tawG;tac:/ vkyfyHkudik fyHk/ cH,lcsufrsm;udkyg tppajymif;+yD;/ trsKd;
om;awmfvSefa&;w&yf ðyvkyfzdk@ vdt k yfaeygonf?

205
 tcef; (10)
tajccHtaqmuftOD

206
 tcef; (10)
tajccHtaqmuftOD
tajccHtaqmuftODqdkonfrSmvltrsm;wdu k f&dkufpm;oH;k Ir&aom/ wdu k f&dkufxkwfvkyfr_rðyEdkifaom
0efaqmifr_ESifh taqmuftOD/ ypPnf;rsm; jzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf;TtajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m ypPnf;rsm;
u tjcm;aompD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmifwm trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaom/ pm;oH;k r_ESifh xkwfvkyfr_rsm;udk taxmuftulðy
ygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifhtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk wdkuf&dkufxkwv f kyfr_qefaomvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ESifh
oD;jcm;uGjJ ym;pGmazmfjyEdkifygonf? ta=umif;rSm TtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wGif a&&Snf=umjrifhcHaomypPnf;
rsm;yg0ifygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh tajccHtaqmuftODudk &Hzef&Hcg ‘vlr_a&;qdkif&mðcHiHk&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ukefus
94
p&dwf’ tjzpfazmfjyavh&Sd=uygonf? tajccHtaqmuftOD. t"duusaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm o,f,lydk@
aqmifa&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;/ pGrf;tifqdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;jzpf+yD; tjcm;aomudpP&yftrsKd;rsKd;vnf; yg0ifygonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh- qufo, G fa&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;/ usef;rma&;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;/ a&jzef@jzL;a&;/ qnf
ajrmif;ESifh pGef@xkwfydkufrsm;tjyif tus,t f jyef@jzpfaomòr@jyqdkif&mvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; yg0ifonf?
acwfrDEdkifiHawmfwckwGif/ xkwfvkyfpGrf;&nfjrifhaompD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckonf tajccHtaqmuftOD
yHhydk;r_ESifh pepfrsm;aumif;aumif;&SdrSom vkyfief;vnfywfaqmif&GufEdkifrnfjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh o,f,lydk@
aqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynfot l rsm;oHk;vkyfief;rsm; vdt k yfonf? Todk@aom
tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;/ pepfrsm;udw k nfaqmuf&efqdkonfrSm vGefpGmrSaiGukefa=u;usrsm;aomudpPjzpfouJh
od@k &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&r_rSmvnf;rsm;jym;vSonf? T&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&r_xm;aomaiGa=u;rsm;udk tcsdefwdktwGif;jyef&&ef
qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifay? t'rfprpf95 uazmfjycJhonft h wdkif; tpdk;&taejzifhTuJo h dk@aompepfrsm;jzpfay:apa&;
twGuf aqmif&Gufay;&eft"duwm0ef&Sdonf? “Tjynfot l rsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom vkyfief;rsm;rSm/ vlr_tzGJ@
tpnf;wckvH;k twGuf aumif;usKd;}uD;rm;vSaomfvnf;/ Tvkyfief;rsm;rS&&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;rsm;rSm rnf
onfo h lwOD;wa,mufudk jyefay;&ef/ odk@r[kwf vlwpkudkjyefay;&efqdkonfrSm/ obm0t&udk rjzpfEdkifay? xdk
twGuaf =umifh vlwOD;wa,mufu/ od@k r[kwfvw l pku TuJo h d@k aomvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk pwifwnf
axmif&ef/ xdef;odrf;&efqdkonfrSm ar#mfvifhxm;&efrjzpfEdkifay?” [ka&;om;azmfjycJhonf?
od@k aomfvnf;/ acwfopfumvwGif yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;/ ukr`%Drsm;taejzifh TuJhodk@aomjynfol
trsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&ef/ xdef;odrf;&efESifh pDrHcef@cGJ&efudpPrsm;wGif ta&;}uD;
aomtcef;u¾rSaeI ydkIyg0ifvm=uonfudk awG@&onf? acwfopfaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;onf }uD;rm;vS+yD;/
twdik f;tq}uD;rm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;ydkifqdkifxm;=uonf? TtwGufa=umifh tajc
taeudt k ajymif;tvJjzpfvmap+yD; ao;i,faomtpdwftydkif;av;rsm;uyif/ xdxda&mufa&mufESifh tjrwf
tpGef;&&Sdapa&;twGuf aqmif&GufvmEdkif=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh }uD;rm;aomjynfol
trsm;ESifhqdkifonfv h kyfief;rsm;udk axmufyHhay;jcif;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJjcif;wd@k omru/ tjcm;aomaqmif&GufEdkifonfh
ta&;}uD;aom vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; &Sdaeao;onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh-pm;oH;k olrsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf um
uG,af pmifha&Smufay;jcif;ESifh vlr_a&;t&vdv k m;tyfaom&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk jzpfonfh obm0ywf0ef;usif
xdef;odrf;a&;uJo h dk@aom udpPrsm;udk umuG,f=uyfrwfay;jcif; jzpfonf? trsm;pkaom jynfot l rsm;ESifhouf
qdkifonfv h kyfief;rsm;rSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyfyHkpHqefqefaomfvnf;aumif;/ wpdwfwydkif;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik f
xm;aomyHkpHaomfvnf;aumif; &Sdwwf&m/ usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmfaom tqrwefaps;E_ef;rsm;rwifap&ef xdef;
odrf;}uD;=uyfay;jcif;/ xkwfvkyf0efaqmifr_t&nftaoG;udk }uD;=uyfay;jcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;aqmif&Guf

94
Social overhead capital
95
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, 1776, Book V, Chap.1, Part III.

207
aeaomvkyfief; ukr`%Drsm;t=um;/ tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;t=um; òyifqdkifr_udkjzpfapjcif; pojzifhaqmif&Gufay;&ef
vdtk yfonf?
Ttcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH.tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m aemufcHordkif;a=umif;ESifh vuf&SdzGH@òz;r_
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jrefrm tif'dkeD;&Sm; rav;&Sm; zdvpfydkif xdkif;
tus,ft0ef; (pwk&ef;uDvdkrDwm) 1990 677˜ 000 1˜905˜ 000 330˜ 000 300˜ 000 513˜ 000
cif;xm;aomum;vrf; (1000 pwk&ef; 9² 1 61² 1 84² 0 74² 1 77² 8
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t&Snf) 1990
aomufoHk;a&oef@&&Sdaom vlOD;a& (1990-
95) aus;vuf 39 54 66 77 87
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pmwdkuf (vlwodef;v#if ysrf;r#) 1991 2² 8 5² 4 12² 4 4 7² 3
w,fvDzkef;vdkif; (vlwaxmifv#if ysrf;r#) 0² 2 0² 7 9² 9 1² 0 2² 8
1992
rl&if;? Human Development Report 1996, UNDP, New York, 1996. World Development Report 1996,
World Bank, Washington D.C., 1996.

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208
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a&;udpPrsm;twGuf ypfy,fxm;onfudk awG@=u&onf? 96
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tajccHtaqmuftODtcsKd;tpm; rr#w&Hkru/ vdu k frDr_r&Sdonfudk awG@&onf? TuJhodk@aomudpPrsm;udk
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jzpfygonf?

96
UNDP, Transport Sector Analysis, 1989.

209
t"duusaom tajccHtaqmuftODtpk
v#yfppfpGrf;tif
(1960) ckESpfrsm;uyif jrefrmEdkifiHwGifv#yfppfpGrf;tm;axmufyHhr_tuef@towfa=umifh/ v#yfppfoHk;pGJr_
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atmuf avsmeh nf;+yD; wnf&Sdaeonf?

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pkpkaygif; (uDvdk0yfoef;aygif;) vlwOD;csif;oHk;pGJr_

1994 1970 1994

rJ efrm 3500 22 77
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 61370 19 315
rav;&Sm; 40027 338 2032
zdvpfydkif 26425 235 399
xdkif;EdkifiH 75278 124 1294

rl&if;? UNDP, Human Development Report 1997, New York, UNDP.

tjcm;aomta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfaomtcg/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjcm;aomenf;vrf;

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pGJr_ tenf;qHk;jzpfaeonfudak wG@&onf? v#yfppf"gwftm;tvHktavmuf jzef@jzL;ray;Edkifr_onf/ pufr_ZkHrsm;zGH@
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rS pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ud/k (1996) ckESpfwGif r*Fvm'Hk/ oefvsif/ vdi_ fom,mpaoma'orsm;wGif pufr_ZkHrsm;
wnfaxmif&ef OD;pm;ay;zdwfac:cJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf; TpDrHcsufrsm;tm;vHk;onf a&S@qufrwufEdkifbJ wef@
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(1988) ckESpfwGif aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk pwifusifo h Hk;cJhcsdefrSpI/ v#yfppf"gwftm;vdt k yfr_ txdyf
rSmwjznf;jznf;jrifhwufvmcJhonf? (1988/ 89) ckESpfwGif (332) ruf*g0yf&Sd&mrS (1996/ 97) ckESpfwGif (680)
ruf*g0yf&SdvmcJhonf? tpdk;&taejzifh TuJhod@k ESpfqcef@jrifhwufvmaom pGrf;tifvdt k yfr_udk v#yfppf"gwftm;
wd;k jr‡ifhxkwv f kyfjcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;&efóu;yrf;cJhonf? (1988/ 89) ckESpfwGif v#yfppf"gwftm; (2² 226) *spf*g0yf
xkwv f kyf&mrS (1996/ 97) ckESpfwGif xkwv f kyfr_ (4² 256) *spf*g0yfjzpfvmcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf;v#yfppf"gwf
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97
World Bank, "Myanmar: Energy Sector Investment and Policy Review Study." Washington, D.C.: World Bank, March 16, 1992,
Report No. 10394-BA, p. 51.

210
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owfrSwfonfhrl0g'udv k nf; pepfwusjyifqif&efvdt k yfvdrfhrnf[k t=uHðy&ayvdrfhrnf? tpdk;&rSaqmif&Guf
xm;aom avhvmcsuft&yif rxkwv f kyf&ao;aom a&tm;v#yfppfxkwv f kyfEdkifrnfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;. jzpf
EdkifacsrSm a'o toD;oD;wGif pkpkaygif; (6421² 4) r*~g0yf&Sdao;onf[kqdkonf? ,ckvuf&SdwGif a&tm;v#yfppf
xkwv f kyfaeaom taetxm;rSmt&if;tjrpfrsm;. (5) &mcdkifE_ef;r#udo k m toH;k ðyaeonfqdkaoma=umifh/
ukefusp&dwfoufomaom/ tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mpGrf;tifwckjzpfaom a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfvkyfa&;udv k nf;
topfwzef tm&Hkpdkufaqmif&Gufoifhygonf? qufvufzGH@òz;ap&efaqmif&Gufr_rsm;wGif obm0ywf0ef;usif
rysufpD;&avatmif/ oifhavsmfaomppfaq;r_rsm;aqmif&Gufap+yD; wd;k csJ@Edkifrnfjzpfonf?

o,f,yl dk@aqmifa&;
jrefrmEdkifiH. o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;u¾onf vuf&SdtajctaewGif vHak vmufr_r&SdbJ/ vdt k yfcsuf
rsm;rsm;jym;pGm&Sdaeonfudk awG@=u&rnfjzpfonf? (1996/ 97) ckESpfpm&if;rsm;t& jynfwiG f;pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyf

211
r_wefzdk;. (4) &mcdkifE_ef;r#om&Sd+yD;/ (1990) ckESpfvkyfom;ae&mcsxm;r_ udef;*%ef;aumuf,lr_pm&if;t& pkpk
aygif;vkyfom;tiftm;. (3² 78) &mcdkifE_ef;udo k m tvkyfae&mcsxm;ay;Edkifonfudk awG@&onf? TtcsKd;
tpm;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmrajymif;vJbJ onftwdik f;wnf&SdaecJh+yD;/ wdkif;jynf. o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;tajccH
taqmuftODrsm;vHkavmufr_r&Sdonfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awG@Edkifonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k
wufr_twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk trDrjznfq h nf;ay;EdkifbJ&Sdae&onf?
tpkd;&.pm&if;tif;rsm;t&/ jynfaxmifpkum;vrf;.t&SnfrSm (1987/ 88) ckESpfwGif (14532) rdkif&Sd
&mrS (1996/ 97) ckESpfwGif (17301) rdkifodk@wdk;wufvmonfudk azmfjyxm;onf? wenf;azmfjy&rnfqdkv#if
vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmtwGif; wESpfv#ifysrf;r# (1² 89) &mcdkifE_ef;omESpfpOfwd;k wufcJhonfudk awG@&onf? od@k
aomfvnf; Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& Twd;k wufr_E_ef;onf qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfpOfumvwdk;wufr_E_ef;xufrsm;
jym;aeonfudk todtrSwfðy&rnfjzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; TwOD;csif;ysrf;r#E_ef;ESifh a'otvdu k fvOl D;a&
xlxyfr_E_ef;ESifh jyefwGuf=unfhrnfqdkygu/ jrefrmEdkifiH.vrf;yef;qufo, G fa&;uGef,ufrSm tenf;tusOf;r#om
v$rf;ðcHaeao;onfudk awG@Edkifonf? vl (1000) aexdik fr_twGuf vrf;ysrf;r# (0² 37) rdkifom&Sdaeao;+yD;/ wpf
pwk&ef;rdkifwGif vrf; (0² 07) rdkifom &Sdaeao;onf?
&xm;vrf;rsm;taejzifh vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif; ESpfpOfysrf;r# (3² 4) rdkifE_ef;wdk;wufcJh
onf? odk@aomfvnf;0efo,fydk@EdkifaompGrf;tm;rSm vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;wdk;wufvmaom c&D;oGm;vmydk@
aqmifr_rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu t}uD;tus,frvHak vmufr_&Sdaeonf? &xm;vrf;opfrdkifaygif; (580) ausmx f yfrH
wd;k wufcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf; &xm;wGrJ sm;/ &xm;rsm;. yrm%rSmavsmhenf;usqif;vmcJhonf? ðyjyifxdef;
odrf;r_nHhzsif;aomtaetxm;atmufwGif ajy;qGJaexm;&xm;wGt J pkrsm;rSm avsmhenf;vmonf? vGefcJhaom
ESpfrsm;twGif; ysufpD;vmonf? &xm;vrf;rsm;ESifh &xm;vrf;atmufcHausmufrsm;rSm csKd@,Gif;vmcJh+yD;/ &xm;
ajy;qGJr_vrf;wav#mufvH;k wGif v_yfcgr_rsm;/ ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif &xm;t&SdefrwifEdkifr_rsm; jzpfvm&
onf? xdt k wGufa=umifh&xm;vrf;ydkif;wGifa&m/ ajy;qGJaeaom,mOfrsm;wGifyg tv#iftjrefjyifqif&efvdt k yf
ae+yDjzpfonf?
vuf&Sdtpdk;&taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH.awmifESifhajrmufpD;qif;aeaom {&m0wDjrpf. ta&S@-taemuf
qufo, G fr_ukef;vrf;a=umif;rsm; cufcJr_&Sdaeonfudk todtrSwfðycJh+yD;/ {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGifvnf;
acsmif;i,f/ jrpfi,frsm;a=umifh ,cifuukef;vrf;raygufEdkifbJ avSi,frsm;jzifhoGm;vmqufoG,af e&aom/
cuf cJaeaomtajctaeudk todtrSwfðycJhonf? Ta'orsm;wGif wHwm;rsm;aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;udk
tav; ay;cJh+yD;/ xdt k csdefrSpwifI ay (1000) ausmaf omwHwm;}uD;aygif; (7) pif;ESifh wHwm;wdak ygif; (88)
ckudw k nf aqmufcJo h nf? {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif AdkvfjrwfxGef;wHwm;ESifh rtlyifwHwm;wdk@
wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;cJh+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwGif &efukefjrpfudjk zwful;aombk&ifhaemifwHwm;udk wnfaqmufEdkifcJh
onf? ,ckt}udrf onf yxrOD;qHk;t}udrftjzpf/ {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orS xkwv f kyfaomxkwu f kefrsm;udk
&efukefòr@ofkd@ukef;vrf;rS &mcdkifE_ef;jynfw
h ifydk@Edkifawmhrnfh tajctaejzpfonf? ,cifa&vrf;rSoGm;vmae&r_
ESifhpmv#if tcsdef oHk;yHkwpfyHkr# oufomoGm;cJh&onf?

212
yHk (10? 1) o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;u¾ zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_
Figure 10.1. Transport Sector
Development
20000
Rail Road
15000
Miles

10000

5000

0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

wbufwGifTuJhod@k jynfwiG f;ukefoG,fr_qufo, G fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm; zGH@òz;vmcJhaomfvnf;/ qef@

usifbufjzpfae&aom taetxm;rSm jynfyydk@aqmifEdkifa&;twGuf wckwnf;aomvrf;a=umif;jzpfonfh/
&efukefqdyfurf;rSm/ olEdkifaom0efxufydkrdkxrf;aqmifae&aomtajctae jzpfaeonf? (1997) ckESpf pm&if;
rsm;t& &efukefqdyfurf;taejzifh jynfwGif;ESifhjynfyukefrsm;rS wefcsdefaygif; (6) oef;cef@udk vufcHaqmif&Guf
cswifay;cJh&onf? ‚if;rSm &efukefqdyfurf;. wESpf0efaqmifcswifEdkifaom yrm%wefcsdef (3² 5) xufausmf
vGefaeonf? (1960 ckESpfrsm;wGif &efukefqdyfurf;rS ukefwefcsdefysrf;r#wESpfv#if ESpfoef;cef@ cswifay;cJhonf?)
tpdk;&taejzifh jynfyrS&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; zdwfac:I &efukef qdyfurf;opfaqmufvkyf&eftwGuf óu;yrf;cJhonf?
&efukefòr@awmifzuf (10) rdkiftuGm&Sd oDv0gqdyfurf;ESifh weoFm&Durf;&dk;wef;a'owGif xm;0,fqdyfurf;udk
wnfaqmufcJo h nf? xm;0,fqdyfurf;rSm xdik f;EdkifiH taemufzufyifv,fqdyfurf;zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&; r[m
pDrHcsuft& qufpyf&efjzpf+yD;/ tem*wfwiG f&xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;rsm;qufpyf&ef vsmxm;onf?
EdkifiH.o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepftwGuf t"duzdpD;aeaomjy\emw&yfrSm &if;ESD;aiGa=u;rsm;csKd@wJhae
jcif;ESifh avmifpmqDESifh puftydkypPnf;rsm;csKd@wJah ejcif;wd@k jzpfygonf? avmifpmqD&Sm;yg;r_jy\ema=umifh yk*~vd
uydkif;rS aqmif&Gufaeaomo,f,yl dk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif aps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhpGmawmif;cHjcif;rsm;jzpfvm&yg
onf? yk*~vduu¾taejzifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief; 0efaqmifr_rsm;tm;vH;k . (65) &mcdkifE_ef;udk xrf;
aqmifaeygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh tpdk;&rSaqmif&Gufvdak om zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; aESmifhaES;ap&ef
jzpfae&ygonf? zGH@òz;r_wk@H qdkif;aeaomqufo, G fa&;vrf;a=umif;uGef,ufrsm;. xdyfqHk;wGif/ tpdk;&taejzifh
rvdv k m;tyfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&mxdef;csKyfr_rsm;udx k yfrHaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh jy\emudk ydkqdk;apygonf? xdk@
tjyif jynfwiG f;od@k wifoGif;vmaomukefrsm;jzpfonfh avmifpmqD ponfjzifhtay:wGifvnf;jzef@jzL;r_qdkif&m
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onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- tpdk;&u &efukefòr@wGif;ajyqGJaeaom yk*~vduydkifbwfpfum;vdik frsm;wGif ,mOfpD;cE_ef;
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csif; òyifqdkifr_udt k m;ay;&mra&mufapbJ/ xda&mufr_avsmhenf;usqif;apjcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_t&nftaoG;us
qif;apjcif;rsm; jzpfvm&ygonf?
 Figure. 10.2. Progress of Road and Rail
Network (miles per 1,000 population)

0.5 yHk (10? 2) um;vrf;ESifh

0.45 &xm;vrf;uGef,ufrsm;wd;k wuf
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vmr_jyyHk?
Miles per 1,000 pop

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0.3
(vl 1000 v#if&Sdaom ysrf;r#rdkif)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

50 955 960 965 970 975 980 985 990 995

19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Rail Road

w,fvzD kef;ESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;

jrefrmEdkifiHonf +Adwdo#ukvd dkeDtkyfcskKyfolrsm;u w,fvDzkef;pepf pwiftoHk;ðyvmapcJhaom (19)
&mpkaESmif;ydkif;umvrsm;uyif tqifhjrifhw,fvDzkef;ESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;pepfudk pwiftoH;k ðyEdkifcJh=u
onf? od@k aomfvnf; vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sdaeaom w,fvDzkef;ESifh a=u;eef;qufo, G fa&;pepfrSm ,ckwdik f
acwfaemufusaeaompufrsm;ESifh ud&d,mrsm;udktoH;k ðyae&qJ jzpfonf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&taejzifh w,fvDzkef;
ESifha=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;u¾. ta&;ygr_udt k odtrSwfðy+yD;/ xdv
k kyfief;rsm;udak cwfrDatmif aqmif&GufEdkif
apa&;twGuf }uD;=uyf&efoD;oef@0ef}uD;Xmewckudk zGifhvSpfcJhonf? acwfrDzGH@òz;apa&;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;cs
rSwfcJ+h yD;/ enf;ynmopfrsm;jzpfaom 'pf*spfw,fESifh q,fvlvmzkef;rsm;udk pwifwyfqifcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf;
,ckwdik f jrefrmEdkifiHonfurBmay:wGif w,fvDzkef;qufoG,fr_ vlOD;a&t&=unfv h #if tenf;qHk;EdkifiHwcktjzpf
aemufususefae&qJjzpfonf? TtajctaerSmvnf; tHh=op&mr[kwfay? Tqufo, G fa&;u¾twGuo f H;k
aiGtcsKd;rSm vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif; wdik f;jynf.pkpkaygif;jynfwiG f;xkwu f kefwefzdk; (*sD'DyD) &mcdkif
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òr@jyrsm;rSvGefaomf w,fvDzkef;qufo, G fa&;tajccHtaqmuftODrSm rvHkravmufcsKd@wJhae+yD;/ aus;
vufrsm;wGif tajccHw,fvDzkef;qufo, G fEdkifaompepfrSm r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf? aus;vufa'orsm;wGif
w,fvDzkef;qufo, G fa&; ,EW,m;rsm;wyfqifa&;twGuf aps;E_ef;csKdcsKdomomjzifh aqmif&GufEdkifaompepfrsm;
&Sdaomfvnf;/ TtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHutoHk;csr_ r&Sdao;ay? òr@jya'orsm;wGifvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyf
ief;opfrsm;rSm aps;uGuftajccHaompD;yGm;a&;pepfod@k ajymif;vJvmonfESifhtr# vuf&Sd&Sdaeaom w,fvDzkef;
qufo, G fa&;pepfwGif;rS awmif;qdkr_ydkrsm;vmcJhonf? cef@rSef;wGufcsurf _wckt& óu;vdik f;qufoG,&f eftwGuf
apmifhqdkif;aeaomOD;a&rSm &efukefa'owckwnf;wGifyif cef@rSef; (50000) &Sdaeonf?98 trSefpm&if;rSm T
cef@rSef;r_xufrsm;aeEdkifonf?

98
Economic Intelligence Unit. Myanmar: Country Profile 1997. London: The Economist.

214
Z,m; (10? 3) qufoG,af &;u¾zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
pmwdkuf 386 529 653 763 926 939 955 980 1152 1192
w,fvDzkef; 9155 15211 19529 26458 30938 40514 47512 95646 190542
rl&if;? Various Issues, Statistical Year Book, Union of Burma.

vuf&SdumvwGif tpdk;&taejzifhTu¾udkoD;oef@csKyfudik fxm;qJ&Sdaeao;onf? odk@aomfvnf;&Sd

aeaomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;rSmwdk;wufvmaeaom 0,fvkt d m;awmif;qdkcsufukd xda&mufatmif
jznfq h nf;jcif;rðyEdkifay? ,cktcsdefwdik f EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk vHkðcHa&;ta=umif;jycsufjzifhtpdk;&u
y,fcscJh +yD;/ cGifhrðyao;bJ&Sdaeonf? jzpfay:aeaomowif;enf;ynmawmfvSefa&;rS tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;
udk &,lEdkifa&;twGufvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh jyifqifr_r&Sdao;ay? xd@k tjyifEdkifiHwumw,fvDzkef;qufo, G f r_
rsm;ESifh zufpfqufo, G fr_rsm;twGuf ydkIwif;usyfaompnf;rsOf;rsm;yif jyXmef;cJhao;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
pD;yGm;a&;t& toH;k ðyEdkifaom tifwmeuf0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk cGifhrðyao;ay? tpdk;&Oya'rsm;u
uGefjyLwmrdk'rf toHk;ðyr_twGu/f ò*[fwkqufo, G fa&;pavmif;rsm;ESifh zufpfydk@pufrsm;ydkifqdfkifr_twGuf vdik fpif
cGifhðycsuf&,l&ef wif;usyfaomOya'rsm; jyXmef;xm;onf?

tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifhywfoufaom aemufcHordkif;

udvk dek DacwfrwdkifrDumvu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rd&dk;zvmv,fvkyfief;ESifh tcsKd@aomvloH;k ukefypPnf;rsm;
xkwv f kyfaom &dk;&Sif;aom rdrdbmomzlvHak &;pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkomusifo h Hk;cJh=uonf? od@k aomfvnf;acwfopf
óu rdrdbmomzlvHak &;pD;yGm;a&;pepf pHyHkpHrsm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf twdtuswlnDr_r&SdcJhyg? ta=umif;rSm
twdwu f mvjrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;wGif tcsKd@aomrdrdu|rf;usifr_udk txl;ðyvkyfaompD;yGm;a&;aqmif&Guf
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+yD;/ tcsKd@u u|JEGm;arG;jrLjcif;/ tcsKd@u}udrfxnfy&dabm*rsm;vkyfjcif; pojzifh&SdcJh=uonf? Ttaetxm;udk
wGuq f ygu TxkwfukefypPnf;rsm;udk o,f,lwifydk@aomtajccHtaqmuftOD/ vrf;yef;qufo, G fa&;
wpHkw&m&Sd&ayrnf? xdk@tjyif pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkvnfywfaprnfh aps;uGufqdkif&mzGJ@pnf;r_yHkpH wpHkw&m&Sd&ay
vdrfhrnf? xdt k wGuaf =umifhom Tod@k tqifhjrifhyHkpHtxl;xkwfvkyftoufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_rsm; &Sdae&jcif;jzpf
onf? xdk@tjyifjrefrm EdkifiHtv,fydkif; ajcmufaoG@a'o[kac:aoma'orsm;wGifvnf; qnfa&ay;pdkufEdkif
aom wl;ajrmif;a&ay;a&; pepfrsm; &SdaecJhonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh qefpyg;udk rdrd0rf;pm zlvHak &;twGuf
pdkufysKd;r_omrubJ/ aps;uGuf0if oD;ESHrsm;udv k nf; pdkufysKd;cJh=uonf?
od@k aomf udkvdek Dpepfa&mufrSyif acwfopftajccHtaqmuftODrsm;jzpfaom jynfol@0efxrf;vkyfief;
rsm;ESifh vltrsm;ESifhoufqdkifaomXmersm;/ vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? wESpfumvywfvH;k
toH;k ðyEdkifaom/ txl;ojzifhrdk;jyif;xefaom jrefrmEdkifiHrkwfokef&moDwGifyif toH;k ðyEdkifaom acwfrDum;vrf;
rsm;udk a'otESH@tjym;wGif wnfaqmufcJ=h uonf? &xm;vrf;rsm;udv k nf; wnfaqmufcJo h nf? xd@k tjyif
pufwyf,mOfrsm;jzifh c&D;onfydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf/h armfawmfbkwfrsm;jzifhvnf; EdkifiHjrpfa=umrsm;
wav#mufoGm;vmEdkifcJh=uonf? t"duòr@}uD;rsm;jzpfaom &efukef/ armfvòrif/ ykodrf/ ppfawGwkd@wGif qdyfurf;
rsm;udkvnf; wnfaqmufcJo h nf? v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;vkyfief;vnf; pwifvmEdkif+yD; (1939) ckESpfwGif òr@aygif;
(100) ausmo f dk@ jyef@ESH@aqmif&GufEdkifae+yDjzpfonf? xd@k tjyifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;trsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;od@k
vnf; v#yfppf"gwftm;jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf?

99
Specialization of economic activities

215
 udv k dek Dacwfumvu TuJo h dk@tajccHtaqmuftOD,EW,m;rsm; csJ@xGifwnfaqmufay;cJhjcif;.
t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ jrefrmEdkifiHudk tjcm;urBmESifhqufpyfwHcg;zGifh&efyif jzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifhEdkifiHrS
pdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kef/ "gwfowWKESifh opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;udk jynfyydk@ukefudk wd;k wufwifydk@Edkif&ef &nf&G,f+yD;/
tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; txl;ojzifhvloHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;rSxGufukefrsm;udk jyefvnfwifoGif;Edkifap&ef
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r_udk rsm;pGmwd;k wufaponfudk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh jynfyydk@ukefudk wd;k wufwifydk@vmapEdkifonf?
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twGuaf =umifh EdkifiH.a'owckESifhwck qufpyfEdkifr_ udkvdkeDacwfumvuyif/ tm;enf;cJh&onf? xdt k wGuf
a=umifhtajccHtaqmuftODtm;jzifh jynfwGif;ukefoG,fr_zGH@òz;a&;udk tm;ray;EdkifcJhyg?
ppd+yD;acwfjrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODtydkif;wGif csKd@,Gif;tm;enf;r_rsm;pGmjzifh jyefvnf
pwif&onf? ta=umif;rSm ppfa=umifhysufpD;qHk;&_H;&r_rsm;a=umifhjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHtaejzifh (4) ESpfumvtwGif; ppf
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reftpdk;&. t"duwm0efrSm TysufpD;aeaomtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&efESifh wd;k wuf
vmaomEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&;rS&&Sdaeaom0ifaiGrsm;ESifhtnD vdt k yfcsufukjd znfqh nf;Edkifap&ef wdk;csJ@
aqmufvkyf&ef jzpfonf? Tod@k vkyfaqmif&mwGif ppf+yD;acwftapmydkif;umvaps;uGufzGH@òz;wd;k wufaer_
a=umifh 0ifaiGaumif;aeaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ tajccHtaqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHjcm;tulaiG
rsm;&&Sdaeaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ygvDreftpdk;&oufwrf; (14) ESpfumv/ wdk
awmif;aomtcsdefrSmyif aqmif&GufcJ&h aomfvnf; tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;jznfq h nf;a&;ESifh ywfoufI
ta&;ygaomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf? txl;ojzifhv#yfppf"gwftm;&&Sda&;udk aqmif&Gufay;
EdkifcJh onf?
tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm aemufydkif;wGif aES;auG;oGm;cJh&+yD;/ aemufqHk;wGif vHk;0
&yfqdkif;aooGm;cJh&onf? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfatmufwGif ,d, k Gif;usqif;vmaompD;yGm;a&;taetxm;
ESifh taxGaxGqkwf,kwfr_rsm;ESifh qufpyfxif[yfaeonf? TonfrSmwajz;ajz;usqif;oGm;&aom qif;&Jr_
oHo&mozG,fjzpfonf? wdik f;jynf.trsKd;om;0ifaiGenf;vmonfESifhtr# tajccHtaqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;
wGifvnf; cGJa0oH;k pGJEdkifr_usqif;vmonf? xdk@tjyiftpdk;&taejzifh usifo h Hk;cJhaomqdk&S,fvpfpepfESifh wHcg;ydwf
txD;usef0g'a=umifhvnf;/ wdkif;jynf. EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&Sdr_usqif;vmcJhonf? xdt k cgEdkifiH.tajccHtaqmuf
tODrsm;udk csJ@xGifEdkif&eftwGuf aiGukefa=u;usrsm;aomEdkifiHjcm;rS oGif;ukefypPnf;rsm;twGu/f aiGrvHak vmuf
jzpfvm&onf? xdk@tjyifwdik f;jynftwGif;ukefusrnfh vkyftm;p&dwfESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;twGufvnf;/ aiGpdkuf
xkwo f H;k pGJEdkif&ef &efyHkaiGr&Sday? tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m 0efaqmifr_rsm;twGuf aiGa=u;aumufcHr_rsm;
rSmvnf;/ aps;E_ef;tqrwefavsmch sI aumufcHxm;aoma=umifh/ xdv k kyfief;rsm;udk vnfywf&ef/ topf
aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;udk ay;EdkifpGrf; r&Sdawmhay? xdk@tjyifpDrHcsuftopfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;&if;/
,ciftajccHtaqmuftODrsm;. xdef;odrf;ðyjyifr_udpPrsm;udk vspfvsL&_xm;&if;jzifh jy\emrsm;rSmydkIqdk;&Gm;
vmcJh&onf?
(e0w) ppftpdk;&vufxufwiG f/ tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;udk t"dutm&Hkxm;
vkyfaqmifcJhonf? wdik f;jynftwGif;ñuHawG@ae&aom tajccHtaqmuftODvdt k yfcsufESifh ay;aqmifEdkifpGrf;
tm;rr#onfh jy\emudak jz&Sif;Edkif&ef tm;oGefcGefpdkufóu;yrf;cJhonf? ‚if;wd@k taejzifh yifrvrf;rsm;udk pwifI
csJ@xGifcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf;vkyfief;puf,EW,m;rsm;csKd@wJjh cif;/ u|rf;usifvkyfom;&Sm;yg;jcif;/ &efyHkaiGcsKdwJjh cif;
wd@k a=umifh tvsiftjrefwdk;wufvmjcif;r&SdbJ aESmifhaES;ae&onf? &nf&G,fcsuaf umif;aomfvnf; TpDrHcsuf
rsm;wGif t"rRvkyftm;ay;pepfudt k oH;k csr_a=umifh ydkI*k%foduQmxdcdu
k fvm&onf? xdk@tjyif &xm;vrf;rsm;
udk vnf;wd;k csJ@azmufvkyfcJhonf? ta=umif;rSmEdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;trsm;udk ydkrdkqGJaqmifEdkifap&efuwa=umif;ESifh
tjcm;wbufwGif vdktyfaomavmifpGmpGrf;tif/ txl;ojzifh obm0"gwfaiG@rsm;udk tjcm;ae&mrsm;odk@ o,f

216
ydk@Edkifap&ef jzpfonf? ajy;qGJaeaomava=umif;vdik frsm;vnf; rsm;jym;vm+yD;/ EdkifiHESifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;udk
ysHoef;qufoG,o f nfh av,mOfacgufa&vnf; rsm;vmonf? xd@k tjyifqdyfurf;,EW,m;rsm;udkvnf; csJ@xGifcJh
aomfvnf; &efukefòr@w0dkufa'owGifom tajcpkaeao;onf? TuJo h dk@udef;*%ef;t&wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmr_
rsm;tjyif/ tpdk;&taejzifh tcsKd@aomwDxGifqef;opfr_rsm;vnf; ðyvkyfcJhonf? txl;ojzifhta&;ygaom
aqmif&Gufcsurf Sm EdkifiH&yfjcm;yk*~vduukr`%Drsm;udk jynfwGif;tajccHtaqmuftODwnfaqmufr_vkyfief;rsm;
wGif pD;yGm;a&;tajccHqGJaqmifr_jzifh 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcGifhðycJhonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;onf vufawG@toH;k 0if
aom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&ud, k fY. tajccHtaqmuftODcsJ@xGifwnfaqmufa&;
vkyfief;rsm;onf b¾ma&;tajctaea=umifh tuef@towf&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; vuf
awG@wGif tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rawG@&ao;ay?

yHk (10? 3) (1997/ 98) EdkifiHawmf&oH;k aiGpm&if; (bwf*suf) rS toH;k p&dwfrsm;teuf t"duusaom tajccH
taqmuftODwnfaqmufr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf aiGvHk;aiG&if;cGJa0oH;k pGJr_jyyHk?
Power Transport and Communication

Current Current
38% 42%

Capital
Capital 58%
62%

rl&if;? Review of the Financial, Economic and Social Conditions for

1996/97. Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development,
Union of Myanmar. 1997.

tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;. vuf&Sdtaetxm;rSm acwfaemufuscsKd@,Gif;vsu&f Sdonf? TtajccH

taqmuftODwckvH;k udk jyefvnfjyifqifrGrf;rH&efqdkv#if/ aiGa=u;t&if;tjrpf ajrmufrsm;pGmvdt k yfaeonf?
xd@k tjyiftuef@towf&Sdaom pGrf;tm;pkrsm;udk tusKd;&SdpGmcGJa0ae&mcsxm;Edkifa&;twGuq f dkv#if/ pDrHcsuf
topf/ taqmuftODtopfrsm;xyfrHaqmufvkyfjcif;xufpmv#if/ vuf&Sd&Sdaeaompepfudk ydkrdkxda&mufap&ef
jyifqifrGrf;rHjcif;/ xdef;odrf;jcif;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- EdkifiHawmftpdk;&.
&oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf; (1997-98) udk jyef=unfv h #if/ tajccHtaqmuftODu¾wGif EdkifiHawmfrSaiGvH;k aiG&if;
jzifhpdkufxw k foH;k pGJaom toHk;p&dwfrsm;udo k mawG@&+yD;/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;rS &&Sdaom0ifaiGjzifhjyefvnf
oH;k pGJEdkifjcif;udk rawG@&ay? tu,fItajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk pepfwusjyefvnfae&mcsxm; zGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf rl0g'csrSwfxm;r_ aocsmr&Sdygu/ xyfrHaqmufvkyfaom pDrHcsuftopf
rsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdk@vdv k m;aom&v'fudk ay;pGrf;Edkifrnf r[kwfay? jynfolvx l k. vlr_zlvHak &;twGuf
tjcm;wbufwvrf;rStusKd;ðyEdkifapaom EdkifiHawmfb¾maiGrsm;onfvnf;/ qufvufI wvGo J H;k pGJaerdap
vdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

217
tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;. &nfrSef;csufrsm;
t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuft&yifv#if/ tajccHtaqmuftODqdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vsifjrefacsmarG@
apa&;twGuf tajccHvdt k yfcsufjzpfonf? xdk@twGuaf =umifh twwfEdkifqHk;zGH@òz;ap&ef aqmif&Guf&vdrfhrnf
jzpfonf? tenf;qHk; vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; toHk;ðyaeEdkifaom tajccHtaqmuftOD,EW,m;rsm;udk pD;yGm;
a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmr_ t&Sdeft[kefESifhtnD xyfrH csJ@xGifay;&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf? wòyifwnf;rSmyif jynfolrsm;
ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;uawmif;qdkvmr_ESifhtnD xkwfvkyf0efaqmifr_udkvnf; ajymif;vJay;Edkif&efóu;yrf;&
ayrnf? tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udo k m taxmuftulðy&Hkr#ru/ tjcm;&nf
rSef;csufrsm;jzpfaom qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_avsmhenf;usqif;a&;ESifh vlr_todik f;t0dkif;rsm;tcsif;csif;o[Zmwjzpfap
a&; udv k nf;/ taxmuftulðyonf? xdik f;EdkifiH/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwd@k wGif&Sdaeaom vuf&SdtajccHtaqmuftOD
rsm;onf EdkifiHtus,ft0ef;/ vlOD;a&ESifhtr# csdefqajymif;vJcJ=h uonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh TEdkifiHrsm;. pHcsdef
pH!$ef;udkwGuq f I rdrdwd@k EdkifiHwGifvnf; vmrnfhESpf (20) -(25) ESpftwGif;Y TEdkifiHrsm;. tqifhtwef;udkrD
ap&ef óu;yrf;&ayrnf? tu,fI rdrdwdk@pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_u ydkIjrefqeft&Sdefjrifhyguvnf;/ TEdkifiHrsm;
xuf ausmfvGefap&ef aqmif&Guf&ef &nfrSef;csufxm;&rnf jzpfygonf?

tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf csOf;uyfyHkrsm;
txufwGifazmfjycJhaom tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;r_qdkif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;onf/ rl0g'csrSwfa&;qGJ
olrsm;twGuf vufawG@vkyfaqmif&ef a,bk,sodyfusvGef;onf[k qdkvdku qdkEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvufawG@
csOf;uyfr_zufu=unfv h #if rdrdwdk@taejzifh xif&Sm;aomcsOf;uyfyHk (2) rsKd;udk a&G;cs,fp&mtjzpfwifjyvdkygonf?
yxrcsOf;uyfyHkrSm tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk vdktyfcsuf/ awmif;qdkcsufudkjznfhqnf;ay;&ef vdu k fvaH qmif
&Gufay;aomcsOf;uyfyHkrsKd;jzpfygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm tu,fIv#yfppfpGrf;tifudk vltrsm;uydkrdktvd&k Sdvmygu/
r=umc%rD;jywfjcif;/ rD;tm;usjcif;rsm; jzpfvmrnfjzpfonf? xdktajctaewGif rdrdwd@k uv#yfppf"gwftm;xkwf
vkyfr_wdk;ay;&ef jzpfygonf? tvm;wlyif o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;u¾wGifvnf;um;vrf;rsm; vrf;ydwfqdk@r_tjzpf
rsm;vmygu vrf;rsm;vdt k yfae+yD;/ rD;&xm;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;csJ@xGif&rnfukd jyaeygonf? rdrdwd@k zufrS ydkrdk
axmufyHhEdkifap&ef óu;yrf;a&;jzpfygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; Todk@csOf;uyfaqmif&GufaeyHkudk zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mtjrifbufrS csOf;uyfygu
auseyftm;&zG,f&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? tjcm;wbufrSjyef=unfhv#if pD;yGm;a&;pepfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_onf/ tajccH
taqmuftODtuef@towftay:wGif tjrJwnfrDSaejyefygonf? tjcm;wbufrS=unfjh yefv#ifvnf; tajccH
taqmuftODzGH@òz;wdk;wufvmwdik f; pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;vmaprnf[k tmrcHcsufray;Edkifyg? tajccHtaqmuftOD
u pD;yGm;a&;u¾twGif;&Sd tjcm;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk wnfrDSI/ wpHkw&mtusKd;ðyEdkifygonf?
TuJo h dk@aomcsOf;uyfyHkrsKd;udk ydkIacwfrDwdk;wufpGm a,bk,sajymqdkoHk;pGJavh&Sdolrsm;rSm EdkifiHwum
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ txl;ojzifhurBmhb%frS jzpfygonf? TcsOf;uyfyHkt& tajccHtaqmuftODxyfrHcsJ@xGifr_E_ef;
xm;onf/ TtaqmuftODrsm;udk tem*wfwGifxyfrHvdt k yfvmrnft h aetxm;ESifh wGucf sufaqmif&Guf&ef
jzpfygonf? Tod@k wGucf suf&mwGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHjcif;tm;jzifh jyef&vmEdkifaom vlr_a&;t&aumif;usKd;tjzpf/
Taqmufvkyfvdu k faomtajccHtaqmuftODrS tem*wfwiG faiGjyef0ifvmEdkifrnfhtaetxm;udk tajccHI
wGucf suf=uygonf? Todk@aomydkItqifhjrifhacwfrDaom wGucf sufyHkrsKd;Yyif tajccHtaqmuftODu¾onf/
tjcm;u¾rsm;ESifhtwl pD;yGGg;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf tcsufwcktjzpf taxmuftulðya=umif; jyaeyg
onf? tajccHtaqmuftODwckwnf;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_udjk zpfaponf r[kwfyg?
Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&ajym&rnfqdkv#if/ tjcm;csOf;uyfenf;wckrSm awmif;qdkcsufudk ar#mfrSef;óuvGefI
tajccHtaqmuftODudk aqmufvkyfjcif;jzpfygonf? Todk@aomcsOf;uyfyHkrsKd;udk ppf+yD;acwfumvwGifxif&Sm;

218
ausm=f um;aom zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif/ uG,fvGefav+yD;aomygarmuQ &uf*g ewfufqD;100 u
txl; t=uHðycJhygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk vuf&Sdtaetxm;wGifvdktyfcsufxuf
tenf; i,fóuwGufI/ ydkIaqmufvkyfap&ef jzpfygonf? xdkodk@aqmufvkyfxm;onft h wGuaf =umifh tajccH
taqmuftODu pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udk wk@H qGJaeapvdrfhrnf r[kwfawmhyg? xdkr#ru tajccHtaqmuf
tODrsm;&Sdxm;+yD; jzpfaoma=umifh/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;ap&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;ay:xGef;apvdrfhrnfjzpf
onf? ydkIawmif;qdkr_rsm; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Tt,ltqt& tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_
twGuaf =umifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udk jzpfap&Hkr#ru/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;udv k nf; ydkIxda&muf
xufjrufaomvrf;a=umif;odk@ vrf;!$efay;apEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
TcsOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;onf puFmylEdkifiHtaejzifh (1980) ckESpfumvrsm;twGif; ,ckzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_
t&SdefpwifaepOfuwnf;u pIvdu k femusifo
h Hk;cJhaomcsOf;uyfyHk jzpfygonf? tqifhjrifhpufr_enf;ynmrsm;jzpf
aom tDvufx&Gefepfenf;ynm/ owif;qufoG,fa&;enf;ynm/ tEkpdwftif*sifeD,mynmrsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wuf
vmaomumvwGif/ puFmylEdkifiHtaejzifh acwfudkóuI pufr_enf;ynmausmif;rsm;/ aumvdyfrsm;ESifh
okawoeXmersm;zGifhvSpfxm;cJhygonf? pufr_enf;ynmu|rf;usifaom vkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm;arG;xkwfxm;
+yD;/ tpdk;&,EW,m;pepfwckvHk;udv k nf; uGefjyLwmpepfjzifh wyfqiftoH;k ðy qufoG,x f m;cJhygonf? aemuf
ydkif;tqifhjrifhpufr_enf;ynmrsm; wGifwGifus,fus,ftoH;k ðyvmaomumvwGif/ puFmyltaejzifh tawG@
tñuHºu,f0ae&Hkr#omru/ uGefjyLwmenf;ynmjzifhu|rf;0ifxm;aom EdkifiHwcktjzpfjyifqif toifh&Sdxm;+yD;
jzpfaecJhygonf? owif;qufoG,fa&;enf;ynmESifh pufr_zGH@òz;r_udk a&S@aqmifEdkifcJhygonf?
TcsOf;uyfyHkwGif tjcm;tm;aumif;csufwck&Sdygao;onf? tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk vdktyfcsuf
xufa&S@óuI aqmufvkyfxm;aoma=umifh/ rdrdwdk@taejzifh pDrHudef;rsm;udk ydkIaumif;atmifa&;qGJEdkif+yD;/ rsKd;
rwlaom tajccHtaqmuftODu¾rsm;tcsif;csif; ydkrdkcsdwfqufr_&ap&ef yl;aygif;pOf;pm;Edkifjcif; jzpfygonf?
TonfrSm txl;ojzifhtajccHtaqmuftODyHhydk;ay;a&;vkyfief;udk enf;vrf;toG,foG,jf zihf aqmif&GufEdkif
aomumvY taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifr_twGuf txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh o,f,l
ydk@aqmifa&;u¾Y um;vrf;/ &xm;vrf;/ a&vrf; ponfrsm;udk taumif;qHk;a&G;cs,f&efjzpf+yD;/ avmifpmpGrf;
tifwGifvnf; a&eH/ ausmufrD;aoG;/ EsLuvD;,m;/ aepGrf;tif ponfrsm;udk pepfwusa&G;cs,fEdkifap&efjzpf
onf?
Tod@k aomcsOf;uyfyHktwGuf azmfjy&eftaumif;qHk;OyrmrSm òr@jyrsm;tjzpfwdk;csJ@wnfaqmuf&mY
jzpfonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh zGH@òz;r_enf;aomEdkifiHrsm;Y òr@jyjzpfay:vmyHkenf;rSm/ òr@i,fuav;&Sdvlrsm;u olwdk@
pdwfwkid f;uspka0;vm+yD;/ tqifajyovdk wdk;csJ@aexdkifvm=ujcif; jzpfonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh òr@jyrsm;zGH@òz;vmyHk
rSm tm;enf;csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;pGmjzifh jzpfvm&ygonf? txl;ojzifh òr@}uD;ab;wGifywfvnf0dkif;aeaomòr@i,f
rsm;tjzpf jzpfvmjcif;/ odk@r[kwf ta&;ygaomòr@}uD;tcsKd@teD;wGifomuGufI pka0;aejcif;rsKd; jzpfwwfygonf?
ta=umif;rSm vltrsm;upIpka0;vm=u+yD;aemufrS/ tpdk;&uaemufuvdkufI òr@jytajccHtaqmuftODrsm;
vdu k fI jyifqifay;&aoma=umifh/ aemufrSvdkufI axmufyHhay;&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? txufazmfjyxm;
aomcsOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;wGif qef@usifbuftm;jzifh tpdk;&uòr@jyrsm;wd;k wufvmyHk/ wdk;wufvmE_ef;udk óuwif
pDrHEdkif+yD;/ òr@jyqdkif&mtajccHvlr_taqmuftODrsm; óuwifjznfhqnf;xm;Edkifaoma=umifh ydkIxda&muf xuf
jrufpGmaqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
xd@k tjyif xdck sOf;uyfyHkudk ydkIta&;}uD;pGmaqmif&GufEdkifaomudpPrsm; &Sdygao;onf? r=umao;rD
acwfumvtwGif; pdwf0ifpm;p&mtaumif;qHk;tajctaerSm pufr_enf;ynmopfrsm;wDxiG fvmr_ESifh jzef@a0
oH;k pGJvmr_yif jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifhuGefjyLwmpepfwGifjzpf+yD;/ tcsuftvufodak vSmifxm;r_/ jyefazmfxkwfEdkif
r_/ qufoG,fjzef@a0Edkifr_yif jzpfygonf? Towif;enf;ynma=umifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmajymif;vJ
wd;k wufr_rsm;jzpfay:vmapcJh+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;u¾trsm;tjym;wGifvnf; tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdapcJhygonf?

100
Prof. Ragnar Nurkse

219
od@k aomfvnf; Ttqifhjrifhenf;ynmrsm;onf zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiH}uD;rsm;wGifom trsm;qHk;wdk;wufzGH@òz;ae=uyg
onf? zGH@òz;r_enf;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif tajccsEdkifjcif;yif r&Sdao;yg? txl;ojzifh rdrdwd@k a'o&SdEdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfyg
onf? TtajctaewGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhacwfa&S@óuajy;+yD;/ Tenf;ynmrsm;udk tjrefvufvrS f;&,lEdkif
a&;rSm txl;ta&;}uD;+yD;/ tcGifhtvrf;w&yfjzpfygonf? Todk@aqmuf&GufEdkif&eftwGuq f dkv#if qufo, G fa&;
qdkif&mtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jznfq h nf;ay;xm;&efvdtk yfygvdrfhrnf? tqifhjrifhqufoG,fa&;enf;ynm
toH;k ðyvmjcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;toD;oD;ESifhqufoG,fEdkifapjcif;/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiHtwGif;qufoG,rf _v#ifjref
aumif;rGefvmapI pD;yGGg;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udkomru/ jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf ckefysHausmfvm$ ;I&ap
Edkifaom/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;udk trDvdu
k fapEdkifaom tajctaeudak y;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

tajccHtaqmuftODzGHΘzd;r+qdkif&mtwGuf r[mAsL[majrmufyHhydk;ay;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;
TtajccHtaqmuftODu¾qdkif&m r[mAsL[mqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif yHhydk;vkyfaqmif&ef t"du
wm0ef&SdolrSm EdkifiHawmftpdk;&yifjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh TtajccHtaqmuftOD
aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf aiGukefa=u;ustvGefrsm;pGm wnfaqmuf&aomvkyfief;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ xd@k tjyif
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;wGifvnf; tajrmuftrsm;&if;ESD;=u&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? ydkIta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm
tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;onf jyifyxGut f usKd;rsm;rsm;pGm&Sdap+yD;/ teD;0ef;usif&Sdvlxkrsm;tm;vH;k udk
aumif;usKd;oufa&mufapEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh vpfZDzJ,m; vGwfvyfaomaps;uGuf
usifo h H;k a&;0g'. q&m}uD;wqljzpfaom t'rfprpfuyif/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wnfaqmufyHhydk;ay;a&;
vkyfief;udk tkyfcsKyfolrsm;. wm0efw&yftjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjycJhjcif; jzpfygonf?
'kwd,tajccHusaomrlrSm tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;onf umv=um&SnfcHaomypPnf;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/
a&&SnftwGut f mrcHcsuf&Sdaom t&if;tESD;rsm;vnf; jzpf=uygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifhTod@k tajccH
taqmuftODrsm;udk aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf aiGacs;iSm;I aqmufvkyf&efvnf; usKd;a=umif;qDavsm&f SdvSyg
onf? odk@aomfvnf;yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifjzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;b%frsm;onfyifv#if Todk@&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHjcif;tm;jzifh
jyef&vmEdkifaomtusKd;tjrwfudkwGucf suf&ef tvGefcufcJygonf? EdkifiHwckodk@aiGxkwaf cs;aomb%frsm;onf
yifTvkyfief;rS tusKd;tjrwfrnfr#xGufvmEdkif+yD;/ acs;aiGrsm;udk rnfonft h csdefwGif jyefqyfEdkifrnfukd wGuq f
&ef rjzpfEdkif jzpf&ygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHuJo h dk@zGH@òz;r_aES;auG;aomEdkifiHwcktzdk@/ Tod@k tajccH
taqmuftODrsm;udk aqmufvkyfEdkif&efaiGacs;rnfqdkygu/ vHak vmufaom&efyHkaiGudkyif acs;,l&&Sd&efrvG,ful
yg? xdktwGuaf =umifh Tvkyfief;rsm;twGufaiGacs;rnfqdkv#if EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom urBmhb%f
rsKd;uom acs;iSm;Edkifygvdrfhrnf? urBmhb%fwnfaxmifxm;onfrSmvnf; TuJhodk@aompDrHcsufrsm;twGuf
pwif wnfaxmifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? tajccHtaqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm urBmhb%frS vdv k dk
vm;vm; aiGacs;iSm;vdak om vkyfief;rsKd;jzpfonf[kvnf; ajymprSwfðy=uygonf?
wwd,taejzifh owdðy&eftcsufrSm yk*~vdutcef;u¾rsm;rS yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifr_ twdik f;twm
yif jzpfygonf? tajccHtaqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm ukefusp&dwf}uD;rm;onft h jyif/ ab;xGuf
wefzdk;vnf; rsm;aoma=umifh/ Tr#}uD;rm;aomtwdik f;twmudk omrefaps;uGujf zifhjznfq h nf;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg?
aiG&if;yif jyefIumrdapvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? xdktwGuaf =umifhyif tpdk;&taejzifhtusKd;trsm;qHk;jzpfapEdkifaom
vkyfief;rsm;udk tus,t f jyef@aomvlr_a&;&_axmifh/ a&&Snftjrifrsm;jzifh qHk;jzwf&efvd+k yD; axmufyHhr_ðy&rnf
jzpfygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; Todk@qdkjcif;tm;jzifh TtajccHtaqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;udk tpdk;&uomaxmufyhH&
rnf/ pDrHcef@cGJtkyfcsKyf&rnf[k rqdkvdyk g? tpdk;&.vkyfief;Xmersm;onf t&if;tjrpfypPnf;rsm;udk toH;k cs&m/
cGJa0&mwGifvnf; trSefwu,fyif xda&mufxufjrufpGm pGrf;aqmifEdkifolrsm; r[kwf=uyg? xdktwGuaf =umifh
220
tpdk;&taejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODrnfr#twdik f;twmvdktyfonfudk qHk;jzwfcsucf sap&efvdktyf+yD;/ TpDrH
csufrsm;aqmufvkyfa&;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;qefqefaqmif&GufEdkifap&ef/ yk*~vduvufodk@v$J
vdu k fonfom txda&mufqHk;jzpfygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;udk yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmap&ef
rufvkH;aphaqmfr_rsm;ay;&ef vdktyf+yD;/ Tenf;tm;jzifh yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;rS vltrsm;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf
trsm;qHk;tusKd;&SdapEdkifaom aqmif&Gufcsurf sm; ðyEdkif=urnf jzpfonf?
TuJo h dk@ pDrHcef@cGJr_rsKd;onf rsm;r=umao;rDumvu/ zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;wGif ‘yk*~vduydkifðyvkyfa&;’
acgif;pOfatmufwGif txl;a&yef;pm;vmcJhygonf? yk*~vduu¾. tm;aumif;csufrSmxkwfvkyfr_pGrf;&nfudk
tjrifhrm;qHk;&atmif aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;jzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm; tcsif;csif;=um;òyifqdkif
vkyfudik fae&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tajccHtaqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;udk tpdk;&xHrS yk*~vdu
ukr`%DwckvufwGif;odk@ v$aJ jymif;ay;vdkuf&Hkr#jzifh rvHak vmufyg? Tod@k vufv$aJ y;tyfvdu k fygu vuf0g;}uD;
tkyfvkyfudik fcGifh&aom tajctaersKd;udk a&mufapygvdrfhrnf? tajccHtaqmuftODu¾wGif yk*~vduydkif
ðyvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ydkI xda&mufap&efqdkv#if ukr`%Drsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;tcsif;csif; vHak vmufaomòyifqdkifEdkifr_
taetxm; &Sdap&ygvdrfhrnf?
tajccHtaqmuftODESifhywfoufI rdrdwdk@r[mAsL[mvkyfief;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efvdkaom
aemufqHk;ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm/ aps;E_ef;owfrSwfa&;rlyif jzpfygonf? twdwu f mvu aqmif&GufcJ=h uyHk
rSm tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;ESifh ðyjyifxdef;odrf;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk tpdk;&.b¾mrSyifuscHoHk;
pGJcJh=uygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh TtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk toH;k ðyonfjzpfap/ rðyonfjzpfap tcGefrsm;
rSwqifhay;aqmifae=u&ygonf? Tod@k jzpf&jcif;rSm TtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;jzifh vl
tm;vHk;tusKd;cHpm;=u&vdrfhrnf[k a,bk,s,q l xm;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? tu,fIvltrsm;tm;vH;k
tusKd;r&Sd[k,lqyguvnf;/ TtajccHtaqmuftODypPnf;rsm;tay: vltoD;oD;wOD;csif;pD. pdwfauseyfr_
udk wdik f;wm&efcufcJaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? aemufqHk;tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom0efxkyf
0efydk;onf tpdk;&tay:YomyHkusvmygawmhonf? tpdk;&taejzifh b¾ma&;tusyftwnf;ESifhñuHvm&aom
tcgwGifvnf;/ tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m toH;k p&dwfrsm;udak v#mch soHk;pGJjcif;jzifhom ajz&Sif;awmhonf?
tu,fI aiGukefa=u;ustvGefrsm;aom tajccHtaqmuftODrsKd;/ jyefvnf&&Sdrnfh tusKd;tjrwf
raocsmaom vkyfief;rsKd;rsm;udk owdxm;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? oHk;pGJoluuscHap&rnf[laomrludk a&
umwm}uD;rsm;wnfaqmufa&;uJo h d@k aom vkyfief;rsKd;wGif oHkI&Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? ta=umif;rSm&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_
tcGef}uD;rm;+yD;/ tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&&SdrnfholrSm v,form;tcsKd@r#omjzpfygonf? xdo k lrsm;rSmvnf; Ta&um
wm}uD;vnfywfaeap&ef aqmif&Gufae&aomukefusp&dwfrsm;tukefay;&efqdkonfrSmvnf; jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf
r[kwfyg? TuJo h dk@aomjy\emrsKd;onf tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm TuJhodk@aomaiGukefa=u;us
rsm;aom tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wnfaqmufa&;onf EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: tajccHcsrSwf
=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;tjrift&wGucf sufaqmif&Guf=ujcif; r[kwfyg?
tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_vnf;rsm;/ tusKd;&&Sdr_vnf;rsm;Edkifaom a&&SnfpDrHcsuf}uD;rsKd;
rSm cef@rSef;xm;onft h wdik f;rjzpfvmovdk/ rSef;csufESifh ESrf;xGufrudu k fonfvnf; jzpfwwfygonf? TuJo h dk@
aom pDrHcsuf}uD;rsKd;rSm a&umwm}uD;rsm;aqmufvkyfa&;pDrHcsufrsm;jzpf+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& a&&Snfvnfywf&ef
vufawG@rusonfudv k nf; awG@&ygonf? jynfwGif;wGif aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;+yD;aemuf jyefvnf&&Sdvm
aomtusKd;udk jyefIwGufcsufr_rsm; r&Sd=uouJhod@k / TpDrHcsufrsm;a=umifh tusKd;aus;Zl;cHpm;=u&rnfh
v,form;rsm;rSmvnf;/ pDrHudef;qufvufvnfywfa&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfudkyif ay;aqmifEdkif&ef cufcJae
wwf=uaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? &if;ESD;xm;aiGjyefvnf&&Sda&;onfyif (10) ESpf/ ESpf (20) txd=umwwf=u
ygonf?
ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm tvm;wl0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom tjcm;enf;
vrf;rsm;jzifh jznfhqnf;Edkif&efyifjzpfygonf? xdkenf;vrf;rsm;u p&dwfuek fusr_oufom+yD;/ ydkIxda&mufr_vnf;
&SdEdkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ti,fpm;a&ay;oGif;wl;ajrmif;pDrHudef;rsm;jzpfygonf? tcsKd@

221
aomudpPrsm;wGif v,form;rsm;ud, k fwkid f tjcm;aomtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_vkyfief;rsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufvkyf
udik fap&ef pDpOfay;Edkifygao;onf? Tenf;tm;jzifh tajccHtaqmuftODtwGuf awmif;qdkcsufukv d nf;
avsmeh nf;usqif;apEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ðy&rnf&h efyHkaiGrsm;udk tjcm;tusKd;&SdaprnfhudpPrsm;
twGuf ajymif;vJtoH;k csEdkifygu jzpfay:vmEdkifrnfhtcGifhtvrf;qdkif&mwefzdk;101 udv k nf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;
wGucf sufoifhygonf? tu,fIqnfwckwnfaqmuf+yD; jzpfaeygu tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh/ xdkqnf.tusKd;udk cH
pm;&onfh v,form;rsm;onf qnfvnfywfaer_twGuu f kefusp&dwfukd ay;aqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdoifh+yD;/ jyefvnf
rGrf;rHa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuv f nf; xnfh0ifEdkifpGrf;&Sdoifhonf? xdkod@k raqmif&GufEdkifygu TpDrHcsufrsm;onf/
aiGa=u;wefzdk;}uD;pGm qufvufaxmufyHhae&rnfhpDrHudef;rsm; jzpfae+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; wGufacsrudu k fEdkif
yg?
od@k aomfvnf; tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mu¾trsKd;rsKd;wGif jynforl sm;tm;vHk; wef;wlnDr#tusKd;
cHpm;cGifhjzpfapvdrfhrnf/ twlwl0ifaiGjzpfvmapvdrfhrnf[k xifrSwfxm;=ucsufrSm rrSefuefyg? xd@k tjyif,ck
vufcHoH;k pGJEdkif=u+yDjzpfaom pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;r_rsm;rSwqifh vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;tusKd;tjrwf&&SdyHkudk ydkIwdus
aocsmatmif wGucf sufEdkif=u+yD jzpfonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wnfaqmufay;jcif;
a=umifh cHpm;&&Sdrnft h usKd;tjrwfrsm;tay:rlwnfI vlwOD;csif;xHrSjyefvnfaumufcHjcif;udk/ olwk@d tusKd;
cHpm;&r_tvdu k f aqmif&GufEdkif+yDjzpfonf? Trl0g'udk oH;k pGJolu oHo k avmufay;apaomrl0g'tjzpf tod
trSwfðyxm;=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif Trltwdik f; tjynft h 0
w&m;aousifo h Hk;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? tu,fI Ttwdik f;omusifo h Hk;ygu T0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;onf
yk*~vduydkif vkyfief;rsm;ozG,f jzpfvm=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; tenf;qHk; oH;k oluoH;k oavmuf
ay;apaom rl0g'udk jzpfEdkifoavmuf usifo h H;k oifhygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh acwfrDum;vrf;r}uD;rsm;.
tusKd;aus;Zl;udk cHpm;&aom um;ydkif&Sifrsm;u xdu k foifhoavmufuscH&rnf jzpfygonf? xdktcgvrf;r}uD;
rsm;. ðyjyifxdef;odrf;p&dwfrsm;/ wnfaqmufa&;p&dwfrsm;udk tjcm;EdkifiHom;rsm;xuf/ um;ydkif&Sifrsm;u ydkI
uscH=u&vdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?

yk*~vduu¾yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_udk wd;k csJ@a&;

EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;r_qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;udk axmufyHhay;&efESifh
}uD;=uyf&efwm0ef&Sdaomfvnf;/ ‚if;u¾wGif yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;bufu yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifaomtcef;udk
wdusaocsmpGm jyXmef;xm;ay;oifhonf? wbufwiG f tpdk;&taejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
wnfaqmufr_ESifh 0efaqmifr_wGifjynfot l rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdoltaejzifh csKyfudik fxm;
oifhaomfvnf;/ Tvkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k udk tpdk;&ucsnf;uscHap&ef/ jynfolwOD;csif; od@k r[kwftpktzGJ@rsm;u
toifh&,lok;H pGJ&efar#mfvifhxm;I rjzpfEdkifyg? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHi,fwckwGif tcsKd@utqdk;
zufujrifavh&Sd=uaomtjrifrSm yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh aiG&if;tESD;}uD;rm;aomtajccHtaqmuf
tODqdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&ef cJ,Of;vdrfhrnf[k jrif=uonf?
od@k aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@taejzifhrl yk*~vduu¾rS&if;ESD;xnfh0ifvmEdkifaomtaetxm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH
wGiftqdk;bufu jrifrxm;yg? jrefrmEdkifiH. tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~
vdu vkyfief;&Sifrsm;bufu wwwfwtm;yg0ifvmEdkifaom tvm;tvm&Sdygonf? Tae&mwGif tpdk;&.
t"duwm0efrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tqifajyacsmarG@Edkifaom0ef;usifudk zefwD;ay;&efyif jzpfyg
onf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm ,ae@umvwGif enf;ynmopfrsm;jzpfay:wd;k wufaer_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;0ef;usifajymif;vJ
jzpfay: aer_a=umifh/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif aumif;pGm
yg0if aqmif&GufEdkifacsESifh tjrwftpGef;&Edkifacs&Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh w,fvDa=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;
rsm;ESifh v#yfppfxkwv f kyfr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif jzpfygonf? yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh w,fvDzkef;qufoG,f

101
Opportunity cost

222
a&;u¾wGif vufudik frdkbdkif;zkef;rsm;ESifh tifwmeuf0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkif=u+yD;/ v#yfppf
xkwv f kyfr_ vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf;/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh v#yfppfxkwv f kyfjcif;ESifh jzef@jzL;jcif;udk a'o
qdkif&mtwGif;&Sd *&pfóu;wef;pepfrsm;twGif; qufoG,af qmif&GufcGifðh yEdkifygonf? wEdkifiHvH;k qdkif&m
aumif;uifóu;wef;pepfudkrl tpdk;&uomqufvufxdef;odrf;xm;oifhygonf? cGJjcm;vkyfudik f&efcufcJaom
&xm;ydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;wGifyif/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk tcsKd@aomtpdwftydkif;vkyfief;rsm;Y yk*~vdu
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk cGJa0wm0efcsxm;ay;Edkifygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; tajccHtaqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcGifhðy
rnfqdkygu/ rdrdwdk@.vGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifcGifhtm%mESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH+yD;v#if tjrwfrsm;udk aiGjyefvJv, S fI r&
aomjy\em pojzifh pGef@pm;&r_tEW&m,f&Sdygonf? yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;. &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mudpPrsm;
twGuf wdus&Sif;vif;aomOya'/ pnf;rsOf;rsm;jyXmef;xm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh/ vGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifcGifhtm%m
ESifhywfoufI&_yfaxG;r_/ tEW&m,fenf;apEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyif yGifhvif;jrifomaom/ wm0ef,lwm0efcHr_&Sdaom
tpdk;&pepfudv k nf; usifhoH;k &efvdt
k yfygonf? tpdk;&taejzifhwnf+idrfaom trsKd;om;ruU&dkpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m
rl0g'rsm; csrSwfusifo h Hk;jcif;tm;jzifh tjrwfaiGrsm;udk jyefvJv,S f&efcufcJapEdkifaom jy\emudkvnf;&Sif;Edkifyg
onf? xdk@tjyifTtEW&m,frsm;udk av#meh nf;ap&eftwGuf umuG,af omenf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;ðyEdkifa=umif;
wdusaomtmrcHcsufay;xm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? xd@k tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh tcsKd@aomtpdk;&Xmersm;twGif;
òyifqdkifr_ESifh 0efaqmifr_ay;aomyk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGif òyifqdkifr_udjk r‡ifhwifay;&ef vdt k yfygonf?
xd@k tjyif0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; pH&nfpH!$ef;rDapa&;twGuf wdusaompnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;/ pHowfrSwf
csufrsm;/ oifhawmfaomaps;E_ef;rsm;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;r_qdkif&m vdkufem&rnfu h sifhxH;k rsm;/ ab;
Oyg'fenf;ap&ef pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvnf; jyXmef;xm;ay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? ydkIta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm TOya'
pnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik faomukr`%Drsm;jzpfrvmap&eftwGuf umuG,fwm;qD;aomvkyfxH;k
vkyfenf;rsm;udv k nf; jyXmef;&ygrnf? TOya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wdusaocsmjyXmef;vmonfESifhtr#/ ‚if;wdk@udk
pnf;=uyfrnfXh mersm;udk zGJ@pnf;apmifh=unfhap&rnf jzpfygonf?

tzGJ@tpnf;pepfqdkif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
yxrESifhta&;t}uD;qHk;tcsufrSm/ òyifqdkifr_&Sdaom aps;uGufpepfudck sJ@xGifI/ tajccHtaqmuftOD
aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJa&;/ 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udyk g0ifaqmif
&Gufapvdo k nfqdkv#if/ tus,ftjyef@aom tpdk;&Xmersm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&mpepfrsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
vkyf&ef vdt k yfygonf? wbufwGif yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS tcsKd@aomtajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;
rsm;udk 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufaecdkufwiG f/ aemufqufwGq J dk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ESifh cGJa0r_qdkif&mrnDrr#r_rsm;
rjzpfay:ap&ef/ òyifqdkifr_&Sdaomaps;uGufpepfudk zefwD;ay;Edkifygonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh tajccH
taqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;udk toH;k ðyjcif;/ wnfaqmufjcif;/ &efyHkaiGxnfh0if&if;ESD;jcif;/ pDrHcef@cGJjcif;vkyfief;
rsm;wGif tpdk;&- yk*~vdu yl;wGJvkyfaqmifEdkifaomvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; &SmazGEdkifygonf? tjcm;wenf;tm;jzifh
vnf;/ tpdk;&Xmersm;taejzifh tajccHtaqmuftODwnfaqmufjcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif
pm;oHk;olrsm;tusKd; ydkrdk&&Sdapa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;qefqefusifhoH;k vkyfudik fr_rsKd;udk tm;ay;aqmif&GufEdkifyg
onf? xdk@tjyiftcsKd@aom vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vdu0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk uefx&dkufoabmjzifh iSm;&rf;
Edkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh vrf;jyifqifa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ tr_dufodrf;vkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyiftcsKd@
vkyfief;rsm;udvk nf; tiSm;csxm; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh/ TtajccHtaqmuftODu¾rS &efyHkaiGjyef&apEdkifyg
onf?
aps;uGutf &òyifqdkifr_pepfudk zGifhxm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh/ ydkIvkyfief;pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom 0efaqmifr_
vkyfief;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fwm0efay;Edkif+yD;/ tpdk;&0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; òyifqdkifol&Sdaeaoma=umifh
t&nftaoG;wufvmapEdkifygonf? jzpfEdkifaomtajctae&Sdyguvnf;/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;u pwifxm;
aomvkyfief;rsm;wGif tpdk;&u&efyHkaiGyHhydk;ay;Edkifa&; óu;yrf;oifhygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifhyk*~vduvkyfief;&Sif

223
wOD;wnf;u TpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfjzpfvmEdkifaom tajctaeudv k nf; umuG,fay;&m
a&mufygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh vuf&Sdtaetxm;wGif tpdk;&ESifhzufpyf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aom EdkifiHjcm;rdkbdkif;
w,fvDzkef; ukr`%D (2) ckudk/ tjcm;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;yg yg0ifvkyfudik fvmEdkifap&ef zGifhay;oifhygonf? Todk@
aqmif&Gufay;rSom w,fvDzkef;&&Sd&efapmifhqdkif;ae=uaom vl (20000) qdkonfh pm&if;udak vsmu h saprnf
jzpfygonf? w,fvDzkef;udk tvsiftjref&&SdEdkif+yD;/ vkyfief;&SifwOD;wnf;u vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;onfh tae
txm;udv k nf; yaysmufapEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyiftpdk;&jzpfap/ yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;jzpfap 0efaqmifaer_.
t&nftaoG;udk xdef;Edkifap&eftwGuf wdusaompnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufoifhygonf?
Ttcsufukd a&S@tcef; rsm;wGif tus,af qG;aEG;wifjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf?

ukefoG,fr_zGH@òz;vmEdkifaom tvm;tvmudw k GufqI tajccHtaqmuftODudk wdk;csJ@zGH@òz;apa&;

rdrdwd@k taejzifhwifjycJhonfrSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾ESifh pufr_u¾udk wckESifhwckjznfq h nf;
tusKd;ðyapaomyHkpHjzifh oGm;oifhonf[k wifjycJh+yD;jzpfygonf? TtajctaewGif pdkufysKd;a&;xGufuek fypPnf;
rsm;udk }udwfcGjJ yifqifaom/ pufr_xkwfukefrsm;tjzpf xkwfvkyfaom/ vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vm=urnf jzpfygonf?
Tvkyfief;rsm;Y vkyftm;udt k ajccHonfph uf&Hkrsm;a&m/ u|rf;usifr_tajccHonfhpuf&Hkrsm;yg zGH@òz;vmapvdrfhrnf
jzpfonf? Tpuf&Hkrsm;udk &efukefESifhteD;w0dkufa'orsm;wGifom zGH@òz;aeapIrjzpfyg? wEdkifiHvH;k twdik f;
twmodk@ jzef@csap&rnf jzpfygonf? pufr_ZkHrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk òr@}uD;wckESpfck/ a'otcsKd@wGifom pkðyH
aeapjcif;onf/ rvdv k m;tyfaom obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_rsm;ESifh zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mqdk;usKd;rsm;udk jzpfapyg
onf? EdkifiHtESH@tjym;wGif pufr_ZkHrsm;wnf&SdzGH@òz;apEdkifrSomv#if a&&SnftwGuyf dkI tusKd;&Sdaprnfjzpfyg
onf? ae&ma'ot&aomfvnf;aumif;/ c&D;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlr_a&;t&aomfvnf;aumif; ydkI
tusKd;wdk;wufapEdkifygonf?
vuf&SdzGH@òz;r_ESifh ukefoG,fr_taetxm;rsm;t&/ rdrdwdk@taejzifhatmufazmfjyygòr@rsm;wGif zGH@òz;r_
tcsuftcsmA[dkXmersm; jzpfvmEdkifonf[kwGufqygonf? ‚if;wd@k rSm ykodrf/ ppfawG/ armfvòrif/ ysOf;rem;-
awmifil/ jynf/ rauG;-a&eHacsmif;/ jrif;jcH-rdwD̂vm/ awmif}uD;òr@rsm; jzpfygonf? wenf;qdk&v#if {&m0wDjrpf
0Srf;/ ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;/ oHviG fjrpf0Srf;/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ ta&S@awmifurf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;onf EdkifiH.pufr_
cg;ywfvrf;a=umif;ozG,f jzpfvmEdkifygonf? &efukefESifh ykodrfa'orsm;onf vlt&if;tjrpftiftm;ESifh
o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vG,fulaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfyxGufaygufjzpfaom a&vrf;/ ava=umif;vdik f;rsm;
ESifheD;pyf tqifajyacsmarG@aoma=umifhvnf;aumif; tqifhjrifhpufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;vmEdkifrnfh pHjyae&m
aumif;rsm; jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif ykodrfòr@taejzifh pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;xGufukefrsm;ESifh opfawmxGufukefrsm;
udxk yfqifhxkwv f kyfaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tcsuftjcmae&maumif; jzpfygonf? {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;ESifh
ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;a'orsm;onf pdkufysKd;xGuu f kefrsm;udk xyfrHxkwvf kyfaom pufr_ZkrH sm;jzpfvmap&Hkr#rubJ/
olwk@d .xl;jcm;aomtaetxm;a=umifh tjcm;pufr_xkwfukefrsm;vnf; zGH@òz;vmEdkifygonf? jynfòr@onf
vuf&SdtajctaewGifyif t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wnfaxmifxm;+yD;jzpf+yD;/ rauG;-a&eHacsmif;a'oonf
bdvyfajrESifh a&eH"gwkypPnf;rsm;xkwv f kyfaom pufr_a'otjzpf zGH@òz;aecJh+yD; jzpfygonf? &Srf;jynfe,fwiG f
awmif}uD;òr@onf pdkufysKd;a&;xGufuek frsm;xkwv f kyfaoma'oomru/ owWKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudik fEdkifaom
a'orsm;jzpfygonf? pnfoGwfvkyfief;rsm;/ owWK&nfóuvkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomxyfqifhxkwfydk;onfhpuf&Hk
rsm;udk wnfaxmifapoihfygonf? jrif;jcH/ rHk&Gm/ rEWav;taejzifh csnfr#iftxnfvkyfief;ESifh tjcm;vkyfom;
tiftm;vdt k yfonfph ufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifapoifhygonf? xd@k tjyif rd&dk;zvmvufr_ypPnf;rsm;udkvnf;
xkwv f kyfEdkifygonf? ppfawGtaejzifh 0g;jzifhvkyfaomvkyfief;puf&Hkrsm;/ puULpufrsm;/ "gwkypPnf;puf&Hkrsm;udk
jynfawmfompDrHudef;umvuwnf;u tpysKd;xm;+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh/ qufvufaqmif&GufEdkifygonf?102
ta&S@ awmifurf;&dk;wef;jzpfaom u&ifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,f/ urf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;wGif armfvòrifòr@onf

102
K. T. A Report.

224
a&eH"gwk ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfonfh A[dkcsufrjzpfvmEdkifygonf? xd@k tjyifopfvkyfief;tajccHonfh puf&Hkrsm;/
tjcm;pufr_ xkwu f kefrsm;udkvnf; xdik f;EdkifiHESifhqufo,
G fa&;r[mAsL[musaom taetxm;tay:
tajccHIvnf; aumif;/ rkwWryifv,fauG@&Sda&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiG@uGif;rsm;udk tajccHIaomfvnf;aumif;
aqmif&Gufapoifh ygonf?
tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; Tpufr_ZkHrsm;ESifhzGH@òz;r_p}uFefrsm;udk oifhavsmaf omqufo, G fa&;pepf/ o,f
,lydk@aqmifa&;pepfjzifh csdwfqufay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyiftdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif&Sdaeaom uGef,ufrsm;ESifh
vnf;csdwfqufap&rnf jzpfonf? Aef;armfESifhvm;&_d;òr@rsm;onf vuf&Sdtaetxm;Yyif/ w&kwfEdkifiHESifh*dwf
wHcg;òr@tjzpf qufoG,fvsuf&Sdae+yD;/ tvm;wlyifusKfdif;wHkESifh armfvòrifòr@onfvnf; xdik f;EdkifiHESifhqufoG,f
&m *dwfaygufjzpfaeonf? Tod@k ukefoG,fa&;e,fpyfp}uFefrsm;udk taxmuftulðyEdkifap&eftwGu/f tjcm;
wbufwGifvnf;zGH@òz;aeaom w&kwfEdkifiH/ ulrif;&Sd&xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;uGef,ufrsm;ESifh qufo, G f&efvd+k yD;/
xdik f;EdkifiHzuf&Sd befaumuf-csif;rdkifuGef,ufESifhvnf;csdwfqufay;ap&ef vdktyfygonf? xdk@tjyif{&m0wDjrpf
a=umif;vrf;w&kwfEdkifiH ,leefjynfe,frS tdENd,ork'N&modk@ukefoG,faomvrf;tjzpf toH;k ðyEdkifygonf?
&efukef a&eufqdyfurf;/ odk@r[kwfykodrfa&eufqdyfurf;udk toH;k ðyjcif;tm;jzifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ukefus
p&dwfrsm; ydkI oufomaprnf jzpfonf? Ta&vrf;ESifhtwl tòyif&xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;rsm;wnfaqmufI
zGifhay;apjcif;tm;jzifh/ ukef;wGif;ydwfjzpfaom w&kwfEdkifiHta&S@awmifydkif;twGuf yifv,fxGuaf yguf&aprnf
jzpfonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh w&kwf/ jrefrmESpfEdkifiH=um;yl;aygif;qufqHa&;udkvnf; tqifhjrifhaqmif&GufapEdkifvdrfh
rnf jzpfonf? taemufzufe,fpyfwGifrl tdENd,EdkifiHESifhqufoG,af &;vrf;a=umif;rSmrl ta&;ygvdrfhrnf[k
r,lqEdkifajc? ta=umif;rSmTa'oonf tdENd,EdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;A[dkcsufrESifh a0;uGmaoma'oomjzpf+yD;/
vlOD;a&usyJ g;jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; ta&;rygaoma=umifhjzpfygonf?
od@k aomfvnf;/ ,ckt=uHðywifjycsufrsm;rSm pOf;pm;Edkifap&efwifjyr_rsKd;omjzpf+yD;/ Ttaetxm;udk
tjrJjyefvnfppfaq;oH;k oyfae&ef vdt k yfvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif rdrdwd@k wifjyxm;csufrSma&wdkESifh
tv,ftvwfumv teSpf (20) udo k m ar#mfrSef;wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? a&&Snftaetxm;wGifrl
a'orsm;/ jynfe,frsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ukefoG,af &;A[dkcsufrrsm;ydkI jzpfay:wd;k wufvmEdkifygonf? azmfjy
xm;aomajryHkwGif rdrdwdk@t=uHðyvdak om zGH@òz;vmrnfhA[dkcsufr rsm;udkwifjyxm;ygonf?

vltrsm; &,loHk;pGJEdkifap&eftajctae wd;k wufapjcif;?

tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_avsmu h sa&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ aus;vufESifh
òr@jyuGm[r_rsm; enf;yg;a&;twGufvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? acwfopftajccHtaqmuftODrsm;oH;k pGJapEdkifjcif;
jzifh/ qif;&Jolrsm;twGufyHkrSefESifh ydkIjrifhrm;aom0ifaiGudk &&SdapEdkif+yD;/ aus;vufa'oaevlxkrsm;udv k nf; ydkI
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ydkrsm;apygonf? òr@jyaeqif;&Jaomvlxkrsm;twGuv f nf; vlxko,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;
rsm;udk aps;E_ef;oufompGmjzifh&&Sdapjcif;jzifh olwkd@.vlaer_b0wd;k wufr_twGuf rsm;pGmtaxmuftulðyyg
onf? òr@jyaejynfolrsm;taejzifh ae@pOfc&D;oGm;vm&efukefusp&dwfrSm r=umao;rDuaumuf,lcJhaom
rdom;pkwck.toH;k p&dwfppfwrf;t& olwk@d 0ifaiG. (10) &mcdkifE_ef;cef@ oHk;pGJae&ygonf?
tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;wGif tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk qif;&Jaomjynfolrsm;u r&&Sd roH;k pGJEdkifjcif;
rSm/ tajccHtaqmuftODESifhywfoufaomaps;E_ef;owfrSwfr_Y tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlvwfwef;pm;rdom;pkwcktwGuf w,fvDzkef;vdik f;&&Sd&efqdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifoavmuf&Sd+yD;/
w,fvDzkef;vdik f;qufo, G fr_twGuf aps;E_ef;onf tar&duefa':vm (1200) cef@ukefusrnf jzpfygonf? jynf
wGif;w,fvDzkef;qufoG,cf E_ef;xm;rSm tpdk;&uaxmufyHhr_ay;xm;&+yD;/ w,fvDzkef;wcgac:v#if (1) usyfom
aumufcHygonf? (jyifyaps;uGufaps;E_ef;t&qdkv#if tar&duefa':vm 0² 002 om&Sdygonf?) aus;vufa'o
&Sdvrf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fa&;,EW,m;rsm;zGH@òz;apa&;onf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaomtpdk;&wck. wm0efom
jzpfygonf? tpdk;&uyHhydk;axmufyHhr_rsm;vnf; vdt k yfaumif; vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSmaus;vuf
a'oaejynfolrsm;.c&D;oGm;vma&;ESifh qufo, G fa&;pepfzGH@òz;r_rS&&Sdvmrnfh vlr_zlvHak &;tusKd;rsm;onf/

225
xnfo h Gif;xm;onfh&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;xuf rsm;pGmjyef&&SdapEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyifTvkyfief;rsm;
udk vkyfaqmif&efyk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifhvnf; TuJo h dk@aomtajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
udk pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;tjrwfjzpfatmif wnfaqmuf&ef/ vnfywf&efrjzpfEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
ydkIta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm/ pepfwuspDrHxm;aom tajccHtaqmuftODpepfudk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
wnfaqmufEdkifygu/ wdik f;&if;om;a'owckESifhwckt=um; tuGmta0;udv k nf;aumif;/ e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifh
qufo, G fa&;udvk nf;aumif; wd;k wufvmapEdkifygonf? tcsKd@aomtajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wnfaqmufa&;
ESifhxdef;odrf;a&; ukefusp&dwfrsm; (txl;ojzifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;ESifh qufo, G fa&;pepf) udxk laxmifay;
jcif;jzifh a'otoD;oD;t=um;uGm[aer_udv k nf; avsmu h sapEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyifwdkif;&if;om;tkyfpktoD;oD;
t=um;vnf; ydkIul;vl;qufqHr_&Sdapum o[Zmwjzpfaprnf jzpfygonf?

tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; ‘ta&twGuf’ rSonf ‘t&nftaoG;’od@k zGH@òz;vmapa&;

vmrnft h em*wfumvrsm;wGif jzpfvmEdkifaom tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;
Edkifap&eftwGu/f tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif pGrf;&nft&nftaoG;rxufjrufr_
ESifhavvGifhðyef;wD;r_rsm;udk jyifqif&eftcsdefyif jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_topfrsm;taejzifh ydkIxd
a&mufxufjrufap&efvdktyf+yD;/ pm;oHk;olrsm;. vdktyfcsufESifhtnD jzpfap&ygrnf? Tvkyfief;pOfwGif/ tajccH
taqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;udk ‘ta&twGufrsm;’ rsm;jym;vmatmifóu;yrf;aernft h pm;/ tajccHtaqmuf
tODqdkif&m0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;. ‘t&nftaoG;’jrifhrm;apa&;udk OD;pm;ay;oifhygonf? 0efaqmifr_t&nf
taoG;edrfhusjcif;ESifh tm;xm;IrjzpfEdkifaom0efaqmifr_rsm;onf/ pm;oHk;olrsm;udk ab;xGufapygonf? xd@k
tjyift&H&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk aemufuvdkufae&aoma=umifh ukefusp&dwfvnf; ydkrsm;apygonf? Oyrm
tm;jzifh r=umc%rD;ysufjcif;onf yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGuf rsm;pGmxdcdu k fepfemap&Hkr#ru/ v#yfppf"gwf
tm;vdt k yfonft h csdef&&Sdatmif 'DZ,ftif*sifrD;pufrsm;xyf0,f=u&aoma=umifh ukefusp&dwfydkrsm;apyg
onf? xdk@tjyifjrefrmEdkifiHwGif w,fvDzkef;toH;k ðyvdo k lwOD;tzdk@ w,fvDzkef;vdik f;wyfqif&ef (2-3) ESpfapmifh
qdkif;ae&jcif;rSm yHkrSefozG,fjzpfaeygonf? xd@k tjyif&Hzef&Hcgqdkovdk jynfolrsm;zufu tajccHtaqmuftOD
awmif;qdkr_enf;aeapa&;twGuf/ tpdk;&zufuzdtm;ay;aqmif&Gufxm;+yD;/ Ttajctaea=umifh vmbfpm;r_
rsm;ay:aygufap&ygonf? vpm0ifaiGrvHak vmufaom tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m0efaqmifr_vkyfae=u&
aom0efxrf;rsm;u tusifhysufvmbfpm;r_rsm; jzpfvmap&ygonf?
xdef;odrf;jyifqifr_csKd@wJah ejcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtajccHtaqmuftODvkyfief;rsm;twGuf odomxif
&Sm;aom tajctaejzpfygonf? xd@k tjyiftajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;udk &nf&G,fcsu}f uD;}uD;
jzifh ae&mvGJrSm;aompDrHcsufrsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHaejcif;rsm;&Sdygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;vkyfief;
wd;k wufapa&;twGuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;rSm tvGeftrif;oH;k pGJae&+yD;/ wdik f;jynfpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;
twGurf nfod@k r# taxmuftulrðyEdkifyg? &Sd+yD;om;tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jyefvnfrGrfrHjcif;rS jyefvnf&
vmEdkifaomtusKd;tjrwfrSm/ tajccHtaqmuftODopfrsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;jzifh &vmEdkifaomtusKd;tjrwf
xuf (2) qcef@rsm;jym;ygonf? TtajctaewGif jyifqifrGrf;rHr_avsmhenf;vmjcif;onf 0efaqmifr_t&nf
taoG;udk usqif;ap&Hkr#ru/ oH;k pGJolrsm;twGuf p&dwfudv k nf; wd;k wufukefusapygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh
wdik f;jynftwGut f ajccHtaqmuftOD pDrHcsuftopfrsm;aqmufvkyf&mwGif ukefusaiG-jyef&rnfhtusKd;aocsm
wGucf sufaqmif&Gufr_rsKd; jzpfapoifhygonf?
yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;uaqmif&Gufaom tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;zufod@k ajymif;vJ
apa&;onf/ twdwfu,lqxm;cJh=uaomEdkifiHawmfydkifqdkonfESifh tpdk;&u0efaqmifr_ay;&rnf[laomtjrif
udk ajymif;vJapEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyifòyifqdkifr_&Sdaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk tpm;xdk;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh/
vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&mwGif rxda&mufrxufjrufr_rsm;ESifh avvGifhðyef;wD;r_rsm;udk usqif;apEdkifygonf? tpdk;&
vkyfief;rsm;rSaxmufyHhay;jcif;ESifh wm0ef,lr_rSm t"dutcef;u¾wGif qufvuf&Sdaernfjzpfaomfvnf;/ pDrH
cef@cGJr_qdkif&m 0efxrf;rsm;avhusifo h ifwef;ay;jcif;/ ukefusaiGwefzdk;wGufcsujf cif;qdkif&mpepfudk oH;k apjcif;/

226
owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&mpDrHcef@cGJr_pepfrsm;oH;k apjcif;/ xd@k tjyif tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
pDrHcef@cGJr_twGuf vdt
k yfaomoifwef;rsm;vkyfaqmifapjcif;jzifh tpdk;&Xmersm;udk ydkIòyifqdkifr_&Sdap+yD;/ t&nf
taoG;wd;k wufvmaprnf jzpfonf?

tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m pDrHcsufrsm;wGif pepfwuscsOf;uyfjcif;

vuf&SdtajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m wd;k csJ@aer_vkyfief;rsm;wGif rdrdwdk@avhvmawG@&Sd&aom tm;enf;
csufwckrSm tajccHtaqmuftODzGH@òz;r_qdkif&mpDrHcsufrsm;wGif tpdk;&taejzifhzufpHkaxmifhpHkxnfhoGif;wGucf suf
r_ r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfygonf? &xm;vrf;rsm;wd;k csJ@azmufvkyfjcif;/ um;vrf;rsm;wdk;csJ@azmufvkyfjcif;onf oD;oef@
pOf;pm;aqmif&GufaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsKd;jzpf+yD;/ xdak 'otwGif;&Sd vlxrk sm;awmif;qdkzdtm;ay;aoma=umifhaomf
vnf;aumif;/ tm%mydkifwOD;. =oZma=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; ay:aygufvmjcif;rsKd;jzpfygonf? Tae&m
wGifowdðy&efrSm tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wnfaqmufa&;qdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf wckESifhwckqufpyfr_&Sd
oifh+yD;/ pDrHcsufwckESifhywfoufaomqHk;jzwfcsuo f nf tjcm;pDrHcsufwckudk qef@usifzuftusKd;oufa&mufr_&Sd
apEdkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;t& tuGut f uGif;rusaoma'ood@k / &xm;vrf;wdk;csJ@azmufvkyfr_
onf rlv&Sd+yD;aom &efukef-rEWav;&xm;vrf;jyifqifrGrf;rHa&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;udq k Hk;&_H;apygonf?
tu,fI tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wdk;csJ@r_twGuf aiGukefa=u;uscHok;H pGJ&ef&Sdygu/ ,cif&Sdae+yD;aom vkyfief;
rsm;ðyjyifrGrf;rHjcif;xufydkrdktusKd;&Sdap&efvdt k yfonft h jyif/ pepfwckvH;k tay:tusKd;ðyEdkifapa&;twGuv f nf;
xnfo h Gif; pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf?
tvm;wlyif &efukefESifh rEWav;t=um;ajy;aeaom &xm;vrf;pepfESifh um;vrf;pepft=um;wGif
vnf;/ tcsif;csif;òyifqdkifapr_ESifh tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefjznfq h nf;tusKd;ðyr_ &Sdap&rnfjzpfygonf? ESpfckpvHk;rSm
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ydkifvkyfief;rsm;jzpf=uaoma=umifh/ aps;E_ef;owfrSwfr_ESifh axmufyHhay;r_wGifwef;wlnrD #jzpfoifh
ygonf? ,ciftwdwfumvrsm;u jzpfcJhonfrSm&xm;ydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;wGif &&Sdaom0ifaiGjzifh ukefus
p&dwfrsm; tm;vH;k jzpfaom (aiGvH;k aiG&if;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_p&dwfrsm;ud)k uscHapEdkifaomfvnf;/
um;vrf;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wGifrl vrf;cGefrSmaumufcHr_enf;vGef;aoma=umifh/ ðyjyifxdef;odrf;a&;p&dwfukd
yifjynfrh Djcif; r&Sday? tu,fIukefusp&dwfrsm;udk jyefvnfjynfhrDapa&;[laom rludt k oH;k ðyygu/ Tpepf (2)
ckvH;k tay:wGif wrlwnf;csrswfusifo h H;k oifhygonf? um;vrf;toH;k ðyr_twGuf xdu k foifhaomukefusp&dwf
aumufcHr_rSm vHk;0eD;yg;r&Sdoavmufjzpfaoma=umifh/ tpdk;&taejzifh um;vrf;udpPaqmif&Gufaeolrsm;udk
aiGa=u;yHhydk;ay;&zG,f&Sdygonf? xdo k d@k ðyrljcif;jzifh &xm;vrf;u¾udk '%fcwfonfhES,f&Sdapygonf? pepf.
tpdwftydkif;rsm;pGmwGif vkyfief;u¾rsm;onf tcsif;csif;tòyiftqdkifjzpfap&efvdktyfovd/k tcsif;csif;tjyef
tvSefjznfq h nf;tusKd;ðyapaom yHko¿mefjzpfap&efvnf; vdktyfygonf? xdk@twGuaf =umifhvkyfief;u¾wck
csif;taejzifh pOf;pm;&mwGifvnf; pepfwckvHk;udðk cHI=unf+h yD;/ qHk;jzwfcsucf saqmif&Gufjcif;rsKd; jzpfoifhygonf?
vkyfief;rsm;. pGrf;aqmif&nfwGufcsuf pDrHcsufcs&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ aps;E_ef;owfrSwfr_qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;csrSwf
usifo h H;k &mwGifvnf;aumif;/ ukefusp&dwfESifh jyefvnf&&Sdr_udw k Gufcsuaf qmif&Gufonfhrludk usifhoH;k &efvdktyf
+yD;/ wckESifhwckvnf; qufpyfae=uygonf? Tod@k wckESifhwck qufpyfae=uaomu¾rsm;udk xnfo h Gif;
pOf;pm;jcif;jzifh/ pepf}uD;wckvHk;tay:wGifvnf; ydkItusKd;&Sdaprnf jzpfonf?

227
 tcef; (11)
pD;yGm;a&;zGJŒpnf;r+qdkif&m pepfrsm;

228
 tcef; (11)
pD;yGm;a&;zGJŒpnf;r+qdkif&m pepfrsm;
rdrdwd@k taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGifaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk jyefvnftouf0ifap&efESifh vuf&Sdtajc
taeudðk yjyifrGrf;rHap&ef tav;ay;azmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? tu,fIaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh oufqdkifae
aompD;yGm;a&;taqmuftODpepfrsm;/ aps;uGufudk axmufueftm;ay;xm;aom pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&m
pepfrsm;u aumif;rGefpGmvnfywfrSomv#if/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;onfvnf; aumif;rGefxda&mufpGmvnfywf
aqmif&GufEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m taqmuftODpepfrsm; rnfr#tm;aumif;onf/
rnfr#twdik f;twmtxd =uyf=uyfrwfrwfaqmif&GufEdkifonfqdkonfrSmvnf; TpD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif;yg0if
v_yf&Sm; aqmif&Gufae=uaomolrsm;. trltusifhrsm;ESifh wefzdk;xm;csufrsm;tay:wGif wzefrlwnfaejyefyg
onf? aps;uGut f wGif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufae=uaomolrsm; tcsif;csif; ESpfumv=um&Snf tjyeftvSef,H=k unfr_
wnfaqmuf=u&efvdktyfouJhod@k / pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifae=uolrsm;. trltusifhrsm;udk xdef;nd‡Edkif&ef oifh
avsmaf omOya'pnf;rsOf; wpHkw&mvnf; vdt k yfvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? TuJo h dk@pD;yGm;a&;t& qufqHa&;udk
tpdk;&u pDrHcef@cGJaomtcef;u¾wGif tpdk;&zufYvnf; cdkifrmtm;aumif;aom/ &dk;om;ajzmifhrwfaom
jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;jzifh aumif;rGefaomtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsKd;jzifh axmufulaqmif&Gufay;&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpf
ygonf? Ttcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&m pepfrsm;/ ‚if;udak xmufyHhay;rnfh zGJ@pnf;r_pepfrsm;
udk rnfokd@cdkifrmtm;aumif;ap&ef aqmif&GufoifhonfESifh ywfoufIaqG;aEG;azmfjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

vuf&Sd pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;. tajctae

+yD;cJhaomtcef;rsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiH. pD;yGm;a&;edrhfusr_/ c|wfðcHus&r_tajctaersm;/ txl;ojzifh
ppf+yD;umvwGif pD;yGm;a&; tqifhwlwpl cJh=uonfh a'owGif;&Sd tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;xuf rsm;pGmaemufususef
aecJhaom tajctaersm;ukd ok;H oyfazmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? ,if;odk@edrfhususefae&r_onf xkwu f kefyrm%
avsmu h sqif;oGm;aoma=umifh r[kwfbJ/ aps;}uD;I t&nftaoG;edrfhonffh ukefxkwv f kyfr_ykdif;qkdif&m tm;enf;
csufrsm;a=umifhr#om r[kwfyg? ydkIta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm ,if;ukefypPnf;rsm;ukd a&mif;0,fazmufum;
onfah ps;uGuv f nfywfr_Y vGwfvyfcGifh &Sdjcif;- r&Sdjcif;ESifh ydkIoufqkdifygonf? a±S;acwfukd rDolwcsKd@u jrefrm
EkdifiHwGif vGwv f yfpGma&mif;0,fazmufum;EkdifcJhonfh aps;uGufpepfrsm; umv=um&Snf &SdcJhonfukd rSwfrd=uyg
onf? okd@aomfvnf; ,if;umvrsm;Yyif c|wf,iG f;csufrsm;/ rnDr#r_rsm;&SdcJhonfukv d nf; owdcsyf&ef vkt d yfyg
onf?
ukv d ked Dacwfrwkdifcif jrefrmbk&ifrsm;tkyfcsKyfpOfumvuyif tjynft h pHkrzGH@òz;aomfvnf;/ twkdif;
twmwcktxd vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnf&SdaecJhonf? jynfwiG f;xGufukefypPnf;rsm;
ESifh obm0xGufukefrsm;jzpf=uaom u|ef;/ v,f,mxGufukefrsm;ukd a&mif;0,fazmufum;cJh=u+yD;/ aiGa=u;
zvS,af &;pepftjzpf aiGtav;csdefESifh aiG'*Fg;rsm;udk toH;k ðycJh=uonf? ukdvked DacwfwiG f aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&;
pepf vsifjrefpGm zGH@òz;}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHxGufpyg;wefcsdefokH;oef;ausmu f dk wifydk@a&mif;cscJh+yD;/ u|ef;
opfwefcsdef (4) odef;ESifh tjcm;"gwfowWKypPnfrsm; wifydk@cJhonf? b%frsm;ESifh tjcm;aiGacs;iSm;r_pepfuGef&uf
rsm;vnf; rjynfph Hkonfhwkdif aiGa=u;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tjzpf wpHkw&mzGH@òz;ay:aygufvmonf? wbuf
wGifvnf; urBmhqefaps;usonfhtcsdef/ qefukefonf}uD;rsm;. vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tjrwfxw k fonfh tajctae
rsm;a=umifh v,form;olykefxr_vnf; ay:aygufcJ&h onf? udv k dkeDtpkd;&taejzifh Todk@aiGacs;iSm;r_/ twdk;E_ef;
}uD;jrifhpGm,laer_rsm;udk xdef;csKyfr_r&SdcJhay? TaiGaiGacs;r_pepfrsm;a=umifhvnf; v,f,mqHk;&_H;cJh&+yD;/ v,f
orm;rsm; v,frJhtajctaeokd@ qkdufa&mufcJh&+yD;/ aus;vufwGif qif;&JrGJawr_ xlajymcJh&onf?

229
 qkd±S,fvpftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfatmufwGifrl/ jynfol@vlxktusKd;twGuf[kqdkum aps;uGufudk
wif;usyfpGmxdef;csKyfpDrHr_rsm;a=umifh/ aps;uGufyHkpHysuf,iG f;cJh&+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;edrfhusvmcJh&onf? aemufqHk;
w&m;r#wr_uif;rJhonfh tajctaeudk wEdkifiHvk;H twkid f;twmjzifh cHpm;cJh=u&+yD;/ ESpf (30) ausmf Ttajc
taetwdkif;=umjrifhcJhonf?
pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_±_axmifhrS =unfhonfjzpfap/ w&m;r#wr_±_axmifhrS=unfhonf jzpfap/ vlr_pD;yGm;a&;
pepfwck. pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_/ atmifjrifr_onf aps;uGufrsm;ukd tpkd;&xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif rnfonft h wkid f;
twmtxdvw G fvyfcGifhay;xm;oenf;qkdonfh tcsufwiG fom wnfonfr[kwfyg? ,if;aps;uGufrsm; rnfokd@
v_yf&Sm;vnfywfaeoenf;/ tpkd;&.rl0g'rsm;uvnf; rnfokd@xdef;csKyfaqmif&Gufaeoenf; [lonfhtcsuf
omrubJ/ tpdk;&u rnfod@k ðyrlaeoenf;/ rnfr#twdkif; twmtxd wif;wif;usyfusyf csKyfudkifxm;oenf;
paomtcsufrsm;wGifvnf; rsm;pGmwnfrSDaeygonf?
Tok@d vsif/ aps;uGufrsm;.v_yf&Sm;vnfywfaeyHkESifh tpkd;&rsm;. ðyrlaqmif&Gufaer_rsm;onf rdrd
wd@k u pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;[k trnfay;xm;aompepfrsm; (institutions) wenf;qkd&aomf/
vufcHowfrSwfusifhoHk;aeaom wefzdk;rsm; (norms)/ okd@r[kwf vltrsm;vkdufemaqmif±Gufonft h rltusifh
rsm;tay:wGif wnfrSDaeayonf? ,ckvuf&Sd tajctaersm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkHpepfrsm;onf 0rf;
enf;zG,f&maumif;avmufatmif ,d, k Gif;ysufpD;,kd,Gif;onfh tajctaeY &Sdaeonf? atmufwGifazmfjyxm;
onfh tajctaersm;onf ,ckvuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkHpepfrsm;. ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aer_ukd tusOf;wifjy
xm;csufyif jzpfygonf?

(1) ,cktajctaewGif jrefrmEdkifiHY aps;uGufrsm; pnfyifay:xGef;vmaeonf pepfwusðypkysKd;axmif

xm;jcif;xuf/ tvkt d avsmufwnf&Sdaekjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufrsm;.
vkyfudik faqmif&Gufaer_ trsm;pkonf Oya'abmifjyify/ rD;ckd;a&mife,fy,frsm;wGifv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf
ae=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ tpkd;&u w&m;0ifcGifhðyrxm;aomfvnf; vspfvsL±_xm;onfh oabm&Sdonf? ,if;
tajctaersm;a=umifh aps;uGufrsm;wnf&Sdr_onf ra&&mraocsmonfhoabmaqmifaeonf?
(2) ukefoG,fa&;ukd uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;onfh ,ciftpkd;&rsm;. pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;twdik f; vkyfudik f
aqmif&Gufae=uqJjzpfonf? tpkd;&wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u ,if;Oya'rsm;ukd pdwfwkdif;ustoHk;ðycGifh &Sdae
ao;onf? rsm;ajrmifaom vkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;udk vdkufemae&jcif;ESifh XmetoD;oD;. cGifðycsufrsm;
awmif;cHae&r_a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tzkd@tcsdefukef/ aiGukefI tvkyfrjzpfonhf oabm&Sdae
onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckvkyf&ef aqmif±Gufr_ukefusp&dwf103onf tvGef}uD;jrifhaeonf?
(3) ,cifumvrsm;Y vlr_ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGu/f cdkifrmtm;aumif;pGm wnfaqmufxm;
cJhaom/ emrnfaumif;&cJhaom tpkd;&0efxrf;pepfonfvnf; vkH;0,dk,Gif;ysufpD;oGm;onfh tajcwGif
&Sdaeonf? tawG@tñuH&ifhusufonf/h avhusifhysKd;axmifxm;onfh 0efxrf;aumif;rsm;onfvnf;
yifpif,lonft h csdef/ aemufwufvmonfh 0efxrf;pkrsm;onf ,cift&Sdeft0gukd tay:,Hr#omxdef;
xm;Ekdifonf? vufawG@wGif 0efxrf;trsm;pkonf avhusifhr_/ vkyfykdifcGifhESifh wm0efcHr_rsm; vk;H 0uif;rJh
onft h jyif/ tpktzGJ@tvdu k fpdwf"gwfvnf; csKd@wJhaeonf? ppf&_H;I xGufajy;cdkvH_vm=u&olrsm;
ozG,f/ ociftopfrsm;tóuufaqmifay;&efom pOf;pm;ae&onfb h 0udak &mufaeonf? aiGa=u;
azmif;yGr_tvGefjrifhrm;onfah cwfwGif rdrdwk@d 0rf;pmtwGuf/ tcsdefydkaemufxyftvkyfrsm; vkyf&jcif;/
ti,fpm;vmbfay;vmbf,lr_rsm;jzifh aiG&Smae&onfh tajcok@d qkdufaeonf?
(4) w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrsm;jzpfonfh w&m;Oya'rsm;/ w&m;±kH;rsm;ESifh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ukdvnf; tajccHrS
pI ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef vkt d yfaeonf? qkd±S,fvpfacwf jynfo›lw&m;±kH;pepfatmufwGif aqmif&Guf
cJh=ur_a=umifh EkdifiH.w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfwGif EkdifiHwumtqifhrSDaomOya'ynmESifh tawG@tñuH&Sd

103
transaction cost

230
 aom ynm±Sifrsm;ukd qkH;±_H;cJhonf? ,if;tajctaersm;wGif EkdifiHawmfw&m;pD&ifa&;abmiftwGif;&Sd
0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh zGH@òz;&_yfaxG;vmrnfh aps;uGufpepfwHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;ESifh avsmn f Donhf
Oya'pepfrsm;ukd usifhok;H wwf&ef tqifoifhrjzpfao;ay?,ciftpkd;&vufxufrsm;u csrSwfcJhonfh
Oya' tpkpkukd jyefvnfjyifqifjcif;/ topfjyXmef;jcif;ESifh vG,ful&Sif;vif;ap&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;
rsm; vkt d yfaeonf?
(5) A[kdtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwpHkvHk;udvk nf; tjrefqkH; jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;ðyjyif&ef vkdtyfaeonf? ,cktcgwGif
0ef}uD;Xmersm;udk oD;oef@vkyfydkifcGifhjzifh wkd;csJ@zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ Xmewckcsif;onf rdrdqkdif&mu¾rsm;ukd
e,fpm;y,fpm;ozG,faqmif±Gufae=uonfjzpf&m/ tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r&SdbJ/ A[kdtkyfcsKyf
a&;pepfonf ppfbk&ife,fpm;rsm;tpkozG,f jzpfaeonf? 0ef}uD;Xmetcsif;csif; qufpyfaqmif±Guf&
rnf/h cJGjcrf;wm0ef,l&rnfh pnf;pepfrsm; aysmufqkH;aeonf?

±kd;om;I/ u|rf;usifxufjrufaom jynfol@0efxrf;pepfrsm;&Sdaejcif;onf/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfwck

twGuf y"geusaomaxmufwkdifwckjzpf+yD; bufrvku d faom/ yGifhvif;jrifomaom/ pGrf;&nf&Sdaom0efxrf;pepf
rsm;jzifh aps;uGufukdaumif;rGefacsmarG@pGm vnfywfEkdifa&;/ qufqHvkyfudik fEkdifa&;udk aqmif&Guf=u&ayrnf?
vuf&Sdtajctaersm;Y jynfol@0efxrf;pepfonf pdwf"gwf/ pnf;urf;ESifh u|rf;usifr_wd@k wGif tedrfhqkH;tqifhY&Sd
aeonf? tpkd;&rS vkH;0vspfvsL&_cHxm;&onfomru/ avhusifhynmay;r_ csKd@wJah ejcif;/ }uD;jrifhaom aiGa=u;
azmif;yGr_E_ef;ukd trDvdu k fEdkifonhf vpmray;Edkifjcif;/ wm0efESifhvkyfykdifcGifhrsm; rwdusjcif;ESifh vkyfief;rsm;xyfae
jcif;wd@k a=umifh vuf&Sdjynfol h0efxrf;pepfonf vk;H 0 ysufpD;vkeD;eD; tajctae jzpfaeayonf?

zGJ@pnf;r_pepfajymif;vJr_qkdif&m aemuffcHordkif;
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pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif "avhxH;k pHrsm;tay:om tajccHI aqmif&GufcJ=h uonf? ,if;"avhxH;k pHrsm;ESifh
Oya'orsm;onf acwfumvrsm;ESifh tnDajymif;vJvmI/ vlwOD;csif;pD.tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tjcm;olrsm;u
zsufqD;jcif;rðyEkdif&ef tumtuG,af y;xm;jcif;rsKd;omru/ vlr_taqmuftODwckvkH;. tusKd;pD;yGm;ukdvnf;
rnfo h lwOD;wa,mufur# uzsufu,uf rvkyfEdkif&ef/ tmrcHay;xm;jcif;rsKd;xd zGH@òz;vmcJhonf? ,if;"avh
xk;H pHrsm;onfvlr_todkif;t0dkif;twGif;&Sd u¾toD;oD;=um;/ tcsif;csif; at;twlyltr#+idrf;csrf;wnfjidrfpGm
aexdik fEkdifa&;ukd a&S@&_cJh=uonf?
,if;oabmw&m;ESifhtnDay:xGef;vmcJhaom jy\emajz±Sif;onfyh kHpHrsm;onf tusLd;pD;yGm;rsm;
tcsif;csif; rajyvnfr_rsm;&Sdvmv#if/ ajyvnfEdkifrnf/h tay;t,lpepfrsm;ukd ±SmazGay;jcif;rsKd;yifjzpfonf?
xdt k ajzrsm;onf jy\emtwGif;yg0ifywfoufaeonfh olrsm;. wOD;csif;tajctaeESifh jy\emrsm;tay:
tajccHpOf;pm;jcif; jzpfonf? xkd@tjyif,if;tajzrsm;ukd aqmifusif;ay;=uolrsm;onfvnf; vltrsm;vufcH
aomwnf=unfajzmifhrwfonh/f vltrsm;,k=H unfukd;pm;r_uk&d xm;onfh ormorwf&Sdonfhyk*~dKvfrsm; jzpfav
onf?
jrefrmbk&ifrsm;vufxufwGif/ &moDOwkuGmjcm;r_tajctaeESifh a'ouGmjcm;r_tay:rlwnfI/ v,f
,mxGufukefrsm;. (10) &mckdifE_ef;rS (20) &mckdifE_ef;xd&Sdaomukefpnfrsm;udk jynfwiG f;wGif/ txl;ojzifh
{&m0wDjrpf0Sef;wav#mufwiG f a&mif;0,fazmufum;r_ðycJh=uonf? bk&ifrsm;taejzifh jynfolwk@d ukdv,f,m
ajrykdifqkdifcGifhðycJh+yD; xkH;xrf;tpOftvmESifhtnD bk&ifhwyfrawmfwiG ftr_xrf;&jcif;rsm;/ tcGefaqmif&jcif;rsm;
&SdcJhonf? ukefzvS,fr_wdik f;wGiftcGeftwkwx f yfrH pnf;=uyfaoma=umifh ukefzvS,fr_zGH@òz;&ef uef@owfxm;
onfEh S,f&SdcJhonf? ,if;acwfrsm;wGif jynfywdik f;jynfrsm;ESifh ukefoG,af &;ukt d pkd;&rS vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;aomf
jim;vnf;/ wpkHwckaomtwkid f;twmtxd ukefoG,fr_zGH@òz;cJh+yD;/ ukefoG,fa&;qkdif&m pD;yGm;a&; zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&m
pepfrsm;vnf; xGef;um;cJhonf? ,if;a&S;OD;vufxufwGif&SdcJhaom w&m;±kH;rSwfwrf;rsm;/ o\ar" ajrpm&if;

231
rSwfwrf;rsm;t& ukefoG,af &;vkyfief;rsm;/ ajra&mif;0,fr_qkdif&mudpPrsm;wGif xda&mufpnfyifpGm aqmif&Guf
EdkifcJhonfukd taxmuftxm;awG@&onf? ajra&mif;0,fr_qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;/ w&m;±kH;awmfrsm;rS
aeI ,if;tr_udpPrsm;twGufqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;trsm;tjym;&SdcJhonfh taxmuftxm;rsm; awG@&ayonf?
jrefrmhxkH;xrf;pOfvmrsm;ESifh tnD Oya'pD&ifcJhonfh w&m;±Hk;awmfrsm;onf/ taemufEkdifiHw&m;±kH;rsm;uJo h kd@
Oya'yk'frrsm;udk wdwu d susrjyXmef;xm;onfhwkid f/ &Sd+yD;om;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk ,if;pmcsKyfygoabmwl
nDcsurf sm;twkid f; wOD;ESifhwOD; vku d femav;pm;=u&ef qkH;jzwfaqmif&Gufay;avh&Sdonf?
+Adwdo#wd@k u wEdkifiHvH;k udkodrf;,lcJ+h yD;onfah emufwGif/ ,cifbk&ifpepftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfatmufrS a&S;
&dk;pOfvmjrefrmEdkifiHudk EdkifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;ESifh ukefoG,fr_qdkif&mvdt k yfcsufrsm;ESifhtnD ajymif;vJpDrHcJhonf?
jynfwiG f;ukefoG,af &;rS EdkifiHwumESifhydkrdka&mif;0,fazmufum;aom ukefoG,af &;tqifhodk@wdk;wufvmcJh
onf? txl;ojzifh +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif&SdcJhaom atmufjrefrmEdkifiHuydkIxl;jcm;pGm ukefoG,fEdkifcJh
onf? tm&SwdkufwiG f&Sdaom *syef/ xdik f;EdkifiHuJo h dk@aomEdkifiHrsm;uJo
h d@k yif/ jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; urBmESifhwHcg;
zGifhqufqHcsdefonf wòyifwnf;avmufyifjzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;ul;vl;qufqHr_t& jynfwiG f;&Sdvlr_ zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif
&m pepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf; ydkIpepfusaomyHkpHodk@ vdu k favsmnDaxGpGm zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmcJhonf?
od@k aomfvnf; udv k dkeDtpdk;&onf TzGH@òz;r_E_ef;udkyif pdwfr&Snf/ tm;r&EdkifcJhay? jrefrmEdkifiHudk acwf
rDurBm}uD;ESifh jrefEdkifor#jrefjrefqufpyfEdkifapa&;twGuf rl0g'rsm;csrSwf+yD;/ avmaqmfcJo h nf? od@k rSomukef
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pepf. t"duwdu k fwGef;vkyfaqmifcsufrSm pD;yGm;a&; zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;udk tvsiftjrefacwfrDapa&;jzpf
+yD;/ ,ciform;&dk;usvlr_a&;pepfukd ajymif;ap&efjzpfonf? topfpwifusifhoH;k vmaompepfrS xl;jcm;aom
tcsufwckrSm yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk jywfjywfom;om;jyXmef;ay;jcif;jzpfonf? rlvu yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhqdk
onfrSm "avhxk;H wrf;t& jyefvnfppfaq;r_cHae=u&ao;onf?
tjcm;xl;jcm;aomtajymif;tvJw&yfrSm yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhudk tmrcHEdkifapa&;/ pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;
vHðk cHapa&;/ jynfoltcsif;csif;t=um; yÉdyuQrsm;udkajz&Sif;Edkifa&;twGuf taemufwdkif;yHkpHOya'rsm;csrSwfvm
cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;wd@k ESifhtwl taemufwdkif;yHkpH tr_tcif;rsm;udk Oya'twdik f;pD&ifppfaq;apaom/ ajyvnf
apaomw&m;cHk&Hk;rsm; yl;wGJwnfaxmifvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfcsJ@xGifvmr_rSm wd;k wufvmaom
pD;yGm;a&;pepfESifhtòyifjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmvlrsKd;qdkif&moGyfoGif;csJ@xGifr_vnf; tvsiftjrefjyef@ESH@vmcJhonf? (1930)
ckESpfwGif txufwef;tpdk;&0efxrf; (170) OD;&Sdonft h euf (80) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf? c&dkif
tqifhrsm;ESifh wqifhedrfhaomvufatmufcHtkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGif jrefrmvlrsKd;ydkrsm;onf? pkpkaygif;t&m&Sd
(616) OD;&Sdonft h euf (96) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;jzpf=uonf? xdkESpfwGifyif tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;Ywm0ef
xrf;aqmifaeol t&m&Sd/ t&mcH/ u|rf;usifol0efxrf;pkpkaygif; (88000) txd wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJhonf?
od@k aomfvnf; TuJo h dk@aomukefoG,rf _/ pD;yGm;a&;upm;yGJY jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;&&Sdaom tpk&S,f,mrSm
vGefpGmenf;vSonf? rpPwm zmeDA,f.pum;twdkif;azmfjy&v#if/ Ttajymif;tvJrsm;.&v'frSm “jrefrmvl
rsKd;rsm;tzdk@ vlom;qefaomvlaer_pepfwckrS pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf” toGifajymif;vJjcif;cHcJh&
onf[k azmfjycJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtusKd;pD;yGm;[kqdk&mY jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhºu,f0zGH@òz;vmcJhaomfvnf;/
vlr_a&;òyuGrJ _'%fudk wefzdk;}uD;}uD;ay;cJh=u&onf? jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;udk t"duv$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,f vnfywf
aeolrsm;rSm EdkifiHjcm;om;rsKd;pHkjzpfonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;trsm;pkrSm "avhxkH;wrf;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/
a'o xGufypPnf;rsm; a&mif;0,fazmufum;r_/ tdrfoH;k ukefxkwfvyk fief;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;avmufwGif
om trsm;pk qufvufusifvnfae=uonf?
pdkufysKd;a&;xGuu f kefrsm;. aps;E_ef;rwnf+idrfr_/ xdef;csKyfpnf;=uyfr_uif;rJhaom aiGwd;k acs;pepfESifh aiG
wd;k E_ef;jrifhrm;jcif;rsm;/ vlr&SdbJ ajr,mtrsm;tjym;ydkifqdkifxm;Edkifaom ajrydkif&Sif}uD;pepfwd@k a=umifh jrefrm
v,form;trsm;rSm qif;&JwGif;xJepfcJh=u&onf? v,form;rsm;taejzifh ajr,mpGef@v$wv f dkuf&um ajrrJh
,mrJhjzpf&aomE_ef; &kwfcsnf;jrifhwufvmcJhonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh tkyfcsKyfoltpdk;&.&nfrSef;csufESifh v,fo
rm;jynfow l dk@. vdvk m;csufqENt=um; uGm[r_}uD;rm;cJh&onf? vlr_a&;t&tjyeftvSef=unfjh cif;/ a'oqdkif

232
&mzGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jyef=unfjh cif;tvsOf;r&SdcJhay? tpdk;&.AsL&dkua&pD,EW,m;rsm;rSmvnf; bufvkdufr_
uif;aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; rjzpfEdkif=ubJ/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkonfrSmvnf;/ tkyfcsKyfoltifydkif,mrsm;.
tusKd;aqmifa&;r#om jzpfaeonf? wdik f;oljynfom;rsm;.tusKd;udk vlr_a&;wm0efodr_t&=unfah y;&rnfh
vkyfief;rsm;vnf; aqmif&Gufay;jcif;r&Sd[k jrif=uonf? xdt k csdefwGifvHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&eftwGuf awmif;
qdkv_yf&Sm;=uaom v_yf&Sm;rsm;vnf; tiftm;aumif;vmcJhonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;. trsKd;om;a&;0g'u a&S@
wef; a&mufvmcJhonf? xdt k csdefu txl;jcm;qHk;aqmif&Gufay;cJhr_rSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pktcsif;csif;
=um;/ qufqHaqmif&Gufa&;wGif acsmarG@vG,fual prnfh w&m;0if-qDavsmjf ynfhpHkaomAsL&dkua&pD,EW,m;yif
jzpfonf? xdkAsL&dkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;taejzifh &nfrSef;xm;aomudpPwGif aumif;rGefpGmtusKd;aqmifEdkif
cJhaomfvnf;/ udv k dkeDpepf. wdik f;jynftkyfcsKyfolwOD;taejzifh tkyfcsKyfcHjynfot l rsm;. vlr_a&;wm0efrsm;udk
jznfq h nf;ay;&efysufuu G fr_twGuf cseif;cH&aom"m;pmcHozG,f jzpfcJh&onf? ‚if;jy\emrSm topfzGJ@pnf;cJh
aom taqmuftODpepfrsm;. csKd@,Gif;tm;enf;csufa=umifhr[kwfbJ/ xdt k zGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;udk usrf;&dk;awG;
104
ac:ynm&Sif 0Dbm .tjriftwdkif;/ acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;pepfudkvnfywfapEdkif&efESifh vlopfvlaer_yHkpHudk usifh
oH;k Edkifap&ef wnfaqmufcJjh cif;a=umifhjzpfonf?
(1948) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkfifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&Sdvmaomtcg/ EdkifiH.tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;rsm;taejzifh
toifhjzpfae+yD[k ,lqEdkifavmufatmif udv k dkeDpepfumvyif jyifqifcJh+yD;jzpfaeonf? tpdk;&taejzifh 'Drdk
ua&pDpepftwdkif;oGm;&ef oHEMdXmefcsxm;+yD;/ zufqpfqef@usifa&;tvHvi$ fhcJhonf? qdk&S,fvpf0g'bufokd@,drf;
aomawG;ac:,lqr_rsm; tpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;wGif &SdaecJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; ,cifudv k dkeDtpdk;&tpdk;&
vufxufrS qufcHtarG&cJhaomudpPwckrSm/ oHr%dabmifuJo h dk@awmifhwif;cdkifrmaom jynfol@0efxrf;tkyfcsKyf
a&;,EW,m;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh tqifhjrifhtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif jzpfonf? tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;. opPm&Sdr_
ESifh aumif;jrwfaompdwfapwemxm;r_a=umifhom/ vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemuf ra&Smifrv$JomñuHcJh&aom jynf
wGif; rwnfr+idrfjzpfae&onfu h mvrsm;wGif pkpnf;xm;EdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
xdtk csdefwGif tpdk;&taejzifh pdk;&drfzG,f&mta&;ay:tajctaersm;udk ñuHcJh&onf? udv k dkeDpepf.
'%f&m'%fcsufrsm;ESifh (4) ESpfwmumvtwGif;ESpf}udrfwdik fwdik f/ tjyif;txefwdu k fcdkufcJ&h aom urBmppf}uD;rS
ysufpD;qHk;&_H;&r_rsm;udk oufomemvHxvmatmifaqmif&GufcJ&h onf? odk@aomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGifpD;yGm;a&;
zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ tvsiftjrefjyef&vmatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? txl;ojzifh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;zufwGif ydkI
pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? Todk@aqmif&GufEdkifcJhjcif;rSm wdik f;jynf.ynma&;tqifhtwef;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_
rsm;a=umifhom r[kwfay? ‚if;wd@k tjyifvltrsm;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Gufay;rnfh zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif
&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;opfrsm;zGJ@pnf;aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;ESifh udkvdek DpepfuxufydkI aumif;rGefpGmaqmif&Guf
ay;Edkifjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@tjyifacwfopf'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfwckESifh avsmn f DpGmvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifcJh
onf?
udvk dek DtkyfcsKyfa&;vufxufrS jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;tzdk@ avhvmoif=um;cJh&aom oifcef;pmaumif;
wckrSm w&m;Oya't&tkyfcsKyfjcif;105 ESifh tpdk;&.tuef@towf&Sdaomtm%moabm jzpfonf? tedrfhqHk;
omrefv,form;wOD;yifv#if tu,fItm%mydkifwOD;u rw&m;ðyrlaqmif&Gufvmygu w&m;&Hk;wGifwdkif
=um;I epfemr_udk ajz&Sif;apEdkifonf[kod=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh armifb (omrmefjynfo/l w&m;vd)k ESifh
EdkifiHawmftpdk;& (ckcHacsyol) tr_ pojzifhwdik f=um; ajz&Sif;Edkif=uonf? ,cifu bk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf/ xd@k
aemufumv=um&Snf&SdcJhaom udv k dek DtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESifh udvk dkeDacwftkyfcsKyfa&;umvaemufydkif;wGif tuef@
towf&Sdaom yHkrSefa&G;aumufyGJponfh tawG@tñuHrsm;a=umifh/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;taejzifh rdrdóuufESpfouf
aomtpdk;&udo k m rdrdwd@k bmoma&G;cs,ftkyfcsKyfapr_udk tvdk&SdcHkrif=uonf?
xd@k tjyif owdðy&eftcsufwckrSm jrefrmjynfolrsm;taejzifh wdkif;jynfjyefvnftkyfcsKyfcGifh&aomtcg
bk&ifpepfjzifhjyefvnftpm;xdk;&ef rpOf;pm;cJh=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm vGwfvyfr_udck Hkrifaomolwd@k .
104
Max Weber:
105
Rule of Law

233
qENrsm;ESifh olwkd@.b0uH=urRmudk olwdk@udk,fwdkifjyXmef;vdak oma=umifh jzpfonf? umv=um&SnfjzpfyGm;aecJh
aomuGefjrLepfolykefxr_rsm;ESifh wdik f;&if;om;olykefxr_umvrsm;wGifyif/ w&m;Oya't&tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wpHk
w&mtxdxed f;odrf;cJh=u+yD;/ vGwfvyfa&;udkwnfwef@atmif xdef;odrf;EdkifcJh=uonf?
EdkifiH.acgif;aqmifydkif;rsm;taejzifh TuJo h dk@pdk;&drfzG,f&mjy\em tajctaersm;udjk zwfausmaf e&qJ
ueOD;umvrsm;rSmyif &J&ifhaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfaqmif&GufcJ=h uonf? olwkd@taejzifh twGif;0efrsm;udk
jyefvnfpkpnf;cJh=u+yD;/ 0ef}uD;Xmersm;udk A[dkðyT tpdk;&Xmersm;ESifh jynfol@0efxrf;Xmersm;udk jyefvnfjyif
qifzGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? tqifhjrifhESifh tv,ftvwfwef;tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;/ tpdk;&pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; refae*sm
rsm;udk avhusifhysKd;axmifay;Edkifa&;twGuf A[dk0efxrf;aumvdyfudk wnfaxmifcJhonf? xd@k tjyif a'oqdkif&m
tpdk;&Xmersm;udk 'Drdkua&pDenf;usðyjyifajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ tpdk;&.vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udv k nf; A[dkOD;pD;
csKyfudkifr_ av#mch say;cJhonf? xdk@tjyifw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfESifh w&m;Oya'yk'frrsm;udk &dk;&Sif;vG,fulap&ef jyef
vnfjyifqifcJhonf? od@k aomfvnf; zGJ@pnf;r_pepfqdkif&mðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifh ajymif;vJr_t&Sdeft[kefrSm
tvsifpvdak qmif&GufI&aom taetxm;r[kwfay? tcsdef,lvkyfaqmif&onfhudpPrsm; jzpfonf? od@k aomf
vlxak &G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;aom tpdk;&twGuf tcsdefukefoGm;cJh&onf? (14) ESpft=umwGif ðzwfcscH&+yD;/ ppf
tm%modrf;cHcJh&onf?
(1962) ckESpfwGif tm%modrf;wufvmaom qdk&S,fvpfppftpdk;&taejzifh/ ,cift&yfom;tpdk;&
vufxufuaqmif&GufcJah om zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;udk &yfwef@ap
cJh&Hkr#ru/ ,cifaqmif&GufcJhaom vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;. vm;&mudk ajymif;jyef jyefoGm;apcJhonf? qdk&S,fvpf
pepfudk wnfaxmif&efóu;yrf;onfqdkaomfvnf;/ trSefwu,fwiG f olwkd@enf;pepf[efjzifhom aqmif&GufcJh
jcif;jzpfonf? topfwufvmaomtpdk;&u aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk zsufodrf;cJh+yD;/ aps;uGufpD;yGGg;a&;pepfudk
vnfywfaeap&ef taxmuftuljzpfapaom zGJ@pnf;r_pepfrsm;tm;vH;k udkyg zsufodrf;cJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhqdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESifh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;qdkif&mudpPrsm;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrsm;ESifh a&S@aersm;/
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf. aiGa=u;vnfywfr_udk axmufyHhay;aeaom aiGa=u;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh b%f
vkyfief;rsm;tm;vH;k tygt0ifzsuford f;cHcJh=u&onf?
ydkIqdk;&Gm;apaomtajctaerSm ygvDreftpdk;&vufxufwGif/ EdkifiHjcm;om0efxrf;rsm;udk tpm;xd;k
Edkifap&eftwGuf pnf;&Hk;I avhusifyh sKd;axmifxm;cJhaom jynfol@0efxrf;,EW,m;rsm;aemufuG,fwiG f acsmif
xd;k xm;apcJhjcif; jzpfonf? tpdk;&Xmersm;. tqifhjrifh0efxrf;wm0ef,laeaom t&yfom;t&m&Sdrsm;ae&m
wGif/ &nfrSef;csufatmifjrifapa&;twGuf rnfonfhenf;jzifh&& aqmif&Guf&efavhusifhxm;cJhaom ppfwyft&m
&Sdrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhonf? t&yfzuftkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfaqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; ppfyHkpH
twdik f;vdu k fem=u&onf? tu,fI tqifhwckwGif&SdaomXmet&m&Sdtaejzifh qHk;jzwfcsufudkwm0efcHrcsrSwf
vdyk gu txufwqifhodk@ wifjyvdu k f&Hkomjzpfonf?
EdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;tajctae/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf tvkyfjzpfapa&;twGuf
aqmif&Guf yHhydk;ay;Edkifaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tajctaerSm qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;umv aemufydkif;
wGif/ &mpkESpf wckvHk;twGif; tpdk;&vufxuftqufquf. tedrfhqHk;taetxm;odk@a&muf&SdcJh&onf?
(1988) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) ppftpdk;&tm%m&vmaom
tcg ðyvkyfcJhaomtajymif;tvJ}uD;wckrSm/ ,cifqdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxufwGif csrSwfcJhaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;
a&;pepftay:wGifcsKyfudik fxdef;csKyfr_ tm;vH;k udk jyefvnfajzavsmh&jcif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;pepftwGif; aps;uGujf yef
vnfzGH@òz;&Sifoefvmap&ef tm;ay;&jcif;jzpfonf? vltrsm;taejzifh ,cktcgolwkd@. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifr_
rsm;wGif ydkrdkvGwfvyfcGifh&vm=uonf? txl;ojzifhEdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,af &;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;u¾wGif
jzpfonf?
od@k aomfvnf; aps;uGufukd ,cifumvrsm;xuf ydkrdkvGwv f yfcGifhay;aqmif&Gufap&Hkr#jzifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@
òz;wdk;wufap&eftwGuf rvHak vmufyg? aps;uGuftaejzifh rnfonft h &mr#r&Sdaom av[me,fxw J Gif/ &Sif
oefEdkifpGrf; r&Sdyg? aps;uGufudk axmufyHhusm;uefay;aom tjcm; zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&SdrS

234
omv#if vnfywfv_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? ,cifygvDreftpdk;&vufxufu wnfaxmufzGH@òz;ap&eftm;xkwf
cJhaom aps;uGufqdkif&m zGJ@pnf;r_pepfrsm;onf/ &mpkESpf. av;yHkwyHkr#aom umvtwGif;zsufqD;cHcJh=u&+yD;/
qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&. vGrJ Sm;aompDrHtkyfcsKyfr_rsm;atmufwGif wdrfðryfaysmufuG,fcJh&onf? vuf&Sdppftpdk;&
taejzifh Todk@ysufpD;&r_rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef óu;yrf;tm;xkwrf _ r&Sdao;ay?
vuf&Sdtaetxm;. yxrOD;qHk;aomtm;enf;csufrSm/ vuf&SdwHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfaqmif&Gufae
aomtajctaerSm [dkjyef@onfusw J pdwfwydkif;r#om &Sdaeao;+yD;/ tcsKd@aompD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;rSm tpdk;&.
wdu k f&dkufxdef;csKyfr_atmufrSmyif &Sdaeao;onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_qdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifh b%fvkyfief;
qdkif&m aiGa=u;v$aJ jymif;r_rsm; jzpfonf? tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifvnf;/ tpdk;&taejzifhtcsKd@aom EdkifiHawmfydkif
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkifv$aJ jymif;ay;tyf&ef pDrHaqmif&Gufr_rsm;&Sdaeonf? odk@aomfvnf;Tod@k yk*~
vduvufodk@ v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfaomvkyfief;pOfwGif yGifhvif;jrifomr_rsKd;r&SdbJ/ rnfokd@rnfyHkaqmif&Gufrnf[k
vnf; pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; pepfwuscsrSwfaqmif&Gufr_ r&Sday? xd@k tjyif rnfuJhod@k aom EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyf
ief;rsm;udk a&mif;csay;rnf[lI owfrSwfxm;aompHrsm;r&Sdyg?
aemuftm;enf;csufwckrSm vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; tqrwefcsJ@xGifvmcJhonf tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;
yrm%jzpfygonf? vdt k yfaomtpdk;&. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;xuf rsm;pGmydkvGefaeygonf? tpdk;&0ef}uD;Xme
rsm;wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ TtwGufa=umifhjynfol@b¾maiGrsm; ðyef;wD;&&Hkr#ru/ vkyfief;rsm;xyfaeaoma=umifh
jy\emwcktay:wGifyif xda&mufxufjrufpGmajz&Sif;Edkifr_ usqif;vm&ygonf?
,ckppftpdk;&onfvnf;/ ,cifqdk&S,fvpftpdk;&uJhod@k yif ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;udk jynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&;/
pDrHcef@cGJa&;Xmersm;. t"duusaomwm0efrsm;wGif qufvufcef@tyfaeaoma=umifh/ jynfol@tkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJ
a&;pepf ydkIcsdeJ@tm;enf;ap&ygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mudpPrsm;wGif t"rRaqmif&Gufaponf
rsm; jzpfap+yD;/ rnfonft h wGufa=umifhqHk;jzwfcsuf cs&onfudkvnf; vltrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;r&Sdyg? yGifh
vif;jrifomr_ESifh a&S@aemufnD!Gwfr_usqif;vmcJh&ygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf
vdak om jynfolrsm;jzpfap/ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;jzpfap rnfokd@aomqHk;jzwfcsufrsKd;csrSwfrnf/ rnfod@k aompnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;jzifh vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf=u&rnfudk r&Sif;vif;Edkifjzpf&ygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh jyefvSefppf
aq;r_enf;vm+yD;/ vmbfpm; jcpm;r_ tESH@tjym;jzpfvm&ygonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk jyefvnf
wnfaqmufjcif;rðyao;yg? ‚if;rSm qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&vufxufuyif òzvScJ HcJh&+yD; jzpfygonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;udk
,ckwdik f udkvdkeDacwfOya'/ ygvDreftpdk;&acwfOya'/ qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&acwfOya'ponf/h a&maxG;aeaom
Oya' (3) pHkjzifh vnfywfajz&Sif;qJ jzpfygonf? Tvdktyfcsufrsm;ud=k unfjh cif;tm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/
tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m. rjynfhrpHk tm;enf;csufrsm;udkawG@ae&ygonf? TtwGuaf =umifh wdik f;jynfukdwHcg;zGifh
pD;yGm;a&;pepfajymif;vJusifhoHk;cJhaomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae odoo d momwd;k wufr_r&Sdvmonfudk awG@&
rnfjzpfonf? xdt k wGufa=umifh aemiftem*wfwiG f T zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wdk;wuf
vmap&ef ta&;ay;aqmif&Guf&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

235
pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&m pepfrsm;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm;
,cifuazmfjycJhaomtcef;rsm;wGif/ rdrdwdk@taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtem*wfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf tjrif
udak zmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifhpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;pepf. zGJ@pnf;yHkqdkif&m ajymif;vJap
a&; udpPrsm;udk azmfjycJh=uygonf? xdk@tjyifynma&;qdkif&m/ tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m/ trsKd;om; ruU&dk
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m pojzifhðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfaeaom tajctaersm;udk azmfjycJhygonf? Ttajymif;
tvJrsm;udk jrefEdkifor#jrefatmif aqmif&Guf&efqdkonfrSm a&mpyfxm;aompD;yGm;a&;pepf106 udk
csrSwfusifhoHk; &efyifjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepfqdkif&m tiftm;pkrsm;udk
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmifwm rsm;. A[dk csufrae&mwGifxm;+yD;/ tcsKd@tenf;tusOf;aomu¾rsm;udk
trsm;jynfot l usKd;twGuf tpdk;& .xdef;csKyfr_ =oZm/ vrf;!$efr_atmufwGifxm;&efjzpfygonf?
T&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk jynfhajrmufap&ef aqmif&Guf&efqdkonfrSm/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfudak csmarG@pGmvnf
ywfapEdkifrnfh tcsKd@aom zGJ@pnf;r_pepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vdt k yfygonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;rSm rnfonfh
enf;ESifhr# olwdk@bmom zGH@òz;wdk;wufEdkifpGrf;r&Sdyg? Todk@wd;k wufEdkifonfqdkv#ifaomfrS wdik f;jynfzGH@òz; wdk;wuf
aponftxd v#ifjrefpGmzGH@òz;vmEdkifpGrf; r&Sd=uyg? xdt k wGuaf =umifh TtzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;udk tpdk;&u wrif
wumrl0g'rsm;csrSwfum aqmif&Gufay;=u&rnfjzpfygonf? Oya'topfrsm;/ pnf;rsOf;topfrsm;csrSwfay;&Hkr#
jzifh rvHkavmufyg? ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm avhusifhynmay;r_/ tpdk;&.tkyfcsKyfvkyfudik fr_qdkif&m oabmxm;
wefzdk;rsm;udk vltrsm;u vufcH,H=k unfvdkufemvmonftxd/ aumif;rGefpGmvkyfudik f aqmif&GufvmEdkifonf
txd aqmif&Guf=u&aomvkyfief; jzpfygonf? tcsKd@aomudpPrsm;wGif tpdk;&ud, k fwdkifu vdt k yfaom tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;udk pwifxlaxmifvkyfudik f&onfrsKd;vnf; &Sdwwfygonf? aemufydkif;wGifrS yk*~vdu vkyfief;rsm;.
pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_atmufodk@v$Jajymif;ay;tyf&onfrsKd;vnf; &SdEdkifygonf?
zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zGH@òz;wd;k wufapa&;vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufI tus,ftm;jzifh
trsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;cGJjcm;Edkifygonf? yxrtrsKd;tpm;rSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfxda&mufxufjrufpGm vnf
ywftvkyfjzpfapEdkifa&;twGuf vdt k yfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; jzpfygonf? 'kwd,trsKd;tpm;rSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;
a&;pepftwGif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh w&m;Oya'tajccHjzpfygonf? aemufqHk;taejzifh
jynfol@tkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJa&;qdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;/ ,EW,m;rsm;jzpfygonf? ‚if;wd@k taejzifh tpdk;&u aps;uGufrsm;
acsmarG@pGmvnfywfaeap&ef rnfok@d OD;aqmifvrf;!$efrnf/ vltrsm;twGufvnf; tusKd;jzpfxGef;ap&atmif
rnfokd@aqmif&Gufrnf[laom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfygonf?
ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm rdrdwdk@taejzifhvrf;c&D;wGifñuH&rnfh aps;uGuaf csmarG@pGmvnfywfEdkifa&;
twGuf tcuftcJrsm;/ ydwfqdk@wm;qD;r_rsm; udkz,f&Sm;&efpdwfapmaeonfESifhtwl/ tjcm;wbufwiG f rdrdwdk@
taejzifh tcsKd@aomtiftm;pkrsm;.tusKd;tjrwftwGuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudik fvdak om oabmobm0
a=umifh aps;uGuf.vGwfvyfpGmvnfywfvkyfudik faer_udk rxdcdkufap&efvnf; umuG,fay;&efvdt k yfygonf?
TuJo h dk@aompD;yGm;a&;vkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh rr#wr_rsm;jzpfvmEdkifonfqdkonfudkvnf; tpdk;&taejzifh xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;xm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? zGJ@pnf;r_pepfqdkif&m/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;qdkif&m zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufI tao;pdwfudk atmufwiG f qufvufaqG;aEG; azmfjyxm;ygonf?

106
Mixed Economy

236
zGJŒpnf;r+pepfqdkif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJr+twGuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm;
aps;uGufðyjyifajymif;vJr_
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk jrefrmEdkifiH tem*wfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf tajccHtjzpf tqdkðywifjy&
jcif;rSm/ pD;yGm;a&;ynmoabmw&m;a&;qdkif&m tajccHrsm;ESifh oufqdkifygonf? Toabmw&m;rSm Tpepf
atmufwGif woD;yk*~vvlrsm;wOD;csif;pD. rdrdwd@k tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae=u&if;rSmyif/ vl
trsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;udv k nf; jr‡ifhwifay;Edkifonf[laom t,ltqjzpfygonf? TonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;ynm
wGif azmfjyavh&Sd=uaom “rjrif&aomvufuxdef;nd‡ay;xm;onf”107[laom t,ltqyifjzpfygonf? odk@
twGuaf =umifhyif pD;yGm;a&;qdkifwmvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk wwfEdkifor# yk*~vduu¾udkvkyfydkifcGifhðyap&ef
vdv k m;+yD;/ vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkrsm;. òyifqdkifr_udck Gifhðyap&ef jzpfygonf?
wcgw&HwGif aps;uGufpepfudk ol@bmomcGifhðyxm;jcif;tm;jzifh xda&mufatmifjrifaom pD;yGm;a&;
pepfjzpfapvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;wwf=uygonf? odk@aomfaps;uGuftaejzifh rnfr#twdik f;twmtxd/ xdxd
a&mufa&muf atmifatmifjrifjrifpGrf;aqmifEdkifrnfqdkonfrSm aps;uGuftwGif;ukefzvS,fr_udk }uD;=uyfae
aom zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mpepfrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifh rnfr#cdkfifrmtm;aumif;oenf;[laom tcsuftay:
wGif/ jyefIwnfrDaeygonf? tajccHt,ltqrSm rdrdbmomvdkvm;Iaps;uGut f wGif; zvS,fa&mif;0,f&ef
0ifa&muf vm=uaom woD;yk*~vrsm;taejzifh ukefypPnf;csif;zvS,f&efjzpfap/ 0efaqmifr_ay;&efjzpfap
oabmwlnDpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;vkyf=uaomtcgY/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u xrf;aqmifay;&rnfhwm0efrSm Tukef
pnfrsm;trSefwu,f zvS,fr_&Sdap&ef =uyfrwfay;&efjzpf+yD;/ oabmwlnDxm;onft h wdkif; wbufuvnf;
0efaqmifr_udk ay;ap&efjzpfonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm Tae&mwGifvltrsm;&Sif;vif;pGmem;vnfxm;aom Oya'
w&yf&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD;/ oabmwlnDcsufukd csKd;azmufaombufudt k a&;,ltjypfay;Edkifjcif;/ tjiif;yGm;r_ jy\em
rsm;jzpfvmv#if ajz&Sif;Edkifapjcif;wd@k jzpfygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; Todk@tm;jzifh vltrsm;uxifovdkvGwv f yfpGm aqmif&GufEdkif=urnf[k qdkvdkonf
r[kwfyg? txl;ojzifh vGwfvyfpGmoabmwlnDpmcsKyfcsKyf&efqdkonfrSm aps;uGufpepfabmiftwGif;jzpf&yg
rnf? vltrsm;t=um;csKyfqdkxm;aom oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyfrsm;tm;vHk;udk w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyonf/
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u vdu k fvH=uyfrwf&rnf[k qdkonfr[kwfyg? tu,fItcsKd@aom oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf
vltrsm;. vlr_tusKd;pD;yGm;ysufjym;ap&ef jzpfonfqdkygu/ TuJhod@k aomoabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfrsKd;udk vdkuf
emap&ef/ pnf;=uyf&efrvdkyg? rjrif&aomvufoabmw&m;taejzifh vkyfudik faqmif&Guf&mwGif twdik f;twm
wcktxdom aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
t&Sif;vif;qHk; OyrmrSm/ oabmwlnDcsufwckwGif yg0ifywfoufaer_r&Sdaom wwd,yk*~dKvfwOD;udk
xdo k abmwlnDcsut f & tjyif;txefepfemap&ef/ xdcdkufap&ef ta=umif;&Sdaeonfqdkonfh OyrmrsKd;jzpfyg
onf? Oyrm/ oabmwlncD suft& armif (u) u tjcm;roufqdkifaomvlwOD; armif (*) udo k wf&ef
twGuf armif (c) udk tcaiGay; iSm;&rf;jcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf? tu,fIToabmwlnDcsufukd wbufzufu
csKd;azmufcJhygu TpmcsKyfygoabmwlnDxm;onfhtwdik f; aqmif&Gufay;ap&ef tpdk;&ud=k uyfrwfapcdkif;&ef
awmif;qdkr_rsKd;onf rjzpfEdkifaom Oyrmjzpfygonf?
od@k aomfvnf; Tjy\emud&k Sif;vif;ap&eftwGuf TuJhod@k ZmwfqefaomOyrmrsKd;ay;&ef vdktyf
rnfr[kwfyg? ydkI&Sif;vif;aom/ ydkItawG@&rsm;aom Oyrmrsm;pGm&Sdygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tm%mydkifwOD;u
aiGa=u;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;tusKd;tjrwftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; t*wdvdkufpm;I rvkyfoifh
aomudpPrsKd;udk w&m;r0ifa&mif;csjcif;rsm;jzpfEdkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifharmfawmf,mOfarmif;vdkifpif/ wuUodkvf
bGJ@/ tpdk;&.0,fcGifah &mif;cGifh vdkifpif pojzifhjzpfygonf? TudpPrsKd;wGif vlr_a&;&_axmifhrS=unfhygu tjypfrsm;
pGm&Sdaeygonf? TuJo h dk@t*wdvdu k fpm;aomvkyf&yfrsKd;udk vlr_usif0h ef&_axmifhrSaeI rdrdwdk@u uef@uGufEdkifyg

107
Invisible Hand Theory

237
onf? ta=umif;rSmxdjk ynfol@0efxrf;taejzifh r&dk;om;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; vlr_tusKd;pD;
yGm;&_axmifhrS =unfhygu/ Tvkyf&yfrsKd;onfqdk;&Gm;vGef;+yD;/ wm;qD;&rnfu h dpPrsKd;jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm
TuJh od@k t*wdvdkufpm;r_ðyaomolESifh vufcHol (2) OD;vHk; tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfapEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
xdok lrsm;u tjcm;aomolrsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;epfemap&efta=umif;tay: tajccHI ðyrlaqmif&Gufae=uaom
a=umifh jzpfygonf? Oyrm Tvkyf&yfwGif yg0ifywfoufr_r&Sdaom jynfov l lxktrsm;u epfem&rnfu h def; jzpfyg
onf?
TuJo h dk@ t*wdvkdufpm;aomvkyf&yfrsKd;udk tm;ray;bJ &_wfcs&rnfjzpfovd/k a&SmifusOf&rnf jzpfyg
onf? odk@aomfvnf; tpOfojzifhvG,u f lvSonf r[kwfyg? xd@k tjyifEdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh TuJo h dk@aom
udpP&yfrsKd;tm;vH;k udk udik fwG,af qmif&Guf&efrSm tukeftusrsm;vSygonf? od@k aomfvnf; owdðy&eftcsuf
wckrSm wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif csKyfudik fr_rsm; rsm;jym;aevGef;yguvnf; TuJhodk@
t*wdvku d fpm;r_rsm;trsm;tjym; jzpfvmwwfjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdef;csKyfr_rsm;u xdef;csKyfr_topfrsm;ESifh
rxda&mufrxufjrufaom pGrf;aqmifr_rsm;udk aygufzGm;apygonf? xdt k wGufa=umifhyif xdef;csKyfr_rsm; rrsm;
apa&;twGuo f wdxm;aqmif&Guf&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? txl;ojzifhvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfvHk;udk epfemap&ef&Sd
aomudpPtenf;tusOf;tay:om xdef;csKyfr_rsm; aqmif&Gufapoifhygonf?
txufazmfjyygOyrmonf vGwfvyfpGmoabmwlnDpmcsKyfrsm;csKyfqdkcGifh. ¹cif;csufrsm;teufrS
tqifhwckomjzpfygonf? vlwOD;wa,mufu TuJhod@k aompD;yGm;a&;oabmwlnDr_rsKd;xJ pdwfvdkvuf&
0ifa&mufvdkygu/ trSefwGif xdkoluk, d fwkid f. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuyf ifysufpD;apwwfaom oabm&Sdygonf?
tjcm;azmfjy&ef0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;aom OyrmwckrSmrl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,faom aps;uGufrsKd;jzpfygonf?
txl;ojzifh vli,frsm;tzdk@/ rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,f=uaom aps;uGuftwGif;od@k pdwfvkdvuf&0ifvdak vh&Sd=u
ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; vlr_todik f;u TuJhod@k aomaps;uGufrsKd;udv k kyfaqmif&ef cGifhrðy=uyg? ta=umif;rSm
rl;,pfaq;0g;taejzifh oHk;pGJoludk a&wdu k mvwGif om,mr_ay;aumif;ay;Edkifaomfvnf;/ a&&SnfwiG f ‚if;.
b0udyk sufpD;apEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
rdrdwd@k taejzifh vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpepf. ¹cif;csufrsm;udkpOf;pm;azmfjycJh=uygonf? xdk@tjyif
oabmwlnDr_pmcsKyfrsm;tay:vnf; ‚if;.jrifhjrwfr_oabmudk azmfjycJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tae&mwGif
owdðy&efrSm ‚if;Oyrmrsm;onf a,bk,sOya'orsm;.c|if;csuftcsKd@udkom a&G;xkwaf zmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfyg
onf? a,bk,sOya'orSm aps;uGuu f dv
k GwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;vkyfudik fcGifhay;oifhonf[laom t,ltqyifjzpfyg
onf? xd&k nf&G,fcsufjzifhyif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;onf aps;uGuftwGif;rdrdqENjzifh 0ifa&mufvm=uolrsm;.
oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;udk ouf0ifapatmif tm%moabmjzifhaqmif&Gufay;=u&efyif jzpfyg
onf? ta=umif;rSm udpPrsm;pGmwGif vltrsm;taejzifh rdrdtusKd;pD;yGm;udkom=unfw h wf=u+yD;/ vltrsm;'kuQ
a&mufapaomvkyf&yfrsKd;rS a&Smif&Sm;wwf=uaom oabma=umifhyif jzpfygonf?

yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_
tjcm;owdðy&eftcsufwckrSm aps;uGufpepfonf &Sif;vif;vG,fulaom/ tm%mjzifh=uyfrwfay;Edkif
aom yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tay:Y tajcðyaeonf[laom tcsufjzpfygonf? qdkvdo k nfrSm jynfolrsm;.yk*~vdu
qdkif&mydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfutodtrSwfðyay;jcif;jzpfygonf? tu,fI Tod@k wpHkwa,mufu ydkifqdkif
aomyk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_udk tjcm;olrsm;utvGJoH;k pm;ðyygu/ EdkifiHawmfu Oya'rsm;jzifh=uyfrwfumuG,fay;
jcif;jzpfonf? Todk@aom yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm jynfot l rsm;udkpkaqmif;&ef/ rdrdydkifqdkifr_rsm;
wd;k yGm;vmap&ef vkyfaqmif=uHq&ef taumif;qHk;ay;aom rufvk;H jzpfygonf? xdt k ajctaewGif pD;yGm;a&;
pepf wckvHk;. xkwv f kyfa&;pGrf;tm;pkrsm; wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
od@k aomfvnf; yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_qdkonfrSm vG,u f l&Sif;vif;aom oabmw&m;r[kwfyg? Oyrmtm;
jzifh vltrsm;taejzifhrdrdydkifqdkifaomypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk rdrdóuufovdv k kyfaqmifcGifh r&Sdyg? olwd@k ypPnf;OpPmrsm;
tay:Y ydkifqdkifcGifhqdkonfrSm tuef@towfrsm;&Sdygonf? tqHk;pGefaomOyrmay;I azmfjy&aomf/ vlwOD;
238
taejzifh olvHk;0ydkifqdkifaomtdrfwvHk;udk rD;wif&_d@cGifhr&Sdyg? ta=umif;rSm tjcm;aomtdrfrsm;od@k rD;ul;puf
avmifu|rf;Edkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? tvm;wlyif ypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk ydkifqdkifcGifh[kqdk&mY vdu k femapmifhxdef;
&rnfh usifh0wf0wW&m;rsm;&Sdygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tdrfwvHk;ydkifqdkifxm;aomolwOD;taejzifh xdt k drfudkoef@
&Sif;/ vHðk cHpGmxm;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSmol.twGufomrubJ/ &yfuGuf0ef;usiftwGufvnf;jzpfyg
onf?
xd@k tjyif ydkifqdkifol.tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSmvnf;/ rnfuJo h dk@ydkifqdkifcJhoenf;qdkonfth ay:rlwnfI
oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;t&/ ydkifqdkifoltcGifhta&;wGif uef@owfcsufrsm;&SdEdkifygonf? ydkI&_yfaxG;
aomydkifqdkifr_yHkpHrsKd;/ Oyrm-ukr`%Dwckydkifqdkifr_rsKd;wGif/ ukr`%Dudyk dkifqdkifoltaejzifh ydkifqdkifa=umif;ra=ujimrD
wGif/ w&m;0ifydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;&Sda=umif;Oya'a=umif;t& aocsm&Sif;vif;ap&ygvdrfhrnf? xdt k wGuf
a=umifhyk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhtcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm rsm;pGmus,fjyef@aomoabmaqmif+yD;/ w&m;0ifowfrSwf
azmfjyxm;aom/ xd@k tjyifw&m;0ifowfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdaom 0wW&m;vdu k femapmifhxdef;&r_rsm;+yD;rS ºuif;usef
aom tcGifhta&;rsm; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh w&m;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;wckcsKyfqdk=u&mwGif ta&;ay:jzpfvm
Edkifaomtajctaersm;tm;vHk;udk óuwifwGufqI t&m&mjynfph HkaompmcsKyfrsKd; azmfjyI r&ouJo h dk@yifjzpfyg
onf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh jynfoltrsm;. taxGaxGaomydkifqdkifr_rsm;udak v;pm;&ef
wm0ef&Sdaomwcsdefwnf;wGif/ xdo k d@k ydkifqdkifr_[laomtcGifhta&;Yvnf; tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhvdu k femapmifhxdef;&
rnfw h m0efrsm;&Sdaeonfudk od=u&rnfjzpfonf? trsKd;tpm;rwlnaD omydkifqdkifr_trsKd;rsKd;ESifhywfoufI rwl
nDaomtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh 0wW&m;rsm;&SdEdkifygonf?
Tod@k aomtajctaersKd;wGif twdtusazmfjyrxm;aomwm0ef0wW&m;rsm;ESifh twdtusazmfjy
xm;aom0wW&m;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifol.ukefusp&dwfrsm;tjzpf owfrSwf&rnfjzpfygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh ydkrdk
xdef;csKyfr_rsm;vmavav/ ydkifqdkifcGifhtcGifhta&;Y csKyfcs,fr_rsm;vmavavyif jzpfygonf? TudpPESifhywfouf
aomaqmif&Guf&eftcsdef ydk,l&avavjzpf+yD;/ aqmif&Gufr_ukefusp&dwfydkrsm;avavyif jzpfygonf? xdk@
tjyifvdu k femapmifhxdef;&rnfh0wW&m;rsm;udk rnfokd@rnfyHkazmfjyxm;onfESifhywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ T
onfrsm;udk rnfuho J dk@wpdkufrwfrwfapmifhxdef;onfESifhywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif; paomtcsufrsm;rSm
ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrsm; jzpfygonf? tu,fIvdkufemapmifhxdef;&rnfh0wW&m;rsm;udk rwdrusESifh r&Sif;
rvif;azmfjyxm;ygu/ xdkydkifqdkifr_tay:toHk;csjcif;ESifhywfoufI aqmif&Gufr_ukefusp&dwfrsm;ydkI ukefus&
rnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif[dkw,fvkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeaom vkyfief;&SifwOD;u tpdk;&ydkifqdkifaomajrae
&may:wGif [dkw,faqmufvkyfcGifh&atmif rnfr#cufcJpGmaqmif&Gufvyk fudik f&a=umif; ajymjyygonf? tjcm;vdk
tyfcsufrsm;wGif tca=u;aiGrsm;/ txl;ay;&aiGrsm;/ aemufqHk;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk+yD;aemufydkif;wGifrS ajymif;vJr_rsm;
xyfrHvkyfaqmifonfudk ñuHcJ&h ygonf? xdk@tjyif xdktaqmuftOD;wGifjyefvnfjyifqifajymif;vJvkyfaqmif
or#udkvnf; tpdk;&xHrScGifhðycsuf,&l ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;tm;vH;k u xdkEdkifiHtwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmif
&Gufaer_rsm;twGuf vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_ukefusp&dwfydkrsm;apygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifv,f
vkyfudik fae=uaom v,form;rsm;wGif tuef@towfjzifhom ajrydkifcGifh cGifhðyxm;ygonf? ol@taejzifh tpdk;&
. ydkifqdkifr_twGufrnfr#ay;aqmifae&a=umif; twdtusrodouJo h dk@/ xGu&f Sdor#oD;ESH.rnfr#tpdwftydkif;
udk tpdk;&uawmif;qdkvmvdrfhrnf/ ay;&rnfukdvnf; aocsmrod&Sdyg? xdk@tjyifTajruGufukd tjcm;olrsm;xH
od@k a&mif;cscGifh r&Sdyg? xdk@tjyifTajruGuaf y:Y pdkufysKd;aomoD;ESHrsm;rSmvnf; pDrHudef;t&pdkufysKd;r_rsKd;udk vdkuf
vHaqmif&Guf&ygonf? TtajctaeatmufwGif ol.yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifhrSm aocsma&&mr_r&SdouJo h d@k / wdwd
ususjyXmef;xm;jcif;vnf; r&Sdyg? xdt k wGuaf =umifh TajruGufukzd GH@òz;wdk;wufvmap&ef ol@taejzifhxyfrH
&if;ESD; jr‡KyfESHvdkpdwfvnf; r&Sdyg? Tod@k aomtajctaersm;atmufwiG f vGwv f yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; pepf
udk jyefvnf azmfaqmifrnfqdkygu atmufygtqifhrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf?
(u) a&mif;csukefoG,fEdkifaom ypPnf;rsm;tay:Y yk*~vduydkifqdkifcGifh/ a&$@ajymif;r_/ v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfr_/ a&mif;cs
r_ESifhywfoufaom uef@owfcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;oifhygonf?

239
(c) ,cktajctaeY uef@owfxm;aomajr,mydkifqdkifr_udk aocsmjyefvnfpDppfoifhygonf? rnfokd@aomajr
uGurf sKd;rqdk ajrydkifqdkifcGifhESifh ajrydkifqdkifol.tcGifhta&;udk wdusaocsmpGm jyXmef;apoifhygonf?
(*) tpdk;&rSjzpfap/ a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;rSjzpfap ajrrsm;udk vHak vmufaomwef&mwefzdk;avsmfa=u;
ray;bJ/ odrf;,lcGifh r&Sdap&yg? avsmaf =u;ay;aqmif&mwGifvnf; aps;uGuaf ygufaps;jzifhom ay;acsap&rnf
jzpfygonf?
(C) jrefrmrif;rsm;ESifh +Adwdo#udv k dek DtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ygvDreftpdk;&tygt0if tpdk;&tpOftqufu/ wdik f;jynf
twGif;&Sd ajrrsm;tm;vH;k udk tpdk;&ydkifqdkifonf[k usifo h Hk;cJhygonf? Todk@vGJrSm;aer_udk jyefvnfjyifqifapoifh
ygonf? ajrrsm;udk yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ESifhywfoufIwdwu d susjyXmef;ay;&ef vdt k yf+yD;/ ajrydkifol.tcGifhta&;udk
vnf; wdwu d susjyXmef;ay;+yD; tpdk;&uav;pm;vdkufemap&ef vdt k yfygonf?
(i) v,f,mvkyfief;cGifhESifhywfoufaom/ v,f,mxGufukefypPnf;rsm;udk zvS,fa&mif;0,fcGifhESifhywfouf
aom uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;tm;vH;k udk z,f&Sm;oifhygonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiGzvS,faomaps;uGu/f jynfyodk@wifydk@
a&mif;csr_ESifh wifoGif;r_/ aiGa=u;aps;uGufrsm;tm;vH;k udk vGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifcGifh ðyoifhygonf? twkty
vdrfnmr_rsm;ESifh aps;uGufrwnfr+idrfjzpfaprnfah b;rS umuG,fjcif;rsKd;twGuaf qmif&Gufaom xdef;csKyfr_rsKd;udk
omaqmif&Gufoifhygonf?
(p) tpdk;&. ukefypPnf;rsm;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh ywfoufaompmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vGwv f yf
yGifhvif;aomaps;òyifpepfjzifh wdusowfrSwfxm;aomazmfjycsufrsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? pmcsKyfpmwrf;
ðyvkyfoabmwln+D yD;aemufydkif;wGifrS ajymif;vJjyifqifr_rsm; rvkyfap&yg? pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;aqmif&Guf&mY
vnf; rlvazmfjyxm;aomt&nftcsif;jynfrh Dolrsm;/ rlvzdwfac:pOfu aps;òyifaqmif&Guf&efazmfjyxm;aom
vdtk yfcsufjynfhrDolrsm;udo k m uefx&dkufcGifhðyap&ygrnf?
xd@k tjyif tjcm;xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufwck&Sdygao;onf? ,ciftcef;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;
onft h wdik f; vGwfvyfaomaps;uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepf. t"dutm;enf;csufrSm/ tcsKd@aomtajctaersm;wGif
jynfolrsm;twGif; 0ifaiGtcsKd;tpm;rnDr#r_rsm;/ vlwef;pm;rnDr#r_}uD;xGm;vmEdkifjcif; jzpfygonf? odk@aomf
vnf; tpydkif;umvwGifyifvltrsm;twGif;cGJa0ay;r_ rnDr#ygu/ Todk@rvdv k m;tyfaomaemufqufwGJ
&v'frsm;jzpfvmap&ef ta=umif;ydkrsm;ygonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& pwifpOfuyifomwlnDr#cGJa0r_rsKd;jzifh ydkif
qdkifr_cGJa0jcif;udk pwifygu/ aemufydkif;aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;aqmif&Gufr_wGif 0ifaiGrnDr#r_enf;+yD;/ vlwef;pm;
uGm[r_vnf; enf;yg;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xd@k twGufa=umifh rdrdwdk@taejzifhrlvpwifpOfuwnf;u ydkifqdkifr_cGJa0
pOfwGif rnDr#r_jzifhpwifcJhygu/ aemufydkif;wGif TtusKfd;pD;yGm;a=umifhjzpfvmaom cGJa0r_rnDr#jcif;rsm; quf
vufjzpfvmEdkifygonf? TtjrifzufrS=unfhrnfqdkv#if ta&;t}uD;qHk;aomydkifqdkifr_cJGa0&efydkifqdkifr_rSm v,f
,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;u¾&Sd ajrrsm;yif jzpfygonf?

Oya'a&;qdkif&mðyjyifajymif;vJr_
txufazmfjyyg tcef;i,fwiG f/ vGwv f yfpGmoabmwlnDcsKyfqdkEdkifaompmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;oabm
obm0ESifh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tcGifhta&;rsm;ta=umif;udk azmfjycJhygonf? Ttcsufrsm;onf aps;uGufwck
acsmarG@pGmvnfywfEdkif&eftwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdt k yfaomtajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; jzpfygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf T
vdtk yfcsufrsm;udk jynfhpHkap&efqdkonfrSm vuf&Sdw&m;Oya'pepfudk ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfaqmif&efvdt k yfyg
onf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHtwGif;&SdOya'rsm;/ w&m;cHk&Hk;pepfrsm;ESifh Oya'rsm;udkpnf;=uyfay;rnf, h EW,m;rsm;udk
yg jyifqif&efvdt k yfygvdrfhrnf?
EdkifiHtwGif;&SdOya'rsm;qdkonfrSm/ txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomOya'rsm;udk
acwfESifhavsmfnDap&ef jyefvnfjyifqif&efvdt k yfygonf? txl;ojzifhacwfrD&_yfaxG;vmaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
rsm;ESifhavsmfnDap&ef jyifqif&ygvdrfhrnf? xdk@tjyiftcsKd@udk Oya'yk'frrsm;tjzpfa&;qGJjcif;/ tcsKd@Oya'rsm;udk
vG,u f lpGmoabmaygufap&ef jyifqifzGifhqdka&;om;jcif;rsm; aqmif&Guf&efvdt k yfygonf? odk@rSomjynfolrsm;
taejzifh olwkd@tay:oufa&mufaeaomOya'rsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdt k xufyg
240
azmfjycsufrsm;tjyif ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm Oya'rsm;onf jynforl sm;.qENudx k if[yf&ygvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom
TOya'rsm;udv k ltrsm;u vdkufemapmifhxdef;=urnf jzpfygonf? vltrsm;.tðytrlrsm;udk apmifh=unfx h def;
odr;f ap&ef &Jrsm;jzifhaqmif&Guf=uyfrwf&jcif;rsKd; uif;ygvdrfhrnf?
rnfokd@yif qdkapumrl vltrsm;taejzifh aemufqHk;w&m;&Hk;wGif&ifqdkifajz&Sif;=u&aom taetxm;
rsKd;udk a&mufwwfygonf? vltcsif;csif;=um; tjiif;yGm;rajyvnfr_a=umifhjzpfap/ Oya'csKd;azmufr_a=umifh
vlwOD;udk ta&;,laoma=umifhjzpfap w&m;&Hk;wGif&ifqdkif=u&ygonf? ,ae@&ifqdkifae&aomjy\emrSm T
tr_rsm;ajyvnfapa&;twGuf =uef@=umapmifhqdkif;ae&r_jzpfygonf? xdktwGuaf =umifh w&m;rr_ESifh &mZ0wfr_
qdkif&mw&m;cHk&Hk; vkyfxH;k vkyfenf;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;vG,fulap&efjyifqif&efvdktyf+yD;/ tcsdefukef+yD;=uef@=umap&
jcif;r&Sdap&atmif jyifqifzGJ@pnf;oifhygonf?

tkyfcsKyfa&;u¾qdkif&mðyjyifajymif;vJr_
txufazmfjyygtcef;wGif rdrdwdk@taejzifhtkyfcsKyfa&;pepftwGif; }uD;rm;pGmñuHae&aom tpDtpOf
rus z&dkz&Jjzpfr_rsm;udk azmfjycJhygonf? twdwu f mvu jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftkyfcsKyfa&;u¾aqmif&Gufr_twGuf
ordkif;tpOfvmaumif;&SdcJhygonf? (1960) ckESpfrsm;u aqmif&GufcJhaomtkyfcsKyfa&;u¾ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsKd;udk
,cktcg jyefvnfaqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdt k csdefu ppfwyfutm%modrf;ydkufcJhaoma=umifh xdv k kyfief;rsm;
+yD;jywfatmif raqmif&GufcJ=h u&yg? xd@k tjyif rdrdwdk@taejzifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&moDtdk&Doabmw&m;rsm;ESifh
topfaom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;rS oifcef;pmrsm;pGm&&Sdxm;=u+yD jzpfygonf? EdkifiHawmfydkif
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifh yk*~vduu¾xuf ydkIomvGefpGrf;aqmifEdkifonf[lI qifajc
ay;&ef ta=umif;tcsufr&Sdawmhyg? Ttcsufonfyif vufawG@ñuHae&aomtajctaejzpfygonf? tpdk;&
vkyfief;jzpfap/ yk*~vduvkyfief;jzpfap tzGJ@tpnf;wckwGifOD;aqmift&m&Sdae&mwm0ef,l=u&olrsm;. aqmif
&Gufr_rSm twlwlyifjzpfygonf? ñuH&aomjy\emrsm;rSmvnf; twlwjl zpfygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm ud, k fpm;ðyr_
jy\emjzpfygonf? jy\emrSm rlrsm;twdik f;0efxrf;rsm;u &dk;om;pGm/ óu;pm;pGmvdu k femvkyfudkifjcif;&Sd-r&SdfESifh
xdOk D;aqmifoluvnf; xdkrlrsm;twdik f;aqmif&Gufvku d femr_ &Sd-r&SdqdkaomudpPyif jzpfygonf? tajzrSm xdt k zGJ@
tpnf;. xGu&f Sdvmaom&v'ftay:rS pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;jzifhwdkif;wmowfrSwf&efjzpfI/ 0efxrf;rsm; wufºu
pGm vkyfudik faqmif&Gufvmapa&;twGuf v_H@aqmfay;rnfhrufvH;k pepfrsm; xm;&Sda&;jzpfygonf?
wenf;qdk&aomf vltrsm;udv k kyfudik faqmif&Gufvdpk dwf&SdvmatmifE_d;aqmfay;jcif;udk rdrdudk,fusKd;pD;
yGm;wdk;wufrsm;jym;apr_twGuf[k t"dy`g,fzGifh=uaomfvnf;/ tjcm;aomacgif;aqmifr_/ pDrHcef@cGJr_.tpdwf
tydkif;rsm;jzpfaom opPm&Sdr_/ oHEMdXmefxm;qHk;jzwfcsux f m;r_/ tzGJ@tpnf;tkyfpkqdkif&m,Ofaus;r_/ tkyfpkvdkuf
zefwD;wDxGifr_ ponfrsm;ESifh ra&maxG;apoifhyg? od@k aomfvnf;pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkonfrSm vltrsm;udpk nf;&Hk;v_@H
aqmfI ydkIjrifhaom/ ydkIrsm;jym;aom&v'f&ap&ef zefwD;wDxGifvkyfaqmifjcif;onf ta&;}uD;aomtcsuf
wckjzpfa=umif; todtrSwfðyxm;oifhygonf? wbufwGif tzGJ@tpnf;. atmifjrifr_&v'frsm;udk wdik f;wmyHk
wdik f;wmenf;ESifh rufvkH;ay;aqmif&Gufjcif;wdk@&Sd+yD;/ tjcm;wbufwiG f wDxiG fzefwD;r_&Sdaom/ wm0efodaompDrH
cef@cGJr_ acgif;aqmifr_zGH@òz;ap&ef ta&;}uD;onfudk todtrSwfðyxm;&ayrnf? tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m,EW,m;rsm;
ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufoifhaomvrf;!$efrlrsm;rSm atmufygtwdik f; jzpfygonf?

1? jynfol@0efxrf;vkyfief;rsm;. zGJ@pnf;yHk? jynfol@0efxrf;vkyfief;rsm; zGH@òz;r_twGuaf qmif&Gufa&;vkyfief;rsm;

wGif/ tajccH&rnfhrlrsm;rSm txufydkif;/ tv,fydkif;ESifh atmufydkif;0efxrf;rsm;wGif oD;jcm;xl;c|efonfph Grf;&nf
udw
k d;k wufvmapa&;yif jzpfygonf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftpDtpOfuser_twGuf ud, k fusifh
w&m;aumif;aom/ ar#mfjrifwwfaombk&ifqdkonfh t,ltqrSm ,ae@umvwGif acwfrrDawmhyg? rsm;pGm
aomtv,ftvwfwef;ESifh atmufajctvkyfrsm;onf oD;jcm;vkyfief;rsm;udak qmif&Guf&ef oD;jcm;u|rf;usif

241
r_t&nftcsif;rsm; vdt k yfae=u+yDjzpfygonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh atmufygau'g
0efxrf;rsm;&&Sdatmif avhusifhysKd;axmifoifhygonf?
 txl;u|rf;usifr_vdak om 0efaqmifr_rsm;
 pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m 0efaqmifr_rsm;
 tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m 0efaqmifr_rsm; jzpfygonf?
0ef}uD;Xmersm;. xdyfwef;ae&mwm0efrsm;jzpfaom twGif;0efrsm;/ aumfr&Sifemrsm;/ Xme}uD;rSL;rsm;
onf/ txufazmfjyyg Xme (3) rsKd;rS0efxrf;rsm;rS xl;c|efolrsm;jzifha&G;cs,fjznfhoifhygonf? txufwef;&mxl;
rsm;twGuf 0efxrf;pnf;&Hk;&SmazG&mwGif txufazmfjyygt&nftcsif; (3) rsKd;vH;k rS u|rf;usifolrsm;ud&k SmazG
pnf;&Hk;oifhygonf?
2? 0efxrf;odrf;oGif;pnf;&Hk;a&;qdkif&mrlrsm;? 0efxrf;tjzpf tvkyfoiftjzpfrSp0ifaomae&mrsm;wGif rsm;pGm
pnf;urf;wif;usyfr_ r&Sdoifhyg? rsm;aomtm;jzifh tvkyfoifrsm;0if&mwGif tv,fydkif;ESifhatmufajctqifhrsm;
wGif vdt k yfcsuft&jzpfEdkifaomfvnf;/ txufwef;tqifhrsm;odk@ wdu k f&dkufcef@tyfjcif;rsKd;udv
k nf; aqmif&Guf
apoifhygonf? jynfol@0efxrf;cef@tyfr_twGuu f dk vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aomppfaq;ar;jref;r_rsm;jzifh ac:qdk&efvdk
tyf+yD;/ jynfol@0efxrf;cef@tyfa&;aumfr&Sifu vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyfr_rsKd;vnf; aqmif&GufEdkifyg
onf?
3? pGrf;aqmif&nfjyefvnfppfaq;jcif;ESifh rufvkH;pepf? pGrf;aqmif&nfjyefvnfppfaq;jcif;udk vlwOD;csif;.
pGrf;aqmifr_tay:Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ Xme,lepftvdu k faomfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Xme,lepf
wckpD. pGrf;aqmifr_udjk yefvnfppfaq;Edkif&eftwGuf pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&mwGufcsuf pm&if;oGif;jcif;pepf108 udk
pwif usifhoH;k oifhygonf? owdðy&eftcsufrSm T&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twdik f;aqmif&Guf&ef (1957) ckESpfumv
uwnf;u jrefrmEdkifiHwGifpwifusifo h H;k &efóu;yrf;vmcJh+yD;/ ppftpdk;&tm%modrf;r_a=umifhom &yfqdkif;oGm;cJh
&jcif; jzpfygonf? &mxl;wifay;r_ESifh rufvHk;ay;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk TpGrf;aqmif&nfjyefvnf ppfaq;jcif; &v'f
twdik f;om aqmif&Gufapoifhygonf?
4? 0efxrf;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;/ vHðk cHr_ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m,Ofaus;r_? vuf&SdumvwGif 0efxrf;rsm;. pdwf
"gwfa&;&m zGH@òz;r_taetxm;rSm tedrfhqHk;tajctaewGif &Sdaeygonf? ta=umif;rSm 0efxrf;b0.vHðk cHr_r&Sd
jcif;/ aiGazmif;yGr_E_ef;}uD;jrifhjcif;/ tqifhjrifh&mxl;rsm;odk@ &mxl;wd;k wufEdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;r&Sdjcif;wd@k a=umifh
jzpfygonf? vuf&Sdppftpdk;&taejzifh 0efxrf;avmuudka,bk,svspfvsL&_xm;&Hkr#ru/ txiftjrifvnf;
ao;ygonf? ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm&mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhay;jcif;ESifh rufvk;H rsm;ay;jcif;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;owfrSwf
azmfjyxm;aom pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh jyefvnfppfaq;jcif;&v'fpHrsm;tay:wGifom tajcðyIaqmif&Gufoifhygonf?
tvm;wlyif ta&;,ltjypfay;jcif;/ tvkyfðzwfjcif;rsm;udkvnf; vGwv f yfyGifhvif;aomppfaq;r_/ aumfrwD
w&yf. pHkprf;ppfaq;r_jzifhom aqmif&Gufapoifhygonf?
5? jynfo@l 0efxrf;rsm;twGufynma&;? jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;udk ydkIxda&mufpGmaqmif&GufvmEdkifap&ef/ vlr_
a&;t&ydkI wm0efcHr_&Sdvmap&ef/ &v'faumif;xGuaf &;twGufOD;wnfvkyfudkifwwfaomtusif&h vmap&ef
qdkv#if avhusifhynmay;r_/ jyifqifr_rsm;vdktyfygonf? 0efxrf;avmif;rsm;udk t&nftaoG;jynfhrDap&ef
jyifqifapjcif;/ txuf&mxl;topf/ wm0eftopftwGuf avhusifyh nmay;jcif;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?
6? vkyfief;a&maxG;/ xyfaer_jy\em? qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif;Y jynfol@0efxrf;vkyfief;
wpHkvHk;udk tqrwefwdk;csJ@cJhygonf? TuJhod@k aomXmetrsm;tjym;/ tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;tjym;rSm ,ckumv
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifo h Hk;vmaom acwfwiG f acwfESifhavsmfnDr_r&Sdawmhyg? EdkifiHwGift"duvdt k yfaeonf
rSm ao;i,fI/ uspfvspfaom,EW,m;omjzpf+yD;/ yGa,mif;azmif;yGaeaom AsL&dkua&pD,EW,m;r[kwfyg? T
tajctaewGif jyefvnfpkzGJ@jcif;rsm;aqmif&Gufygu xyfaeaomvkyfief;rsm;rSydkxGufvmrnf/h avsm&h rnfh0ef
xrf;tiftm;trsm;pkudk owdjzifhudik fwG,&f ef/ olwdk@.vlr_a&;epfemr_udk *&kðyudik fwG,f&ef vdt k yfygonf?

108
Management accounting

242
xdok lrsm;udk jyefvnfavhusifhay;jcif;/ vHak vmufaomepfema=u;rsm;ay;jcif;/ vdtk yfaomaxmufyHhulnDr_rsm;
ay;jcif;jzifh ponfhenf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyifvkyfief;rsm;udk uspfvspfapjcif;/
jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; taqmwvsifaqmif&Gufap&rnf jzpfygonf?

òyifqdkifr_udk trsKd;om;rl0g'w&yftjzpfzefwD;a&;
ESpfaygif; (150) ausmf acwfopfpufr_xGef;um;+yD;aomurBmESifh &ifqdkifaqmif&Guf+yD;onfah emufydkif;/
jrefrmjynfov l lxktaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvuf0g;}uD;tkyfaqmif&Gufr_. qdk;0g;cg;oD;aomtusKd;
&v'frsm;udk jrifawG@cJh=u&+yD; jzpfygonf? (1920) ckESpfrSpwifvmcJhaom uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifhvnf;/
TcHpm;csufrsm;xºuEdkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;aom'Drdkua&pDenf;us zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
(1947) ckESpfwGifjyXmef;EdkifcJh+yD;/ ,if;tajccHOya'wGif “ umw,f/ qif'Dudwf/ x&yfpfpaom aps;E_ef;udkxdef;
csKyf&efESifh aps;uGufudck s,fvS,f&ef&nf&G,fcsujf zifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom yk*~vduvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@rsm;/ wenf;
tm;jzifh trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;pD;yGm;udk xdcdu k faprnfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wm;jrpfrnf? ” [kazmfjycJhyg
onf?
vuf&Sd taetxm;wGif/ aps;uGut f ay:wGif trsKd;rsKd;aomxdef;csKyfr_rsm;a=umifh òyifqdkifr_udt k m;
ray;aomvkyf&yfrsm;/ rsufESmvdkuftcGifha&;ay;aom vkyf&yfrsm;jzpfvm&ygonf? wòyifeufwnf;rSmyifjynfol
trsm; tusKd;pD;yGm;udv k nf; xdcdkufap+yD;/ pm;oHk;olrsm;tzdk@ aps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhr_rsm;ESifh&ifqdkif=u&ygonf? tjcm;
wbufwGifEdkifiH&yfjcm;ukr`%D}uD;rsm;. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcs,fvS,fr_udkwm;qD;&if;/ jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;. tusKd;
pD;yGm;udk jyefIxdcdkuf&aomtaetxm;jzpfvmygonf? rdrdudk,fusKd;pD;yGm;umuG,fwm;qD;a&;twGuf wHcg;
ydwfrl0g'rsm;csrSwfusihfoH;k a&;twGuf wdu k fwGef;r_rsm;jzpfvmygonf? Tvuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm;. oabm
obm0ESifh twdik f;tqudk owfrSwfqHk;jzwfcsufr&SdbJ/ uef@owfwm;qD;vdkaomvkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh òyifqdkifr_
rsm;rSm ydkIcufcJaom/ ra&&mraocsmaom tajctaejzpfap&ygonf?
Ttaetxm;wGif rdrdwdk@pOf;pm;xm;csufrSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;tifyg,mrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkif
aomtEW&m,f/ rdrdwdik f;jynf&Sd jynfolrsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;udkxdcdkufapEdkifaom tEW&m,fvnf;&Sdygonf? ta&S@
tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;rsm;.tawG@tñuHukjd yefavhvm=unfyh gu t&if;}uD;rsm;rSaeI ud&k D;,m;wGif
acsbdk; (Chaebol) wd@k uJhodk@aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Siftkyfpk}uD;rsm;rSaeI tif'dkeD;&Sm;&Sd vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
t&if;tESD;rsm;udk awG@=u&ygonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if wdkif0rf&SdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm ydkI òyifqdkifr_
aumif;+yD;/ ydkIomwlnDr#oabmaqmifygonf? Ttajctaersm;u vltrsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;udk &dkufcwfr_&Sd
apygonf? Tavhvmcsuft&/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif òyifqdkifr_xGef;um;apa&;twGuf atmufygudpPrsm;udk aqmif
&Guf&ef vrf;!$efvdkygonf?

1? xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_rsm;rS taumif;qHk;aomumuG,fenf;rSm aps;uGufqdkif&mtaqmuftODpepfrsm;ESifh

qufqHaqmif&Guf&mwGif twm;tqD;jzpfapaomt&mrsm;tm;vH;k udk z,f&Sm;&efyif jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif
EdkifiH&yfjcm;ukefoG,fa&;ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udpPrsm;twGuf wHcg;zGifhxm;aom/ yGifhvif;aomrludk wpdkufrwfrwf
a&S@aemufnD!GwfpGm usifhoHk;oifhygonf? Trlrsm;twdik f;vnf; wpdkufrwfrwfvdkufem aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?
2? xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_rsm;jzpfaponfh jrifomaomvkyf&yfrsm;rSm oD;oef@a&G;cs,fI (z&efcsKduf) a&mif;cscGifh
csay;jcif;/ wOD;wnf; rlydkifcGifhtjzpfa&mif;0,fqufqHapjcif;/ vlwOD; odk@r[kwf tzGJ@wckudo k D;oef@txl;tcGifh
ta&;csay;jcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf? Tvkyf&yfrsKd;udk raqmif&Gufoifhyg? vmbfay;jcif;jzifh vlwOD;taejzifhoD;oef@
aps;uGufwcktwGuf oD;oef@cs,fv, S fa&mif;0,fcGifhrsKd;&Edkifygonf? Todk@vmbfay;&aoma=umifhukefuspm;
&dwfukd pm;oH;k olrsm;udk aps;ydkwifjcif;jzifh jyefvnf&,lygonf? TuJo h dk@aomvkyf&yfrsm;rSm twdwu f mvu
‘aqGrsKd;om;csif;aumif;pm;a&;t&if;&SifpepftwGif;’wGif rsm;pGmawG@cJh&ygonf? vGwv f yfaomaps;òyifpepfjzifh

243
wif'gac:,lapjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif txl;oD;oef@tcGifhta&;rsm; cGifhrðyjcif;ponfjzifh vGwfvyf
aom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfay:vmatmif aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?
3? ukefoG,fr_ESifh òyifqdkifr_rsm;udt
k [ef@twm;jzpfapaomudpPrsm;udk apmifh=unf}h uD;=uyf&ef/ ta&;,laqmif
&Guf&efaumfr&Sifw&yfzGJ@pnf;oifhygonf? od@k aomfvnf; Todk@pnf;rsOf;csrSwfr_rsm;/ xdef;csKyfr_rsm;onftem
xufaq;uydkav;qdkovdk jzpfwwfaom oabmvnf;&Sdygonf? xdo k dk@topfzGJ@pnf;aqmif&Gufaom
aumfr&Sifonf/ aps;uGufvGwfvyfr_twGuf t[ef@twm;jzpfapaomudpPrsm;udk xdef;csKyfaqmif&GufaepOfrSm
yif/ vGwvf yfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudkvnf; ,H=k unfouf0ifaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; jzpfap&ygrnf?
4? vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm;tay: tao;pdwfppfaq;jcif;ESifh ta&;,ljcif;ðyrnft h pm; aqmif&Guf&efta&;
}uD;aomtjcm;udpPwckrSm ‚if;.,SOfòyifzuftwGuftcGifhtvrf;udk zGifhay;jcif;jzpfygonf? tu,fIvkyfief;
wcku obm0t&udkyif vuf0g;}uD;tkyftoGifaqmifaeygu/ tpdwftydkif;rsm;tvdkufcGaJ 0csay;jcif;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ rwlaompDrHtkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGifoD;oef@pDvkyfudik faqmif&Gufapjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vuf
0g;}uD;tkyfoabmjzpfapr_udk av#mhcsEdkifygonf?

yk*~vduydkifðyvkyfa&;qdkif&m rl0g'
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf uHaumif;onf[kqdk&rnfrSm qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfrS aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf
od@k ul;ajymif;aomumvwGif/ trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;twGif;Y usef&SdaeaomEdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
taejzifh twdik f;twm}uD;}uD;rm;rm; usefrae&pfjcif; jzpfygonf? qdk&S,fvpfpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfa&; acwf
aumif;csdef umvuyif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾udkA[dkrS pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfaqmif&Gufaomfvnf;/ atmufajc
wGif/ yk*~vdutqifhjzifh vnfywfvyk fudik fcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;rS xGufuek frsm;rSm
pkpkaygif; pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS xGufukefrsm;.wefzdk;. &mcdkifE_ef;tenf;i,fom&Sdygonf? EdkifiHawmfydkif
puf&Hktvkyf&Hk (1675) &Sdonft h euf/ puf&Hk (417) &Hkonfom tvkyform;w&mausmftvkyfcef@xm;Edkifaom
puf&Hkrsm; jzpfygonf? trsm;pkrSm ,cifuyk*~vduxHrS jynfolydkifodrf;ydkufcJah omvloH;k ukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;
jzpfygonf? puf&Hktrsm;pkrS ukef=urf;rsm;jywfvyfr_a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHjcm;rS 0,f,lwifoGif;&aom
puftydkypPnf;rsm;jywfvyfaeaoma=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; t&_H;jyae=uygonf? Tjy\emrsm;. t"du
ta=umif;rSmpDrHcef@cGJa&;nHhzsif;aoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ acwfrDpufypPnf;rsm; xyfrHjznfhqnf;Edkifjcif;r&Sd
aoma=umifh vnf;aumif;jzpfygonf? rsm;pGmaompuf&Hkrsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;rSm pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_topfjzifh raqmif
&Gufygu/ &if;ESD; aiGa=u;topfrsm;xyfrHxnfh0if&ef r&SmazGEdkifygu yGifhvif; Iòyifqdkifr_&Sdvmrnf0h ef;usifwGif
qufvuf&yfwnfEdkif=urnf r[kwfyg? tpdk;&taejzifh ,cifuydkif&Sifa[mif;rsm;udk vkyfief;rsm;vufv$aJ jymif;
,lEdkif&ef zdwfac:cJhygonf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSvkyfief;&Sifrsm;jzifhvnf; Tpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;udk vufv$aJ jymif;,l&ef
zdwfac:aqG;aEG;r_rsm; &SdcJhygonf?
Tod@k aqG;aEG;r_rsm;wGif ratmifjrifbJ/ xpfaighae&+yD;/ vkyfief;&Siftopfbufuvnf; vufrcHEdkif&
onfh ta=umif; (2) &yf&Sdygonf? wckrSmtpdk;&taejzifh olwdk@&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;r_rsm;. pm&if;ygwefzdk;twdik f;
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aom0efxrf;rsm;udk Ttwdkif;vufcH,l&efawmif;qdkaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@.,lqcsufrSm ,cifu
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aomwefzdk;rsm;twdik f; jyef&&efawmif;qdkaer_rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wGif&,fp&mozG,fjzpfaeyg
onf? ta=umif;rSm puf&Hktrsm;pkonf tdkrif;a[mif;EGrf;ae+yD;/ pepfwusvnfywfaeEdkifjcif;vnf; r&Sdawmh
aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif &&maygufaps;jzifha&mif;csypfjcif;rSmvnf; tjcm;&,fp&mjzpfaeaomudpPw&yfjzpf
ygonf? TonfrSmvnf; omwlnDr#r_r&Sdaom/ usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmaf omudpPjzpfygonf? &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif
yk*~vduydkifðyvkyfcJhaomvkyfief;tawG@tñuHrsm;t& vkyfief;trsm;pkonf trSefwu,fvkyfudik faqmif&Gufrnfh
pGef@OD;wDxiG fvkyfief;&Sifrsm;.vufok@d a&mufrvmbJ/ cdkom;"g;jytkyfpkvufodk@om a&mufoGm;&jcif;rsKd; rjzpfap
244
&atmif aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? oifhavsmaf omaqmif&Guf&efenf;vrf;rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf=u
ouJo h dk@ vlwOD;uvkyfief;vnfywfaeEdkifaomtajctaea&mufatmif jyifqiftm;pdkuf/ tjcm;wa,mufu
aiGa=u;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_topfrsm;ESifh enf;ynmrsm;udk ,laqmifvmapaompdkufxkwv f kyfudkifr_rsKd; jzpfygonf? xdk
puf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;. a&mif;csrnfhwefzdk;onf/ vuf&Sdxkwfukefrsm;rS aiG0ifapEdkifaomtvm;tvmESifh pufrsm;
.vuf&Sdwefzdk;rsm;tay:/ u|rf;usifvyk fom;rsm;ESifh vuf&Sdxd;k azmufxm;Edkifaomaps;uGut f ay:rlwnfI qHk;
jzwfapoifhygonf? tu,fIpuf&Hkrsm;&Sd pufypPnf;rsm;onfacwfrrDawmhbJ/ toH;k ðy&efrjzpfEdkifawmhygu/
vuf&Sdxkwv f kyfaeaomxkwfukefrsm;ESifh aps;uGufwifydk@aejcif;vnf; r&Sdygu/ xdkpuf&Hk.wefzdk;udk ajrESifh
taqmuftODaps;tjzpfom tajccHowfrSwfoifhygonf? ydkv#aH eaomtvkyform;rsm;. jy\emrSmtpdk;&u
om wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&rnfhjy\emjzpfygonf? xdjk y\em. tajzudkrdrdwkd@ud, k fwdik f&SmazG=u&rnfjzpfyg
onf? ydkv#aH eaomtvkyform;rsm;. 0efxkyf0efydk;udk aemufxyftopfvmrnfhpuf&Hkydkif&SifxHodk@ rv$t J yfoifh
yg? Ttajctaetwdik f;aqmif&Gufygu yk*~vduvufvJa$ jymif;ay;tyfa&;nd‡Ed_if;r_rsm;onf ajyvnfp&m
ta=umif;&Sdygonf? puf&Hkrsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkifoufoufjzpfap/ zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;tjzpf jzpfap
yl;wGaJ qmif&GufEdkif=uygonf?

245
 tcef; (12)
txl;OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm;/
vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmf&mYñuHawGŒ&rnfh
jy\emrsm;

246
 tcef; (12)
txl;OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrsm;/
vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmf&mYñuHawGŒ&rnfh
jy\emrsm;
,ckpmwrf;wGif rdrdwdk@wifjytyfonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. a&&SnfpD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;wckr[kwfyg? pDrHudef;
wck[kqdk&m0,f wdusaom&nfrSef;csufypfrSwfrsm;/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udktao;pdwfazmfjy&ef&Sd+yD; ,if;tpDtpOf
rsm;udk rnfodk@rnfykH qufpyfrnf/ tqifhqifh rnfokd@aqmif&GufomG ;rnf// xGuaf y:vmaom&v'frsm;udk rnf
od@k wdik f;wmrnf ponfjzifh wdwdusus a&;qGJ&ayrnf? xd@k tjyif pDrHudef;[lonfrSm ,if;pDrHudef;udk vufawG@
taumiftxnfazmf=u&rnfh wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;udk,fwkid f a&;qGJoifhayonf? ,ckðypkaom pmwrf;onf
jrefrmEdkifiH. a&&SnfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udk a&S›±_aom r[mAsL[majrmufonfhtjrifESifh ,if;tjrifjzpfvm&jcif;.
tajccHta=umif;w&m;rsm;ESifhpOf;pm;csufrsm;udkom wifjyxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifha&S›vmrnfh (21)
&mpktwGif;wGif atmifjrifpGm zG@Hòz;wd;k wufvmrnfh EdkifiHwcktjzpfa&mufvm&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonft h csuf
rsm;udk pOf;pm;Edkif&efom &nf&G,fygonf? xd@k tjyif ,ckpmwrf;onf wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvffrsm;/ avhvmolrsm;/ ynm
&Sifrsm; xyfrHpOf;pm;/ jznfhpGufEdkif&eftaxmuftulðytyfaom tajccH&nf!ïef;csufwckjzpf&efvnf; &nf&G,f
ygonf?
rdrdwd@k . a&S›tjrifonf aemifvmrnft h em*wfwiG f jzpfoifhaom/ aqmif&GufI&aom pD;yGm;a&;
ajymif;vJr_tajctaeopfw&yfudk a&S›±_ayonf? r[mAsL[mw&yf[lonfrSmvnf; ,if;a&S›tjrifudk owfrSwf
xm;aom umvwcktwGif; vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfI atmifjrifEdkifaom vrf;pOfjzpfonf? Tr[m
AsL[mwGif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;. ta&;}uD;aomu¾rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I a&&Snf&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;+yD;/
,if;odk@a&S›±_aom a&G;cs,faqmif&GufomG ;Edkifaom enf;emed\,rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? xd@k tjyifT
r[mAsL[monf tqdkyg &nfrSef;csuf yef;wdik frsm;qDod@k a&muf&mvrf;a=umif;udk azmfjyrnfh vrf;jyajrykHwcsyf
vnf; jzpfygonf? od@k yifjim;vnf; rdrdwdk@ &nfrSef;csufrsm; tqkH;owftxd &rSDEdkifa&;onf ywf0ef;usif tajc
taersm;wGif rnfokd@ ajymif;vJoGm;oenf;/ ,if;ajymif;vJcsufrsm;u wd;k wufr_vrf;a=umif;udk rnfodk@xyfrH
ajymif;vJapoenf;/ xdk@tjyif vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tajctae pepfrsm;udk uef@owfr_rsm; jzpfvmrnfavm/
ponft h csufrsm;ay: wGifvnf; wnfaeygao;onf?
rdrdwd@k vuf0,f&Sdaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;. uef@owfcsuf/ taqmwv#if aqmif&Guf&ef&SdaomudpP
rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zG@Hòz;r_tqifhqifhtwGuf vdt k yfcsuftrsKd;rsKd;wdk@tm; axmufcsifhaomtm;jzihf rdrdwdk@taejzifh
OD;pm;ay;r_abmifrsm;udk pepfwus csrSwfxm;&ef vdkygonf? Trlrsm;wGif rnfonfah qmif&Gufr_rsm;udk tav;
xm;pOf;pm;oGm;rnf/ rnfonfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;onf umv&SnfwGif aqmif&GufomG ;oifhonf/ rnfonfh vkyfief;
rsKd;onf txl;aqmif&Guf&rnf/ t&if;tESD;rsm;rsm;jzifh aqmif&Guf&rnf ponfjzifh tao;pdwf pOf;pm;xm;&ef
vdak yonf? odk@jzpfI Tr[mAsL[mudk vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif ñuHawG@&rnhftcuftcJ
jy\emtm;vk;H udk ,ck csaqG;aEG;rSomv#if rdrdwdk@ wifjyaom r[mAsL[m. uef@owfr_udk em;vnfEdkifay
vdrfhrnf?

247
OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOf owfrSwfjcif;
bufpkHr[mAsL[mwck (Comprehensive Strategy) [lonfrSm tzGJ@tpnf;wck/ EdkifiHwck/ aumfydk
a&;&Sif;wck/ Xmewck. a&&Snfaqmif&GufomG ;&rnfh ay:vpDESifh vkyfief;pOfvnf;jzpfonf? TjzpfpOfwGifyg0if
aom vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihf aqmif&Gufr_rsm;onf umvtvdkufuJjG ym;r_&Sd+yD; a&S›aemuf wck+yD;rSwck aqmif&Guf
I&onfh tpDtpOfvnf;&Sdayonf? zG@Hòz;r_jzpfpOf. tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif aqmif&Guf&rnfh tcsufrsm;onf
aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif zG@Hòz;r_wd;k wufE_ef;t&Sdefjr‡ifh aqmif&GufoGm;&rnf odk@r[kwf tqifhaemufwqifhodk@
wufvSrf;Edkif&ef t&Sdef,laqmif&GufomG ;&rnfh tcsufrsm;ESifh uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_&Sdygonf? TjzpfpOfwGif wckESifh
wcktquftpyf&Sd&Sd aqmif&GufoGm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; &Sdovdk wqifh+yD;wqifh aqmif&Guf&ef&Sdonfh tcsufrsm;
udv k nf; wdusaomtpDtpOftwdik f; aqmif&GufomG ;&ef vdak yonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tod@k qdkjciftm;jzifh r[m
AsL[mpOf;pm;csuf {&d,m (9) ckwGif&Sdaom qufpyfaeaomvkyfief;rsm;udk tprSpwifI aqmif&Guf&efrvdt k yf
[kqdkvdjk cif;r [kwfyg? trSefwGif r[m AsL[mpOf;pm;csuf {&d,mtm;vH;k udk vkyfief;rsm;pwifcsdefuyif pwif
udik fwG,af jz&Sif;oGm;=u&rnf jzpfygonf? rwlaomtqifhrsm;wGif rwlnaD omOD;pm;ay;r_rsm; &SdoGm;rnfom
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vnftcsdef,l vkyfaqmif=u&rnf jzpfygonf?
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xm;aom r[mAsL[mtwdik f;vnf; pwifEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg?
rdrdwd@k r[mAsL[m. aemufwqifhwGifpOf;pm;&rnfh OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOfrSm vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;tcif;
tusif;twGif;wGif vG,v f ifhwulatmifjrifEdkifaom tvm;tvmaumif;rsm;/ ,SOfòyiftm;omcsufrsm;tay:
tjynft h 0 taumiftxnfazmfEkdifor# aqmif&GufomG ;a&;yifjzpfygonf? (5) ESpfrS (7) ESpftxd=umjrifhrnfh
wdak wmif;aom tcsdefumvtwGif;wGif aqmif&Guf&efaumif;onfh pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmrsm;rSm v,f,m
zG@òH z;r_vkyfief;yifjzpfonf? ukefxkwfvkyfE_ef;udk jr‡ifhwifEdkifaom wefzdk;jrifhonfhoD;ESHrsm;udk xkwfvyk fEkdifaom
pm;okH;ukefacsm wdu k f±dkufxkwfvkyfrnfh tqifhjrifhv,f,mpD;yGm;a&;pepfwckjzpfvm&ef aqmif&Guf&ygvdrfhrnf?
xd@k twl opfawmxGufukefypPnf;rsm;udk wefzdk;jr‡ifh/ tacsmowfxkwv f kyfEdkifrnfv
h kyfief;rsKd;ESifh vkyftm;udk
tajccHaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifoGm;Edkifa&;udkvnf; TtqifhwGif aqmif&Guf&ef&Sdygonf?
rdrdwd@k r[mAsL[mwGif wwd,tqifh OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfh tpDtpOfrSmrl rdrdwd@k .ukefxkwf
u¾ESifh pufr_u¾rsm;.zGH@pnf;yHkrsm;udk tajccHrSpI ajymif;vJðyjyifEdkifa&;yifjzpfonf? rdrdfwd@k jrefrmEdkifiHonf
t&Sdefjrefjrefwdk;wufEdkfifaomzG@Hòz;r_tqifhtwef;odk@ aemufqkH;ay: pufr_enf;ynmrsm;jzpfaom uGefjyLwmESifh
owif;enf;ynm/ wefzdk;jr‡ifh pufr_enf;ynmtajccHaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifvmEkdifjcif;jzihfvnf;
aumif;/ EdkifiHESifh a'o.a&ajrtajccHrsm;ESifh udu k fnDrnfh ukefxkwpf ufr_vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifjcif;jzifhvnf;
aumif;/ vGwv f yfonft h m&SukefoG,fr_pepfatmufwGif wufvSrf;oGm;Edkifayonf? T&nfrSef;csufrsm;jynfhrD
a&;twGuf ynma&;pepf ðyjyifajymif;vJ&efvdt k yfouJhod@k / pufr_enf;ynmoif=um;r_ ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmap
a&;/ okawoeaqmif&Gufr_rsm; ydkrdkwd;k wufvmEdkifa&;ponfh aqmif&Gufcsurf sm;udv k nf; pDpOfaqmif&Guf
oGm;&ef vkad yonf? xdk@tjyif yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk ,if;wd@k vdt k yfaom pufr_enf;ynmrsm;wifoGif;Edkif
a&;/ wDxGiftokH;csEdkifa&;wdk@twGuv f nf; taxmuftulðyoGm;Edkif&ef vdak yonf?

248
yxrtqifhf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;ESifhwnf+idrfr_&&Sda&; aqmif&Gufr_tqifhqifh
rdrdwd@k taejzifh r[mAsL[mykHpHwGif ta&;ygaom pD;yGm;a&;u¾}uD; (9) &yfudk owfrSwfazmfjyxm;
+yD;jzpfygonf? ,if;ta&;ygaomu¾rsm;tm;vH;k onf jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh v,f,mxkwfukefpD;yGm;a&;tqifh
wGifomusefae&aom/ aumif;pGmrzGH@òz;ao;aomukefoG,fa&;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;om&Sdao;
aom tajctaerS wd;k xGufEdkifa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom t"duaomhcsufrsm;jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH.
yuwdtajctaersm;udk avhvmygu udv k kdeD tkyfcsKyfa&;umvESifh,if;aemufydkif; (1950) ckESpfrsm;wGif ygvD
ref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufxufrsm;wGif wnfaxmifvmcJhaom pD;yGm;a&;taqmuftOD/ tzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;
onfvnf; tm;vk;H eD;yg;òyvJysufpD;cJhonfudk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? ,if;ysufpD;oGm;aom taqmufttkHrsm;
ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;cJhaomtpkd;&Xmersm;onfvnf; y&rf;ywmjzihf c%yef;aqmif&Gufr_rsKd;omjzpf+yD; tpdk;&
csKyfudkifr_udk A[dkðyxm;onfh ,EW,m;rsKd;jzpfaeonf? xdt k ajctaewGif tpdk;&Xmersm;Y vufwef;csrSwfae
aomwm;jrpfcsufrsm;/ trdef@rsm;ESifhom v$rf;ðcHxm;onfudk awG@Edkifayonf? v,f,mydk@ukefrsm;ESifh ywfouf
aom vdik fpifxkwfay;jcif;/ qefwifydk@a&mif;csr_udk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;aiGr&SdbJESihf oGif;ukefvdik fpifrsm;
xkwaf y;jcif;ponfh vkyfief;rsm;om aqmif&Gufae=uonfudk awG@=u&onf? tpdk;&0ef}uD;pepfESifh pkaygif;
OD;aqmifr_t& pD;yGm;a&;u¾toD;oD;udk [efcsufnDnDxdef;nd‡ aqmif&GufomG ;&rnfhtpm;/ 0ef}uD;wOD;pDu
XmewckpDudk rdrdwdk@tydkifpm;&xm;onfhyrm pkaygif;OD;aqmifr_/ Xmetcsif;csif; qufpyfaqmif&Gufr_rsKd; vkH;0r&Sd
bJ y&rf;ywmaqmif&GufvmcJhonf? ,cktcgwGif tpkd;&Xmewckcsif;onf 0ef}uD;XmewckpDtaejzihf zGJ@pnf;
vmcJh&m 0ef}uD;Xmeaygif; (40) ausm&f Sdvmonftxd azmif;yGvmonfudk awG@&onf?
TuJo h dk@ tajctaersm;atmufwGif tpdk;&ESifh qufqHaqmif&Guf&aomvkyif ef;tqifhwdkif;Y vmbf
ay;vmbf,lr_rsm;/ jcpm;r_rsm;/ w&m;r0iftzdk;tcrsm;/ t"rRawmif;cHonfh tvSL'gersm; ydkrdkjzpfyGm;vmcJh
onf? xdv k mbfay;vmbf,lr_rsm;udk tcGifhaumif;,lv#uf rormaomenf;jzifh pD;yGm;&Smvdk=uaom EdkifiHjcm;rS
vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolpD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onfyifv#if tenf;i,faomolrsm;udk vkyfief;ajyvnfacsmarG@
apa&; twGut f ydka=u;ay;aqmif&ef 0efrav;=uaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHYjzpfyGm;v#u&f Sdaom tus,t f jyef@
vmbfay;vmbf,lr_rsm;. twdik f;tqESifh ,if;jcpm;r_rsm;udk jzpfapaom xdef;csKyfr_ óu;eDpepf. }uD;rm;r_rsm;
ud=k unfI h vufavsmh=u&ukefonf? T0ef;usifrsKd;wGif rnfonfph D;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsKd;rqdk óuwifwGuq f I
omrefvnfywfr_rsKd;jzifh r&yfwnfEdkifay? TpD;yGm;a&;0ef;usifYomru jynfolydkif o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;
rsm;onfvnf; tedrfhqkH;vnfywfaeEdkif±kHtqifhr#om vnfywfEdkifonf? rD;&xm;vrf;trsm;pkrSm ðyjyifEdkifjcif;/
tjrJxdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;r&Sdonft h jyif yifrvrf;a=umif;rsm;rSmvnf; ,dk,Gif;aeonfh tajctaewGif&Sdonf? xdk@
tjyif vrf;qkHvrf;cGòr@toD;oD;wGif aumuf,lae=uonfh *dwfa=u;rsm;a=umifhvnf; c&D;oGm;jynfolrsm; ydkrdk
p&dwfaxmif;=u&onf? jrefrmEdkfifiH. jynfyydk@ukefrsm;udk wifydk@aeaom &efukefqdyfurf;wGifvnf; ukefwif
ukecf spufu&d d,mrsm;tygt0if/ qdyfurf;odak vSmifEdkifr_ tajctaersm; ,d, k Gif;vmonfhtjyif oJEkH;wifI
qdyfurf;wdrfaumvmonfh jy\emrsm;jzihf &ifqdkifae&ayonf?
,ckvuf&Sdtajctaersm;wGif trsKd;om;rufu±dkpD;yGm;a&; 0ef;usiftajctaersm;wnf+idrfvmap&ef
zefwD;&ef rqdkxm;bd/ pufr_vkyfief;ESihf ukefoG,af &;vkyfief;rsm; csJ@xGifEdkifapaom taetxm;pGrf;&nfr&Sday?
+yD;cJhonfh q,fESpfwmumvtwGif;wGif aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef;onf (25) rS (30) &mcdkifE_ef;xd tpOfojzifhjrihf
rm;aecJh+yD; tpdk;&.bwf*suf&oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;vdkaiGjyr_udk ajz&Sif;&ef aiGpuULopf xkwfvkyf±kdufESdyf&mrS
jy\empcJhonf[k qdkEdkifonf? jyifyarSmifcdkaps;wGifaygufaom jrefrmusyfaiGwefzdk;rSmvnf; wae@wjcm;
wefzdk;usv#u&f Sd&m jynfyukefypPnf;wifoGif;olrsm;onf t±H_;ay:ae+yD; a&mif;or#ukefypPnf;rS &vmaom
usyfaiGonf e*dkrlvaiGvJE_ef;jzifh 0,f,x l m;onfh a':vmwefzdk;udk rrSDbJ jzpfae&onf? xdktajctaersKd;wGif
,ckuJo h dk@ uarmufurjzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;pepf}uD;wckvkH;. tajccHed,mrrsm; (Fundamentals) rsm;udk
rðyjyifbJESifh rnfonfh zG@Hòz;r_ r[mAsL[mrqdk atmifjrif&ef rjzpfEdkifay? xdk@a=umifh yxrOD;pm;ay;tqifh.

249
vkyf ief;vdt k yfcsufrsm;tjzpf atmufazmfjyyg u¾ok;H &yfudk tm&Hkxm;aqmif&GufomG ;&ef t=uHðytyfay
onf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ
(1) trsKd;om;rufu±dkpD;yGm;a&;0ef;usif wnf+idrfr_ jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;/
(2) aps;uGufzGifhonfu h dpPrsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGmaqmif&Guf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ydkrdkrdwfzuf
o[Zmwjzpfaprnfh xdef;csKyfr_pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ Oya'rlrsm; csrSwfv#uf jynfwiG f;/ jynfy&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_vkyfief;rsm;
ydkrdkwd;k wufvmap&ef tm;ay;a&;/
(3) ueOD;pD;yGm;zG@òH z;r_vkyfief;rsm;udk taxmuftulðyEdkifrnfh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jyefvnf
jyifqifa&;ESifh ydkrdkwd;k wufvmap&ef ðyjyifwnfaqmufoGm;a&; ponfwd@k jzpfonf?
yxrtcsuftaejzifh/ ,cktaetxm;wGif aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_E_ef;jrihfrm;jcif;/ wae@wjcm; }uD;rm;wd;k
yGm;vmaeaom bwf*sufvdkaiGjyr_jy\em/ tuef@towfrJh aiGpuUL±kdufESdyfok;H pGJaejcif;/ jyifyaygufaps;wGif
w&m;0ifaiGvJvS,fE_ef;xuf tq (50) ausmjf rifhwufaeaom jrefrmaiGvJE_ef;ponfh 0daoovuQ%mrsm;
onf trsKd;om;rufu±dkpD;yGm;a&;tajctae. }uD;rm;aomjy\emrsm;udk &nf!ïef;azmfjyaeygonf? ,ck
vuf&SdtajctaewGif t"dutusqkH; vdt k yfcsufrSm tpkd;&. &oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sd 0ifaiG-xGuaf iG r#wr_&Sdatmif
xdef;nda‡ &;yifjzpfygonf? vGefcJhaom q,fESpfwmumvtwGif; pnf;rJhurf;rJhokH;pGJcJhaom b¾ma&;rla=umifh
aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ESifh jrefrmusyfaiGwefzdk; rcdkifrmr_ponfh &v'fqdk;rsm; xGuaf y:vmcJh&jcif;vnf;jzpfygonf?
tpkd;&b¾maiG. &okH;aiGpm&if;rnDr#r_jzpf&jcif;. t"duta=umif;&if;rSmvnf; umuG,fa&;tok;H p&dwf
tqrwef}uD;xm;vmr_ESifh t±H_;ay:aeaom tpdk;&pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;tay: qufvuf
axmufyHhae&onfh ukefusp&dwfrsm;a=umihfyif jzpfonff? wbufwGifvnf; tpdk;&rSaeItcGefaiGaumufcH Edkif
aompD;yGm;a&;tajccH109udk }uD;xGm;vmatmifrvkyfay;Edkifjcif;ESifh tcGefwdrf;a&Smifr_jy\emrsm;udkvnf; ajy
vnfatmifrajz&Sif;Edkifr_wkd@a=umifh tajctaerSm ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmapchJygonf? pD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfr_udk a&S›±_ aqmif
&Gufrnfh rnfokd@aomtpDtpOfrsKKd;Yrqdk Tjy\emrsm;udk udik fwG,fajz&Sif;oGm;&efvdktyfrnfjzpfygonf?
Tae&mwGif tok;H p&dwfrsm;udkav#mch sjcif;/ EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkiftjzpf
toGiful;ajymif;jcif;/ tcGeftaumufrsm; ydkrdkwdk;wuf&&SdEdkif&efaqmif&Gufjcif; ponfh OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm;udk
vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfjzpfygonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJE_ef; aps;uGufwnf+idrfvmap&efvnf; aqmif&GufomG ;&efvdk
tyfygonf? jrefrmusyfaiGudk oifhawmfonfh EdkifiHjcm;aiGwckjzifh wefzdk;owfrSwfjcif; odk@r[kwf ukefoG,fa&;
csif;qufpyfaeonfhEdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;ESihfwefzdk;owfrSwfjcif;jzifh jrefrmusyfaiGwefzdk;tm; usm;uefay;rnfhpepf
wck&Sd&efvnf; ta&;}uD;aeygonf? Tðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;onf urBmhaiGa=u;&efykHaiGtzGJ@ (tdkiftrftufzf)
od@k r[kwf tjcm;oifhavsmo f nfh aiGa&;a=u;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tultnDjzifh tapmydkif;umvrSmyif
aqmif&Gufoifhonfh udpPrsKd;jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif rdrdwd@k jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@ a&G;p&mvrf; tjcm;r&Sday? xdt k zGJ@
tpnf;rsm;. owfrSwfxm;onfhabmiftwGif;/ aq;cg;}uD;pm;+yD;rSom aqmif&GufomG ;&rnf jzpfygonf? ,if;
tcsufrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I tav;*±kðy&rnfh tao;pdwftcsufrsm;udk +yD;cJhonft h cef;rsm;Y wifjycJh+yD;jzpfyg
onf?
aemufwqifhwGif ,ckvuf&Sd&Sd+yD;om; pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmaumif;rsm;tay: tjynfht0azmfxkwf
tok;H csEdkifa&;twGuf vkyfoavmufvkyfcaumif;aumif;&EdkifaomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;
twGuf vdt k yfaomaiGacs;,lEdkifonfh aºu;ay;rnfht&if;tESD;rsm; &&Sd&efvdt k yfygonf? tu,fI aiGa=u;
bkwftzGJ@ (currency board) pepfudk csrSwfok;H pGJrnfqdkygu/ aiGa=u;qdkif&mrlrsm;udk TpepfabmiftwGif;rS
pepfwusqufvuf aqmif&GufoGm;&rnfjzpfygonf? wbufwGif tpdk;&b¾maiG&oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;udk
pepfwus pnf;urf;&Sd&efvdt k yfouJoh dk@/ wbufwGifvnf; csJ@xGifvmrnfh pD;yGm;a&;w&yf. aiGom;vdt k yfr_udk
vnf; aqmifusOf;ay;&rnfhtajctaeESpfrsKd;udk [efcsufnn D D xdef;nda‡ y;oGm;&efvdktyfygonf?

109
tax base

250
 wcsdefwnf;vdkvkdrSmyif jrefrmEdkifiH. tajccHtaqmufttkHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk ydkrdkus,jf yef@vmrnfh
ukefoG,fa&;yrm%udk taxmuftulðyEdkifrnfh taetxm;w&yftxd wdk;csJ@wnfaqmufoGm;&ef vdt k yfyg
onf? ,kwfpGtqkH; ,ckvuf&SdtajccH taqmuftODyrm%xuf ESpfqwdk; axmufydk@ay;Edkifaom tqifhtxd
&Sdvmap&efvnf; aqmif&GufoGm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? zG@Hòz;r_r[mAsL[m apmapmydkif;tqifhrsm;Yyif tajccH
taqmufttkHwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;trsm;pkudk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfonf? ,if;vkyfief;pDrHcsufrsm;
udk aiGa&;a=u;a&;tm;jzihfaxmufyHhEdkif&ef EdkifiHwumtultnDrsm;/ acs;aiGrsm;&,l&ef vdktyfouJo h dk@ EdkifiH
jcm;ESifh jynfwGif;yk*~vduu¾rsm;udv k nf; yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhrsm;&vm&ef vrf;zGifhay;&ef vdt k yfygonf? ,if;
vktd yfcsufrsm;udjk ynfhrSDatmifaqmif&Guf&ef tqifhrsm;cGJjcm;xm;&Sd+yD; ukefoG,fa&;u¾csJ@xGifr_udk taxmuf
tulðyEdkifaprnfh tajccHtaqmufttkHwd;k csJ@vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufomG ;oifhygonf?
,ckyxrtqifhYyif ta&;}uD;onfhtjcm;tcsufwckrSm EdkifiHjcm;ESifh jynfwiG f;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
udk tm;ay;rnfh aps;uGufzGifhonfah qmif&Gufcsufrsm;/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm; ydkrdk
aumif;rGefpGmvnfywfvmapa&;twGuf vkyk fief;pOfrsm;udk vkyfudik foGm;&efjzpfonf? twdwfumv qdk&S,f
vpfpepfrS tarGqufcHxm;aom ,ae@tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;rsm;onf xda&mufxufjrufr_r&Sd&Hkr#ru/ óu;eD
pepf.tusifhqkd;rsm;jzpfaom vmbfay;vmbf,lr_rsm;/ rlt&r[kwfbJ vufwef;csrSwfonfh qkH;jzwfr_rsm;jzihf
xdef;csKyfaeum qkwf,kwv f #uf&Sdygonf? Ttcsufudk jyifqif&efrSm tpkd;&onf tm%mydkiftqifhqifh.
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk wajy;nDjzpfap&ef/ &Sif;vif;jrefqefaom qkH;jzwfydkifcGifhrsm;udktyfESif;I A[dkcsKyfudik fr_udk
enf;Edkifor#enf;vm&ef aqmif&Guf&ygrnf? tqdkygaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;wGif jynfwGif;/ jynfy ukefoG,fr_pD;
a=umif;udk t[ef@twm;jzpfaeonfh tpdk;&ucsrSwfxm;onfh twm;tqD;rSefor# udk z,f&Sm;ypf&efvdkyg
onf? xd@k tjyif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;aom trdef@tm%mrsm;/ pOf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udv k nf;acwf
ESifhavsmn f D&ef ðyjyifajymif;vJoGm;&ef vdktyfygonf? xdkðyjyifajymif;vJr_tm;vkH;onf tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;
,EW,m;}uD;wckvk;H tm; jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;jzpf+yD; p&dwfusOf;usOf;jzihf xdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&GufEdkif
rnfh tpdk;&,EW,m;opfw&yfjzpfvma&;udk OD;wnf&efvdktyfygonf? xdt k cgwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf t}uD;rm;
qkH;jy\emw&yfjzpfonfh rvdktyfbJ tydkjzpfaeonfh 0efxrf;tiftm;udk av#mch s&rnfw h m0efESifh jynfolydkif
puf±kH/ tvkyf±kHrsm;udk yk*~vduydkifðyvkyfonft h cg av#mhcscH&rnfh tvkyfðywfoGm;rnfhtvkyform;xkukd wm0ef
,l&rnfh jy\emjzpfygonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. tm;omcsufw&yfrSm +Adwdo#ukv d dkeDpepf
vufxufu ðypkcJhaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tufOya'/ ukr`%D tufOya'/ pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifhqdkifaom tuf
Oya' ponfOh ya'rsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfacwfwiG f qdk&S,fvpfOya'rsm;udo k mok;H &I ESpfcsKd@aeonfw h dik f ,ae@
acwftxd tok;H ðyI&ao;onfh Oya'tarGtESpfrsm; &Sdaejcif;jzpfonf? ,ckvuf&Sdtpdk;&umvwGif ul;l oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh ywfoufonfh tufOya'rsm;udk tm;vk;H eD;yg; ðyjyifajymif;vJ+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; aemifumv
tpkd;&opfwGif aqmif&Gufrnfu h kefoG,af &;/ b¾ma&;vrf;zGifhr_tajctaeopfrsm;ESifhav#mn f Datmif acwfESifh
tnD ðyjyifay;&ef vdak o;+yD; ,if;Oya'ðyjyifr_rsm;udk tqifhvdu k f aqmif&GufomG ;oifhayonf?

'kwd,tqifh? vG,fvifhwultoifh&&SdEdkfifaom pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk tokH;csjcif;

ESifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;udk jr‡ifhwifapjcif;
Tpmwrf;.tapmydkif;wGif csJ@xGifr_udk jrefjrefqefqefwd;k jr‡ifhaqmif&GufEdkifrnfh pD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;
jzpfaom v,f,m/ v,f,mopfawmtajccHaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh vkyfom;tiftm;udk tajccHaom
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif;udk wifjycJh+yD;jzpfavonf? ,ckavmavmq,fwiG f vuf&Sdtpdk;&rS v,f,mxGuf
ukew f kd;jr‡ifha&;/ txGuEf _ef;wd;k wufa&; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf qufIwufEdkfifajcr&Sdonfh tajctaersKd;
wGif awG@&ygonf? aps;uGufukd csKyfudkifxm;onfh tpdk;&uef@owfr_rsm;a=umifh qefpyg; xkwv f kyfr_onfvnf;
qufvufrwd;k wufEdkifawmhbJ/ wef@aeonfudk awG@Edkfifayonf? od@k &mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY yvyfajr/ jyefvnf
azmfxw k fEdkifaom ajrvGwaf jr±dkif;ESifh opfawmajrtygt0if pdkufysKd;Edkifaom ajr{&d,m tawmftwefusef
251
ao;onfudk awG@&onf? vuf&Sd pdkufysKd;ajrpkpkaygif;. pdkufysKd;r_odyfonf;E_ef;110onfvnf; tjcm;ta&S@awmif
tm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu enf;yg;aeao;I qufIwd;k cJs@pdkufysKd;vdku pdkufysKd;Edkifao;onfh tm;omcsuf
w&yfvnf; &Sdygao;onf? od@k aomf aps;uGufxdef;csKyfr_u ,ckxufwdik f &Sdaeao;I v,form;OD;}uD;rsm;/
ukeof nfrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESif@ wifydk@olrsm;ta=um; &Sdoihf&Sdtyfaom aps;uGuftcsdwftqufrsm;
rxGef;um;Edkif±kHr#ru puf}udwftm;/ odak vSmifr_/ aiGacs;iSm;r_ ponfh taxmuftulðyvkyfief;pkrsm; tae
txm;rSmvnf; tm;&p&mr&Sdacs? xkd@tjyif woD;rS ok;H oD;txd aEGrdk;aqmif; Owkra&G; pdkufysKd;Edkifrnfh tajc
taeod@k a&muf&Sd&efrSmvnf; a&t&if;tjrpf&SmazGay;a0Edkifr_ rvkaH vmufao;I jzpfoifhoavmufrjzpfEdkif
ao;yg? od@k jzpfI v,f,mukefxkwv f kyfr_wd;k wufr_udk a&wdEk Sifhtv,ftvwfumvtydkif;tjcm;twGif; jref
jrefqefqefaqmifusOf;Edkifrnfh udpP&yfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;r_tqifhwGif aqmif&GufomG ;&rnfjzpfygonf?
xd@k twl EdkifiHjcm;v,f,mpD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;udkvnf; ajrvGwaf jr±dkif;rsm;azmfxkwf
tok;H cscGifhðyoihfygonf? v,f,mopfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;udk wefzdk;jr‡ifhxkwfvkyfEdkifrnfh pufr_vkyfief;rsKd;qdk
v#ifrl txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tjcm;rufvkH;rsm;ay;v#uf tm;ay;oihfygonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_
rsm;rsm;vmEdkif&ef vrf;zGifhay;Edkifaom/ vkyfom;tiftm;udktajccHonfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm; ay:xGef;vma&;udk
tm;ay;onfh ay:vpDrsm;udt k m;vnf; OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufoifhygao;onf?

wwd,tqifh? jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;.,SOfòyiftm;omEdkifaom tajccHabmifrsm;udk ajymif;vJ

jcif;
aemifvmrnfh (20) ESpfESifh (25) ESpftwGif;wGif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;onftajccHrSpI ajymif;vJvm+yD;
,SOfòyiftm;omr_tajccHrsm;onfvnf; vdu k fIajymif;vJvm&efvdtk yfygonf? odk@rSom pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;
tpm;opfrsm;ay:xGef;vm+yD; wdk;wufr_E_ef;vnf; jrefqefvmrnfjzpfygonf? ,if;ajymif;vJr_. tajccHrsm;udk
rdrdwd@k wifjyxm;+yD;jzpf&m ,ckwzef jyefvnfpkpnf;wifjyrnf jzpfygonf?
1? yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;udk tm;ay;v#uf pD;yGGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;zGJ@pnf;r_yHkpHrsm; ajymif;vJr_udk jzpfap+yD; tpkd;&
taejzihfrl pnf;urf;xdef;csKyfa&;ESifh taxmuftulðya&;tqifhYom pD;yGm;a&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufoifhonf?
2? pD;yGm;a&;ajymif;vJr_.tajccHtjzpf ynma&;udkjr‡ifhwifay;a&;ESifh oif=um;avhvmEdkifr_udk jr‡ifhwifay;&ef
vdtk yfygonf? txl;ojzifhpufr_enf;ynmwdk;wufr_udk tm;ay;oifhygonf??
3? pD;yGm;a&;u¾wGif wm0ef,lae&aom tpdk;&Xmersm;udkvnf; yGifhvif;jrifomaom/ rSefrSefuefuefESifh
a&S›aemufnDnw G fpGmaqmif&GufvmEdkifap&ef vdktyfonfrsm;udk tm;jznfah y;oifhygonf?
4? tcsKd@jzpfEdkifajc&Sdonfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;. ,SOfòyiftom&r_udjk zpfvmap&ef tm;ay;&efvdt k yfygonf? od@k rS
om yGifhvif;aomEdkifiHwumaps;uGut f wGif;Y/ aps;uGutf iftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufqHa&; o[ZmwjzpfpGm rdrd
xkwu f kefrsm; 0ifa&muf,SOfòyifEdkifapa&;twGuf aqmif&GufEdkifapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
5? tajccHtaqmufttkHrsm;. tqifhtwef;ESifh t&nfaoG;udk pufr_u¾wd;k csJ@Edkifr_ESifh ,SOfI tjrJwap
wd;k wufaeap&efvnf; aqmif&Gufxm;oifhygonf?
6? vkyfom;jynfolw&yfvk;H . vlaer_tqifhtwef;wdk;jr‡ifhxm;a&;udv k nf; OD;pm;ay;&rnf jzpfonf?
7? a&&SnfwnfwhHrnfhzG@Hòz;wd;k wufr_udk a&S›±_onfhtaejzifh ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;rlabmifrsm;vnf; csrSwf
aqmif&GufomG ;&efvdyk gonf?
8? jynfwGif; trsKd;om;pkaqmif;aiGyrm%udk jr‡ifhwif&ef vdktyfouJo h dk@/ jynfwiG f;t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;pk)
rsm;udkvnf; ysKd;axmifjr‡ifhwifay;&ef vdt k yfygrnf?

110
cropping intensity

252
 tcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&aomf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;csJ@xGifvmEdkifonfh tajctaeESifhtòyif ynma&;ESifh tajc
cHtaqmufttkHrsm; wd;k wufa&;udk [efcsufnDnD aqmif&GufoGm;&ygrnf? ,if;aqmif&Gufcsuf. b¾maiG
vdtk yfcsufudk tpkd;&rS a&&SnftwGuf ar#mfrSef;I jznfhqnf;oGm;&efvdkygonf? xd@k jyif tjcm;aomtcef;rsm;Y
azmfjy+yD;onfeh nf;wl xyfrHazmfjy&rnfh ta&;}uD;onft h csufrSm yk*~vdutcef;u¾. jynfwGif;wdik f;&if;
om;ydkifvkyfief;rsm;omru EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkifvkyfief;rsm;udv k nf; tm;ay;a&;yifjzpfonf? ,if;aqmif&Gufcsuf
tm;vk;H onf ud, k ft
h m;ESifh wef±kHaqmif&GufEdkifaomabmiftwGif;rSom aiGa=u;pdkufxw k fjcif;rsKd;jzifhom oGm;
oifh+yD; tu,fI jynfyacs;aiGacs;,laqmif&Gufvdkyguvnf; jynfvnfay;qyfEdkifaom abmiftwGif;rSom
&,loH;k pGJoifhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;toGiful;ajymif;r_ ueOD;umvuwnf;uyif rdrdwdk@taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;tydk
wefzdk;tjrwfrsm;udk pkaqmif;Edkifaprnfjzpf+yD; txufazmfjyyg u¾rsm;. pD;yGm;zGH@òz;r_udk xyfrHaxmufulEdkif
vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tzGJ@tpnf;pepfqdkif&mzG@Hòz;vm&eftwGuv f nf; ðypkysKd;axmif&rnfv h kyfief;pOf
onfvnf; qufwku d faqmif&GufoGm;&rnfhudpPjzpfygonf? odk@jzpfI rdrdwdk@onf rvdkvm;tyfaom tpkd;&csKyf
udik fr_rsm;/ óu;eDpepfrsm;ESifhwuG EdkifiHawmfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ puf±kHtvkyf±kHrsm;tm;vk;H udk z,f&Sm;
ajymif;vJypfI tpdk;&,EW,m;w&yfvk;H tm; uspfuspfvpfvpfESifh tpGrf;xufaom pepfwckjzpfvm&ef OD;wnf
aqmif&GufomG ;&rnfjzpfygonf? TwGif tpdk;&b¾maiG ok;H pGJr_trsm;pkudk avhusifha&;/ tzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;
wnfaqmufa&;ESifh acwfrDwd;k wufvmap&efaqmif&Gufjcif;111 ponfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif tokH;ðy&rnfjzpfonf?
rdrdwd@k onf ,ckwifjytyfaom r[mAsL[monf vuf&Sdtpdk;& apmapmydkif;umvrsm;Y aqmif&GufcJh
onfh tpkd;&uwdkuf±kdufpDrHcef@cGJonfh pDrHudef;pepf/ tpkd;&pufr_pDrHudef;pepfrsKd;ESifhrwlay? rdrdwd@k t=uHðycsuf
rSm yk*~vduu¾zG@Hòz;r_udk tm;ay;a&;/ ysKd;axmifay;a&;/ tultnDay;Edkifa&;udo k m &nf&G,f+yD; tpdk;&u
jynfol@b¾mudt k }uD;tus,fok;H pGJ+yD; pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;jzifhaqmif&GufomG ;jcif;rsKd;udk rdrdwd@k r[mAsL[mwGifvk;H 0
xnfo h Gif;t=uHðyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg?

vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf&mYñuHawG@&rnfhjy\emrsm;
rdrdwd@k .pmwrf;wGif t=uHðyxm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;onf r[mAsL[musonfh tcGifhtvrf;
rsm;udk pepfwusavhvmpOf;pm;oGm;Edkif+yD; EdkifiHawmf. a&&SnfpD;yGm;a&;zG@Hòz;r_udk OD;pD;OD;aqmifoGm;&rnfh
acgif;aqmifrsm;u qkH;jzwfpDrHoGm;&rnfhae&mwGif tqifoifhavhvmEdkifrnfh tajccHtjrifrsm;tjzpfom
&nf&G,fygonf? TtajccHrsm;tay: vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfrnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;u xyfqifhjznfhpGuf
aqmif&GufomG ;ygu +yD;jynfhpkHaom r[mAsL[mw&yf&&Sdvmrnfjzpfonf? od@k jzpfI rdrdwd@k onf Tpmwrf;
tay: aqG;aEG;csufrsm;/ tjyeftvSefESD;aESmcsufrsm;/ xyfrHjznfph Gufcsufrsm;/ &Sif;vif;csufrsm; qufwdkuf
ðyvkyfEdkifrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?
rdrdwd@k taejzifh ,cktcef;rSpI vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf&mYñuHawG@&rnfh }uD;rm;aom twm;
tqD;rsm;/ tcuftcJrsm;tay: tao;pdwfwifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;rnfjzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh r[mAsL[m
ajrmufaqmif&Gufcsufrsm; rpwifcifuyif tvGeftrif; rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;jzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;wckvk;H udk
wnf+idrfvm&ef yxraqmif&Guf&rnf[k xifjrifygonf? TwGif ESpf&Snfvrsm;ñuHawG@cJh&aom tpdk;&. &-
oH;k aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf; bwf*sufvdak iGjyr_jy\emudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&mY yxrqkH;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrSm ppf
tiftm;wd;k csJ@jcif;. ukefusp&dwf}uD;jrifhr_ESifh tydkjzpfaeaom tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm; p&dwfudk rnfod@k ay;qyfrnf
enf;[laom jy\emyifjzpfygonf? vlOD;a& (48) oef;r#om &Sdaom rdrdwdk@. jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ppfonf
tiftm; (5) odef;ausmfudk axmufyHhae&rnfqdkonfrSm ,ckuJo h dk@ acwftul;tajymif;tcsdefrsKd;wGif
vG,fv, G fululjznfq h nf;Edkifaom udpPr[kwfyg?
vGefcJhonfh qdk&S,fvpfpepfwGif tpdk;&,EW,m;w&yfvkH;onf wae@wjcm; }uD;xGm;vm+yD; tpkd;&rS
a&S›aqmifa&S›&Gufðyonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufvm±kHr#rubJ/ tpGef;a&mufwif;usyfonfh xdef;csKyfr_rsm;ESifh

111
Modernization

253
EdkifiHawmfrS pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;udk tvGeftu|Haqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? od@k jzpfI tqrwefwdk;csJ@xm;aom wyfr
awmftiftm;udak v#mch sypf&efrSm ,ckvuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfolrsm;twGuf/ tn‡mudkxdouJo h dk@ wdu
k fwGef;&ef cufcJ
Edkifygonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; ydkv#H0efxrf;tiftm;rsm;udk av#mch s&ef vkyfief;rSm EdkifiHa&;t&udik fwG,f
&efcufcJrnhf aqmif&Gufcsufw&yfjzpfygonf? ,if;av#mhcsypf&rnfh t&yfom;/ wyfrawmfom;0efxrff;rsm;udk
oifhawmfaom tvkyfopfrsm;/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_topfrsm;wGif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;&efrSmvnf;
aiGukefa=u;usrsm;I/ tvkyfydk±_yfrnfh oabmwGif&Sd+yD;/ ‚if;0efxrf;a[mif;rsm;udk rnfr#tvkyfjyefvnf
ae&mcsxm;ay;EdkifrnfqdkonfrSm ,if;tcsdefwGif jzpfay:vmrnfh pD;yGm;a&;.twdik f;tq/ qGJ,lEdkifaom pGrf;
tm;ay:wGifvnf; rlwnfaeygonf?
tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; tpkd;&b¾maiGtm; uspfvspfap&efpkpnf;jcif;112 vkyfief;udk vkyfaqmif&yg
vdrfhrnf? Tod@k aomvkyfief;wGif tpdk;&b¾maiG ydkrdk&&Sdvm&ef vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfaom tcGefay;aqmifol
OD;a& udk wd;k csJ@vmapEdkifa&;/ tcGefwckcsif;pD. tcGefE_ef;xm;rsm;wd;k jr‡ifha&;/ tcGeftrsKd;tpm;topfrsm; xyfrH
owfrSwfa&;ponfh aqmif&Gufcsurf sm;udv k nf; aqmif&GufomG ;&efvdkygonf? ,ckvuf&Sdusifo h kH;v#u&f Sdaom
0ifaiGcGef113 ESifh vkyfief;tjrwfcGef114 ponfhpepfrsm;udk ,ckxufydkrdkaumif;rGefvm&ef aqmif&GufEdkifonfhenf;
vrf;rsm;&SSdao;I ,if;od@k aqmif&GufEdkifyguvnf; b¾maiGwd;k wufaumufcHEdkifrnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom vlr_ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;Y 0ifaiGcGefESifh tjrwfcGefay;aqmifr_rsm;udk w&m;Oya'
twGif;rS jzpfap/ Oya'jyifyrSjzpfap jzpfonfhenf;jzifh a&Smif&Sm;ae=u&m tcGefaumufcHr_enf;pepfrsm;aumif;
rGefwd;k wufvmap&efESifh tcGefray;vdo k nfhtusifq
h kd;rsm; yaysmufomG ;&ef tav;teufxm;vkyfaqmifoGm;
&rnfjzpfygonf? tcGeft&m&Sdrsm;. jcpm;r_rsm;/ pm&if;tif;pepfrsm;. tm;enf;r_rsm;onfvnf; Tjy\em
rsm;udk ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;apygonf?
pD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfr_&&Sdvmap&efESifh tzGJ@tpnf;pepfqdkif&mudpPrsm; zGH@òz;vmap&efaqmif&Gufaom
ueOD;tqifhrSmyif/ rdrdwdk@wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonfrSm 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufaeaomXmersm; tae
jzifh wajy;nDpepfwusjzpfvm&ef OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&efvdkonf? odk@rSom tpdk;&0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
taejzifh yGifhvif;jrifomr_/ a&S›aemufnDnGwfr_ESifh xda&muftpGrf;xufjrufr_wdk@ ydkrdktm;aumif;vmrnf
jzpfygonf? tpdk;&vkyfxk;H vkyfenf;rsm;udv k nf; vG,ful&Sif;vif;vmap&eftwGuf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyf
aqmif&efvd+k yD;/ rvdv k m;tyfonfh óu;eDpepftqifhqifhudv k nf; csufcsif;z,f&Sm;ypf&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;odk@
aqmif&Guf+yD;pD;ygu tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. aqmif&Gufr_rsm;wpkHw&maom twdik f;twmtxd v#ifjref
aumif;rGefvmrnfjzpfonf? odk@aomf trSefwu,f pGrf;&nfxufjrufvm+yD; &v'faumif;rsm; ay:xGuv f m&ef
rSmrl jcpm;r_rsm;/ pnf;urf;ysufuGurf _rsm;/ avhusifhoifwef;rsm;csKd@wJhr_rsm;/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_a=umifh ukefaps;
E_ef;}uD;jrifhvmr_atmufwGif ykkHaovpmjzifh ESpf&Snfvrsm; 'kuQcHae&I tpdk;&wm0efrsm;tay: vspfvsL±_r_rsm;
ponfh jy\emaygif;pkHjzifh,d, k Gif;aeaom 0efxrf;avmuwckvk;H .tawG;tac:ESifh xk;H pHrsm;udk ðyjyif+yD;rSom
v#if jzpfEdkifayrnf? Todk@ueOD;toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvrSmyif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh rdwfzufo[Zmw
jzpfaom tajccHtpdk;&,EW,m;udk zefwD;ay;&efvdt k yfygonf? od@k aomfxda&mufxufjrufaom/ pGrf;aqmifEdkif
&nf&Sdaom/ bufvdkufr_uif;aom/ pl;pdkuftm;xkwfr_&Sdaom tpdk;&,EW,m;rsm;jzpfvmapa&;twGufrSmrl avh
usifo h ifwef;ay;r_rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;wrf;ajymif;vJap&ef ysKd;axmifynmay;r_rsm; umv=um&Snfvkd
tyfvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif oifhavsmaf omrufvH;k ay;onfh pepfrsm;vnf; vdktyfygvdrfhrnf?
tjcm; jy\emwckrSm rdrdwdk@wGufqxm;aom EkdifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;0ef;usifqkdif&m tajctaersm;
onf rnfo h nft h wkid f;twmtxd rSefuefEkdifrnfenf;/ txl;ojzifh rdrdwdk@omomxkd;xk;d rSef;qxm;onfh EdkifiH
wumrS&&Sdvmrnfh aiGa=u;taxmuftyHhrsm;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_udpPrsm;onf rnfonhftwkid f;twm
txd rSefuefEdkifrnfenf;qkdonhf ar;cGef;yifjzpfonf? Tae&mwGif/ rdrdwd@k rSef;qxm;onfrSm/ ta&S@tm&SEdkifiH

112
Fiscal consolidation
113
Income tax
114
Business profit tax

254
rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;rsm;vuf&SdumvwGif tusyftwnf;ESifh &ifqdkifae=u&aomfvnf;/ ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif
jyefvnfxdef;nd‡jyifqifr_rsm;ðy+yD;aemuf jyefvnfOD;armhvmvdrfhrnf? urBmhpD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmrsm;/ txl;
ojzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;rsm;onfvnf; qkwf,kwfr_r&SdbJ ,cktwkdif; ajz;ajz;rSefrSef
wk;d wufvsufqufvufwnfjidrfaernf[k cef@rSef;xm;ygonf? xd@k tjyifpD;yGm;a&;uyf}uD;rsm; ñuHvmEdkifp&m
tvm;tvmr&Sd[kvnf; wGucf sufxm;ygonf? okd@aomf ,if;rSef;qr_rsm;onf taumif;jrifonfb h ufrsm;I
vufawG@wGif jzpfEkdifcsifrSjzpfEkdifrnfavm[k apm'u wufp&m &Sdayonf?
rdrdwd@k wifjyxm;onfh r[mAsL[mtjrifrsm;onf ,if;odk@rwnfjidrfr_rsm;/ rSef;q&efcufcJonfh tajc
taersm;tay:wnfI owd}uD;}uD;xm;I wifjyxm;onfhtjrifrsm; jzpfygonf? tpkd;&b¾maiGt}uD;t
us,fokH;pGJ&onfh r[mpDrHudef;rsm;ukd wifjyxm;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ/ pD;yGm;a&;tajccHed,mr (fundamentals)
rsm;ukd rSefuefap&efxdef;nd‡jcif;paom udpPrsm;uko d m OD;pm;ay;wifjyxm;ygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf jrefrm
EkdifiH.zGHŒòz;wkd;wufr_onf jynfwGif;yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;.wkd;wufr_tajctaeESifh jynfy&if;ESD;jr‡KwfESHr_rsm;wk;d
wufvmr_tajctaewd@k tay:wGif rsm;pGmwnfrSDaeayonf? jrefrmEkdifiH. vuf&Sdwnf&Sdaeaom òyfifqdkif
tcGifhomr_taetxm;t& v,f,majrzGH@òz;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;ukd ykdrkdaZmif;ay;vkyf&ef wifjyxm;onfjzpf&m
,if;u¾rSaeI twkdif;twmwcktxd wkd;wufr_rsm;jzpfay:apEkdifvdrfhrnf[k tmrcHEdkifygonf? rdrdwd@k wifjy
xm;onfh ynma&;ESifh pufr_enf;ynmavhusihfa&;twGuf aZmif;ay;vkyf&rnfh tpDtpOfrsm;onf pufr_u¾
wk;d wufa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;ayvdrfhrnf? ukefoG,af &;u¾wGifvnf; vGwv f yfI xdef;csKyfr_uif;aom
ukefoG,fa&;pepfukd tmay;&ef rdrdwdk@wifjycJh+yD; a'owGif;ukefoG,fr_wGif ,ckxuf ykdrkdvGwv f yfonhf
ukefoG,fr_pepfwckjzpfvm&ef jrefrmEkdifiHu aZmif;ay;aqmif&Gufoifha=umif;ukv d nf; wifjyxm;+yD; jzpfonf?
a'opGJuif;onhf a'owGif;vGwfvyfonhu f kefoG,fa&;pepfw&yfwnf&SdrSomvsif jrefrmEkdifiHonf ta&S@
awmiftm&SjyifywGif&Sdaom Oa&my/ tdENd,ESifh w&kwfponfh wkid f;jynfrsm;/ tjcm;atmifjrifaom a'o
qkdif&maps;uGufrsm;ESifh vGwfvyfpGmcsdwfquf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fEkdifrnf jzpfayonf? ,if;tajctaersm;
atmufwGif rdrdwdk@onf ta&S@tm&Swkid f;jynfrsm;wkd;wufcJhonfyh kHpHtwkid f; ESpfpOfukefxkwfvkyfr_wk;d wufE_ef;
(8-9) &mckdifE_ef;&Sdvm&ef aqmif&GufEkdifrnfjzpfonf? TE_ef;twdik f;&&Sd&ef cufcJonfrSefaomfvnf;/ rjzpfEdkif
[lI r&Sdyg? rdrdwd@k &Sd+yD;om;tvm;tvmrsm;t&vnf;aumif;/ tcuftcJrsm;udk óuwifwGufcsufxm;jcif;
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tedrfhpajc115 rS pwifxm;Ivnf;aumif; (4-5) &mckdifE_ef;&Sdaomwkd;wufE_ef;ukd ,ck
vuf&SdpOf;pm; xm;aom pDrHudef;umvtwGif;rSmyif &&Sd&ef rcufcJvSyg?
,if;aemufwGif rdrdwdk@pOf;pm;&rnhf ta&;}uD;qkH;ESifh tcufcJqHk;jy\emrSm/ zGH hòz;r_jzpfpOf.EkdifiHa&;
oabmobm0116 yif jzpfygonf? EkdifiHwck.pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;onf ,if;EkdifiH. vlr_a&;uefŒowfr_abmif
twGif;wGif jzpfwnfaejcif;jzpfonf? ,if;ESpf&Snfrl0g'rsm; rnfhod@k jzpfvmonf/ rnfo h nfhtusKd;rsm; jzpfxGef;
aponfqkdaomtcsufonf ,if;rl0g'rsm;ukd vlxktrsm;u vufcHvmatmif rnfhokd@pnf;&Hk;aqmif&Gufonf/
twnfðycsuf&,lonf/ tcsKd@aomtusKd;pD;yGm;qdkif&mtiftm;pkrsm;.axmufcHr_ukdrnfokdŒzefwD;onf [l
aom tcsufrsm;tay:wGif rsm;pGmwnfrSDaeayonf? tjcm;wbufwGifvnf;/ wkid f;jynfwck.zGH@òz;r_enf;
AsL[monf rnfonfh tkyfpk/ a'o/ tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh pDrHudef;rsm;ukfd rnfodk@tusKd;jzpfaprnf[k qHk;jzwfcsufcs
aqmif&Guf&aomvkyfief;rsKd; jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif wbufwiG f rwluGjJ ym;aom tusKd ;pD;yGm;qdkif&m
tiftm;pkrsm;. awmif;qkdr_rsm;udk a=uvnfap&efnd‡Ed_if;ajz&Sif;&onfu wbuf/ zGH@òz;r_r[mAsL[m. ,xm
blwusr_ESifh OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;r_rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&onfu wbuf/ ,if;tpGef;ESpfzuf=um;ukd
nêdES _dif;ay;&onfrSm pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckwGif/ zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif tjrJwapñuHawGŒ&onfh jy\emyif
jzpfygonf? tm%m&Sif tpkd;&rsm;onfyifvsif tm%mwefckd;xGm;I t&m&mudk ‚if;wk@d tvkdusjzpf&ef vkyf
aqmifEkdifumrl/ ‚if;wdk@. rJqENtkyfpkrsm;. vkt d yfcsufudk jznfq
h nf;ay;ae&ygao;onf? 'Drkdua&pDpepf
atmufwGif owif;vGwv f yfcGifhvnf;&Sd+yD; rdrdqENtav#mufvGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdaqG;aEG;cGifhrsm; &vmonfh
115
low starting level
116
politics of development process

255
tcg/ trsKd;rsKd;aom awmif;qkdr_rsm;onf toGiftrsKd;rsKd;/ o¿meftrsKd;rsLd;aqmifvm+yD; tkyfcsKyfol tpkd;&
tzGJŒtwGif;wGifvnf;/ rJqEN&Sifrsm;. rwlnaD omtusKd;pD;yGm;trsKd;rsKd;udk tajccHI t,ltqrsm;/ tkyfpkrsm;
uGvJ mEkdifygao;onf?
jrefrmEkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;taejzifh vGwfvyfpGm azmfjyajymqkdcGifh/ qENðycGifhESifh awmif;qkdykdifcGifhrsm;
qkH;&_H;aeonfrSm=um+yD jzpfygonf? wcsdefwGif 'Drkdua&pDa&wHcg;}uD;zGifhvku d fonfESifh toD;oD;aom ausmif;
om;rsm;/ v,form;rsm;/ q&mrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;/ pGef@OD;wDxGifvkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh tdrf&Sifrrsm;onf rdrdwdk@
&oifh&xku d faom awmif;qkdr_rsm;ukd rvGJraoG awmif;qkdvm=urnf jzpfonf? tpkd;&±kH;ESifh Xmersm;ta&S@wGif
qkdif;bkwf/ pmwef;rsm;ukid faqmifxm;aom qENjyolrsm;jzifh pnfum;aejcif;onf edpP"l0udpPozG,f jzpfvmvdrfh
rnf? pD;yGm;a&;pepfwcktwGuf 'Drkdua&pDtajccHrsm; jzpfaom aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (Good
governance) / yGifhvif;jrifomr_ (transparency) &Sdjcif;/ a&SŒaemufnDnGwjf cif;/ wm0ef,lr_/ wm0efcHr_&Sdjcif;/
bufvdkufr_uif;jcif; ponfwk@d onf r&Sdrjzpfvkt d yfvSonfjzpfaomfvnf;/ ,if;pepfatmifjrifr_ESifh acsmarG@
aomwk;d wufr_vrf;a=umif;jzpfap&ef/ 'Drkdua&pDusifhpOfwckwnf;oufoufjzifh tmrcHr_ray;Edkifyg? a&G;
aumufyGJ&moDrsm;wGif tpkd;&ESihf ygwDrsm;onf rJqG,fEkdif&eftwGuf rJqEN&Sifrsm; tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfaprnfh tpD
tpOfrsm;csrSwfaqmif&Gufvm&onft h cgrsKd;wGif r[mAsL[musus pDrHudef;csxm;aom pD;yGm;a&;aqmif&Gufr_
rsm;ukd xdcku d fvm&onfvnf; &SdEdkifygonf? rJ&a&;twGuf =um;jzwfa&wkv d kyfaqmifaomudpPrsm;u a&&Snf
pDrHudef;rsm;taumiftxnfazmfaqmifEkdifr_ukd t[ef@twm; jzpfvmapEdkifygonf?
,ck vuf&Sdumvrsm;wGif pOf;pm;aeaom EkdifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHrsKd;ukd tem*wfwGif taumif
txnfazmfygu Tjy\emrsKd;onf ykdrkd±_yfaxG;vmrnfhoabm&Sdygonf? rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;aom r[mAsL[m
onf jrefrmEkdifiHwckvk;H ukd ,lepfwcktjzpf vG,fvG,u f lul ,lxm;onfjzpf&m/ jy\emrsm;tay: pOf;pm;
enf;/ wkid f;jynfwckvk;H .tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd tajccHIwGufqenf;rsm;ukd pOf;pm;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? tu,fI
jrefrmEkdifiHukd oD;jcm;zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkrsm;tjzpf cGJjcrf;IpOf;pm;&rnf qkdygu/ trsKd;rsKd;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;
rsm;ukdxdef;nda‡ y;&rnfh jy\emrSm rao;vSyg? EkdifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;&eftwGuf wEkdifiHvkH;twkid f;twmukd
=unfI h wrsKd;om;vk;H tusKd;&Sdrnfh &v'ftrsm;qkH;&Ekdifaom t&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;pk) tok;H csa&;rl117 &Sd&rnf
jzpf+yD;/ wkid f;jynftpdwftykdif;toD;oD;. zGHΘz;r_vkt d yfcsufrsm;ukd ,if;rlESifhuku d fnaD tmif aqmif&Gufay;&
rnfu h dpPukd owd}uD;pGmaqmif&GufomG ;&ef txl;vkdtyfygonf? A[kdxdef;csKyfr_rS &kef;xGufvdo k nfh tiftm;pk
rsm;ESifh rauseyfqef@usifaer_rsm;twGuf ,if;rlrsm;ESifh vkt d yfcsufrsm;ukd &if=um;aphxdef;nd‡ay;onfv h kyfief;
rsm;udk vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfhudpPrSmvnf; }uD;rm;cufcJI tvkyfrsm;aomwm0efw&yfjzpfayvdrfhrnf?
Ttajctaersm;wGif/ A[kdOD;pD;r_ukad v#mch saomvkyfief;rsm;118 a=umifh ykdI tusKd;&Sdaprnf qkdonf
rSmjiif;Ir&Edkifay? atmufajctzGJŒtpnf;rsm;wGif qkH;jzwfykdifcGifhrsm; rsm;rsm;ay;xm;onhftcg vkyfief;aqmif
wmrsm;ukd jrefjrefqefqef taumiftxnfazmfEkdif+yD;/ jy\emrsm;ukd r}uD;xGm;cif pwifonfah e&mY ajz&Sif;
I&onfh tusKd;rsm; cHpm;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? tjcm;wbufwGifrl vkyfief;rsm;xyfaejcif;/ rvkdbJ ykdaejcif;/ trsKd;
om;tusKd;pD;yGm;wpHkvHk;ukd r=unhb f J a'opGJ/ t&yfpGJaqmif&Gufr_rsm; jzpfvmjcif; ponft h EW&,frsm;vnf; &Sd
ayonf? trsKd;rsKd;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;qdkif&mtiftm;pkrsm; tóuufukdvkdufI aqmif&Guf&ojzifh EkdifiHawmf
b¾mvkad iGjyonfh emwm&Snfjy\emrsKd;udkvnf; r+yD;qkH;EkdifbJ jyefvnfñuH&Ekdifygonf? tcsKyftm;jzifh qkd&
aomf/ tem*wfumvwGif ,if;jy\emtrsKd;rsKd;ukdñuHawGŒekdifonf[laomtcsufukd ESvkH;oGif;I rdrdEkdifiHa&;
t& qkH;jzwfa&G;cs,fonft h wdkif; tusKd;qufrsm;ukd em;vnfum wkid f;jynfzGHΘz;a&;vkyfief;cGif twGif;ok@d
&J&J0if&efom jzpfayawmhonf?

117
Strategy of optimizing resource use
118
decentralization

256
tcef; (13)
ed*kH;

257
 tcef; (13)
ed*kH;
Ttcef;wGif/ ta&;}uD;onf[k,lqaom rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;onfh r[mAsL[mvkyfief;pOfudk atmif
jrifpGmtaumiftxnfazmfEdkif&eftwGuf aqmif&Guf&rnfh oifhavsmo f nfv
h lr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tajccH
pOf;pm;awG;ac:csufrsm;udk wifjyxm;ygonf? Todk@wifjy&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH.vuf&Sdtajctaetay:wGif
vnf;aumif;/ vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;u ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm; wd;k wufatmifjrifvmcJhyHkudkvnf;aumif;
tajccHpOf;pm;azmfjycsufrsm; jzpfygonf? Todk@wifjyxm;aomtjrifrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf
&mY jzpfEdkif/ rjzpfEdkifqdkonfrSm wdik f;jynf.vuf&Sdtajctaetay:rlwnfygonf? vGwv f yfyGifhvif;aompepf
wckjzpfapa&;twGuf tenf;qHk;vdt k yfaomvlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;taetxm;vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk rnfr#&Sd+yDenf;?
wdik f;jynfukad ps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhoH;k &eftwGuf wHcg;zGifh&mvrf;a=umif;Y rnfonft h iftm;pkrsm;ua&S@
wGif&Sdae=uoenf; paomar;cGef;rsm;udk pOf;pm;=u&ayvdrfhrnf?

zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_pHyHkpH
pD;yGm;a&;u¾wckudo k m tajcðypOf;pm;rnfhtpm;/ bufpHkaxmifhpHkESifh tus,t f jyef@zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_
&&Sdapa&;twGuf wu,ftvkyfjzpfEdkifaom zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_pHyHkpHudk rdrdwdk@taejzifh aumufcsufqGJwifjyxm;yg
onf? Tenf;tm;jzifh a&S@wifóuwifrjrifEdkifaomtajymif;tvJ0ef;usifrsm;udk csdefndu ‡ dik fwG,fpDrHoGm;Edkifrnf
jzpfonf? rdrdwdk@EdkifiH&SdtrsKd;tpm;pHkI ºu,f0aom obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;tajccH/ rdrdwdk@jynfolrsm;. ajymif;vJr_
ESifhvdkufIpDrHcef@cGJEdkifr_/ oifhwifhaomt&G,ftpm;&Sdaom jynfwGif;aps;uGuftaetxm;/ tvm;tvm&Sdaom
a'owGif;EdkifiHrsm;.aps;uGuf pojzifhta=umif;tcsufrsm;u Trl0g'udjk zpfay:apa&;twGuf wGef;tm;ay;cJh
ygonf? rdrdwdk@a&;qGJwifjyxm;aom rl0g'rsm;twGuf t"duwdkufweG f;E_d;aqmfcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh‚if;
.tvm;tvm&Sdaom v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾tajccHudk tjynft h 0toH;k cs&efvdktyfonfESifhtr#/ ajymif;
vJr_ESifh zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGut f "duarmif;ESiftm;tif*siftjzpf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tvsiftjrefzGH@òz;wdk;wufap
a&;udk aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tvsiftjrefwdk;wufvmrSom xkwv f kyfr_rsm;tay:rSjyefvnf
&&Sdvmrnft h jrwftpGef;rsm;rsm;&Edkifrnf jzpfonf? ta&S@awmiftm&S&Sd EdkifiHwdik f;vdv
k dktaejzifh pufr_xkwfukef
vkyfief;. (jynfwiG f;pkpkaygif;xkwfuek fwefzdk;) *sD'DyDtcsKd;onf v,f,mu¾. *sD'DyDtcsKd;xufrsm;aom
tajctaeod@k a&G@avsmvmcJh=uaom oabmobm0udak wG@=u&rnf jzpfonf?
rdrdwd@k taejzifh &nfrSef;csufxm;&mwGif taxGaxGbufpHktajctaezGH@òz;a&;onf yxrOD;pm;ay;jzpf
+yD;/ vmrnfhESpf (20) od@k r[kwf (25) ESpfumvtwGif;wGif jynfolrsm;.vlaer_tqifhtwef;ododomomjrifh
rm;vmap&rnf jzpfonf? wdkif;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;tajctae taejzifhvnf;/ urBmhpD;yGm;a&;tcif;tusif;
twGif;Y rdrdbmom&yfwnfxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifaom tajctaeudk a&muf&Sdapa&;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif/ rdrdwdk@.
zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;onf tvsiftjrefwd;k wufaeaomtDvufx&Gef;epf/ uGefjyLwm/ owif;enf;
ynm/ pojzifh‚if;e,fy,frsm;. tusKd;oufa&mufr_u vlr_b0twGif;eufeuf&_dif;&d_if;jzpfay:aeapaom zGH@òz;
wd;k wufr_rsm;udk trDvdkufEdkif&efjyifqifxm;&rnf jzpfonf? ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif zGH@òz;
vmrnfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf tqifhjrifhpufypPnf;rsm;/ wyfqiftoH;k ðyEdkif&efvdt k yf+yD;/ uGefjyLwmpepf/
tDvufx&Gefepf/ owif;enf;ynmponfhzGH@òz;wdk;wufaer_rsm;ESifh vdu k favsmnDaxGjzpfap&efvdt k yfonf?
od@k rSom rdrdwdk@.xkwfukeftqifhtwef;jrifhrm;Edkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHwumaps;uGuw f Gif ,SOfòyifEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpf
onf?

258
 pufr_enf;ynmrsm;udk&&Sd&ef/ oif=um;&ef/ twl,l&efESifh zefwD;&eftwGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiH
jcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@.pufr_pGrf;&nfjrifhrm;vmapa&;twGuf vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHap&ef
twGuf qGJaqmif&efrSm Twifjyxm;aomr[mAsL[m. ta&;}uD;aomtcsufjzpfygonf? Ttcsufonf
ynma&;pepfydkif;wGif tvsiftjrefzGH@òz;wd;k wufvmap&efESifh t&nftaoG;t&ygjrifhrm;vmapa&;ESifh wnfrD
aeygonf? ynmavhvmoif=um;a&;ESifhywfoufI taumif;jrifoabmxm;aomrdrdwdk@. vlr_tpOftvm
udvk nf; T&nfrSef;csufjynfah jrmufonftxd csDwuf&rnfch &D;&Snfwav#muf qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;apvdk
ygonf?
trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;pepftajcc/H qdk&S,fvpf0g'tawG;tac: pojzifh umv=um&Snfv$rf;rdk;cHxm;&
aom/ ‚if;.tusKd;quftjzpf txD;usefjzpfcJh&aom jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf&kwfcsnf;ajymif;vJ&efqdk
onfrSm vG,fulaomudpPr[kwfyg? rdrdwdk@taejzifh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;wGif xdef;nd&‡ r_rsm;/ aqG;aEG;
tay;t,lvkyf&aomudpPrsm;/ tajctaeopftay: tom;usatmifvkyfaqmif&aom udpPrsm;&Sdvdrfhrnf[k
cef@rSef;xm;ygonf? Todk@ñuH&Edkifaom tcuftcJrsm;&Sdaomfvnf;/ rdrdwd@k .qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;
tajccHrlrsm;tay:rSmomðy+yD;/ aemufqufwGJaumif;usKd;qdk;jypfrsm;udv k nf; xnfo h Gif;pOf;pm;r_ðyxm;ygonf?
rdrdwd@k tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;teuf atmifjrifaeaomEdkifiHrsm;.erlemudak vhvmaomtcg awG@cJh&onfrSm pD;yGGm;
a&;tawG;tac:tay: tajccHtay: pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfr_ðy=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ xGif;azmufpOf;pm;=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
rnfokd@aomjy\emrsKd;ñuH&onf jzpfapumrl/ pD;yGm;a&;t&vufawG@usr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tajccHtay:wGif
pOf;pm;ajz&Sif;cJh=uygonf? olwkd@EdkifiHrsm;. aemufqHk;&nfrSef;csufyef;wdik fudak &muf&Sdap&ef av#mufvSrf;aeqJ
umvrSm yif/ enf;AsL[mt& tajymif;tvJrsm;udkvkyfaqmifcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
xd@k tjyif rdrdwdk@oabmaygufod&SdcJhaomtcsufrSm pD;yGm;a&;tajccHuJuv k taejzifh wbufwGif/ &&Sd
vmaomtusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk rnfok@d rnfyHkr#r#wwcGJa0onf[laom tcsufESifhqufpyfaeonf/ tpOftcsKd;us
aeonfudk awG@&ouJo h dk@/ tjcm;wbufwiG fvnf; &kyf0wˆKESifh ,Ofaus;r_ywf0ef;usifwnfwHah om zGH@òz;
wd;k wufr_tay:Yvnf; qufpyfaeygonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. trsm;pkaomae&mrsm;wGif EdkifiH&yfjcm;
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%Drsm;/ pufr_enf;ynmv$aJ jymif; vufcH,lr_rsm;udk óuqdk&efvdtk yfyg
onf? wòyif eufwnf;rSmyif jynfwiG f;&Sdt&if;tjrpf (pGrf;tm;pk) rsm;udv k nf; trsKd;om;jyefvnfwnf
aqmufa&;ESifh zGH@òz;r_vkyfief;rsm;wGif aumif;rGefpGmtoH;k csEdkifa&;twGuf pDrH&rnfjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;
oabmaygufod&SdcJhaomtcsufrSm jynfwiG f;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh a'ocHjynfolrsm;. a&S@ajy;óu;yrf;r_rsm;
taejzifh wpHk w&mzGH@òz;aompufr_tqifhtwef;udka&muf&SdrSom/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ a&&SnfwnfwhHEdkif
jcif;jzpfygonf? a&&SnfzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_twGuf ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vmapa&;ESifh pufr_enf;ynmjr‡ifh
wifa&;onf t"du OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf=u&rnfh/ wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;jzpfygonf?

tajccHpOf;pm;csuf
rdrdwd@k .aemufqHk;xGuf&Sdvmaom &v'fwGif/ tusOf;csKyfI tESpfudak zmfjy&rnfqdkygu/ tpdk;&ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. tcef;u¾rsm;ESifhqufpyfaomr[mAsL[myg0ifygonf? xdk@tjyifpufr_u¾ESifh
pdkufysKd; a&;u¾wdk@. qufpyfaeaom ta&;ygcsufrsm;yg0ifonf? ynma&;.tcef;u¾/ rdrdwd@k EdkifiH&Sd
tzGJ@tpnf; pepfrsm;ESifh tajccHtaqmuftODwd@k .jy\emrsm;/ xdk@tjyif Tvkyfief;&yfwckvHk;udk
aqmif&Guf&mwGift"du aqmif&Guf&rnfh tcsufrsm;udk owfrSwfazmfjyxm;ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk jrefrm
EdkifiH.zGH@òz;wd;k wufa&; twGufaqmif&Guf&rnf/h tajccHwcktay:wGif worwfwnf;toGifaqmifaom/
nD!w G faomr[mAsL[m w&yftjzpf pkpnf;&ufazmufwifjyxm;ygonf? rdrdwdk@.avhvmcsufrsm;/ óu;yrf;
aqmif&Gufxm;csufrsm;udk tqHk;owfefd*Hk;csKyfaomumvY trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHkaoma&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf;rsm;/
tpdwftydkifrsm;teufrS a&G;cs,f=u&mwGif rnfod@k aomtajccHpOf;pm;csufjzifh a&G;cs,fpkpnf;cJh=uonfudk
yxrOD;pGmwifjyvdkygonf? T od@k tajccHpOf;pm;csufudk od&SdrSom pmzwfolrsm;taejzifh xl;jcm;aom tajc

259
tae/ xl;jcm;aomordkif;aemufcH &SdaeonfhEdkifiHwcktwGuf r[mAsL[mwcka&;qGJ&mwGifrnfr#cufcJpGm
jy\emrsm;udak usmv f $m;jzwfoef;& onfudk odjrifcHpm;Edkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?
rdrdwd‹k yxrOD;qHk;ñuHawG‹&aomjy\emrSm tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vdutcef;u¾rsm;udk rnfod‹k rnfyHkcGJjcm;
owfrSwfrnfenf;[lonfh jy\emyifjzpfonf? rdrdwd‹k EdkifiH. tem*wfpD;yGm;a&;b0wGif yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;onfom OD;aqmiftcef;u¾rS yg0if&rnfqdkonfum; jiif;zG,fr&Sdacs? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmñuHawG‹cJ&h
aomqdk&S,fvpfacwf.tawG‹tñuHqdk;rsm;uvnf; oifcef;pmay;v#uf&Sdonf? rdrdwd‹k taejzifh aps;uGuf,SOf
+ydKifr_ESifh yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf t&if;tjrpfrsm;cGJa0oH;k pGJae&mcsxm;r_Y ydkrdktusKd;&Sd&SdxufjrufpGm
vkyfaqmifEdkifa=umif;odcJh+yD;jzpfonf? xd@k jyifaps;uGufryGifhwyGifhumvrsm;Yyifv#if jzpfonfhenf;jzifhatmifjrif
atmifaqmif&GufEdkif=uaom jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. wDxiG f=uHqEdkifr_tpGrf;tprsm;udkvnf; tod
trSwfðy=u&rnfjzpfonf? tem*wfEdkifiH. yk*~vduu¾&Sifoef}uD;xGm;vmrnfh ta&;twGuftm;xm;&
rnfh tiftm;rsm;jzpfonf? wbufwiG fvnf;tusKd;jzpfxGef;EdkifrnfhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufonfh
tcg tpdk;&Y }uD;rm;aomtuef@towfrsm;&Sdaeonfudkvnf; jrifawG@cJh&+yD;jzpfonf// odk@jzpfI rdrdwdk@.zGH@òz;r_
r[mAsL[mwGif yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. tcef;u¾udk ta&;ygaom tcef;Yxm;&Sd&ef rkcsvdt k yfay
onf?
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfjzifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tusKd;&SdpGmcGJa0oH;k pGJae&mcsxm;Edkifonf [laom
oDtdk&Donf ,cifu tvH;k pHkrSefuefcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg aemufxyfawG@&Sdvmr_rsm;a=umifh uHaouHr rajym
Edkifawmhacs? ,cifuwnf;u od&Sdxm;+yD;om;jy\emrsm;jzpfaom cGJjcm;owfrSwfajz&Sif;Ir&onfh
jy\em/119 &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ay:rS ydkrdk&&SdvmaomtusKd;tjrwf/120 ab;xGu&f v'frsm;121 ponfwdk@tjyif/ ,ck
acwfay:pD;yGm;a&;ynm.awG@&Sdcsufrsm;jzpfaom aps;uGu. f rjynfhpHkr_oabmw&m;122 owif;rnDr#r_/123
owif;wefzdk;ESifh owif;uef@owfcsufrsm;ponfh tcsufrsm;a=umifh/ aps;uGufonf t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ya&wdk
trSwfYxda&mufaomr#ajctaetxm;124 twdik f; cGJjcm;oH;k pGJEdkifatmifzefwD;ay;vdrhfrnf[laom t,ltq
udrk sm;pGm oHo,&Sdar;cGef;xkwfvmavonf? ya&wdk. xda&mufaomr#ajctrSwf (Pareto-efficiency) [l
onfrSm t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pepfwustusKd;&Sd&SdcGJjcrf;oH;k pGJEdkifonfh tajctaewckjzpf+yD; ,if;tajctaewGif
rnfolrqdk rdrdwdk@zlvHrk _tusKd;pD;yGm;trsm;qHk;twGuf tjcm;olrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk xdcdu k fp&mrvdkbJ aqmif
&GufEdkifrnfjzpfonf//
tjcm;wbufwGifvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif xJxJ0if0if yg0ifaqmif&GufpDrHcef@cGJ&aom tpdk;&
u¾. tuef@towfrsm;/ vkyfief;yHkysuf,iG f;r_rsm; rsm;jym;vmonfh ta=umif;udv k nf; rdrdwd@k ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGm
od&SdcJh&+yDjzpfonf? tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;. rsufESmomvdkuf t*wdvku d fpm;r_rsm;/ wm0efcHr_ twdtusvyk fI
r&Edkifonfh tcuftcJrsm;/ jynfoltrsm;twGuf 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif oHk;pGJolrsm;ESifh
ay;aqmifolrsm;t=um;wGif vGJacsmfcsufrsm;/ 0efydapaom 0efxrf;ydkrsm;twGuf ay;aqmifae&aomtzdk;tc
rsm;/ tusKd;pD;yGm;qdkif&mxdyfwdkufawG@r_ yÉdyuQrsm;/ &nfrSef;csufvJa$ csmfr_rsm; ponfhjy\emrsm;udkvnf;
awG@=u&ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tzGJ@tpnf;t}uD;pm;rsm;wGif awG@ñuH&+rJjzpfonfh jy\emrsm;jzpfaom udk,f
pm;ðyr_jy\em/ &nfrSef;csufqdkif&mowfrSwfa&;twGuf yÉdyuQrsm; (Goal conflicts) owif;ESifh vkyfief;
ukefusp&dwfrsm;125 ponfwdk@onf/ tpdk;&jzpfap/ rnfonft h zGJ@tpnf;jzpfap ñuHawG@&+rJjzpfonfh jy\emrsm;
jzpfygonf//

119
Indivisibility
120
Increasing return
121
Externalities
122
Incomplete market
123
information asymmetry
124
Pareto-efficient manner
125
Information and transaction costs

260
 pifppf/ aps;uGufESifh tpdk;& ESpfckpvH;k onf pif;vHk;acsmjynfhpHkaumif;rGef=uonf r[kwfyg? aps;uGufESifh
tpdk;&=um; rnfonfudktomay;&rnf[lonft h csufonf oDtdk&Doabmw&m;twdik f;tajzxkwfonfxuf
vufawG@tawG@tñuHrsm;t& pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfjcif;u ydkrdkrSefuefEdkifygvdrfhrnf? tpdk;&ESifh aps;uGufwd@k onf ol@
ae&mESifhol omvGefaumif;rGefatmifpGrf;aqmifEdkif=uonfjzpf&m ,SOf+ydKiftcGifhomr_rl (comparative
advantage) t& rnfonhaf e&mwGif rnfonfOh D;aqmifr_udk tomay;&rnfukd qHk;jzwfjcif;u ydkrdkrSefuefEdkifyg
onf? yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;wGif owfrSwf=uavh&Sdaom tedrfhqHk;tjrwfrsOf; (bottom line) udk
owfrSwfa&;twGuf tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif rjzpfEdkifyg? TuJo h dk@tedrfhqHk;tjrwftpGef;&a&;twGuf
tedrfhqHk;rsOf; owfrSwfxm;r_r&Sdaoma=umifhvnf;/ ‚if;tpdk;&ydkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf twGif;tjyifpdefac:r_
rsm;tay: wH@k jyefEdkifpGrf;r&SdbJ jzpfaewwf=uygonf? TwGif tusKd;tjrwfvkH;0r&SdI qufvuf&yfwnfae&ef
vH;k 0roifhawmfonfh tpdk;&aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;vnf; qufvufwnf&Sdaewwfonfh tajctaejzpfae&+yD;/
,if;odk@wnfwHah eap&efvnf;/ tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfaeaomtxl;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; usm;uefay;xm;=uyg
onf? rufvkH;ay;onfhpepfrsm;udk tpdk;&.pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;Xmersm;wGif toHk;ðyEdkif&ef uef@owfcsurf sm;&Sdae
aoma=umifh/ ‚if;vkyfief;rsm;t&nftaoG;jrifhvmap&efvnf; aqmif&Guf&ef cufcJwwfygonf? odk@jzpfI
pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwiG f yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf tpdk;&xuf ydkrdktm;ompGmaqmif&GufEdkifonfrSm
txift&Sm; jzpfygonf?
od@k aomfvnf;/ tjcm;wbufwGif tpdk;&u¾u ydkrdkomvGefaumif;rGefatmif aqmif&GufEdkifonfh
tajctaersm;vnf; &Sdygonf// tpdk;&wckonf wdik f;oljynfom;rsm;tay: tm%moH;k I vlr_b0wckvH;k
twGuf tusKd;ðyrnfah qmif&Gufcsufrsm;/ vdt k yfcsufrsm;twGuf vdu k femaqmif&Gufap&ef wdkufwGef;Edkifaom
wckwnf;aomtiftm;pk jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh vrf;pnf;urf;rsm;vdu k fem&ef/ tcGeftaumufrsm;ay;
aqmif&ef/ EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;aqmif&Guf&ef/ ponfhudpPrsm;udk tpdk;&uom aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;. OD;wnfcsufrsm; trsm;tjym;jzpfaeaomtajctaersKd;&Sdwwf+yD;/ ,if;wdk@.aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
onfvnf; wdik f;wmI r&EdkifaomtajctaersKd; &Sdwwfygonf? xdk@tjyifaiGa=u;jzifh a&mif;0,fzvS,fIr&
onfh 0efaqmifvkyfief;/ ukefxkwfvyk fief;rsm; pojzifhwm0efrsm;wGifrl tpdk;&uom wm0ef,laqmif&Gufoifhyg
onf? pD;yGm;a&;tawG;tac:ynm&Sif}uD;jzpfaom t'rfprpfuyif ta&;}uD;vSaom/ tpm;xd;k Edkifp&mr&Sd
tpdk;&. tcef;u¾/ wm0efydkif;rsm;udk todtrSwfðyazmfjycJhygonf? tpdk;&taejzifh vlxu k dk t&SnftusKd;ðy
rnfv h kyfief;rsm;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ynma&;ponfwdk@wGif yg0ifapoifhonf[k azmfjycJhonf? Todk@v#if aps;uGuf
ESifh tpdk;&u¾rsm;onf wckESifhwck/ wcktpm;tjcm;wcka&G;cs,fzG,f&m[k rjrifapbJ/ tcsif;csif; tjyef
tvSefjznfq h nf;tusKd;ðyaeaom/ wckESifhwck u|ef;udik f;rSD/ udik f;u|ef;rSDjzpfaeonfhrdwfzufu¾rsm;tjzpf &_jrif
=uapvdkygonf? wckurpGrf;EdkfifaomudpPrsm;wGif tjcm;wcku pGrf;Edkifonfrsm;&Sdygonf? rdrdwd@k . (37) ESpf
=umcJh+yDjzpfaomtawG@tñuHrsm;t&/ tpdk;&rS ukefxkwv f kyfief;rsm;wGif OD;aqmifpDrHaqmif&Gufonft h csuf
tay:vH;k 0rjzpfEkdif[kjrifrdonf? od@k aomfEdkifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;. a&&SnftusKd;rsm;jzpfvmatmif/ txl;ojzifh
wdkif;jynf. ,SOfòyiftcGifhomr_tajctaeudk jr‡ifhwifay;onfhvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom tpdk;&
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. tcef;udkvnf;todtrSwfðy&rnf jzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif yk*~vdu ukr`%Drsm;udkom
vkyu f dik faqmif&Guf&ef uef@owfv$wfxm;ygu ,if;tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_rsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm apmifhqdkif;ae&vdrfh
rnf jzpfonf?
aemufar;cGef;rsm;um; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk u¾tvdu k f od@k r[kwf tjcm;u¾rsm;a&maESmI
rnfokd@a&G;cs,frnfenf;? rnfonfph D;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;rnfenf;? a&&SnfumvwGif zGH@òz;apa&;
twGuf u¾tvdu k f r[mAsL[mrsm;udk rnfod@k rnfyHk a&maESmtaumiftxnfazmfomG ;rnfenf;? pojzifh
ar;cGef;rsm;jzpfonf? pufr_u¾/ v,f,mu¾/ obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; zGH@òz;apa&;u¾rsm; ponfrsm; teuf
rnfonfhu¾udOk D;pm;ay;oifhoenf;? ,if;ta&;}uD;u¾oH;k cktaejzifh rdrdwd@k . zGH@òz;r_r[mAsL[m
wpHv k Hk;wGifrnfodk@[efcsufnn D D yg0ifEdkifrnfenf; ponfwdk@udkvnf; pOf;pm;zG,f&mjzpfonf? v,f,mu¾
onf zGH@òz;r_vkyfief;pOf.tp[k ajymprSwfðy=uonf? v,f,mu¾rS tydkxGu&f Sdvmaomxkwfuek frsm;jzifh

261
wd;k yGm;rsm;jym;vmaeaom pufr_u¾.tvkyform;rsm;udk au|;arG;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;/ v,f,mu¾
wGif ºu,f0wd;k wufvmjcif;jzifh pufr_u¾. xkwfukefrsm;a&mif;csEdkifonfh aps;uGufrsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf?
pm;eyf&duQmrzlvH_aomEdkifiHrsm;twGuf/ pm;eyf&duQmzlvHak pa&;onf xdkEdkifiH.zGH@òz;r_tapmydkif;umvrsm;.
t"duOD;wnfcsuf jzpfaewwfonf? tu,fI EdkifiHjcm;oHk;aiGjzifh pm;eyf&duQmwifoGif;ae&ygu/ pufr_u¾ESifh
tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm;wGifoHk;Edkifaom EdkifiHjcm;aiGrsm;/ pm;oHk;ukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh ukefae&v#if tusKd;r&Sday//
awmifud;k &D;,m;ESifh xdik f0rfwdk@wGif Ttcsufudk tav;xm;I xdEk dkifiHrsm;. ueOD;zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;tpDtpOf
wGif v,f,mu¾udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufcJ=h ujcif; jzpfonf//
od@k aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@jrefrmEdkifiHonf a&S;&mpkESpfrsm;pGmuyif pm;eyf&duQmzlvHkcJhaom/ ydkv#aH om EdkifiH
wcktjzpf uHaumif;axmufrpGmwnf&SdaecJhonf// od@k aomfjim; jrefrmEdkifiH. t"dujy\emonf v,f,m
u¾udk tjynft h 0wd;k wufzGH@òz;r_&Ekdif&efraqmif&GufEdkifonfh jy\emjzpfonf? Tv,f,mu¾. pufr_
enf;ynm/ tquftpyfESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;enf;vrf;rsm;rSm rsm;pGm acwfaemufusv#u&f Sdonf? xdk@tjyif/
vuf&Sd&Sdaeaompdkuf{ursm;ESifh tvm;tvm&SdaompdkufysKd;ajrwd;k csJ@r_udkvnf; tusKd;&Sd&Sd raqmif&GufEdkifao;
acs? v,f,maps;uGufwiG f tpdk;&csKyfudik fr_rsm;uvnf; tvGeftu|Hjzpfaeonf? xd@k tjyif rdrdwd@k em;vnf&
rnft h csufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH. v,f,mtvm;tvmrsm;onf aumif;onf[kqdkEdkifaomfvnf; v,f,mu¾
wckwnf; tm;xm;aqmif&Gufaeaom =opa=w;v#/ e,l;ZDvefpaomEdkifiHrsm;ESifhrl ,SOfòyifI rjzpfEdkifacs? xdk@
a=umifh rdrdwdk@onf v,f,mu¾wckwnf;jzifh vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk tjcm;ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;ESifhwef;wl
&ifaygifwef;vdu k fvmonfh tqifhxda&mufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhrxm;acs?
tjcm;aomoufaojyp&m udef;*%ef;rsm;t&vnf;/ vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;wGif ñuHawG@&onfh
oifcef;pmrsm;t&/ v,f,mu¾wd;k wufr_wckwnf;jzifh ,if;EdkifiHrsm;. pkpkaygif;jynfwGif;xkwfuek fwefzdk;
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tcsdefumvrSmwdkawmif;vSI/ ‚if;awG@&Sdcsuftay: qHk;jzwf&ef rjzpfEdkifacs// wbufwiG fvnf; ppfr_xGef;opf
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u¾udk a&&SnfpD;yGm;a&; zHG hòz;r_wpHkvHk;. t"duarmif;ESifa&;tm; tif*siftjzpftoHk;ðya&;jzpfonf?
aemufar;cGef;wckrSmrl/ obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm; xkw, f ltoHk;csr_onf rdrdwdk@. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_ r[m
AsL[mwckvH;k wGif rnfonft h cef;rS yg0ifrnfenf;[lonfh tcsufjzpfonf? obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;wGif jyefvnf
jznfw h if;Ekdifaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh jyeffvnfjznfhwif;Ir&onfht&if;tjrpfrsm; ponfjzifh[lI &Sdonf? jyef
vnfjznfhwif;Ir&onfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif o,HZmwypPnf;trsdK;rsdK;jzpfaom wGif;xGufypPnf;trsdK;rsdK;/
a&eH/ obm0"gwfaiG@/ "gwfowWKESifh tzdk;wefausmufoHywWjrm; ponfwdk@jzpfonf? (19) &mpk udv k dek DacwfOD;
umvrsm;uyif jrefrmEkdifiH.o,HZmwaygºuG,f0r_udk urBmu todtrSwfðycJh=uonf// jrefrmhausmufpdrf;/
ywWjrm;/ a&$/ aiG/ pdefESif htjcm;ausmufoHypPnf;rsm;. aygºu,f0r_*k%fowif;udk yHkjyifozG,f t}udrf}udrfjyef
ajymcJh=uonf? odk@aomfowWKausmrsm;ydkifqdkifr_ txl;ojzifh aiG/ cJrjzL/ wefpwif/ oH&dkif;ESifh obm0"gwfaiG@
rsm;taejzifhrl rav;&Sm;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;. csrf;omr_avmuf r,SOfEdkifacs// ,if;obm0pGrf;tm;rsm; ukef
crf;wwfaomoabm&SdonfESifhtr#/ ‚if;wd@k udk EdkifiH.taxGaxGzGH@òz;r_twGuf trSefwu,f tusKd;&Sdrnfh
tajctaeYom wl;,lok;H pGJoifhonf? ‚if;obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk txdrf;tuGyfrJhwl;azmfok;H pGJaeygu rdrd
wd@k wdik f;jynf. obm00ef;usifpepfudkyg aemufqHk; xdcdkufysufpD;apvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?
wdik f;jynf. taxGaxGzGH@òz;r_udk rjzpfapbJ/ jyefvnfjznfw h if;I r&Edkifonfh obm0t&if;jrpfrsm;udk
om tm;xm;azmfxkwfok;H pGJaeygu/ trSefpifppf tdyfrufurBmxJYa&$EdkifiHudk wnfaqmufaejcif;om jzpfay
vdrfhrnf? rdrdwd@k ydkifqdkifaom jyefvnfjznfw h if;I&onfht&if;jzpfrsm;uom trSefwu,fwGif/ wdik f;jynf.
a&&SnfzGH@òz;r_twGuf tvm;tvmaumif;rsm; jzpfapvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH. jyefvnfjznfw h if;I&

262
aomt&if;jrpfrsm;jzpfonfh tjrJpdrf;opfawmrsm;/ yx0Dajr}uD;ESifh jrpf (a&) t&if;tjrpfrsm;&Sdaeonf?
wbufwGif tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&tawmftwefi,faomvlOD;a&wd@k a=umifh a&S@vmrnfh
tem*wftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;&Sdaeayonf? a&S@vmrnfu h mvudkrSef;ar#mf=unfhygu wd;k wufvm
rnfv h lOD;a&/ obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif csrf;omºu,f0vmr_/ ponft h aetxm;rsm;
wGif rdrdwd@k EdkifiH.obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh ‚if;udt k ajccHaomxGuu f kefrsm;rS&&Sdrnfah ps;E_ef;rsm;onf xdyf
wef;aps;aumif;&&SdEdkifonf? TtajctaerSm twdwu f mvuñuH&aom qefpyg;aps;E_ef;ysufonfh tajc
taersKd;/ v,f,mxGuu f kefydk@EdkifiHrsm;wGif aps;uGufysuf&onfh tajctaersKd;ESifh qef@usifbufjzpfonf?
Tod@k cef@rSef;csufrSm pdwfu;l ,Ofqefaomfvnf;/ tjcm;aomjznfw h if;p&mt&if;tjrpfrsm;r&Sdaom tajc
taeY rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. jznfhwif;Edkifaomobm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;rSm tvm;tvmaumif;rsm;&Sdaeonf? Tonf
rsm;udk a&&Snf tusKfd;pD;yGm;twGuf aocsmxdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufarG;jrLxm;oifhonf?
aemufxyfar;cGef;wckrSm rdrdwdk@.&nfrSef;csufrsm;udak ygufa&mufap&ef/ &nf&G,fowfrSwfxm;aom
umvtwGif;rnfokd@taumiftxnfazmfrnfenf;[laom udpPjzpfonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifhpufr_vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òz;
wd;k wufapa&;udk t"duarmif;ESifa&;tif*siftjzpf a&G;cs,fowfrSwfcJ=h u+yD;jzpfonf? xdkr#ru v,f,mu¾
ESifh jyefvnfjznfq h nf;Edkifaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;udv k nf; zGH@òz;a&;pDrHcsuftaumiftxnfazmfaom ueOD;
umvrsm;wGif tjynft h 0xkwf,ltoH;k csEdkifap&efvnf; pOf;pm;cJh=uonf? ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;.tawG@tñuH
rsm;rS rdrdwdk@avhvmoifcef;pmxkw, f lEdkifcJhaomtcsufESifh a,bk,stm;jzifhpufenf;ynmzGH@òz;r_ESifh ywfouf
aom rdrdwd@k em;vnfxm;onfhtcsufrSm/ pufr_zGHòz;tvsiftjref&&Sdapa&;twGuf vdt k yfcsuftajccHrSm ynm
a&;tqifhudjk r‡ifhwif&efESifh pufr_enf;ynmzGH@òz;apr_wdk@tay: wnfrSDa=umif;awG@&Sd&onf? odk@jzpfIvmrnfh
owif;enf;ynmacwfwiG f rdrdwd@k wdik f;jynf.tem*wfonf ynma&;pepftqifhtwef;/ t&nftaoG;ESifh
vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;zGH@òz;r_udk rnfodk@rnfyHkaqmif&Gufrnfenf;[lonfh tcsufay:wGifwnfaeonf? puf
ypPnf;rsm; &kyf0wˆKoufoufwd;k csJ hr_twGuf t&if;tESD;rsm;pGm pdkufxw k f&rnft h ay:wGif rlrwnfacs?
Tod@k v#if / rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_t&Sdefonf rnfr#jrefjrefwd;k wufEdkifrnfqdkonfrSm acwfrD
pufr_enf;ynmrsm;udk rnfr#jrefjrefv$aJ jymif;&,lEdkifoenf;? oif,lEdkifoenf;? toH;k csEdkifoenf; [laom
tcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfa=umif; aumufcsucf sEdkifonf? pufr_enf;ynmtqifhjr‡ifha&;ESifh rdrdwdk@vkyfom;rsm;.
enf;ynmt&nftaoG;xufjrufvma&;twGuf aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf jrefrmhtrsKd;om;tem*wftwGuf
ta&;}uD;onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;jzpfI/ ,if;vkyfief;pOfrsm;uomv#if wdik f;jynfzGH@òz;r_atmifjrifa&;twGuf
t"duaomhcsufrsm;jzpfayvdrfhrnf// rdrdwdk@.aemifvmrnfh (25) ESpftwGif;óu;yrf;csufrsm;onf pmoifausmif;
rsm;twGif;/ vkyfief;cGifrsm;twGif;Y vl}uD;vli,fra&G;oif,lr_topfrsm;/ enf;ynmtopfrsm; ydkrdk&&Sdvm&ef
tm;ay;onfhtpDtpOfrsm;yif jzpfonf? xdk@twGuaf =umifh rdrdwdk@taejzifhtqdkðyvdo k nfrSm pufr_enf;ynm
v$aJ jymif;a&;/ pufr_enf;ynmoifwef;rsm;aqmif&Gufjcif;/ pGef@OD;wDxiG fvkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:aygufvmap&ef wGef;
tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&GufomG ;ap&ef vdt k yfygonf? xdk@tjyifpufr_zGH@òz;r_udk xlaxmif&mY
jynfwiG f;jynfyyk*~vduu¾.yg0ifr_udk txl;tm;ay;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;.
tcef;u¾onf ta&;ygvmrnf jzpfayonf? pufr_vkyfief;u¾ajymif;vJa&;. t"duyHkpHwGif EdkifiHwum
aps;uGuf.òyifqdkifr_udk vGwfvyfpGmzGifhay;xm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ tcsKd@aomypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
txl;ðyu|rf;usifvmatmif tm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh ,SOf+ydKiftcGifhomr_ jzpfay:vmaprnf jzpf
onf?
od@k aomfvnf;/ Tae&mwGif aps;uGufrsm;udzk Gifhay;jcif;/ yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk ysKd;axmif
tm;ay;jcif;/ pufr_vkyfief;tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;udpPrsm;wGif/ atmufygtajccHvdt k yf
csuf (2) ck r&Sdrae&Sd&ef vdt k yfonfudk rsufuG,fðyxm;I rjzpfEdkifay? ‚if;wd@k rSmtajccH taqmuftODrsm;udk
tajccHususjyefvnfðyjyif&efESifh aps;uGufESifh tpdk;&u¾qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm;udk jyefvnfI pepfwus
zGJ@pnf;jcif;/ jyefvnfrGrf;rHjcif;rsm;aqmif&Guf&efyif jzpfonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;aom tpD&ifcH
pmwGif aocsmaxmufjyxm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif tajccHtaqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yk*~vdu

263
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;yg yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifap&ef rdrdwd@k ut=uHðyxm;ygonf? Todk@ Tvkyfief;rsm; aqmufvkyfI
ukefus&r_/ aºu;wif&r_paom0efxkyf0efydk;rsm;rS oufomapvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
ðcHIazmfjy&v#if rdrdwdk@wifjyxm;aomtcsufrsm;onf/ aps;uGuf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh qDavsmf
rdwfzufjzpfaom r[mAsL[mjzpfygonf? Ttaetxm;rsKd;udk ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;wGif
awG@=u&rnfjzpfonf? EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;.ydkifqdkifr_tpk&S,f,mrsm;udk uef@owfxm;r_r&SdbJ/ trsm;qHk;cGifhðy
xm;+yD;/ rdrdvdv k m;aomu¾rsm;od@k EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; 0ifa&mufvmap&efvnf; rufvH;k rsm;aqmif
&Gufay;=u&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tjrifhqHk;xifomjrifom&Sdaom/ wm0ef,lr_ wm0efcHr_&Sdaom/ worwf
wnf;wnf+idrfaom 0ef;usiftaetxm;Y vkyfudik faqmif&GufcGifh&apa&;twGuv f nf;/ jyifqifay;&rnfjzpf
onf? rnfodk@qdkapumrl rdrdwdk@. zGH@òz;r_r[mAsL[mwGif EdkifiHjcm;yg0ifr_udk wHcg;zGifhv#uftpGrf;ukeftm;ay;
rnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ Tr[mAsL[m. atmifjrifr_onf jynfwGif;tajctaersm;omru/ rdrdwdk@rxdef;csKyfEdkif
aom jyifytajctaersm;ay:wGifvnf; wnfrSDaea=umif; oabmaygufygonf? rwnf+idrfao;aomta&S@
tm&SEdkifiHrsm;.pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;ESifh pufr_zGH‹òz;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;aES;auG;aer_rsm;onfvnf; rdrd
wd@k . zGH@òz;r_t&Sdefudk wef@aeap&efta=umif; jzpfEdkifygonf? od‹k jzpfI rdrdwdk‹.r[mAsL[mwGif jynfwiG f;t&if;
tjrpfrsm;udv k nf; tjynft h 0toH;k csxkwfazmfoHk;pGJEdkifrnfhenf;rsm;udv
k nf; wifjyxm;+yD;/ vdt
k yfygu rdrdwdk@
.ar#mfrSef;xm;csufrsm;udk umva'oESifhtnD vdt k yfovdk vufawG@ususðyjyifpOf;pm;&efvnf; vrf;zGifhxm;
&efvdak =umif; wifjytyfygonf?

a&S hodk@csD&mvrf;
Tavhvmcsufpmwrf;udk jrefrmEdkifiH. a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh vlr_zlvHak &;udk OD;xdyfxm;aom
jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifwpku pkaygif;wifjycJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Tpmwrf;onf yg0ifa&;qGJoltm;vH;k . pD;yGm;
a&;qdkif&moabmw&m;ESifh ±_axmifhrsm;tay:wGif trsm;óuufnDr_udk tajccHum taxGaxGaom ,lqcsuf
rsm;/ wGufqcsufrsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm;onfhpmwrf;jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@a&;qGJoltm;vH;k u wnDw!Gwf
wnf; vufcHaomtcsufrSm tu,fI jrefrmEdkifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vH;k ESifh wdik f;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm;u =uH@cdkif
aomqENjzifh pGrf;aqmif=urnfqdkygu (21) &mpktwGif;ñuH=u&rnfh pdefac:csujf y\emrsm;/ tcGifhtvrf;rsm;
udk aumif;pGmausmv f $m; jzwfoef;Edkif=urnf[laom tcsufyifjzpfygonf? Tynm&Sifrsm;tzGJ@rScdkifrmaom
oH;k oyfcsufrSm oifhavsmfaomobm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh vlom;t&if;tjrpfºu,f0r_ay;ygvsu/f 'kwd,urBmppf
+yD;umvwGif wmxGufapmcJhygv#u/f jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh acwfrDzGH@òz;wdk;wufaompufr_EdkifiHwcktjzpfod@k
a&muf&ef tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm; rsm;pGmvufvGwcf Jh&aomtjzpf jzpfygonf? tu,fI EdkifiHa&;0ef;usifwGif
rdrdwd@k tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf tav#mrh ay;Edkif=ubJ/ acgif;rmwif;cHae=urnfqdkygu aemufw}udrfxyfay;
vmaom tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;udkvnf; xyfrHvufv$wq f Hk;&_H;&zG,f&Sdygonf? tvsiftjrefajymif;vJae
aomurBm}uD;wGif rdrdwdk@.EdkifiH&yfwnf&Sifoefa&;ESifh zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm; xyfrHIxm0&qHk;=u&
awmhrnfu h def; jzpfygonf?
azmfjycJhaom pmrsufeSmrsm;wGif rdrdwd@k ynm&Sifrsm;tzGJ@taejzifh rdrdwd@k EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;pepf a&&SnfzGH@òz;
wd;k wufr_twGuf/ yGifhvif;aomEdkifiHwumqufqHa&;tcif;tusif;ay:wGif usKd;a=umif;nD!Gwfdaom vrf;!$ef
rlrsm;udk wifjyxm;ygonf? Tvkyfief;udpPrsm;rSm oduQm&SdpGm/ wef;wl&nfw&l SdpGm/ ,Ofaus;r_xH;k wrf;rsm;ESifh
avsmn f DpGmaqmif&GufEdkifaomudpPrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ,ckwdik fwGef;wdu k fvkyfaqmif&jcif; r&Sdao;yg? rdrdwd@k ynm&Sifrsm;
tpktaejzifh tcdkiftrm,Hk=unfxm;csufrSm Twifjyxm;aomrlrsm;udk xifomjrifom&Sdaom/ wm0ef,lr_
wm0efcHr_&Sdaom/ worwfwnf;wnf+idrfaom tpdk;&pepfrsKd;atmufwGifaqmif&Gufvkyfudik f&efvdt k yf+yD;/
jynfow l &yfvHk;uaxmufcHyHhydk;r_/ jynfoal xmufcHr_ tjynfh&Sdaomacgif;aqmifr_atmufwGifvkyfudkif&ef vdt k yf
ygvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom vrf;c&D;wav#mufwGifñuHawG@&rnfh tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmv f $m;Edkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ &ifqdkif&
aomjy\emrsm;udv k nf; =uHh=uHhcHckcHEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

264
 vltrsm;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r&&SdbJ/ yGifhvif;jrifomr_r&SdbJ/ trsm;óuufnDr_r&SdbJ aqmif&GufcJh
aom pepfrsKd;onf twdwt f awG@tñuHt& rnfr#rSm;,Gif;a=umif; rdrdwdk@awG@&SdcJh&+yDjzpfygonf? pepf.tm;
enf;csuf rsm;udk *&krrl vspfvsLðyxm;cJh=uygonf? aemufqHk;òyvJ&aomtajctaeod@k wdik fcJh&ygonf? rdrdwdk@
taejzifh ,H=k unfxm;csufrSm rdrdwd@k EdkifiH.twdwfESifh vuf&Sdumv.acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ jrefrmvlrsKd;
[laomZmwdpdwftaejzifh wlnDr_wck&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf? ‚if;rSm tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif tm;enf;csuf
rsm;&Sdaeaumif; &Sdaeapumrl/ wlnaD omtm;aumif;csufrSm jyif;xefpGJjrJaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjzpf
ygonf? rdrdwdk@ taejzifhom EdkifiH.tem*wftusKd;pD;yGm;twGut f wlwuGxdkif+yD;/ ESD;aESmwdik fyifEdkif=uygu
EdkifiH.a&&Snf tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf twlwuGyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?
jyifqifr_enf;cJhaom rdrdwd@k tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;onfyif ºu,f0csrf;om+yD;/ zGH@òz;r_tqifhtwef;wpHk
w&mjrifhaomtaetxm;od@k a&mufae=u+yDjzpfygonf? xdo k lrsm;taejzifh Tc&D;vrf;udkav#mufcJ=h u&mwGif
&efpG,f"g;oGm;rsm;udk ab;csdwfxm;cJh=u+yD;/ aphpyfnd‡Ed_if;r_jzifh tcsif;csif;oif,l=ujcif;/ twlwuGn! D Gwaf om
bHktusKd;pD;yGm;udk a&S@&_=ujcif;jzifh aqmif&GufcJ=h uygonf? wbufuwbufukd trSm;jrif/ rdrdud, k fudk
trSefxif+yD;/ usKd;a=umif; rqDavsmo f nfuh dpP&yfrsm;twGu/f w,loefjzpfae=ujcif;jzifh tm;vH;k yif qif;&J
ysufpD;r_EGHwGif;od@k epfðryfcH=uawmhrnfavm ar;&zG,fjzpfygawmhonf?

265
 &nf!$ef;pmtkyfrsm;pm&if;

Books and Articles in English:

On Burma
Adas, Michael. The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change in an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852-
1941. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974.
Andrus, James Russel. Burmese Economic Life. Foreword by John S. Furnivall. Stanford: Stanford
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Aung Kin. "Burma in 1982: On the Road to Recovery." Southeast Asian Affairs. London and
Singapore: Gower/Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1983, pp. 87-101.
Aung San. Burma's Challenge. Rangoon: New Light of Burma Press, 1946; reprint, Tathetta Sarpay,
1968.
Aung San. "Blue Print for Burma." Reprint. The Guardian, March 1957, pp. 33-35.
Aung Tun Thet. Burmese Entrepreneurship: Creative Response in the Colonial Economy. Stuggart: Steiner-
Verl., Weisbaden, 1989.
Aye Hlaing. "Trends of Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Burma, 1870-1940." The
Journal of the Burma Research Society, XLVII, i, 1964, pp. 89-148.

Ba Maw. "Burma's New Order Plan." Burma, 1, no. 1, 1944, pp. 104-109.
Ba Han, Maung. The Planned State. Rangoon: Rasika Ranjani, 1947.
Ba Swe, U. A Guide to Socialism in Burma. Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationary, 1956.
Badgley, John. "The Burmese Way to Capitalism." Southeast Asian Affairs. Singapore: Institute
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Becka, Jan. "Planning for New Burma: Major-General Aung San's Views of Economic
Development." Archiv Orientalni, 56, 1988, pp. 1-15.
Butwell, Richard A. U Nu of Burma. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963.
Butwell, Richard. "Civilians and Soldiers in Burma." Studies in Asia, Robert K. Sakai, ed. Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1961, pp. 74-85.

Chakravarti, N. R. The Indian Minority in Burma: The Rise and Decline of an Immigrant Community.
Foreword by Hugh Tinker. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race
Relations, 1971.
Chao Tzang Yaunghwe. The Shan of Burma: Memoirs of a Shan Exile. Singapore: Institute of Southeast
Asian Studies, 1987.
Cook, Paul. "Privatization in Myanmar." In Cook, Paul and F. Nixson, eds., The Move to the Market.
London: Macmillan, 1993.
________ and M. Minogue. "Economic Reform and Political Change in Myanmar (Burma)" World
Development. Vol. 21, No. 7, 1993.
Corley, T. A. B. A History of the Burmah Oil Company, Vol. II: 1924-66. London: Heinemann, 1988.

Dapice, David O. "Policies to Increase and Sustain Agricultural Output in Myanmar." Cambridge:
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Donnison, F. S. V. Public Administration in Burma. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs,
1953.
________. "The Fashioning of Leviathan."Journal of Burma Research Society. Vol. 29, No. 3, 1939.
________. Colonial Policy and Practice. New York: New York University Press, 1956.
Fenichel, Allen. H. and W. G. Huff. The Impact of Colonialism in Burmese Economic Development. McGill
University, Centre for Developing-Area Studies, Occasional Paper no. 7. Montreal: Centre
for Developing-Area Studies, 1971.
________. "Colonialism and the Economic System of Independent Burma." Modern Asian Studies
9, no. 3, 1975, pp. 321-35.
________ and Azfar Khan, "The Burmese Way to 'Socialism'." World Development, Vol. 9, No.
9/10, 1981, pp. 813-24.
Furnivall, John. S. An Introduction to the Political Economy of Burma. 3d ed. Rangoon: People's
Literature Committee and House, 1957.

Ghosh, Anjali. Burma: A Case of Aborted Development. Calcutta: Papyrus, 1989.

Guyot, James F. "Bureaucratic Transformation in Burma." Asian Bureaucratic Systems Emergent from
the British Imperial Tradition, Braibanti, Ralph, ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press,
1966, pp. 354-443.
________. "Burma in 1988: Perestroika with a Military Face." Southeast Asian Affairs, 1989.
Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989, pp. 107-33.

Hagen, E.E. The Economic Development of Burma. Washington D.C.: National Planning Association,
1956.
Hill, Hal and Sisira Jayasuriya. An Inward-Looking Economy in Transition: Economic Development in Burma
since the 1960s. Occasional Paper no.80. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
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Hla Myint. Southeast Asia's Economy: Development Policies in the 1970s. New York: Praeger, 1972.
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Fourth Report of the Labor Legislation Committee: The Workmen's Compensation Act. Rangoon:
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Is It a People's Liberation? A Short Survey of Communist Insurrection in Burma. Rangoon: Ministry of
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Is Trust Vindicated? Rangoon: Director of Information, 1960.
The Marketing of Crops in Burma. Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationery, 1963. Markets and
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The National Ideology and the Role of the Defence Services. 3d ed. Rangoon: Ministry of Defence, 1960.
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Pyidawtha: The New Burma. Rangoon: Economic and Social Board, 1954.
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Second Four-Year Plan for the Union of Burma (1961-62 to 1964-65). Rangoon: Government Printing
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Statistical
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Asiaweek. Hongkong , various issues.
Dana. Rangoon, various issues.
Economic Intelligence Unit, Business Asia, London: The Economist, various issues.
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Far Eastern Economic Review. Hongkong: , various issues.
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Kyee-pwa-yay. Rangoon, various issues.
Living Color. Rangoon, various issues.
Myanma Dana. Rangoon, various issues.

Books and Articles in Burmese:

Aung Than Tun, U. Tawhlanyei Khit Oopadei Myar [Laws of the Revolutionary Era]. Vol. 1. Rangoon:
Aunglandaw, 1974.
_________. Tawhlanyei Khit Oopadei Myar [Laws of the Revolutionary Era]. Vol. 2. Rangoon:
Aunglandaw, 1975.
Ba Nyein, U. Gyapun Sit Yawkyei [Japanese War Reparations]. Rangoon: Ahthit Sarpay, 1962.
Ba Sein, Thakin. Lethamar Ayay [Farmers’ Cause]
Bo Thanmani. Bah Gyaunt Sterling Ngwekyei Neipei Hma Myanmar Naingngan Hnote Htwet Khe
Thalei Bah Dway Gayet Yite Khe Thalei [Why did Burma Withdraw from the Sterling Area
and What was the Impact?]. Rangoon: News and Periodical Enterprise, 1991.

274
Hpo Kyaw San. Myanma Leiyar Sipwayei Sittan [Survey of Burmese Agricultural Economy].
Rangoon: Yamona, 1968.
________. Parliman Demokraysi Sanit Hnint Myanmar Naingan [Burma and the Parliamentary
Democracy System]. Rangoon: Sanpya, 1970.
Kyaw Win, Mya Han, and Thein Hlaing. 1958-1962 Myanma Nainganyei [Burma's Politics]. Vol. 3.
Rangoon: Universities Press, 1991.
Khin Maung Kyi. Patterns and Process of Socio-Economic Change in Burma, Collected Papers. Rangoon:
University Press, 1979.
Lwin, Thakin. Alokethamar Hlotesharmhu Thamaing. [History of Labor Movement]. Rangoon: Pagan
Books, 1968.
Maung Maung. Socialit Ban Lokengan. [Socialist Banking].
Maung Soo San. Bama Sipwayei Sittan [Survey of Burma's Economy]. Rangoon: n.p., 1954.
Mya Han, Khin Hla Han, Kyaw Nyein, Than Lwin, and Sein Myint. Myanma Nainganyei Sanitpyaung
Karla (1962-1974) [Burma's Politics in the Period of Systemic Change]. Vol. 1. Rangoon:
Universities Press, 1993.
Mya Han and Thein Hlaing. 1958-1962 Myanma Nainganyei [Burma's Politics]. Vol. 4. Rangoon:
Universities Press, 1991.
Myint Myint Kyi and Naw Angelene. 1958-1962 Myanma Nainganyei [Burma's Politics]. Vol. 2.
Rangoon: Universities Press, 1991.
Ngwe Than Naing. Sipwayei Simungain Akyaung Thigaungzayar. [Facts about Economic Planning].
Rangoon: Sarpay Beikman, 1985.
San Nyein and Mya Han. Myanma Nainganyei Sanitpyaung Karla (1962-1974) [Burma's Politics in the
Period of Systemic Change]. Vol. 2. Rangoon: Historical Research Department, 1993.
San Nyein and Myint Kyi. 1958-1962 Myanma Nainganyei. [Burma's Politics]. Vol. 1. Rangoon:
Universities Press, 1991.
Tatmadaw Thar Thutaythi Tit Oo. 1948 Khu Hnit Hma 1988 Khu Hnit Atwin Hpyat Than Lar Thaw
Myanma Thamaing Akyin Hnint Tatmadaw Ghanda. [A Concise History of Myanmar and the
Role of the Armed Forces from 1948 to 1988]. 2 Vols. Rangoon: News and Periodicals
Enterprise, 1990.
Thein Hlaing and Khin Hla Han. Myanma Nainganyei Sanitpyaung Karla (1962-.974) [Burma's Politics
in the Period of Systemic Change]. Vol. 3. Rangoon: Historical Research Department,
1993.
Thein Pe Myint. Kyaw Nyein. With an Introduction by U Kyaw Nyein. Rangoon: Shwe Pyi Dan,
1961.
_____. Bonwada Hnit Doh Bama. [Common Ideology and Our Burma]. Rangoon: Pyitawsoe, 1954.
_____. Twayeson Swaynwayyay Ei Ahtwin Ahpyinyay Myar. [Inside and Outside Stories of Dialogue].
Rangoon: Ahlainmar Sarpay, 1965.
Tin Soe (Bawgagon). Bogyoke Aung San Ei Sipwayei Amyin [General Aung San's Economic View].
Rangoon: Pyithu Sa-oke Taik, 1974.
Tu Maung, U. Myanma Bun Lokengan Thamaing [History of Burma's Banking]. Rangoon: Sabei Oo
Sarpay, 1983.

Official Publications in Burmese

Alokethamar Aseeayone Thamaing [History of the Worker's Union]. Vol. 1. Rangoon: Burma Socialist
Programme Party, 1982; reprint, 1984.
________. Vol. 2. Rangoon: Burma Socialist Programme Party, 1983.
Amyothar Nei Hnint Amyothar Pyinnyaryay Hlokesharmhu Thamaing Akyin. [Brief History of National
Day and National Education Movement]. Rangoon: BSPP, 1970.

275
Myanma Hsoshelit Lanzin Parti Ei Hnit-Shei Hnit-Toh Sipwayei Muwada Myar [Long-Term and Short-
Term Economic Policies of the Burma Socialist Programme Party]. Rangoon: Burma
Socialist Programme Party, 1972.
Myanma Leiyar Myei Thamaing [History of Burma's Agricultural Land]. 2 Vols. Rangoon: Burma
Socialist Programme Party, 1971.
Myanma Naingan Ei Taingpyi Win Ngwe [National Income of Burma]. Rangoon, National Planning
Department, October 1963.
Myanma Naingan Thamawaya. [Cooperatives of Burma]. Rangoon: Burma Socialist Programme
Party, Vol 1 & 2, 1974.
Myanma Yeinan Lokengan [Burma's Oil Industry]. Rangoon: Burma Socialist Programme Party, 1978.
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Workers' Affairs]. Rangoon: Burma Socialist Programme Party, 1977.
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aemufqufwGJ (1)
0dkif;0ef;a0zeft-uHðy-uaom rdwfaqGynm&Sifrsm;
0dkif;0ef;a0zeft=uHðy=uaom rdwfaqGynm&Sifrsm;. ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ
ar (13-14) 1997? 0g&Sifwef'DpDòr@awmf

 Prof. Iwan Azis, Cornell University

 Prof. Anne Booth, School of Oriental and Southeast Asian Studies
 Prof. Lim Chin, National University of Singapore
 Dr. Kyi May Kaung, Radio Free Asia
 Prof. Mark Mason, Yale University
 Prof. Nobuyoushi Nishizawa, Kobe University
 Prof. Hans C. Reiger, Heidelberg University
 Dr. Nancy Hudson-Roadd, Edith Cowen University
 Prof. Teruko Saito, Japan School of Foreign Service
 Prof. Joseph Silverstein, Rutgers University
 Prof. Naranhkiri Tith, The John Hopkins University
 Dr. Bernardo Villegas, University of the Asia and the Pacific
 Dr. Nay Htun, United Nations Development Program
 Dr. John D. Sullivan, Center for International Private Enterprises
 Mr. John C. Callebaut, Center for International Private Enterprises
 Mr. Keith L. Miceli, Center for International Private Enterprises

EdkifiHwum ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ
ar (28) 1998? befaumufòr@?

 Prof. Withaya Sucharithanarugse, Chulalongkorn University

 Dr. Sunait Chutinaranond, Chulalongkorn University
 Dr. Kitti Limsakul, Chulalongkorn University
 Dr. Suthiphand Chiratthivat, Chulalongkorn University
 Dr. Surichai Wungaew, Chulalongkorn University
 Mr. Kavi Chongkittavorn, The Nation
 Ms. Pornpimol Trichot, Chulalongkorn University

277
yg0ifa&;om;ðypk-uolrsm;
Tavhvmazmfjyxm;aompmwrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiHjynfwiG f;ESifh jynfywGifaexdik f=uaom pD;yGm;a&;
ynm&Sif rsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf r_a=umifh ay:xGuvf mcJhaom&v'f jzpfygonf? xdkynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh
olwdk@. tvkyfoufwrf;umvtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uolrsm; jzpfyg
onf? atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom yg0ifa&;om;ðypkolrsm;tjyif/ enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh tzufzufrST tpD
tpOftay: yHhydk;ulnD/ t=uH^m%fay;cJh=uaom ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;&Sdygonf? od@k aomfvnf; xdo k lrsm;. qEN
a=umifh trnfrazmfjyEdkifbJ &Sdae&ygonf? xdo
k lrsm;.qENudk av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xdkynm&Sifrsm;. trnf
rsm;udk csefvSyfxm;cJh&ygonf?

ygarmuQ cifarmif=unf
bD/ uGrf (&efukef)? trf/ bD/ at ([m;Awf)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (aumfeJvf)
&efukefwuUodkvf/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUokv d fr[mXmewGif enf;jyq&mtjzpfESifh aemufydkif;wGif ygarmuQ
tjzpf (1954) rS (1978) ckESpf txdwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? ygwefeD,ef rav;&Sm;wuUodv k f (Universiti
Pertanian Malaysia) wGif pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;ynmygarmuQtjzpf (1978-79) wGif wm0ef,lcJo h nf?
(1979-1988) umvwGif puFmyltrsKd;om;wuUodv k f (National University of Singapore) wGif pD;yGm;a&;
qdkif&mpDrHcef@cGJr_ynm wGJzufygarmuQtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf? (1988-90) wGif EdkifiHwum a&ay;
wl;ajrmif;rsm; pDrHcef@cGJr_odyH̀ (International Irrigation Management Institute) Y txufwef; pDrHcef@cGJ
a&;txl;u|rf;usifoltjzpf wm0ef,lonf? (1991-98) wGif puFmyltrsKd;om;wuUodkvfY pD;yGm;a&;
qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;XmeY tqifhjrifhokcrdeftzGJ@0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf? ol. jrefrmEdkifiHESifh oufqdkif
aom okawoeðycsufrsm;wGif jynfwiG f;pufr_ vkyfief;rsm;tajctaeudk okawoeðyjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
rsm; tajctaeudak vhvmjcif;/ tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh aps;E_ef;owfrSwfr_ vkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif avhvmjcif;/
EdkifiHawmfydkif puf&Hkrsm;udkjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_
qdkif&mudpPrsm;udk avhvmokawoeðycJhonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&.vkyfief;Xmetrsm;tjym;wGif t=uHay;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- ukefoG,af &;0ef}uD;Xme. aps;E_ef;owfrSwfa&;aumfrwD/
ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;=uyfxdef;csKyfa&; aumfrwD/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;0ef}uD;Xme. &xm;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;
aumfrwD/ ynma&;0ef}uD;Xme/ b¾ma&;ESifh pDrHudef;0ef}uD;Xmersm; jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif a'gufwmcifarmif
=unfonf trsKd;om;a&;vrf;!$efrl rsm;a&;qGJa&;qdkif&m t=uHay;aumfrwD (txl;ojzifh 33- OD; aumfrwD
[k vlodrsm;onf?) tzGJ@0ifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? xdak umfrwDrS jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD OuUXxHok@d t=uH
ðycsufrsm; wifoGif;ay;cJh&onf? xd@k tjyif ynm&Sifrsm; qdkif&mtoif;tzGJ@tawmfrsm;rsm;wGifvnf; *k%fxl;
aqmifwm0efrsm; ,lcJo h nf? jrefrmEdkifiHokawoetoif; (Burma Research Society) wGif tzGJ@0if/ twGif;
a&;rSL;/ aemufydkif;wGif OuUXtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;wGif&Sdaom òr@i,fav;wck
&Sd òr@ol}uD;rdom;pkrSaygufzGm;vmcJholjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemufydkif;wGifvli,fv_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wufºuv_yf&Sm;cJholjzpf
onf?

278
ygarmuQ a&mfe,fvf zif'av
bD/ at (&efukef)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (trftdkifwD)?
okcrdeftzGJ@0if
(1935) ckESpfwGif &efukefYzGm;jrifcJh+yD;/ pdef*|ef; 'dkiftdkpDqefa,mufsm;av;rsm; txufwef;ausmif;ESifh
&efukefwuUodkvfwkd@wGif ynm oif=um;cJhonf? (1954) ckESpfwGif &efukefwuUodkvfrS bD/ at (0dZ…m) bGJ@&&SdcJh
onf? (1957) ckESpftxd &efukefwuUodv k fwGif pD;yGm;a&;bmom enf;jyq&mtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf?
aemufydkif;wGif zdk@'f azmifa';&Sif;ynmoifqkjzifh rufqmcsL;qufpufr_wuUodkvf (trftdkifwD) odk@ oGm;a&muf
avhvmcJh+yD;/ yg&*lbGJ@ (yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D) udk (1960) ckESpfwGif &&SdcJhonf? yg&*lbGJ@&&Sd+yD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHod@k jyefvm
+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvfwiG f enf;jyq&mtjzpf/ okawoeygarmuQtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1969)
ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGucf GgcJh+yD;/ e,l;a,mufòr@&Sd udv k HbD,mwuUodv k fwGif ,cifpD;yGm;a&;r[mXmeOuUX
jzpfol &*f*em aemhufpfcf. pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ygarmuQ (Ragnar Norkse Professor of Economics) tjzpf
wm0ef,lcJo h nf? ol@taejzifh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;pGmudk yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? ola&;om;cJhaompmtkyfrsm;rSm æ
- ukefoG,fa&;ESifh txl;ðyvkyfief;udpP&yfrsm; (1970)
(Trade and Specialization, Penguin, 1970)
- EdkifiHwum ukefoG,af &;ESifh zGH@òz;r_qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm; (1973)
(International Trade and Development Theory, Columbia University Press, 1973)
- ukefoG,fa&;/ zGH@òz;r_ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;ynm? a&mfe,fzif'av. txl;aumufE_wfxm;aom
tufaq;rsm; (1993) (Trade, Development and Political Economy: Selected Essays of Ronald Findlay,
Edward Elgar, 1993) jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif atmufazmfjyygpmtkyfrsm;udk yl;wGJwnf;jzwfoltjzpf wm0ef,lcJh
onf?
- qif;&JrGJawr_/ r#wr_/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;r_qdkif&m EdkifiHa&;&m pD;yGm;a&;ynm? yGifhvif;aom
pD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhoH;k aeaom EdkifiHi,f (5) ckudk avhvmcsuf (1993)
(The Political Economy of Poverty, Equity and Grwoth: Five Small Open Economies, Oxford University
Press, 1993)
- ukefoG,fr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ESifh vuQ%mtcsKd;tpm;rsm; (1995)
(Factor Proportion, Trade and Growth, MIT Press, 1995)
xd@k tjyif pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m*sme,frsm;wGif EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ESifh EdkifiHa&;&mpD;yGm;
a&;ynm&yfqdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;udk aqmif;yg;rsm;/ pmwrf;rsm; trsm;tjym;a&;om;cJhonf? xd@k tjyif EdkifiH
wumpD;yGm;a&;&m avhvma&;odyH̀ (Institute for International Economic Studies) (pawmh[krf;)/
pawmh[krf; pD;yGm;a&;ynmoifausmif;/ tqifhjrifh EdkifiHwumudpP&yfrsm; avhvma&;qdkif&modyH̀ (Institute
for Higher International Studies) (*smr%D)/ vpfpbGef;&Sd e,l;,leDAmpwDwuUodkvf/ puFmylEdkifiH&Sd
ta&S@awmiftm&S avhvma&;qdkif&modyH̀ (The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies)/ ezfzD;vfaumvdyf
(Nuffield College)/ atmufpzdk@'fwuUokv d f ESifh zl'efwuUodv
k f (Fudan University) (&Sef[dkif;) wd@k wGif {nfh
ygarmuQtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf?

ygarmuQ tm&f/ trf/ qGef'&rf

bD/ at (&efukef)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (vef'ef)?
(1964) ckESpftxd &efukefwuUodv k fwiG f pm&if;tif;ynmygarmuQtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf?
aemufydkif;wGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif ukvor*~vkyfief;wm0efrsm; ajymif;a&$@wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? ukv
or*~/ tm&SESifh zpdzdwf qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;qdkif&maumfr&Sif (ESCAP)/ ukvor*~uav;rsm;&efyHkaiG
tzGJ@ (UNICEF)/ aemufydkif; urBmhb%fwdk@wGif OD;aqmifwm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcJhonf? urBmhb%f. rl0g'
rsm;jyifqifa&;qGJa&;XmewGif 'k-!$ef=um;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJo h nf? ol. jrefrmEdkifiHESifhywfoufaom
279
okawoeðyavhvmcsufrsm;wGif vlOD;a&ESifh oef;acgifpm&if;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;/ rdom;pkwckcsif;0ifaiGqdkif&m
avhvmr_rsm;/ aus;vufqdkif&m avhvmcsufrsm;/ aiGa=u;qdkif&m/ b¾ma&;qdkif&m/ ukefoG,fr_jy\emrsm;
qdkif&mrl0g'a&;&mavhvmr_rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJo h nf? jrefrmEdkifiH ajr,mESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&m
aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifwOD;taejzifh jrefrmtpdk;&. pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mrl0g'jy\emrsm;udk t=uHay;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh
onf? zGH@òz;r_a&;&mqdkif&mbmom&yfwGif pmwrf;trsm;tjym; yHkESdyfxkwaf 0cJhonf? xdk@tjyif tdENd,EdkifiH
pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJa&;aumfr&Siftygt0if EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifvnf; t=uHay;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh
onf? tem; r,lrDumvtxd =opa=wvsEdkifiHtrsKd;om;wuUodv k f/ tqifhjrifhtm&SESifh ypdzdwfa&;&mavhvm
a&;ausmif; (Advanced School of Asia Pacific Studies, Australian National University) wGif
tqifhjrifhpD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifwOD;taejzifh wm0ef,lcJhonf?

ygarmuQjrarmif
bD/ at (&efukef)? trf/ at (rDcsD*ef)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (tar&du uufovpfwuUodkvf)?
1962 ckESpfwGif aròr@ppfwuUokdvfY vufaxmufygarmuQtjzpfESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynmXmeOuUXtjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif {nfhygarmuQtjzpf zvuf&SmOya'ESifhoHwrefa&;&mausmif; (tar&duef)/
vef'efpD;yGm;a&;ynmoifausmif; (t*Fvef)/ ta&S@-taemufavhvma&;A[dkXme (East-West Center) rsm;
wGifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? (Tpmtkyfa&;aepOf) vuf&Sd umvwGif abmhpwGefaumvdyf/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;ynm
oifausmif;Y aiGa=u;qdkif&mbmom&yfrsm;oif=um;aom ygarmuQtjzpf wm0ef,lvsu&f Sdonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeESifh ywfoufI pmtkyf/ pmwrf;aygif;rsm;pGm a&;om;cJh+yD; atmufazmfjyygpmtkyfrsm;
tygt0if yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf?
- jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_tvm;tvm cef@rSef;csuf (1992)
(Totalitarianism in Burma: Prospects for Economic Development, Paragon House, 1992)
- jrefrmEdkifiH qif;&JwGif;odk@oGm;&mvrf; (1991)
(The Burma Road to Poverty, New York, Praeger Publishers, 1991.)
- jrefrmESifh ygupPwef? zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif Ed_if;,SOfavhvmcsuf (1971)
(Burma and Pakistan: A comparative Study in Development, New York, Praeger, 1971.)

a'gufwmrsKd;!Gef@
bD/ at (&efukef)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (0ifpfuGefqif)?
&efukefwuUodkvf/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUokv d f r[mXmewGif vufaxmufenf;jyq&mtjzpfESifh aemufydkif;
wGif enf;jyq&mtjzpf (1966) rS (1979) ckESpf txdwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ukefoG,fa&;0ef}uD;
XmewGif t=uHay;tjzpfwm0ef,laepOfumvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHaus;vufrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;b0ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;
qdkif&mzGH@òz;wd;k wufr_udpPrsm;udk okaooeavhvmcsufrsm; trsm;tjym;ðycJhonf? (1979) ckESpfrSaeI
rav;&Sm;EdkifiH/ qmbm;a'owGif aus;vufzGH@òz;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;Y av;ESpf=umwm0efxrf;aqmifcsdefrSpI
zGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;e,fy,fodk@ 0ifa&mufcJh onf? (1983) ckESpfrS (1989) ckESpftxd ygyl0ge,l;*DeDEdkifiHwGif
b¾ma&;ESifh pDrHudef; 0ef}uD;XmewGif txl;pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Siftjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;cH&+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif
xd0k ef}uD;XmeYyif pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJa&;ESifh rl0g'a&;&m udpP&yfrsm;twGuf vufaxmuftwGif;0ef
tjzpf wm0efay;cef@tyfcH&onf? olonf taemufydkif;=opa=wvs usef;rma&;XmewGif ig;ESpfausmf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhao;onf? ,cktcgwGif =opa=wvsEdkifiH&Sd tD'pf udk0ifwuUodkvf (Edith Cowen University)/
zGH@òz;a&;qdkif&mavhvma&;A[dkXmewGif ynm&SifwOD;tjzpf wm0ef,lvsuf&Sdonf?

280
OD;aZmfOD;
trf/ tdkif/ at (udkvHbD,m)?
(1982) ckESpfrS (1988) ckESpftxd &efukefaq;wuUodv k f (1) wGif ynmoif=um;cJhonf? txufwef;
ausmif;om;b0ESifh wuUodkvf ausmif;om;b0wGif wdik f;jynf&Sdxl;c|efausmif;om;rsm;udk csD;jr‡ifhaom vl&nf
c|efqkrsm; (2) }udrf &&SdcJhonf? wuUodv k fynma&;twGuf EdkifiHawmfynmoifqk&&SdcJhonf? (1988) ckESpfwGif
ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif wufºupGmyg0ifaqmif&GufcJah om ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonf? ppftpdk;&rS wufºuv_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk tjyif;txefESdrfeif;zdESdyfaomumvwGifxdik f;/
jrefrme,fpyf&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;wckod@k oGm;a&mufaexdik fcJh+yD;/ 'kuQonfrsm;. vlr_a&;axmufyHhay;a&; vkyfief;
rsm;udk (3) ESpfwdik f wm0efxrf;aqmifay;cJhonf? (1994) ckESpfwGif ruf*GdKif;,m;zJvdk;&Spfqk&&Sd+yD;/ udvk HbD,m
wuUodv k f/ EdkifiHwuma&;&mESifh vlr_a&;&mausmif; (School of International and Public Affairs) wGif
(2) ESpfoif=um;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHwumavhvma&;qdkif&m r[mbGJ@ &&SdcJhonf? 1996-98 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmh
pD;yGm;a&;okawoepDrHcsuftwGuf okawoevufaxmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJ+yD;/ 0g±Sifwef'DpDòr@awmf&Sd
tar&duefwuUokv d f pD;yGm;a&;ynmXmeSrSvnf; zG@Hòz;r_aiGa&;a=u;a&;ESifh b%frsm;qkdif&m pD;yGm;a&;r[m0dZm…
bGJ@ukd (2002) ckESpfwGif &±SdcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf aqmif;yg;trsm;tjym;a&;om;cJh+yD;/
wufºupGmyg0ifv_yf&Sm; aeqJjzpfonf? (1998) ckESpfrS ,cktcsdefxd tar&dueftajcpkduf jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD
&efykHaiGtzG@JwGif okawoeESifh ay:vpDrsm;qkdif&m !$ef=um;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmufvsuf±Sd+yD;/ wbuf
wGifvnf; tar&duef wuUodkvf/ EdkifiHwuma&;&m0efaqmifr_qdkif&mausmif; (School of International
Service) wGif/ [wfpf ynm&Sif (Hurst Scholar) tjzpfavhvmaeygonf? EdkifiHwumavhvma&;ESifh zG@Hòz;r_
qdkif&mbmom&yfudk yg&*lbGJ@ (yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D) ukd (2005) ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a&;toGiful;ajymif;r_qkdif&m EkdifiHa&;
tajccHrsm;ta=umif;ukd usrf;ðypkwifoGif;cJhygonf?

281
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