1. Phn mm DENFORD.

Phn mm DENFORD cua Anh la mt giai phap CAD/CAM-CNC tron goi

o muc don gian hon so voi hai phn mm CIMTRON, MasterCAM; nhung cung
di tu khu thit k kt cu chi tit co khi (Design), qua khu tao lp cac lnh gia
cng theo ISO Code (Create GIM-Code), m phong gia cng CNC trn man hinh
may vi tinh (Simulation) va cui cung la diu khin may gia cng CNC (CNC
execute/manuIacturing/operate) d tao ra ca c b mt yu cu (surIaces) trn phi
gia cng (workpiece) voi b diu khin CNCFANUC.
Phn mm DENFORD hoat dng trong mi truong Windows 3.1 hoc
Windows 95.
Phn mm DENFORD gm co ca c menu tuy chon, duoc hin thi trn man
hinh khi da vao thu muc DENFORD, nhu sau:
1. Mill CAM Designer (Ve chi tit d phay/khoan).
2. Lather CAM Designer (Ve chi tit d tin).
3. Fanuc Milling (Khoan/phay chi tit dung ban phim ma y tinh).
4. Funuc Turning (Tin chi tit dung ban phim may tinh).
5. Funuc Milling Tutor (Phay/khoan chi tit dung ban diu khin cu a ma y
phay NOVAMILL, nghia la dung DESKTOP TUTOR DENFORD).
6. Fanuc Turning Tutor (Tin chi tit dung ban phim diu khin cu a ma y
tin MIRAC, nghia la dung DESKTOP TUTOR DENFORD).
Ni dung chinh cua phn mm DENFORD gm:
A. Chuong trinh diu khin.
B. Ban diu khin (DESKTOP TUTOR).
C. Ca c yu c u cu a CNC.
D. Mt s lnh chu trinh (Cycles) va vi du .
Ma y vi tinh cai dt chuong trinh DENFORD duoc quy dinh nhu sau:
- Ma y tinh ca nhn (IBM PC, XT, AT, Simen...) co dia 1,2Mb.
- Man hinh may tinh CGA, EGA, VGA.
- Co mt cng (Port) d ni voi ban diu khin DESKTOP TUTOR.
- Co mt cng (Port) d ni voi may gia cng NOVAMILL/MIRAC.
- Co cng song song d ni voi khoa cung/khoa an ninh (Security key),
may in.
Ca c phim nhanh (o l bn duoi man hinh DENFORD) gm co:
F1 (Get help): Tim su giai thich, huong dn.
F2 (Quick Save CNC Program): Ghi nhanh chuong trinh CNC.
F3 (Quick Load CNC Program): Ta i nhanh chuong trinh CNC.
F5 (Get InIormation): Tim thng tin.
F9 (Check/Run CNC Program): Kim tra/Chay chuong trinh CNC.
F10 (Get Main Menu): Vao menu/chuong trinh chinh.
Khi cn su huong dn tac dng o moi noi, moi luc voi ca c mi lin quan
dung cac phim sau:
F1 (To select Help/To select Sub related Help): Lua chon su huong dn,
CtrlF1 (To select G and M Code Help): Lua chon giai thich v lnh G, M
1
arrow keys (cac phim mui tn): Lua chon cac giai thich tuy chon (To select
Irom Help Options).
Page Up/Down: Hien thi trang huong dn (ln/xung mt trang man
hinh).
ESC: Thoat khoi ch d huong dn, giai thich.
Ban diu khin may CNC theo DENFORD (desktop tutor denIord) co tac
dung giup nguoi thuc hanh lp trinh gia cng NC buoc du lam quen va su
dung ban diu khin ca c may thuc hanh cu a hang DENFORD (Anh) voi h
CNC FANUC.
Ban diu khin cua cac may khoan/phay va tin CNC do hang DENFORD
(Anh) ch tao co cac chuc nng tuong tu nhu nhau, chi khac nhau o mt s phim
nhu: cac phim toa d (ma y phay/khoan co 3 phim la X, Y, Z; con o may tin chi co
ca c phim X, Z).
Ca c phim cua ban diu khin CNC DENFORD gm co:
RESET: Dt lai mt thng bao, dt lai chuong trinh khi bt du trong
vung soan thao (Edit).
AlPHA/NUMERIC PAD: Nap vao cac thng s xa c dinh.
CURSOR: DI chuyn con tro qua ca c phn chuong trinh trong huong xa c
dinh.
PAGE: Di chuyn con tro qua ca c trang chuong trinh theo huong xac
dinh.
ULTILS: Bt bu c dung khi khai bao (khai bao phi/dung cu gia cng).
PRG: Nhung lua chon vung chi soan thao (Edit only), chi m phong
(simulation), soan thao va m phong (edit and simulation).
NEW OFFSET: Vao du liu bng tay va dt dung cu .
POS. GRAPH: M phong, soan thao va nap du liu bng tay.
INPUT OUTPUT: Goi lin kt thit bi tu xa (xut/nhp du liu voi bn
ngoai).
ALTER: Thay di di a chi/tu lnh NC (xoa cu va chen moi).
INSERT: Chen di a chi/tu lnh NC.
DELETE: Xoa dia chi/ tu lnh NC.
/:#EOB: Phim nhiu chuc nng (trong do: EOB tuong duong voi phim
ENTER cua ban phim may vi tinh).
CANCEL: Huy bo mt di a chi (truoc khi thuc hin chen).
AUTO: Lua chon d chay chuong trinh gia cng trn may CNC.
EDIT: Lua chon d soan thao chuong trinh gia cng trn ma y CNC.
SINGLE BLOCK: Thuc hin tung khi/ cu lnh cua chuong trinh CNC.
BLOCK SKIP: Lua chon trong vung soan thao bo qua khi khi cha y
chuong trinh.
HOME: V lai dim khng (M) cua may (Return To Machine Zero/
ReIerence Point).
JOG: Dt ch d dich chuyn: Theo cp (steps) la 0,01/ 0,1/ 1,00 ho c
lin tu c (continuous).
2
CYCLE START: Bt du chay chuong trinh gia cng CNC (sau khi n
AUTO).
CYCLE STOP: Dung chay chuong trinh gia cng CNC.
TRVRS: Di chuyn nhanh (khi n HOME ri TRVRS nghi a la dich
chuyn gp v gc may (MachineZero) M).
Huong dich chuyn theo ca c truc X, Y, Z: n JOG hoc MPG d thuc hin
ca c lua chon:
-X (Ca c huong m cu a truc X), X (Cac huong duong cua truc X).
-Y (Cac huong m cu a truc Y), Y (Cac huong duong cua truc Y).
-Z (Cac huong m cua truc Z), Z (Cac huong duong cua truc Z).
CW: Truc may quay thun chiu kim dng h.
CCW: Truc ma y quay nguo c chiu kim dng h.
STOP: Dung quay truc ma y.
CLNT ON: Mo cht lam mat.
CLNT OFF: Dong cht lam mat.
Ca c hinh ve duoi dy trinh bay v hai vi du ung dung phn mn
DENFORD d thit k, lp trinh cng ngh va gia cng ca c chi tit tin,
phay/khoan co ca c b mt 2D don gian trn ca c may thuc hanh diu khin CNC la
may tin DENFORD MIRAC va trung tm phay/khoan NOVAMILL.
Ni dung chi tit v phn mm DENFORD dung cho thuc hanh trong dao
tao v giai phap CAD/CAM CNC se duoc trinh ba y o mu c 4.4.3
2. Nhng quy inh c ban cua hn mm DENFORD.
2.1. !"nu chi#nh $!ain m"nu%.
Menu chinh (Main menu) hin thi trn man hinh khi ta n phim F10.
Trong menu chinh gm co ca c tuy chon sau:
Edit only: Chi soan thao.
Edit and Simulate: Soan thao va m phong.
Simulate only: Chi m phong.
Machine link: Ni voi may.
CNC Iile: Tp CNC gm:
- Load: Goi chuong trinh da luu.
- New: Xoa chuong trinh cu.
- Save: Luu tru moi.
- Save as: Luu tru vao tp cu.
- Change dir: Thay di dia.
Print: In n.
Remote link: Kt ni voi thit bi ngoai vi.
Setting: Cai dt, nap (dt ca c ch d khi m phong).
Unilities: Ca c tin ich.
Quit: Kt thuc toan b cng vic va thoat khoi chuong trinh gia cng
CNC.
2.2. &im '(a )a chay 'h chng '(inh gia c*ng +N+.
Khi lam vic voi chuong trinh gia cng NC da chon tu mt tp CNC hoc
3
chuong trinh hin hanh n phim F9 d thuc hin cac tuy chon sau:
Check Syntax: Kim tra li cu phap cua chuong trinh theo cu truc
quy dinh cua phn mm DENFORD.
Run Program: Chay chuong trinh th hin trn man hinh.
Set Datum (set tooling): Dt lai mc toa d gia cng hoc b tri dung
cu gia cng.
Set view: Thay di (phong to/thu nho) pham vi quan sa t.
3D view: Xem hinh ve 3D cua phi ho c chi tit truoc hoc sau khi
gia cng.
2.,. - ma .nh N+ $N+ +/0"%.
- Cac lnh gia cng/ dich chuyn G (G-Code).
a%1 +a#c .nh 0ung chung ch/ ma#y hay )a ma#y 'in +N+ 2 DENFORD.
G00: Lnh dich chuyn nhanh khng c t vt liu phi
(Positioning/Rapid Traverse).
G01: Ni suy theo duong thng/chuyn dng ct theo duong thng
(Linear Interpolation/Feed).
G02: Ni suy theo duong tron (chuyn dng ct cong, tron) theo chiu
kim dng h (Cicular Interpolation Clockwise).
G03: Ni suy theo duong tron nguoc chiu kim dng h (Cirular
Interpolation Counter Clockwise).
G04: Dung chuyn dng c t voi thoi gian nht dinh (Dwell).
G20: Du kiu du vao tinh theo h Anh (inches), Inch Data Input.
G21: Du liu du vao tinh theo h Met (mm), Metric Data Input.
G27: Kim tra thuc hin OTro v dim gcO (ReIerence Point Returm
Check).
G28: Tro v dim gc (ReIerence Point Return).
G29: Xut phat tu dim g c (Return From ReIerence Point).
G30: V dim gc thu hai (Return to 2
nd
ReIerence Point).
G31: Lnh nha y. (Skip Function).
G40: Huy bo hiu chinh luoi c t (Tool Nose Radius Compensation
Cancel).
G41: Hiu chinh luoi c t v phia trai quy dao dao (Tool Nose Radius
Compensation LeIt).
G42: Hiu chinh luoi c t v phia phai quy dao dao (Tool Nose Radius
Compensation Right).
G65: Goi chu trinh Macro (Macro Call).
G66: Goi chu trinh chun (Macro Modal Call).
G67: Huy bo lnh dung chu trinh chun (Macro Modal Call Cancel).
b%+a#c .nh 0ung (ing ch/ ma# y hay34h/an
G09: Dung chinh xa c (Exact Stop).
G10: Dt du kiu (Data Setting).
G11: Huy bo phuong thuc du liu (Data Setting Mode Cancel).
G17: Chon mt gia cng XY (XY Plane Selection).
4
G18: Chon mt gia cng XZ (XZ Plane Selection).
G19: Chon mt gia cng YZ (YZ Plane Selection).
G33: Ct ren (Thread Cutting).
G39: Dt goc ni suy duong tron (Corner oIIset Circular Interpolation).
G43: Hiu chinh chiu dai dao theo chiu Duong (Tool Length
Compensation Direction).
G44: Hiu chinh chiu dai dao theo chiu m (Tool Length
Conpensation - Direction).
G49: Huy bo lnh hiu chinh chiu dai dao (Tool Length Compensation
Cancel).
G50: Huy bo lnh ty l (Scaling Cancel).
G51: Lnh ty l (Scaling).
G54: Chon h toa d lam vic 1 (Work Co-ordinate System 1 Selection).
G55: Chon h toa d lam vic 2 (Work Co-ordinate System 2 Selection).
G56: Chon h toa d lam vic 3 (Work Co-ordinate System 3 Selection).
G57: Chon h toa d lam vic 4 (Work Co-ordinate System 4 Selection).
G58: Chon h toa d lam vic 5 (Work Co-ordinate System 5 Selection).
G59: Chon h toa d lam vic 6 (Work Co-ordinate System 6 Selection).
G60: Xac dinh vi tri theo mt huong (Single Direction Positioning).
G61: Ch d dung chinh xac (Exact Stop Mode).
G62: Tu dng khng ch go c trong gioi han (Automatic Corner
Override).
G63: Ch d ct ren (Tapping Mode).
G64: Phuong thuc ct (Cutting Mode).
G68: Quay/xoay toa d (Co-ordinate Rotation).
G69: huy bo lnh quay/xoay toa d (Co-ordinate Rotation Cancel).
G73: Chu trinh khoan l su (Peck Drilling Cycle).
G74: Chu trinh ta-r ren trai (Counter Tapping Cycle).
G76: Chu trinh doa l (Fine Boring).
G80: Xoa lnh dung chu trinh gia cng nht dinh (Canced Cycle
Cancel).
G81: Chu trinh khoan, khoan tm (Drilling Cycle, Spot Boring).
G82: Chu trinh khoan, khoet rng, khoa mt (Drilling Cycle, Counter
Boring).
G83: Chu trinh khoan su (Peck Drilling Cycle).
G84: Chu trinh ta-r ren (Tapping Cycle).
G85: Chu trinh doa, ta-r ren, truc chinh khng di chiu quay (Boring
Cycle).
G86: Chu trinh doa (Boring Cycle).
G87: Chu trinh doa nguoc (Back Boring Cycle).
G88: Chu trinh doa (Boring Cycle).
G98: Chu trinh doa (Boring Cycle).
G90: Gia tri kich thuoc tuyt di (Absolute Command).
5
G91: Gia tri kich thuoc tuong di/gia tng (Increment Command).
G92: Dt h toa d lam vic hoc h kep cht o gia tri t c d quay lon
nht cu a truc may (Setting Ior word co-ordinate system or clamp at
maximum spindle speed).
G94: Luong tin dao theo mm/phut (Feed per minute).
G95: Luong tin dao theo mm/vong (Feed per rotation).
G96: Diu khin t c d ct b mt khng di (Constant surIace speed
control).
G97: Huy lnh G96 (Constrant surIace speed control cancel).
G98: Tro lai dim khoi du cu a chu trinh nht dinh (Return to initial
point in cancel cycle).
G99: Tro v dim gc R trong chu trinh nht dinh (Return to R point in
cancel cycle).
G170/171: Chu trinh gia cng h c tron (Circular Pocketing).
G172/173: Chu trinh gia cng h c vung (Rectangular Pocketing).
c%1 +a#c .nh 0ung (ing ch/ ma#y 'in
G10: Cai dt gia tri duoc xac dinh theo chuong trinh (oIIset value
setting by program).
G22: Phat lnh kim tra tich dao (Stored Stroke Check On).
G24: Ngung lng kim tra tich dao (Stored Stroke Check OII).
G31: Lng nhay (Skip Iunction).
G32: Ct ren (Thread Cutting).
G34: Ct ren co buoc thay di (Variable Lead Thread Cutting).
G36: Tu dng hiu chinh dao theo phuong X (Automatic Tool
Campensation X).
G37: Tu dng hiu chinh dao theo phuong Z (Automatic Tool
Campensation Z).
G50: Thay di h toa d lam vi c/Dt tc d truc chinh lon nht (Work
Co-ordinate system change/Max.Spindle Speed Setting).
G70: Chu trinh tin tinh (Finishing Cycle).
G71: Tin boc vo/Tin th ngoai (Stock Removal in Turning).
G72: Tin mt du (Stock Removal in Facing).
G73: Pattem Repeating.
G74: Khoan, khoet l theo truc Z (Peck Drilling in Zaxis).
G75: Tin ranh theo truc X/tin ranh mt du (Grooving in X Axis).
G76: Chu trinh c t ren (Thread Cutting Cycle).
G90: Chu trinh c t A/Tin mt ngoai (Cutting Cycle A).
G92: Chu trinh c t ren (Thread Cutting Cycle).
G94: Chu trinh c t B/Tin mt du (Cutting Cycle B).
G96: Lng diu chinh tc d ct b mt bng hng s (Constant SurIace
Speed Control).
G97: Huy bo lnh G96 (Constant SurIace Speed Control Cancel).
G98: T c d tin dao mm/phut (Feed per Minute).
6
G99: T c d tin dao mm/vong (Feed per Rotation).
- Cac lnh phu tr.
a%1 +a#c .nh 0ung chung ch/ ma#y hay )a ma#y 'in +N+ 2 DENFORD.
M00: Dung chuong trinh (Program Stop).
M01: Dung tuy chon (Optional Stop).
M02: Dt lai chuong trinh (Program Reset).
M03: Truc chinh quay theo chiu thun/tin (Spindle Forward).
M05: Dung truc chinh (Spindle Stop).
M06: Thay dao tu dng (Auto Tool Change).
M07: Mo cht lam mat B (Coolant B ON).
M08: Mo cht lam mat A (Coolant A ON).
M09: Dong cht lam mat (Coolant OFF).
M10: Mo kep phi (o ma y tin: CHUCK OPEN 1, o ma y phay: WORK
CLAMP OPEN).
M11: Dong kep phi (o ma y tin: CHUCK CLOSE, o ma y phay:
WORK CLAMP CLOSE).
M13: Quay truc chinh theo chiu thun/tin va mo cht lam mat
(Spindle Forword and Coolant ON).
M14: Quay truc chinh theo chiu nguo c/lui va mo cht lam mat
(Spindle Reverse and Coolant ON).
M15: Nap chuong trinh O MINPO (ham d c bit) (Program Input using
OMINPO (Special Function)).
M19: Dinh huong truc chinh (Spindle Orientate).
M20: Chon ch d diu khin tp chung truc tip DNC (Select ODNCO
Mode).
M30: Kt thu c chuong trinh (Dt lai/tai hin chuong trinh) (Program
Reset and Rewind).
M31: Increment Parts Counter.
M38: Mo cua may (Door OPEN).
M39: Dong cua (Door CLOSE).
M48: Lock Feed and Speed at 100.
M49: Huy bo lng M48, ngm dinh (Cancel M48 (DeIault)).
M62: Chuc nng phu 1 mo/hoat dng (AUX.1 ON).
M63: Chuc nng phu 2 mo/hoat dng (AUX.2 ON).
M64: Chuc nng phu 1 dong/dung (AUX.1 OFF).
M65: Chuc nng phu 2 dong/dung (AUX.2 OFF).
*M66 hoc M66: cho nap vao 1 (Wait Ior Input 1), may tin: *M66;
may phay: M66
*M67 ho c M67: Cho nap vao 2 (Wait Ior Input 2), ma y tin: *M67;
may phay: M67.
M70: Thuc hin phep di xung guong theo truc X (Mirror in X ON).
M76: Cho nap 1 suy giam (Wait Ior Input 1 to go low).
M77: Cho nap 2 suy giam (Wait Ior Input 2 to go low).
7
M80: Ngung phep di xung guong theo truc X (Mirror in X OFF).
M98: Goi chuong trinh thu cp/Goi chuong trinh con (Sub program
Call).
M99: Kt thu c chuong trinh thu cp/Kt thuc chuong trinh con (Sub
program End).
b%1 +a# c .nh hu '( ! 0ung ch/ ma#y hay34h/an
M20: Tay (don) thay dao tin vao vi tri thay dao (ATC arm IN/arm in to
Change Position).
M21: Tay (don) thay dao lui ra tro v vi tri cho (ATC arm BACK/arm to
Park Position).
M22: Tay (don) thay dao di xung (ATC arm DOWN).
M23: Tay (don) thay dao di ln (ATC arm UP).
M24: Thanh keo thay dao khng kep/nha dao (ATC Drawbar Unclamp /
Release Tool).
M25: Thanh keo thay dao kep cht dao (ATC Drawbar Clamp/ Camp
Tool).
M27: Dt lai quay toi hc 1 (dung khi nap du liu bng tay) (Reset
Carousel To Pocket One).
M28: Dt lai quay toi vi tri h c (Reset Carousel To Pocket Position).
M32: quay nguoc chiu kim dng h . s hiu dao tng dn (Carousel
rotates Clocwise, Tool No.increases).
M33: quay theo chiu kiem dng h, s hiu dao giam dn (Carousel
rotates Clocwise, Tool No.decreases).
M71: Thuc hin phep di xung guong theo truc Y (Mirror in Y ON).
M81: Ngung phep di xung guong theo truc Y (Mirror in Y OFF).
c%1 +a#c .nh hu '( ! 0ung ch/ ma# y 'in.
M07: Mo cht lam mat B (Coolant B ON).
M16: Lnh goi dao dc bit, bo qua du dao (Special Tool Call, Tool
Call ignores Turret).
M20: S hiu truc chinh A (Spindle Index A).
M21: S hiu truc chinh 2A (Spindle Index 2A).
M22: S hiu truc chinh 3A (Spindle Index 3A).
M23: S hiu truc chinh 4A (Spindle Index 4A).
M25: ng kep mo/gian (Quill extend).
M26: ng kep bop/co (Quill retract).
M29: Chon ch d/phuong thuc diu khin (Select Control Mode).
M37: Huy lnh mo cua may (Door Open to Stop).
M40: Tay tom phi/chi tit mo ra (Parts Catcher extend).
M41: Tay tom phi/chi tit nm lai (Parts Catcher retract).
M43: Thung tai phoi tin (Swart Conveyor Forward).
M44: Thung tai phoi lui (Swart Conveyor Reverse).
M45: Thung tai phoi dung (Swart Conveyor Stop).
M48: Lock Feed & Speed at 100.
8
M49: Huy lnh M48, ngm dinh (Cancel M48, deIault).
M50: Cho voi truc voi tin hiu vi tri, xoa duong dn dao lin tuc (Wait
Ior axis in position signal, cancel continuous path).
M51: Huy bo lnh M50, ngm dinh (Cancel M50, deIault).
M52: Lui ra khi ct ren 90
0
, ngm dinh (Pull-out in threading 90
0
,
deIault).
M53: Xoa lnh M52 (Cancel M52).
M54: Kim nghim dao dng khng phu hop co th xay ra cu a truc
chinh, ngm dinh (Disable Spindle Fluctuation Testing, deIault).
M56: Chon phuong an kep phia trong, tu ch d PLC OFO (Select
internal Chucking, Irom PLC Edition O FO).
M57: Chon phuong an kep phia ngoai, tu ch d PLC OFO (Select
external Chucking, Irom PLC Edition OFO).
M68: Chi co s hiu voi moi truc o vi tri g c (Only index with all axis
at home position).
M69: S hiu du dao o vi tri bt ky (Index Turret Anywhere).
- Cac kiu ch cai khac nhau trong c!u lnh.
a%1 5*#i )#i ma#y hay34h/an
O - S hiu cua chuong trinh NC, dung sau chu cai O la 4 con s chi
s hiu chuong trinh gia cng NC, vi du O0002.
N - S thu tu cua cu lnh (Sequence Number).
X - Chuyn dng chinh theo truc X (Primary Motion OXO axis).
Y - Chuyn dng chinh theo truc Y (Primary Motion OYO axis).
Z - Chuyn dng chinh theo truc Z (Primary Motion OZO axis).
G - Chuc nng tt/dich chuyn (Preparatory Functions).
I - Thay di/tng khoang cach song song voi truc X (Incremental
Distance Parallel to OXO axis).
J - Thay di/tng khoang ca ch song song voi truc J (Incremental
Distance Parallel to OJO axis).
K - Thay di/tng khoang cach song song voi truc K (Incremental
Distance Parallel to OKO axis).
R - Ban kinh (Radius).
M - Chuc nng hn hop (Miscellaneous Functions).
T - S hiu cua dung cu ct (Tool Number).
S - T c d quay cua truc chinh (Spindle Speeds).
F - Luong tin dao/Tc d tin dao (Feed Rates).
b%1 5*#i )#i ma#y 'in
O - S hiu cua chuong trinh NC (Program Number), vi du: O1000.
N - S thu tu cua cu lnh (Sequenece Number).
X - Truc diu khin CNC v chuyn dng vung goc voi truc chinh
(Perpendicular to the Z Axis); chuyn dich cua ban dao la m nu
co chiu huong vao tm quay cua truc chinh ma y, con la duong
nu co chiu tu tm quay do di ra ngoai. Lnh v truc diu khin X
9
(X Axis Command) la mt tu lnh NC duoc lp trinh la mt s tri
s duong kinh (diameter); tri s nay dung d phat lnh thay di vi
tri theo chiu vung goc voi duong tm truc chinh may tin ngang
(Spindle Centre - line).
U - Lnh v truc diu khin X (X Axis Command), d thay di/ gia
tng khoang cach (Incremental Distance), la gia tri duong kinh
(Diameter Value), dung d phat lnh thay di v vi tri theo huong
vung goc voi duong tm truc chinh may tin ngang
(Perpendicular to the Spindle Centre - line). U la chuyn dng dich
chuyn song song voi truc X va ung voi mt gia tri lp trinh
(Programed Value).
Z - Truc diu khin CNC doc theo duong ni thng tu truc chinh ma y
tin ngang dn u dng (u sau) , nghia la duong tm quay cua truc
chinh ma y. Chuyn dng cua ban dao theo duong tm cua truc
chinh ma y se la m nu co chiu huong toi du truc chinh ma y
(Toward the Headstock), con se la duong khi co chiu huong toi u
dng (Toward the Tailstock).
W - Lnh v truc diu khin Z (Z Axis Command) , la lnh thay di/
gia tng khoang cach, dung d phat lnh thay di v vi tri song
song voi duong tm cua truc chinh ma y.
Chu y:
- Khng su dung X va U hoc Z va W trong cung mt cu lnh.
- Khi mt lnh v truc X duoc phat ra, nhung lai khng duoc dung
d thuc hin mt dich chuyn lnh do co th bi loai bo.
X, U hoc P : lnh Dung !(X, U or P : Dwell), cu th: X dung voi G04 d
phat lnh Dung theo don vi giy (a Dwell in seconds), P dung voi G04 d
phat lnh Dung theo don vi Mi li giy (a Dwell in Miliseconds).
I - Tri s duoc lp trinh d xa c dinh luong thay di/gia tng khoang
ca ch song song voi truc X, dung khi lp trinh gia cng cung tron
theo lnh G02 hoc G03, do la khoang cach cua tm cung so voi
dim du cung theo truc X.
K - Tri s duoc lp trinh d xa c dinh luong thay di/ gia tng khoang
ca ch song song voi truc Z, dung khi lp trinh gia cng cung tron
theo lnh G02, hoc G03, do la khoang ca ch cua tm cung so voi
dim du theo cung theo truc Z.
F - Luong tin dao/tc d tin dao (Feed).
Theo lnh G99: F duoc tinh cho mt vong quay cu a truc chinh may
(mm/vong, Feed/revolution).
Theo lnh G98: F duoc tinh cho mt phut (mm/phut, Feed/minute).
P - Xac dinh s hiu cu a chuong trinh con; trong chu trinh tu dng P
duoc dung d xa c dinh khi lnh NC du tin cho mt bin dang/
b mt (Used in automatic cycles to deIine the Iirst book oI a
contour), P dung voi G98 d xac dinh s hiu cu a chuong trinh con
10
(Used with G98 to deIine a subroutine number).
Q - Dung trong chu trinh tu dng xac dinh khi lnh NC cui cung cua
mt bin dang/b mt (Used in automatic cycles to deIine the last
block oI a contour).
R - Xac dinh ban kinh cua cung khi ct theo duong tron. Di voi phep
ni suy duong tron (Circular interpolation) theo G02 ho c G03 thi
R xa c dinh ban kinh cung tron tu tm cua ban kinh mui dao (khi
G40 tac dng), ho c ban kinh tuc thoi duoc yu cu (khi G41 hay
G42 hoat dng).
S - T c d quay cu a truc chinh ma y (Speed). Trong ch d tc d
khng di (G96), tu lnh S gm co 4 con s dung d phat lnh v
tc d c t theo yu cu, thuong tinh theo don vi fit/phut hoc
m/phut. Trong ch d truc tip tinh theo s vong quay trong mt
phut (r.p.m rotations per minute) ung voi G97, tu lnh S gm co
4 con s dung d phat lnh v tc d quay truc chinh gia tng, tinh
theo don vi vong/phut, theo diu kin cua ma y co sn.
Trong ch d nap tc d c dinh (G96), tu lnh S dung d n dinh
mt gioi han t c d (tc d ti da mong mun cua truc chinh ma y).
D cai dt gioi han na y, tu lnh S duoc lp trinh trong quan h voi
G50.
T - S hiu dung cu c t. Tu lnh T duoc dung voi M06 d goi dung cu
ct theo yu cu gia cng o ma y co ban dao ma hiu tu dng va d
kich hoat qua trinh cai nap dung cu.
M - Chuc nng phu tro (thay dung cu , quay truc ma y, dung quay truc
ma y, bt/tt cht lam mat,v.v...). Mt tu lnh M dung d khoi tao
mt thao tac phu tro khi gia cng trn ma y CNC, co th duoc lp
trinh kt hop voi mt khi chuong trinh NC nao kha c.
2.6. +#u '(u#c chng '(inh gia c*ng +N+ 2 DENFORD.
Chng trinh gia cng CNC da trn c s ng dung phn mm
DENFOD c! cu truc tng "uat gm # phn $a % phn &u phn thn 'a phn
cui( Ni dung cua t!ng phn nh sau%
)( *hn &u%
Phn du cu a chuong trinh gia cng CNC DENFORD gm co ca c ni
dung la: khai bao v phI, gc phI, dung cu gia cng, s hiu chuong
trinh.
+hai ,a!%
- Kich thuo c phi:
Voi ma y phay/khoan: |Billet X..Y..Z..;
Voi ma y tin: |Billet X..Z..;
- Gc phI (gc chuong trinh):
Voi ma y phay/khoan: |Edgemove X0Y0Z0;
Voi ma y tin: |X0Z0; co th khng cn khai bao
gc phI tin}.
11
- Dung cu:
Voi ma y phay/khoan: |TooldeI T1 D10 Z0;
T2 D8 Z0;
Voi ma y tin: |TooldeI T1; T2;
- Voi s hiu chuong trinh: Vi du O 0001;
-( *hn thn%
- V dim gc may R (ReIerence point), ri v dim gc phi:
Voi ma y phay/khoan: G91 G21 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
Voi ma y tin: G21 G28 U0 W0;
Toa d g c R la X0, Y0, Z0 (hoc U0, W0), G28 la quay v dim
gc, G21 la H do luong Me t (mm), G91 la kich thuoc gia tng
(tuong di)}.
- Chon dao: M06 T01; T01 la s hiu dao, M06 la lnh thay dao tu
dng}.
- V dim gia cng va cho truc chinh ma y quay:
Voi ma y phay/khoan:
G90 G00 X..Y..Z..M03;
Voi ma y tin:
G00 X..Y..S..M03;
M03: Lnh mo may cho truc dao quay ho c quay truc chinh,
S: Tc d quay cu a truc chinh (vong/phut),
X..Y..Z hoc X..Z.. la toa d dich chuyn dn (dich),
G00 la chay nhanh khng ct,
G90 la kich thuoc tuyt di (absolute)}.
- Tin dao toi mt gia cng va ct phi:
Voi ma y phay/khoan: G01 Z..F..;
Voi ma y tin: G01 X..Z..;
YG01: tin thng, Z: toa d theo truc Z, X: toa d theo truc X, F:
luong tin dao (mm/phut)Y.
- Gia cng song: lui dao v vi tri an toan (cach xa phi)
Voi ma y phay/khoan: G00 Z25 M05;
Voi ma y tin: G00 X..Z5 M05;
G00: Chay nhanh khng ct, Z.. ho c X..Z..: Lui dao toi vi tri cach
mt phi.mm, M05: Dung chuyn dng quay cua dao hay truc
chinh}.
- Ca c cu lnh gia cng khac:
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..;
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..;
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..;
- Hoan thanh qua trinh ct va quay v dim gc R hoc chun bi thay
dao:
Voi ma y phay/khoan: G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
12
Voi ma y tin: G28 U0 W0;
G91: Ki ch thuoc gia tng (tuong di), G28: Tro v dim gc R, To a
d dim gc la X0 Y0 Z0 hay U0 W0}.
#( *hn .t thuc%
M30; (Lnh dung va kt thuc chuong trinh gia cng CNC).
2.7. 8iai 'hi#ch ca#c .nh 9:O 1 N+ 1 +/0" c ban.
- chun tham chiu cua ma y (maschine reIerence) G28/G30
Ma y gia cng NC co h toa d tham chiu ring (Maschine ReIerence
Coordinate System); tu do ma do duoc cac chuyn dich ti da theo ca c truc
diu khin. Hinh sau dy cho bit vi tri cua truc chinh may khoan/phay NC tai
chun tham chiu cua ma y theo cac truc diu khin X, Y va Z.

Mt phng tham chiu
trc X
G28
Vtr
theo
trc Y
G28
G30
Vtr
theo
trc Z
Vtrtheo trc X
(Hnh chiu nm)
Trc
hoan!pha"
#$n m%" pha"! hoan &'
(Hnh chiu ()ng)
- Lp trinh h toa d lam vi c (word coordinate system programming)
G54..G59
H toa d lam vic dung d dt dim gc cua phI gia cng (dim gc
cua chuong trinh gia cng NC) trong quan h voi h toa d tham chiu cua
may gia cng NC.
Ca c gia tri theo ca c truc X va Y duoc ding voi ca c h toa d lam vi c
G54..G49.
13
Ca c gia tri to a d ung voi dim g c cua phI gia cng da duoc xa c nhn
se duo c nap vao b nho danh cho h to a d lam vic. VI c na y duoc thuc hin
theo 2 ca ch nhu sau:
a) Nap gia tri toa d dim gc cua phI gia cng truc tip thng qua ban
phim cu a may gia cng NC.
b) Nap gia tri toa d dim g c cua phi gia cng bng mt cu lnh phu
hop trong chuong trinh gia cng NC. Ci lnh na y co dang nhu vi du sau:
N10 G10 G90 L2 P01 X-275.0 Y-300.0;
(Chu thich: G10 L2 Nap du liu cai dt v toa d lam vic.
P01 (WCS) Xa c dinh b nho cua h toa d lam vic tuong
ung voi G54,
o dy: WCS (Work Co ordinate System) la h toa d lam vic,
PO2 (WCS) Xa c dinh b nho cua h toa d lam vic tuong
ung voi G55, G56, G57, G58, G59).
*+,- mm
Trc X
.*T/
0p
(M!'
V1'2)
3h/i gia c/ng
.*T/
0p
(M!'
V1'2)
4+5 chu6n tham chiu
theo trc X 7$ Y
8 i9m g:c ph/i
Trc Y
(It is necessary to use a separate datum Ior each component).
Hinh ve sau dy cho th y la co 6 phi (six component) cn duoc gia cng
nhu nhau voi cung mt chuong trinh NC, vi du voi chuong trinh s 02015. Gia tri
toa d dim gc cua tung phi, sau khi duoc xac dinh se duoc nap vao chuong
trinh gia cng NC phu hop voi h toa d ma y cho truoc. Trong truong hop na y, vi
tri cua tung phi 1..6 duoc b tri theo cac h toa d lam vic nhu sau trn ban ma y
gia cng NC:
Phi 1 G54
Phi 2 G55
14
Phi 3 G56
Phi 4 G57
Phi 5 G58
Phi 6 G59
*;<=>5
*?@@>;
*<<=>=
*
+
@
@
>
;
*
?
<
=
>
=
*;-@>;
*?@@>+
*
?
@
@
>
+
*<-@>;
3h/i < 3h/i - 3h/i A
3h/i ? 3h/i + 3h/i ;
- Hiu chinh ban kinh dao (Cutter radius oIIset) G40/ G41/ G42
kha nng hiu chinh (bu) ban kinh dao khi diu khin may gia cng tao diu
kin hiu chinh quy dao ct da duoc lp trinh, thng qua cac tu lnh sau dy:
G41 - Hiu chinh (bu) v bn trai theo huong ct (huong dich chuyn), YoIIset
applied to the LEFT, in the direction oI traveY .
G42 - Hiu chinh (bu) v bn phai theo huong ct (huong dich chuyn),
YoIIset applied to the RIGHT, in the direction oI traveY.
G40 - Dt ch d hiu chinh (bu) ban kinh dao, YoIIset cutter radius oIIsetY .
Ghi nh : Khi b nho hiu chinh (bu) duoc dung cho ca hai chuc nng la hiu
chinh chiu dai va hiu chinh ,an .inh dao thi c n theo quy uoc la cac
gia tri s hiu tu 1 dn 20 la danh cho hiu chinh v chiu dai da!, con
tu 21 dn 32 la danh cho hiu chinh v ,an .inh da!.
Nhung quy uoc v hiu chinh ban kinh dao duoc nu trong ca c tai liu
huong dn vn hanh FANUC OPERATOR`S MANUAL.
Hinh ve sau dy giai thich v chuc nng hiu chinh /,u0 ,an .inh da!
trai/phai (G41/ G42):
15

G41 G42
HuB ng Cch chu"9n
(HuB ng cDt)
HuB ng Cch chu"9n
(HuB ng cDt)

"hng #uy $inh c!%n lu y&
1. Lun lun dung va huy bo chuc nng hiu chinh ban kinh dao ung voi mt
dich chuyn. (Always apply and cancel cutter radius compensation on a
move).
2. Khi dung hoc huy bo chuc nng hiu chinh ban kinh dao thi (tc d/
luong) dich chuyn phai lon hon ban kinh dung cu, (When applying or
cancelling radius compensation the movement must be larger than the tool
radius).
3. ap dung va huy bo chuc nng hiu chinh ban kinh dao 90
0
di voi chuyn
dich du tin va cui cung (nu co th), (Apply and cancel cutter radius 90
0
Iirst move and Iinish).
- Ni suy cung tron khi tin (Cicular arc interpolation in turning) G02/ G03
Nhung lnh sau dy se diu khin dao khi tin di ch chuyn d ct cung tron
(ban kinh cung khng di):
Thu
tu
lnh
NC
Du liu phai nap
cho lnh NC
Lnh
NC
y nghia cua lnh NC
1 Chiu ct
G02
G03
Ct theo chiu kim dng h (CW)
Cat nguoc chiu kim dng h (CCW)
2
Toa d dim cui
cua cung tron, cho
theo X va Z ho c
la U va W, voi gia
tri la ki ch thuoc
tuyt di
(absolute) hoc
kich thuoc gia
tng (increment)
X..Z..
Toa d dim cui cua cung tron theo
cac truc diu khin X va Z, kich
thuoc tu1t &i /a,s!$ut20.
U..W..
Khoang cach tu dim du dn dim
cui cua cung tron theo cac truc diu
khin U va W, kich thuoc gia t3ng
/incr2m2nt0
3
Toa d tm cung
so voi dim du
cung
I..K..
Khoang cach va huong tu dim du
dn tm cung tron, lun lun la gia tri
kich thuoc gia t3ng /incr2m2nt0 ung
voi ban kinh cung tron
4
Ban kinh cung
tron
R.. Gia tri ban kinh cung tron
16
5 T c d tin dao F.. Tc d tin dao doc theo cung tron
Huong ct thu!n (C') hoc (CC') voi chiu kim dng h con thay di
theo h toa d phai hay trai, tuy theo vi tri cua ban dao tin nhu sau:

X
G02
G03
X
Z Z
X X
Z
G03
Z
3hEi Tr%i
#$n Cao tiFn
3h/i tiFn
uGng tHm m%" tiFn 'I
('enter Jine)
#$n Cao tiFn 3h/i tiFn
CL

THmcung trKn
8 i9mcu:i cung trKn (XLLZLL)
i9m(Mu cung trKn (1LLNLL)
I
N
Du cua gia tri I va K phai phu hop voi chiu c t thun (CW) ho c nguoc
(CCW) chiu quay cua kim dng h .
Ban kinh cua cung tron (arc radius) duoc xa c dinh bng tu lnh NC gm co
chu cai R va gia tri con s kem theo (vi du R25.0); thay cho tu lnh m ta toa d
du cung tron so voi dim du (dung chu cai I va K, vi du I10.0 K5.0). Khi su
dung v ban kinh cung tron (R) thi cu lnh NC se la:
G02 X..Z..R..F..; Yhoc: G03 X..Z..R..F..;Y.
Khi su dung I va K thi cu lnh NC se la : G02 Yhoc G03YX..Z..K..F..;
Cn chu y hai loai cung tron thuong gp la: Cung tron nho hon 180
0
va
cung tron lon hon 180
0
.
Di voi cung tron nho hon 180
0
thi co th chi cn gia cng voi mt cu lnh
(block) NC, vi du:
G91 G02 Z60.0 X20.0 R50.0 F300.0;
Di voi cung tron lon hon 180
0
thi co th cn gia cng voi nhiu cu lnh
(bock) NC hon.
Chu y&
Ca c cu lnh I0 va K0 co th xoa bo .
Khi ca hai lnh X(U) va Z(W) bi bo qua; ho c khi dim cui cu a cung tron bi
17
khng ch tai toa d dung nhu dim du cua no (dim du cung trung voi dim
cui cung); va nu tm cung tron duoc phat lnh voi I va K thi se tao ra mt cung
tron d y (cung 360
0
), nghi a la tao mt duong tron.
Khi dung dng thoi ca c lnh I, K va R thi cung tron duoc tao truoc ht voi lnh
R va bo qua lnh I va K.
- Ni suy cung trong trn may phay (CIRCULAR ARC INTERPOLATION IN
MILLING) G02/ G03
Dim cui cua cung tron duoc m ta bng $ia chi (addre(() gm cac ch4
/a,s!$ut20 ung voi tu lnh G90 ho c la gia t3ng/ tng &i /incr2m2nt0 ung voi tu
lnh G91. Di voi gia tri gia t3ng / tng &i /incr2m2nt0 toa d dim cui cua
cung tron duoc quan sat tu dim du cung tron.
Tm cung tron duoc m ta bng dia chi voi chu cai I (theo chiu song song voi
truc X) va J (theo chiu song song voi truc Y) khi gia cng cung tron trn mt
phng ct XY (ung voi tu lnh chon mt phng ct la G17), hoc voi cp chu ca i I
va K (truc K song song voi truc Z) khi gia cng cung tron trn mt phng ct XZ
(ung voi tu lnh chon mt phng ct G18), hoc voi cp chu cai J va K khi gia
cng cung tron trn mt phng ct YZ (ung voi tu lnh chon mt phng ct G19).
Gia tri con ( $ng (au cac ch cai )* +* , cho -it khoang cach cua t!.
cung (o /i $i. $!%u cu%ng. 0o lun lun la% gia tri gia t1ng/ tng $i
(incre.ent) cho du% la% lnh G23 hay G24.

N
J
8 19m(Mu cung trKn
8 i9mcu:i cung trKn (XLLYLL)
THmcung trKn
(1LLO LL)
G03
X
Y
G03
G02
Du cua gia tri con s dung sau ca c chu cai I, J, K phai phu hop voi chiu c t
khi gia cng (ung voi G02 hoc G03); vi du nhu hinh trn: chiu ct ung voi G03
(Ct theo chiu nguoc voi chiu quay kim dng h) thi gia tri con s dung sau ca c
chu cai I va J du la m, nghia la cu lnh ni suy cung tron o hinh trn la:
G03 X..Y..I-..J-..F..;
Trong do: X..Y.. la toa d dim cui cung tron; I..J.. la vi tri tm cung so voi
dim du cung tron, F.. la luong tin dao khi ct cung tron.
,hi cung tro%n nho hn 563
3
co th du%ng t% lnh /% -an kinh cung tro%n /i
ch cai 7 /a% gia tri con ( ng /i ki ch thc -an kinh cung tro%n thay cho )* +*
,; vi du: cu lnh trn co th vit voi R nhu sau:
G03 X..Y..R..F..;
,hi cung tro%n co gia tri ti 483
3
thi% con ( $ng (au ch cai 7 co gia tri
(thiu)
18
Cung tro%n $!% y 563
3
chi du%ng )* +* , (tuy% theo .1t ph1ng gia cng 9:* :;)*
khng du%ng 7.
Hinh hoc cu a chi tit co khi duoc tao ra nho chuyn dng tuong di giua dung
cu va phi trn ma y gia cng NC. Ca c chuyn dng tao hinh nay phu thuc vao
kha nng v cng sut vtva h diu khin NC cua ma y gia cng. Nhung chuyn
dng cn thit do phai duoc m ta ro rang trong chuong trinh gia cng NC ung voi
tung chi tit gia cng.
Ban ve chi tit co khi la co so d lp chuong trinh gia cng NC cho chi tit.
Ban ve nay m ta chi tit co khi cn gia cng v mt hinh hoc. Cac kich thuoc chi
tit gia cng cn duoc ghi theo cach phu hop nht voi qua trinh gia cng trn may
NC.
<rong chng tri%nh gia cng "C c!%n chi ro la% cac kich thc gia cng $ c
ghi theo h =et ($n /i $o la% =i->i-=e t* ..) /i t% lnh "C tng ng la%
(thiu)* ho1c la% theo h ?nh ($n /i $o la% inch) /i t% lnh "C tng ng la%
G@3.
Ca c kich thuoc trn ban ve chi tit gia cng cn duoc ghi hop ly, tao diu kin
thun loi cho nguoi lp trinh gia cng NC xac dinh tt cac dim m c, ca c dim
chun va co th chuyn di truc tip bin dang hinh hoc cua ban ve chi tit thanh
mt chuong trinh gia cng NC. Co khi nguoi lp trinh gia cng NC cho chi tit
theo yu cu phai lp bang d ghi nhn cac gia tri toa d cua nhung dim kho xac
dinh v mt hinh hoc, nhu cac dim trn mt bin dang cong phuc tap cua b mt
gia cng li hoc lom co ban kinh cong thay di bt ky.
Nga y nay, cac h diu khin CNC hin dai va ca c ngn ngu lp trinh gia cng
CNC cao c p la cng cu h tro rt co hiu qua di voi nguoi lp trinh gia cngNC
khi biu din cac bin dang gia cng phuc tap, bng cach tinh toan tu dng ca c
(thiu) dim va cac dim tip tuyn. cach do duoc goi la phep ni suy tu dng.
Tom lai, ban ve chi tit co khi gia cng trn ma y CNC cn duoc ghi kich thuoc
stheo hai ca ch la:
Cach )% Ghi kich thuoc tu1t &i /a,s!$ut205 nghia la kich thuoc co chung ca c
gc kich thuoc (thuong la &i m .hng cua phi gia cng 6). Tung
kich thuoc cho bit khoang ca ch tu dim khng (W). Lp trinh gia
cng NC theo kich thuoc tuyt di duoc th hin qua tu lnh NC la
G90 trong chuong trinh gia cng NC ung voi tung chi tit gia cng.
Ca ch nay co uu dim la: sai s cua mt kich thuoc khng co a nh
huong gi dn cac kich thuoc kha c trn chi tit gia cng, khng co
dung sai ti ch luy nn chi tit co ki ch thuoc n dinh, khi thay di mt
kich thuoc se khng co anh huong gi dn ca c ki ch thuoc khac con lai
cua chi tit.
Cach -% Ghi kich thuoc tng &i/ gia t3ng /incr2m2nt0 ; nghia la ghi cac kich
thuoc ni tip nhau. Kich thuoc tng cng duoc tinh bng tng cac
kich thuoc ni (thiu) bit trn mt chi tit gia cng, ca c doan chuong
trinh NC tuong ung co th duoc truy c p lai co hiu qua ma khng
phai di ch chuyn toa d . Nhuoc dim cua ca ch na y la khi co mt ki ch
19
thuoc sai se anh huong dn ca c kich thuoc khac trn chi tit gia cng.


8 i9m h/ng cPa ph/i (W)
'%ch ;
580
250
300 560 720 960
'%ch +
8 i9m h/ng cPa ph/i (W)
?@@ +A@ ?A@ +,@
+
-
@
?
?
@
Chu y&
- Cac ban ve chi tit gia cng trn ma y CNC khng nht thit chi dung mt
trong hai ca ch ghi ki ch thuoc nhu trn, ma co th ap dung kt hop linh hoat ca hai
ca ch d co hiu qua hon; trong chuong trinh gia cng NC co th chuyn giua hai
tu lnh G90 va G91 khi cn thit.
- Trong chuong trinh gia cng NC phai khai bao ro kich thuoc phi gia cng
(thiu).
- Mt s vi du v ni suy cung tron trn may phay CNC DENFORD.
Ai du 4: Gia cng vong tron (360
0
) trn mt phi dang tm (dai 200, rng 100,
d y 30) voi dao phay ngon co luoi ct mt du va duong kinh dao la 3 mm, tm
cua vong tron o chinh giua phi:
Q?@
A B
X100
Y50
|Billet X200 Y100 Z30;
20
|Edgemove X0 Y0 Z0;
|TooldeI T01 D3 Z0;
O2001;
G21;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T01;
G90 G00 X130 Y50 Z10;
S2000 M03;
G01 Z-2 F70;
G03 X130 Y50 I-30 J0 F40;
(hoc G02 X130 Y50 I-30 J0 F40;)
G00 Z10 M05;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M30;
Ai du @: Gia cng cung tron 270
0
trn mt phi dang tm (200x100x30mm) voi
ca c diu kin gia cng nhu o vi du 1, c t cung tron tu A dn B:
X100
A B
Q?@
Y50
|Billet X200 Y100 Z30;
|Edgemove X0 Y0 Z0;
|TooldeI T01 D3 Z0;
O2002;
G21;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T01;
G90 G00 X130 Y50 Z10;
S2500 M03;
G01 Z-2 F70;
G03 X100 Y20 I-30 J0 F40;
G00 Z10 M05;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M30;
Vi du 3: Gia cng nua vong tron trn phi co kich thuoc va diu kin ct nhu o
ca c vi du 1 va 2, gia cng theo chiu thun va nguo c voi chiu quay cua kim
dng h:
21
Q?@
A B
X100
Y50
.........................................
O2003;
G21;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T01;
G90 G00 X130 Y50 Z10;
S2500 M03;
G01 Z-2 F70;
G03 X70 Y50 I-30 J0 F40;
G00 Z10 M05;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M30;
- Mt s khai nim mo rng
- Bpline )nterpolation la phep ni (uy d tao duong cong phuc tap voi ham s
toan hoc bc cao, nhm gia cng ca c b mt phuc tap nhu canh tur bin, manh vo
may bay, long khun. Hin nay dung truc tip cac du liu CAD trn co so toan
Bpline, vi du nhu dung h NURBS (Non UniIorm Rational B-Splines) la h du
liu CAD v cac b mt dc bit ung voi ham s toan hoc b c cao B-Spline.
- Cycle (chu tri%nh) la tin trinh c dinh cua mt s buoc cng ngh , duoc nho
trong h CNC va duoc truy cp thng qua ca c chuc nng G va M da duoc lp
trinh; duoc thuc hin lp lai bng ca ch thay di gia tri cu a ca c thng s d c trung;
vi du: chu trinh (cycle) ta-r ren, chu trinh khoan su, chu trinh thay dao, chu trinh
thay b/ phim ga phi, chu trinh do kim.. ..
- =acro (Ai lnh) la cac chuong trinh duoc luu giu lu dai; vi du: chu trinh
khoan, chu trinh phay .. .., duoc thay di va b xung ca c du liu cn thit (gia tri
ca c thng s co th thay di duoc), duoc truy cp (goi ra) va thuc hin tuy y.
MACRO con duoc goi la chng tri%nh th c!p ((u- progra.)* chng tri%nh
con voi thng s thay di.
- CDD(et la Eiu chinh $in t (Electronical compensation) di voi phi, dao
d giam khu diu chinh co khi.
- 7e(et la chuc nng cu a du ro cam bin d xoa ca c du liu hin thoi trong b
nho va dt gia tri 0 o b nho, do ky thut vin cua hang ch tao ma y CNC thuc
hin.
- Bcan la Fo% hoc Guet trn b mt vt th voi du ro cam bin (sensor) hoc
tia LASER, dng thoi ghi nho cac tri s v toa d cua cac dim da ro hoc da quet
qua d tai tao lai ho c phong to, thu nho tuy y b mt vt th; cn co b nho voi
dung luong lon trong h CNC.
- Blope la Ca i dt tac dng tng ho c ham ca c truc NC d tranh va dp khi gia
22
cng.
- Btereo >ightography (7apid Hrototyping) la Cng ngh tao .!u nhanh tu
ca c du liu CAD duoi ta c dng cua tia LASER cuc tim (ultra violet LASER). Du
liu CAD duoi tac dng cu a tia LASER cuc tim se tao ra mt long khun s hoa .
Cht co kha nng kt dng duoi ta c dng cua tia LASER cuc tim se dng dc lai
trong long khun do va tao ra hin vt chi trong vai gio. Buoc du, vt liu kt
dng co thanh phn bt gi y hoc cht deo thuy tinh. Ngay nay cht kt dng co
(thiu)
-CAC CHU TRINH GIA CNG (CYCLES)
)( Chu tr7nh gia cng h8c tr9n trn m:1 pha1 DENFOD;NO<=>?@ /Circu$ar
*!c.2ting0 A)BC/A)B)
Khi gia cng mt hc tron co duong kinh hc lon hon nhiu so voi duong kinh
dao phay trn may phay CNC co th thuc hin nhu sau: truoc ht ct thng xung
phi o toa d tm gc tron, ri lp di lp lai phep ni suy cung tron 360
0
tao ra cac
vong tron dng tm nhau va co duong kinh tng dn duong kinh hc tron cho dn
khi dat gia tri duong kinh yu cu. D don gian khu lp trinh NC gia cng hc
tron, phn mm DENFORD d tao lp chu trinh (cycle) voi cp tu lnh NC la
G170/G171.
-Nhp d liu cho G170:
R Dim gc (R point) R la vi tri ca dao khi bt du chu trinh, vi d R0 la vi
tri dao ct khi bt du ct (dao cham vao mt trn phi),
Rposition oI tool to start cycle i.e. 0(surIace oI ob)},
P P0 cho ct th (rough), P1 cho ct tinh (Iinish),
Q Lung gia tng theo trc Z (Z increment), Tri s ca Q lun la dng (),
X Toa d tm ti tron theo trc X (Pocket centre X),
Y Toa d tm ti tron theo trc Y (Pocket centre Y),
Z Toa d day ti tron theo trc Z (Pocket base Z), Z co gia tri m
I Ct tinh mt thanh bn ti tron (Side Iinish allowance),
K Ban kinh ti tron (radius), tri s ca K la duong tc la ct theo chiu kim
dng h (CW), tri s ca K la m tc la ct theo chiu nguc kim dng h
(CCW),
C:c gi: trD EF?FG .hng HIt &Jn .hi cKt tinh /finishing % *L)0
-Nhp d liu cho G171:
P B rng ct, tinh theo duong kinh dao (cut width percentage),
S Tri s vong quay n khi ct th (roughting spindle speed),
R Lung tin dao khi ct th theo trc Z (rough Ieed Z),
F Lung tin dao khi ct th theo XY (rough Ieed Xy),
B Tc d trc chinh khi ct tinh (Iinish spindle speed),
J Lung tin dao khi ct tinh (Iinish Ieed)
23
-Cu trc ca chu trinh G170/G171 nhu sau:
G170 RPQXYZIJK;
G171 PSRFBJ;
-Vi d: Gia cng hc tron o gia tm phi phng (X75 Y90 Z30) voi duong kinh
48 mm, su 6 mm dng chu trinh G170/G171, khi dim gc phi o chinh gia
phi:
|Billet X75 Y90 Z30;
|Edgemove X-37,5 Y-45.0;Dim gc phi (dim goc trai duoi) so voi
dim tm phi}
|TooldeI T1 D6 Z0; S hiu dao, duong kinh dao, vi tri dnh lui ct
theo trc Z}
G0002;
G91 G21 G28 X0 Y0 Z10 S3000 M03;
G01 Z0 F300;
Co th ct hc tron theo cac phuong an : ct th (roughing) hoc ct th
ct tinh (roughing and Iinishing), hoc ct tinh mt buoc (one step
Iinishing cycle) nhu sau:
-Ct th (roughing program):
G170 R0 P0 Q3 X0 Y0 Z-6 I0 J0 K-24;
G171 P75 S3000 R75 F250 B3500 J200;
-Ct th va ct tinh (roughing and Iinishing program):
G170 R0 P0 Q3 X0 Y0 Z-6 I0.5 J0.1 K-24;
G171 P75 S3000 R75 F250 B3500 J200;
-Ct tinh mt buoc (one step Iinishing cycle):
G170 R0 P1 Q3 X0 Y0 Z-6 I0.5 J0.1 K-24;
G171 P75 S3000 R75 F250 B3500 J200;}
G00 Z25 M05;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M30

24
-( Chu tr7nh gia cng h8c 'ung trn m:1 pha1 DENFOD;NO<=>?@
/2ctangu$ar *!c.2ting0 A)B-/A)B#
Khi gia cng mt hc vung hoc hc hinh ch nht trn may phay CNC theo
cach sau: truoc ht ct thng xung phi o gia tm phi, sau do lp lai phep ni
suy duong thng (G01) co di huong ct lien tc tao ra cac hinh vung hoc hinh
ch nht co kich thuoc theo 3 chiu X, Y, Z tng dn cho dn khi tao duc hc
vung hoc ch nht co cac kich thuoc dai rng va su yu cu. Phn mm
DENFORD d tao lp chu trinh gia cng hc vung (Rectangular Pocketing)
R172/G173 d h tr gia cng NC trn cac may phay tuong ng.
-Nhp d liu cho G172:
I Chiu dai l vung theo X (Pocket X length),
J Chiu dai l vung theo Y (Pocket Y length),
K Ban kinh goc l (Radius oI Corner roundness),
P P0 ct th (0roughing), P1 ct tinh (1Iinish),
Q Lung gia tng chiu su l vung theo Z (Pocket Z increment),
R Vi tri dim gc R theo gia tri tuyt di Z (absolute Z R` point),
X Toa d goc ca l vung theo trc X (Pocket corner X),
Y Toa d goc ca l vung theo trc Y (Pocket corner Y),
Z Chiu su ca l vung (vi tri day ti theo gia tri tuyt di Z)
absolute Z base oI pocket}.
-Nhp d liu cho G173:
I Ct tinh mt thanh ca l vung (Pocket Side Iinish),
K Ct tinh mt day ca l vung (Pocket Base Iinish),
25
P B rng ct tinh theo so voi duong kinh dao,
(Cut width percentage),
T S hiu dao gia cng l vung (Pocket Tool),
S Tc d quay ca trc dao khi ct th
(Spindle Speed Ior roughing)
R Lung tin dao theo trc Z khi ct th (roughing Ieed Ior Z),
F Lung tin dao trong mt phng ZY khi ct th (roughing Ieed XY),
B Tri s vong quay ca trc dao khi ct tinh (Iinishing spindle speed),
J Lung tin dao khi ct tinh (Iinishing Ieed),
Z D cao an toan theo trc Z, phia trn dim gc R, d li dao ln cach mt
trn ca tm phi mt khoang an toan,vi d : Z 5 mm, (SaIety Z, above
R` point),
-Cu trc ca chu trinh G172/G173 theo quy dinh nhu sau:
G172 IJKPQRXYZ;
G173 IKPSRFBJZ;
-Vi d: Gia cng l vung o chinh gia tm phi (X75 Y90 Z30) voi kich thuoc l
vung 50x50x6 mm dng chu trinh G172/G173, khi dim ca gc la dim gia
ca mt trn phi:
|Billet X75 Y90 Z30;
|Edgemove X-37,5 Y-45.0;
|TooldeI T1 D6 Z0;
O1000;
G91 G21 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T1;
G90 G00 X0 Y0 Z10 S3000 M03;
G01 Z0 F300;
Co th ct hc tron theo cac phuong an : ct th (roughing) hoc ct th
ct tinh (roughing and Iinishing), hoc ct tinh mt buoc (one step
Iinishing cycle) c th la:
-Ct th (roughing program):
G172 I-50 J-50 K0 P0 Q3 R0 X-25 Y-25Z-6;
G173 I0 K0 P75 T1 S3000 R75 F250 B3500 J200 Z5;
-Ct th va ct tinh (roughing and Iinishing program):
G172 I-50 J-50 K0 P0 Q3 R0 X-25 Y-25 Z-6;
G173 I0.5 K0.1 P75 T1 S3000 R75 F250 B3500 J200 Z5;
-Ct tinh mt buoc (one step Iinishing cycle):
G172 I-50 J-50 K0 P1 Q3 R0 X-25 Y-25 Z-6;
G173 I0.5 K0.1 P75 T1 S3000 R75 F250 B3500 J200 Z5;}
G00 Z25 M05;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M30;
26
3. Cac chu trinh khoan trn may phay DENFORD-NOVAMILL
G83,G73,G84,G81/G82,G74
;Chu tr7nh .h!an AM# /AM# *2c. Dri$$ing C1c$20
G83 XYZQRKF
X,Y Toa d tm ca l khoan theo trc X,Y;
Z D sau ca l khoan (toa d day ca l khoan theo
phuong Z), nu tinh tu mt trn ca phi thi Z co gia tri m,
Q Chiu su ng voi mi ln ct vao phi theo trc Z,
(vi d : Q 3 mm),
R Khoang li dao an toan sau mi ln ct theo trc Z,
(vi d : R 2 mm),
F Lung tin dao (Feed), vi d F 200 mm/pht.
Vi d : ..;
M06 T03;
S2000 M03;
G90 G00 X10 Y10 Z10;
G83 G99 X10 Y10 Z-20 Q3 R2 F200;
X20;
G98 X30;
G80;
27
..;
-Chu tr7nh .h!an AB# /AB# Nigh Op22d *2c. Dri$$ing0
G73 G99 XYZPQRF
voi P la Thoi gian dung tam thoi theo don vi 10
-3
giy (Mi-li giy),
Vi d:
..;
M06 T03;
S2500 M03;
G90 G00 X10 Y10 Z10;
G73 G99 X10 Y10 Z-20 P500 Q3 R2 F200;
X20;
X80;
G80;
..;
28
Chu tr7nh ta;r r2n AMP /AMP Qapping C1c$20
G84 XYZRP;
X,Y Toa d day l ren theo trc X va Y;
Z Toa d day l ren theo trc Z, tri s ca Z la m,
R Chiu cao li dao ln o mi ln ct d thoat phi;
F Lung tin dao theo trc Z (Feed) tinh theo mm/phRt,
Vi d: ..;
M06 T03;
S250 M03;
G90 G00 X10 Y10 Z10;
G84 G00 X10 Y10 Z-20 R5 F250;
X20;
G98 X30;
G80;
.;

29
;Chu tr7nh .h!an AM)/AM-/AM)/AM- Dri$$ing C1c$2F Op!t S!ring C1c$20
Hai chu trinh khoan nay du co ch d dung dao tam thoi (dwell) khi dao ct
toi day l voi tu lnh P dt sau tu lnh Z; gia tri con s dng sau P la theo
don vi mi;i gi1
G81hoc G82} G99 XYZ-RK
Vi d : .;
G90 G00 X30 Y20 Z10;
G81 G99 X30 Y20 Z-10 R2 F200;
X40;
G98 X60;
G80;
..;

30
Chu tr7nh .h!an ABP /ABP @2ft Nand Qapping C1c$20
Dy la chu trinh ta-r ren trai voi khi lnh NC sau dy:
G74 XYZ-RPK;
Vi d .;
M06 T04;
S200 M04;
G90 G00 X00 Y20 Z10;
G99 G74 X20 Y20 Z-10 R5 F300;
G80;
;

P0;C:c Chu tr7nh gia cng trn m:1 tiTn DENFOD;>?=C
;Chu tr7nh tiTn mUt &Vu AWP /AWP Facing C1c$20)
G94 XZRF;
X,Z Toa d dim cui cng ca duong ct (Final cutting position) theo trc
X va Z;
R Khoang cach gia tng tu dim bt du ct so voi dim cui ca duong
ct theo trc Z, co th khng cn R khi ct song song voi trc X
(incremental distance to start oI cut Irom Iinal cutting position. This R
Iunction can be omitted Ior cuts parallel to the X axis)
F Lung tin dao (mm/vong)
Vi d .;
G00 X130.00 Z2.0;
G94 X20.0 Z-5.0 F0.3;
.;
31

Vi d : ..;
G00 X130.00 Z2.0;
G94 X20.0 Z-10.0 R-22.5 F0.3;
..;
The sign oI R depends on the direction oI the taper}

32
;Chu tr7nh tiTn ng!Xi AWC /AWC Qurning C1c$20(
G90 XZRF;
X,Z Toa d dim cui ca duong ct theo cac trc X va Z
(Final Cutting Position),
R Khoang cach gia tng tu dim bt du ct so voi dim cui ca
duong ct theo trc Z, co th khng cn R khi ct song song voi
trc X (incremental distance to start oI cut Irom Iinal cutting
position. This R Iunction can be omitted Ior cuts parallel to the X
axis)
F Lung tin dao (mm/vong)
Vi d .;
G00 X44.0 Z2.0;
G90 X30.0 Z-50.0 F0.09;
;
33

Vi d: ;
G00 X44.0 Z2.0;
G90 X36.0 Z-20.0 R-2.2 F3;
.;

;Chu tr7nh tiTn r2n AW- /Cann2d C1c$2 /W-0;Qhr2ading0
G92 XZF;
Vi d .;
M06 T05;
M13 G00 X50.0 Z7.0;
G92 X39.35 Z-45.0 F2.0;
34
X38.954;
X38.65;
.;

;Chu tr7nh tiTn th AB) /Ot!c. 2m!'a$ Qurning AB)0
Chu trinh nay dng d ct vt liu tao ra b mt yu cu. B mt gia cng duc
tao ra theo cac khi lnh (blocks) ca chuong trinh NC. Chu trinh G71 ch
yu dng cho phi thanh va vt liu dc, trong truong hp chuyn dng ct
ch yu thuc hin theo trc X.
G71 UR;
G71 PQUWF;
U X axis stock allowance Ior Iinishing (diameter),
R Tool relieI amount,
S Sequence number oI the first block deIineing the
contour
(S th tu ca khi lnh &Vu tin cho b mt gia
cng)
Q Sequence number oI the $ast block deIineing the
contour
(S th tu ca khi lnh cu8i cYng cho b mt gia
cng)
W Z axis stock allowance Ior Iinishing (length),
F Tc d tin dao (mm/vong) cho ct th
(Feed rate Ior roughing cycle)
Vi d: .;
G00 X42.0 Z2.0;
35
G71 U1.5 R1;
G71 P70 Q160 U1.0 1.3 F0.075;
G01 X10;
Z-5 F0.1;
X15 Z-12;
X20 Z-15;
Z-27;
G02 X26 Z-30 R3;
..;
;Chu tr7nh tiTn th mUt &Vu AB- /AB- Ot!c. 2m!'a$ Facing0
Chu trinh nay tuong tu nhu G71 va dng khi huong ct ch yu la theo trc Z.
G72 WR;
G72 PQUWF;
Vi d ;
M06 T08;
G00 X40 Z2.0;
G72 W1.0 R1;
G72 P70 Q130;
G00 Z-20;
G01 X40.0;
X30.0 Z-15;
X25;
G02 X20.0 Z-10 R5;
G01 X18.0;
X2.5 Z0;
;
36

;Chu tr7nh tiTn ABC /ABC Finishing C1c$20
G70 PQ
-V D V LP TRINH GIA CNG CNC-DENFORD
;<Z d[ )%
Lp chuong trinh gia cng cho chi tit tu phi thep co dang tm,
voi kich thuoc va cac b mt gia cng nhu hinh v; chi tit duc gia cng trn
trung tm phay/ khoan CNC-DENFORD-NOVALMILL va cn co l su
6mm, rnh su 2 mm

37
|Billet X150 Y100 Z30;
|Edgemove X0 Y0 Z0;
|TooldeI T1D12Z0;
T2 D4 Z0;
T3 D8 Z0;
T4 D10 Z0;
P1000;
G21;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T1;
G90 G00 X20 Y68 Z10 S2000 M03;
G01 Z0 F100;
G01 Z-6 F100;
G00 Z25 M05;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T02;
G90 G00 X50 Y50 Z10 S2500 M03;
G01 X0 F100;
G01 Z-2 F70;
G01 X100;
G00 Z25 M05;
G91 Z25 M05;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T3;
G90 G00 X120 Y65 Z10 S2000 M03;
G01 Z0 F100;
G01 Z-6 G80;
G00 Z25 M05;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M06 T4;
G90 G00 X75 Y15 Z10 S1500 M03;
G01 Z0 F100;
G01 Z-6 F100;
G00 Z25 M05;
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
M30;
-Vi d 2:
Gia cng chi tit dang tron nhu hinh v, tu phi nhm thanh tr
dc co chiu dai 70 mm, duong kinh phi la 25mm trn may tin CNC-
DENFORD-MIRAC co s dng cac chu trinh tin (turning cycle), Chi tit
phai co chiu dai la 30 mm, duong kinh lon nht la 24 mm, duong kinh nh
nht la 8 mm. Dng c ct la dao tin thuong (T01) va dao ct dt (T03). Phi
38
ga trn mm cp.

|Billet X25 Z70;
|TooldeI T01;
T03;
O1001;
G99 G21 G40 G97 S2500 M13;
G28 UO W0;
M06 T01;
G00 X26 Z2;
G01 Z0 F0.2;
X-1 F0.1;
G00 X25 Z1;
G71 U1.5 R0.5;
G71 P1 Q2 U1 W1.0 F0.125;
N1 G00 X8;
G01 Z-10 F0.1;
G02 X16 Z-14 R4.0;
G01 Z-20;
G03 X24 Z-24 R4.0;
G01 Z-30;
N2 X25;
G28 U0 W0;
M06 T03;
G00 X25 Z1;
G70 P1 Q2;
G28 U0 W0;
39
M06 T03 S2000;
G00 X26 Z-30;
G70 P1 Q2;
G28 U0 W0;
M06 T03 S2000;
G00 X26 Z-30;
G01 X-2 F0.075;
G00 X26;
G28 U0 W0;
M30;
40
+-<=N8 7
5> +-?N- @A+ 89B +CN8 DE FN8 DGN8 &H I-JKI 89B
+CN8 N+L +N+

7.1 5M chNnh cOc gia c*ng '(n mOy N+L+N+
7.1.1 IPng quO' )Q M chNnh ROc )S Tai TU gia c*ng '(n mOy N+L+N+
D chinh xac gia cng ca chi tit co khi la mc d ging nhau v
hinh hc, v tinh cht co l ca lop b mt trn chi tit d duc gia cng so voi chi
tit theo ban v thit k.
Trong thuc t khng th nao ch tao duc chi tit co khi tuyt di
chinh xac : ngha la tao ra chi tit hoan toan ph hp v hinh dang, kich thuoc va
tinh cht co l theo yu cu. K ca khi gia cng mt loat chi tit trong cng mt
diu kin xac dinh, mc d nhng nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s ca mi chi tit la
ging nhau, nhung sai s tng cng trn tung chi tit lai khac nhau. So d co hin
tung nhu vy la do tinh cht khac nhau ca cac sai s thanh phn. Mt sai s xut
hin trn tung chi tit ca ca loat co gia tri c dinh hoc thay di theo quy lut nht
dinh. Nhng sai s nay duc gi la sai s8 hT th8ng c8 &Dnh hoc sai s8 hT th8ng
tha1 &\i. Ngoai ra con co loat sai s ma gia tri ca no xut hin trn tung chi tit
lai khng theo mt quy lut nao ca, duc gi la sai s8 ng]u nhin.
Nhu vy, kich thuoc thuc ca mi chi tit trong mt loat la khac
nhau, khac nhau ca voi .Zch th^c &i_u ch`nh san va .Zch th^c $bp tr7nh, gia tri
ca kich thuoc thuc t dao dng trong mt gioi han nao do.
Sai s hT th8ng c8 &Dnh khi gia cng trn may NC, CNC thuong do
nhng nguyn nhn sau:
-Sai s l thuyt ca phuong phap gia cng (phuong phap ct)
-Sai s ch tao ca may, d ga, dng c gia cng,
-Bin dang ca phi gia cng,
-Sai s chun bi chuong trinh, sai s lp trinh NC (sai s tinh toan toa d
tung dim dich chuyn ca qu dao ct, vi d : sai s ni suy, sai s xp
x hoa,),
Oai s8 hT th8ng tha1 &\i khi gia cng trn may NC, CNC thuong do
nhng nguyn nhn sau dy:
-Tinh cht vt liu gia cng khng dng du, vi d : ch cng qua, ch
lai mm qua,
-Lung du gia cng khng dng du,
-Vi tri phi gia cng bi thay di gy ra sai s8 &Ut phi,
-Su thay di ca ng sut du trong vt liu phi,
-Dng c ct (dao) duc ga dt nhiu ln.
-Dao dng nhit do su thay di ca ch d ct gt,
-Sai s phc hi chuong trinh.
41
7.1.2 Phn 'Nch 'Png quO' nhVng nguyn nhn chNnh gy (a Tai TU gia
c*ng '(n mOy N+L+N+
7.1.2.1 :ai TU 0/ biWn 0Xng Sn hYi cZa h[ 'hUng c*ng ngh[
H thng cng ngh gm : may, d ga, dng c ct va phi gia cng.
H thng nay khng phai cng vng tuyt di ma nguc lai, khi co ngoai luc tac
dng no s bi ,iJn dcng &Xn hdi va ,iJn dcng tiJp HRc. Nhng bin dang ca h
thng cng ngh s gy ra sai s8 .Zch th^c va sai s8 h7nh dcng hinh hc ca chi
tit gia cng. D khao sat va danh gia anh huong ca ,iJn dcng &Xn hdi trong h
thng cng ngh dn d chinh xac gia cng thuong phai dung phuong phap thuc
nghim va xet c th tung yu t anh huong nhu : d cng vng ca h thng
cng ngh, dao cn, sai s ca phi gia cng.
a) Sai s gia cng do anh huong ca d cng vng trong h thng cng
ngh co nhng nguyn nhn c th la : bin dang ca d ga, bin dang
ca phi, bin dang ca dao va ga dao.
b) Sai s gia cng do anh huong ca sai s phi gia cng:
Do sai s hinh hc ca phi nn chiu dy lop phi ct bi bin di,
lam thay di luc ct, gy ra bin dang thay di trong h thng va gy
ra sai s hinh dang cng loai trn chi tit gia cng.
7.1.2.2 :ai TU gia c*ng 0/ \nh h]ng cZa M chNnh ROc )S '^nh '(Xng m_n cZa
mOyL gOL 0a/
Oai s8 cea m:1 gia cng NCF CNC ph thuc vao d chinh xac ch
tao va d mon ca may theo thoi gian s dng may. Cac sai s hinh hc ca may
co anh huong dn d chinh xac gia cng chi tit thuong la : d dao trc chinh may
theo huong kinh, d dao ca l cn trc chinh may, d chinh xac ca co cu dn
huong (sng trut bng may), d chinh xac ca co cu truyn dng vit-me/bi,
Cac sai s ca may s phan anh toan b hoc mt phn ln chi tit duoi dang sai
s h thng.
Oai s8 g: &Ut phi trn m:1 gia cng NCFCNC bao gm sai s d ga
(sai s ch tao d ga, d mon ca d ga, sai s do lp d ga ln may gia cng), sai
s do chn chun dinh vi phi va sai s do kp cht phi.
Oai s8 cea d[ng c[ cKt trn m:1 gia cng NCFCNC ph thuc vao d
chinh xac ch tao, sai s ga dt dng c trn h tip nhn dao (du revolver, ng
cn,), d mon ca dng c ct theo thoi gian gia cng va sai s do hiu chnh
(b) dao trong qua trinh gia cng. Oai s8 cea d[ng c[ cKt sf gigm nJu :p d[ng ch
hiTu "ug gigi ph:p hiTu ch`nh da! tr^c .hi gia cng 'X dung c:c $Tnh ,Y da!
tr!ng chng tr7nh gia cng NC(
7.1.2., :ai TU 0/ \nh h]ng )^ nhi[' '(/ng h[ 'hUng c*ng ngh[
H thng cng ngh bi nong ln trong qua trinh ct do ma sat, do
nhit truyn tu ngoai vao (tu h thng k thut khac hoc tu mi truong xung
quanh). Tac dng nhit lam cho cac chi tit, linh kin, b phn ca h thng cng
ngh bi gian no voi mc d khac nhau gy ra bin dang ca h thng va anh
42
huong dn d chinh xac gia cng. Tuoi dung dich lam mat va bi tron vao vng
ct theo phuong thc hp l vn la mt giai phap hu hiu di voi may NC,CNC
thng qua cac tu lnh M trong chuong trinh gia cng NC ca chi tit co khi.
7.1.2.6 :ai TU 0/ (ung Mng '(/ng quO '(^nh c`'
Hin tung rung dng thuong xay ra ch yu do h thng cng ngh
kem cng vng, lam cho vi tri tuong di gia dng c ct va phi gia cng thay
di gy anh huong dn d chinh xac gia cng. Trn cac may gia cng CNC mc
d anh huong ca rung dng khi ct vt liu duc giam sat va x l ph hp thng
qua h diu khin CNC, nhm dam bao d chinh xac gia cng yu cu.
7.1.2.7 :ai TU cZa h[ 'hUng iQu 4hian N+L+N+
Ngoai cac loai sai s d nu trn, may NC,CNC con co sai s8 cea hT
th8ng &iiu .hi_n s8 /NCFCNC0, c th la : sai s8 chujn ,D chng tr7nh NC 'X sai
s8 tru1 cbp 'X ph[c hdi chng tr7nh NC d truyn lnh tu vt mang chuong trinh
(bng l, da mm, da CD,) dn co cu chp hanh ca may gia cng. Ngoai ra,
sai s8 cea hT &! $kng dDch chu1_n &iiu .hi_n NCFCNC cng la mt yu t anh
huong quan trng di voi d chinh xac gia cng chi tit trn may NC,CNC.
7.1., @y 0bng chuci 4Nch 'hdc c*ng ngh[ '(n mOy gia c*ng N+L+N+
Chui kich thuoc cng ngh co th duc xy dung truc tip tu so d
kich thuoc ca qua trinh cng ngh gia cng chi tit co khi, hoc duc xy dung
nho ng dng l thuyt GRAPH. D chui kich thuoc cng ngh duc xy dung
theo cach nao, no vn phai dam bao cac yu cu sau dy:
1. S chui kich thuoc cn xy dung s lun lun bng s bc tu do ma
no xac dinh d chinh xac v vi tri tuong quan ca chi tit co khi
2. Di voi yu cu v d chinh xac vi tri cac dim, duong hay mt phng
trn mt chi tit trong qua trinh gia cng thi s khu khep kin hay
chui kich thuoc cn xy dung s dng bng s kich thuoc nguyn
cng thanh phn duc thuc hin trong qua trinh gia cng. Cac khu
khep kin o dy s la cac lung du nguyn cng, cac sai lnh gioi han
ca no hay d dao huong kinh ca cac b mt gia cng.
Nhu vy, vic xy dung chui kich thuoc cng ngh ch ph thuc vao cac
kich thuoc ca chi tit cn gia cng va cac kich thuoc nguyn cng thanh phn ca
qua trinh cng ngh gia cng chi tit do. Nu qua trinh cng ngh thuc hin trn
may thuong va may NC, CNC la ging nhau thi cach xy dung va giai chui kich
thuoc cng ngh di voi ca hai loai may la nhu nhau.
Diu dang luu o dy la: Cach ghi kich thuoc trn ban v ch tao chi tit
co khi khi gia cng trn may NC,CNC co khac so voi khi gia cng trn may
thuong. Thng thuong, cac kich thuoc trn ban v chi tit cho may gia cng cho
may NC,CNC duc ghi theo c:ch ghi .Zch th^c tu1Tt &8iF ngha la tt ca cac kich
thuoc co chung ngun gc xut phat (dla 'X! c:c &kng thmng chujn 'X gia!
&i_m cea chRng $X g8c t!c &n $n trYng '^i &i_m C cea phi gia cng /o!r.pi2c2
43
p2r!0F &i_m 6 ).. C:ch ghi .Zch th^c tng &8i /gia t3ng0 , ngha la cac kich
thuoc lien tip nhau, thuong duc ap dng vi tao ra cac sai s tich lu. Con cach
ghi kich thuoc ap dng tu xua dn nay di voi may thuong hu nhu khng duc
dng voi may NC,CNC.
Vic xy dung chui kich thuoc cng ngh trn may gia cng NC, CNC
cng duc thuc hin tuong tu nhu di voi may thuong, su khac bit khi gia cng
trn may NC,CNC va trn may thuong co th la vic chn chun dinh vi; c th la:
Khi gia cng phi trn may thuong co th phai thay di chun dinh vi theo cac
buoc nguyn cng, con khi gia cng trn may NC,CNC thi chun dinh vi phi
duc chn ch mt ln va duc dng sut trong qua trinh gia cng, kt hp voi
cach ghi .Zch th^c tu1Tt &8iF lam cho vic xy dung chui kich thuoc cng ngh
thun tin hon, chui kich thuoc cng don gian hon.
7.2 Fng 0eng 4f 'hug' gia c*ng N+L+N+ '(/ng T\n Ruh'
Thng thuong khi gia cng trn may NC,CNC cho d chinh xac cao hon
trn may thuong, t l ph phm rt it hoc hu nhu khng co. Su khac bit v qua
trinh gia cng chi tit co khi trn may NC,CNC so voi may thuong chinh la vic
thay th su diu khin truc tip ca th dng may bng vic $bp chng tr7nh gia
cng NC th2! ngn ngq $bp tr7nh "u1 &Dnh va may NC,CNC thong qua h diu
khin bng s cng tao diu kin gia cng dat hiu qua cao cac mt dinh hinh phc
tap (3D).
Tom lai, nhng uu dim ni bt ca may gia cng NC,CNC la:
Toan b qua trinh gia cng (ct vt liu) duc thuc hin tu dng
nn dat duc chinh xac cao, khng ph thuc vao tay ngh ca th
vn hanh may.
Gia cng chi tit dat d chinh xac cao, sai lnh v kich thuoc co
th nh hon 0,001 mm.
Tao duc cac b mt co bin dang phc tap (mt cong li, lm
phc tap) nho cac dang diu khin ph hp (3D,4D,5D,).
Dng co diu khin v cp (servomotor) cho phep gia cng voi
ch d ct ti uu.
Co chc nng hiu chnh (b) dao trong qua trinh ct, han ch anh
huong ca lung mon dao, dam bao tao ra bin dang b mt gia
cng phc tap theo cac kich thuoc lp trinh NC.
Cac trung tm gia cng, t bao gia cng CNC con co thm chc
nng cung ng, thay di dng c va phi tu dng linh hoat.
Vn d cn phai xem xet cn thn o dy la hiu qua thuc t do k thut
gia cng NC,CNC mang lai nu no duc ng dng trong san xut.
Noi chung, hiu qua kinh t ma giai phap du tu s dng mt hoc nhiu
may gia cng NC,CNC mang lai trong san xut la hoan toan tuy thuc vao nhng
diu kin sau dy:
)( rn $^n cea $!ct
44
Pham vi ng dng ca k thut ca k thut gia cng NC, CNC thuong
la trong pham vi 5500 chitiJt/$!ct. Cac chi phi chinh phai chiu khi
gia cng trn may thuong (khng phai la may NC, CNC) nhu: phi tn
v thoi gian diu chnh may, phi tn v ga lp va dng c chuyn dng
thuong co gia tri lon; nhung lai co gia tri thp hon nhiu khi gia cng
trn may NC, CNC.
-( rn phsc tcp cea chi tiJt gia cng
Chi tit co khi co d phc tap cao duc gia cng d dang hon va
nhanh hon trn may NC, CNC. Cac tin trinh cng ngh NC ch cn
lp trinh mt ln, nhung lai co th s dng lp lai nhiu ln mt cach
chinh xac trn cac may gia cng NC, CNC tuong ng.
#( Nhqng tha1 &\i 'i .Jt ctu chi tiJt
Khi gia cng trn may thuong, kt cu chi tit thay di s gy ra chi
phi cao v diu chnh va chuyn di cng ngh va t chc san xut.
Nguc lai, khi gia cng trn may NC, CNC nu kt cu chi tit thay
di ch cn thay di vt mang tin(phuong tin ghi nhn va chuyn tip
chuong trinh gia cng NC), vi d: bng l, da CD, con ga lp dng
c thuong khng phai thay di.
P( Qhki gian chujn ,D sgn Hutt
Khu chun bi san xut cho san phm moi duc thuc hin nhanh hon
nu dng may gia cng NC, CNC. Nhu vy s tao diu kin d san
phm moi chim lnh thi truong nhanh hon, nho do tao sc canh tranh
manh hon cho hng san xut.
u( Chi phZ d[ng c[
Dng may gia cng NC, CNC co th giam duc chi phi v dng c ct
nho ng dng giai phap t8i u h!: tu\i ,in d[ng c[ cKt( O may NC,
CNC gigi ph:p thZch nghi t8i u t8c &n "ua1 cea tr[c chZnh m:1 'X t8c
&n tiJn da! tr!ng phcm 'i &Uc ,iTt duc vn dng.
v( Chi tiJt &Kt tiin
Cac chi tit co khi phai ch tao tu vt liu dc bit va dt tin, vi d:
kim loai mau, hp kim cao cp, co t l ct gt cao ( toi 95), dt ra
yu cu la: khi gia cng phai dam bao dat d tin cy cao nht, boi vi khi
co ph phm khng nhng ch gy ra lng phi v tin ma con kem theo
nhiu phin phc khac nhu khng dam bao thoi han san xut.
Cac h thng giam sat hu hiu duc lp o cac may gia cng NC, CNC
tao kha nng gia cng dat d an toan va tin cy ti da.
B( +i_m tra chtt $wng gia cng
Trn may thuong, khu kim tra cht lung gia cng gm nhiu phep
do phc tap, tn thoi gian va chi phi cao, nhung kem tin cy. Khi gia
cng trn may NC,CNC nho tin trinh gia cng duc h NC,CNC dam
bao thuc hin du dn, tin cy ma khu kim tra cht lung gia cng
duc gioi han va dam bao tin cy trong pham vi thlc hiTn c:c phIp
thx(
45
M( DiTn tZch sgn Hutt
Khi dng may NC,CNC thi din tich san xut duc tn dng ti da va
tng duc s lung chi tit ch tao trn 1m
2
din tich san xut ma
khng cn phai co giai phap xy dung tn kem. Mt khac, dng may
NC,CNC con co li la khng phai xy dung mo rng kho dng c va ga
lp.
W( Nwp t:c 'X ph8i hwp sgn Hutt
Cac co so hp tac/lin kt san xut bn ngoai hoc cac phn xuong v
tinh o xa co th phi hp voi nhau d dang hon nhiu khi dng may
NC,CNC, boi vi nho giai phap s dng cac vt mang tin (bng l, da
mm, da CD) duc phn phi tu trung tm co th dam bao cung cp va
dap ng tt cac chi tit dat kich thuoc yu cu voi t l chi phi hp l.
)C( Aia cng thx nghiTm tr^c .hi chJ tc! hXng $!ct
Cng vic nay khi thuc hin voi may NC,CNC la kinh t hon so voi
may thuong: Truoc ht, khi san xut hang loat lon bt du, nn san xut
duc trin khai trn cac may TransIer. Bn canh su uu tin duy tri hoat
dng ca cac may TransIer la kha nng co th gia cng cac chi tit thay
th, voi d lon loat nh nht, trn co so vt mang tin (bng l) dng cho
gia cng tao mu (pr!t!t1p) trong nhiu nm voi hiu qua dc bit.
))( Qhki gian gia cng
Thoi gian gia cng duc xac dinh chinh xac o may NC,CNC. Nhu vy
co th xac dinh thoi gian chinh xac cho cac khu gia cng tip theo va
cho cac tin trinh kim tra, qua do co th dat hiu qua s dng thit bi
hp l.
)-( +h! chsa chi tiJt thXnh phjm
Tuong tu nhu khu luu tr va bao quan ban thanh phm, khu luu kho
cac chi tit thanh phm cng tao ra khoan chi phi lon cho mt xi
nghip. Mt khac, tuy theo kich thuoc ca cac chi tit thanh phm ma
s co nhu cu din tich kho cha lon. Nu nhu mc 10 d nu, .hu gia
cng $ci co kha nng thuc hin voi s lung rt it trn may NC,CNC thi
co th giam dang k chi phi v kho cha khi dng may NC,CNC.
)#( Nhiiu tha! t:c/,^c cng nghT tr!ng mnt $Vn g: phi gia cng
Kha nng thuc hin nhiu thao tac/buoc cng ngh trong mt ln ga
phi gia cng la thuc hin trn may NC,CNC , dc bit la o cac trung
tm gia cng (MCmanuIacturing centre). Thao tac chuyn di/diu
chnh tn kem va cac kho cha trung gian la khng con cn thit khi
dng may NC,CNC. Dy cng la tiu chujn "u1Jt &Dnh di voi cac h
thng gia cng linh hoat (FMSFlexible ManuIacturing System).
)P( Chi tiJt ch chtt $wng t8t hn
Dng may NC,CNC ngha la thuc hin khu gia cng chi tit co khi
trn dy chuyn gia cng ma anh huong ca con nguoi gia cng hu
nhu loai tru, lam cho cht lung chi tit dam bao tt hon. Ngha la co
th giam duc thoi gian lp rap san phm, vi khi lung cng vic sa
46
lai chi tit khi lp rap khng nhiu, co khi khng cn thit na.
)u( Qhki gian $u thng ngKn hn
Thoi gian luu thng ca di tung gia cng trn dy chuyn cng ngh
la ngn hon nhiu nu dng may NC,CNC do giam duc thoi gian cho
di va luu kho ca cac chi tit gia cng; con khi dng may thuong thi
cac thanh phn thoi gian nay chim toi 95 tng thoi gian luu thong.
)v( yx $z trlc tiJp
H NURBS (Not UniIorm Rational B-Splines) ca cac h thng CAD
dng cho cac b mt dinh hinh phc tap (mt cong li/lm phc tap)
tao diu kin lp trinh NC nhanh hon, vi x l truc tip cac d liu thit
k trong giai phap lin hoan CAD/CAM-CNC, giam thoi gian chun bi
cng ngh, loai tru sai s hinh hc, tao ra cac chi tit chinh xac hon.
Dy la buoc cn thit quan trng d di vao khu gia cng ,{ng s8
/Digita$ >anufacturing0 o mc hoan thin hon.
Gia tri khoan du tu cn thit d mua sm va s dng mt may gia cng
NC,CNC rt lon (hang trm triu thm chi vai ty dng); do vy phai xem xet hiu
qua kinh t ng voi giai phap nay trn co so so sanh voi may thuong (may khng
diu khin NC,CNC).
Tai cac nuoc cng nghip phat trin o Ty u, ty l may NC,CNC dng
trong san xut tai cac hng co khi cng chua phai la nhiu hon hn so voi may
thuong. O dy, cac may NC,CNC hu nhu duc dng o nhng khu quan
trong/nhqng .hu thKt (co yu cu chinh xac cao) trong qua trinh gia cng chi tit
co khi.
Quyt dinh du tu mua sm may NC,CNC trong san xut dua trn hiTu
"ug .inh tJ do loai may nay mang lai so sanh voi may thuong nhu sau:
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) C E+ C E+
E
N
+ +
= (d/nm)
Trong do: Q -Hiu qua kinh t, d/nm
C
1
-Gia thanh cng ngh gia cng chi tit co khi trn m:1
thkngF /&/chi tiJt0(
C
2
-Gia thanh cng ngh gia cng chi tit co khi trn may
NC,CNC , /&/chi tiJt0(
E -Dai lung nghich dao ca thoi han hoan vn mua sm
may NC,CNC (vi d : nu thoi han hoan vn mua sm
may la 5 nm thi E1/50.2).
K
1
-Chi phi du tu cho may thuong /&/chi tiJt0
K
2
-Chi phi du tu cho may NC,CNC /&/chi tiJt0
N -San lung chi tit cn gia cng (chitiJt/n3m)
Chi phi v cng ngh (C
1
,C
2
) d gia cng chi tit co khi /&/chi tiJt0 thuong
duc xac dinh theo cac thanh phn nhu sau:
L -Luong cho th vn hanh may gia cng,
47
D -Chi phi v din nng tiu thu d gia cng
S -Chi phi v bao dung, sa cha may gia cng
P - Chi phi v nha xuong gia cng
M -Chi phi v lp chuong trinh gia cng CNC
Ngha la:
Chi phi cng ngh trn may thuong:
C
1
L
1
D
1
S
1
P
1
Chi phi gia cng trn may NC, CNC
C
2
L
2
D
2
S
2
P
2
M
Tom lai, nhng li ich khi dng may CNC la:
Nng cao d chinh xac gia cng vi h do luong dich chuyn ca
h diu khin NC, CNC co sai lch nh hon 0,001mm, nho do
ma han ch va co th loai tru cng vic th cng (cao sa ngui)
sau khi gia cng trn may NC, CNC.
Khng cn dng d ga chuyn dng d ga dt phi gia cng
Tp trung nguyn cng cao ( gia cng nhiu b mt khac nhau
trn chi tit ch trong mt ln ga phi trn may gia cng NC,
CNC), nho do ma rt ngn thoi gian san xut va giam chi phi
vn chuyn.
Giam thoi gian dao tao th vn hanh may gia cng: vi khi dng
thuong thi thoi gian dao tao mt th lanh ngh la 5..7 nm, con
nu dng may NC, CNC thi ch cn dao tao th voi thoi gian 3..6
thang ( thuong la o dang tham gia khoa tp hun vn hanh va lp
trinh gia cng NC tai hng ch tao may trong pham vi hp dng
mua ban may NC, CNC).
48