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<>\T @MT e. $wj +< |uT n~sT\T
dw+ >H #TTHsT. nsTTH ds bdT\ T U> nsTTH
+&=#T > |\ de\T n+ md,md\ T q kH #s&
M <T . jT$T+#&+ e\ sd md,md\ T
|y ks , B e\ |u <+T+< n>es\T >>Z\T
|&TTHsT. _\TqT n&T +THsT. ]swH {
{sTT+q bdT L& md,md\T jT$T+#+&
s~+#&e T+f ~ dw+ > \ $e . e~>\T, e\\T,
=+& CT\T |uT + q kH #s +& s~+#
\$e. z d+ ]swqT |{ d , |{ + q ]swqT
L& u +& |jT |Ps+> s~dTq n+
q>yTq \ $e. us <X |]b\H eed
eT\ d+u+> q sd md,md\T sT.
qy] #T n~s+ +&<T. y H n~
|n ~sT\ n<Tb\ & +&e\d+<q, yT$T
#jT b THeT+ =+<s md,md q~sT\T
$$< d+<s\ q y<q qT e+ #XsT. n+f <X
b\H |>Z\ n> \ |u d+|qT\ #T H q~
| |u < #|&TTq md, md #T <
dw+> \Tk+~.
nsyjs d+ us+ ||+#+ d>+
<]< \jT+> eT>TZ +<+f, Xe +yT q eT+<T\T
q|{ ;< ]q q+ |{ eT]j,fb sTT&
s\ #dT H s+f, eTTsT>T \e\ d+ L& n
q jTs|t <X\eTT+<T <V n+ _#yTT T q<+f,
eqy_e~ d 134e kq+, \d] <jT+
128e kq+, $< d 147e kq+ <X+
H]\TTq<+f, \+< #sTT &| | s<]
qT+ s T < |\ T n+>T+ L& <\ <+f, <X
eqsT\qT |\ |j>|+& $<o +|\
neTT n$ $~ &\s yTT\qT msTH b\\T
Hs+f sD+ mesT? B+{ q |<e
q n> \ |u d+|qT\T sD+ <?.... <X+
md,md, _d, eTTd+ \ #T <T . <X+ |u! |u!
n+ >=\ |&TTq n> \ d+|qT #T +~.
md, md\ T,_d\T |< q+> XeT#d <X ]dTq esZ
HsT | |+ <sT <T . sT <s T e
H |+<sT\ de. qT H{ us <X <Td
sD+ n> \ d+|qT. \+ \+ n+ >+Tq
n> \ |<\ L& n> \ |uy<+ ]+<MT
<T .
|u d+|qT\ syj
s @\T&
<X+ }&u&+~ @eTH +<+f n~ 18 \\
$<o n| , 40 \\ d<o n| . ||+ # u+
n| d | <X+ dyT +{ s&T |& d <X
~>CssT. eTTsT>T \\T y\H Hs, V+& +{

n q <X\ eTT+<T C |e \d+<. 75 X+ eekjT
u eTT\T { bsT<\ ks + es| #T d+
# | |@& ysm #&e\d+<. MsT |e+q
<T <y\j\T Hs * sT+f |P&& eT
||+#u+ |<\T y*. ||+#+ d>+ <]<+
us< X + H yd+. <]< s K +<, + +<
=d | <]< +Z # <]<+ |u d+|qT\~.
us <XyT us <X |\ #T <T. _{wt
y&T q< y&=& <X |uTe. | &sTT
|uT e\ =<e<T . nyT],bH,sc,bH,s, NeT
\jT+ V\+&, uj
T +\T e] q> yTTq
\&q <D
]j L& us b\\ |uT e.
<X\+{ >=\TdTT y|+ q VQC
+| us <X+ bT nH |<<X \ |uT e\T.
nsyj
s bT |uT e\ de #jT &+H n> \
b\\T, |uy<T\T >&bsT | us |\ de
#jT &+ <T. y* rdq eqsT,$j>+ q
d+|< n~ u>+ $<X\ s*bsTT+~. yd{
u+, \+&H |H H +|, ddt u+, b]dt,
u]H , { ~s <T q>s\ |y
T XV s\
us <X d+|< |\T> |sTbsTT+~. |\ qT+
us <X+ ] edTq < $<o |T&T\T. eTq &T
eTq+ m|.t &., m|.t m|.t \ s|+ =~> $~*+#&
<X ksue~s *rdT+THsTT VQC
+|\T. |u d+|qT\T #&e\d+~, yX| & e \d+~
<|& #d >, s=s yq T\ d+ n
|&T Tq md,md, _d\qT #d <T. #H eT |uq T
d]V<T <{bTq d+|<q T n&T e&+ |uy<T\T
#b*. us |\ #C]bsTTq us ksue~s
] |\ #T #s &+ #b*. ~ydT\ +<
q KeqsT\qT =\>=&+ d+ dE&T+\q,
sDMsY dq\qT dwd T q b\\ \qT \e]+#&+
#b*. ||+ # ke |+| <X n&T >T ksTT
*|q \ eedqT s|e| deq+ H\=\&+
d+ eT |uq T kq|{*. dVjT ~yd |\|H ,
Hq |\|H \ ~ d \ jTT<+ #dT q b\\
<TsHj\qT m<Ts=e&+ |uq T $j+#*. L
&T\, U &T |\, B\ T neds+ sdq \,
\ d+ T&TdTq ;<_ H < Tq
d yTT\ u>+ d+ b{|& |u nd\T |u
< |uy<T\T >T]+#*.
` sjT $Xw \T
12
b+rjT+
$<V sj \T
& d.o+
< d+<s+. eTq+ s|{ >T]+ y |Hd+#&T. =*k]> uc |jT T sc\T @s&\
#]+#*. > \+ yT\T e#T\+ +f n \T>T
kV+ qqjT #b& n+{sT. n+f qH
u>T+T+~ s |{ H n ns+ . e#T\+ yT\T
> \+ +f n e n&T>TC& >TsC& #b&T.
m|&H e#T\yT u>T+T+~. nsTT s | #]
neds+ . y d+<s + L& {. s |{ >T]+ eTq+
+#*. > d+es+ < deTjT+ k+<
#+~q eJ Xdq duT &T yd+ sX&T. qe+sY
1 $<V+ nsTT, $<V+ 1956 qe+sY 1 @s&{
\+>D b++ qT+ b< + eV+q |< eTqTw\T
L& $<VQH n |dTH &T. (sT\Z seTcse,
<Xs~ s+>s&, #Hs& +{ ysT n| &T \+>D
qT+ b< + eV+#sT) \+>D y 1956 qe+sY
1 +< |<X @s&{ L& w #XsT. eT] MTs+
qe+sY 1 $<VeT+THs+f eT] M+ <] &TTqf
<! eT+<T << \+&? n jTq yd+ sX&T.
{$ L& jTq n< #s #dT H &T.
qe+sY 1 nH~ e\+ \+>D $wjT +H
$<V+ <T. n~ sjT\deT $wjT + L& $<VyT.
n~ m{> yd+ #]+& |jT kqT. nd\T
+< sw @s&\q ueq m{+~? ueq
eq|&T yTTyT T< sjT\deT yqT +< sw+
\T|HsT. d+<s + > sjT\deT y L& re+>
es+#sT. n&TqTe+{ Crj<eT uy\T>\
ysT,|CkeT y<T\T,|> o\TsT H&T +< sw
@sTqT es+#sT. nH&T k y sjT\deT
y] <>Zs y[ MTsT, yTeTT \d +<sw+>
@s&T<eTq| &T MT \e+ e w+ < sjT\deT
y dw+> #bsT. qT \+>D |\T eyT
qe+sY 1 $<V+ n nq&+<T . H&T sjT\deT
y L& $<V+ n+THsT.
y\ d+<s + { $<V #] \TdTy*.
\TdTy*q neds+ L& +~. k y 1910
jTTe kV d+|T eT |{sT . u| du ]bsT.
du e\|* qe\ sdq qe \HsjTD
13
jTq q n_bj #b&T. du H|< + qT+

jTTe kV d+| k+ 1912 +< eTVduq T
@sT #dT HsT. +< eTVdu nH d+|T + |T=
n< u| 1913 =& y+|jT n< q yTT<{
eTVdu ]| d+<s + > = rsD\T #XsT. ny$T{
#<+.
1. eT<dT sw+ +^w |uT |]b\q, eT<djT T\T
($T\T) <>, ], sjT neX\ \T>T
y] deTT kq+ e+ <T . qT eTq+ |
sw+ > @s&* n yTT<{ rsq+.
2. \T>T y] d+d q~. $T\ d+d
q~. k+d ed+ +&+ eT\+> y
eTqMT< ~| + #sTTdTH sT. qT eTq d+d
eTq+ s+ #Ty\+f eTq+ | sw+ > @s&*.
3. u]jTH <>+ d+ <sT \T>T y,
$T&T +s ed $T& <>+ #sT.
qT eT<dT *d +f eTq <>\T se.
| sw+> @s&yT deTd |]cseT
u$+#sT.
~ s< sw+ @s&{ sDyTq #].
$wj \qT @ MT&j m& |k$+#<T . qTH |T&
T< |{q $w |\T |\T n oo @H&
nH&T. |T&, T< |{q $w |\T
q @+ nedsy < eyT |#s+ #ksTT. \>&b {
s>b $jTy& yT{ ~+&d T = sVs B
LdTH&T. n+es u>H q~ yq uqsY T H&T.
dyT+<|<X sw+ d+ eTsD sVs B #dq
b{ oseTT\T Xj \T =qk<+ n sdTH&T.
yTT+ {M\ ~ |#s+ #XsTT. &T\T |{ jTq
s +&T sE\T $seT+ +& |#s+ #sTT+#TH&T.
+< |<X d+ b{ oseTT\T @MT >+ #jT <T ,
+< |<X b{ oseTT\T @MT d++<+ <T n
s H , H&H #s |{s? s H yd+
ssTT+#s? <T y $<V ~q+ n eTqeT+f
$<V ~qyTeT+< yk\T eksTT. B $<V
~qeT m+<T+{sT n #s |&TTHsT.
b+rjT+
b{ oseTT\T +<sw+ d+ eyT
sV s B #X&T. +<s w+ L& $TH&T qT+
+< | sw+> @s&{ eyT sVs B
#X&T. H&T +<s w+ keT n+^s+ ]+~.
$wjT+ <>ZsH b{ oseTT\T sVs B
=qk+#&T. n<$T+f eT<dT eT& s<>HH
+&* < +< b* b++>HH +&\ jTq
s&T. $T\ ~| + +< jT sy\qTq| &T
y b+ e~d sy* y n s<T . k+<
<|& esZ\T m| &T L& m& me neX\T
<=sTsTT. m& me <|& #dT e#T, me] m{
$T+>j\H , #q\T #d +{sT. n{+{
#q\T b{ oseTT\TH e +&e#T, < jTq
yqT q |T&H #q *+ +&e#T. eT<dT
eT& s< d+, +< b* b++ d+ jTq
sVs B =qk+#&T. n~ k<+ <T. jTq
#bj&T. ~ b{ oseTT\T eTsD B yqT q
#]. #]qT @ | sjT<T, @ {M #q
#]+#<T . b{ oseTT\T +<s w @sT d+
bD>+ #X& | &T |#s+ sVdTHsT.
nsTT y V <su< +<b* b++>HH
< eT& s<>HH +f \+>D e{
nu +s+ < =+eT+~ +< |T&<sT\T, u keTT\T
e{&T THsT. n+f y #q m| &H |T&
$d]+#Te+, |T& |{ u\T b+<+ #Tf
sT>TT+~. sT \qT <|& #jT +, <|& #jT {
m& neX\T +f n& $d] +#T<eTH |< b{
oseTT\T \+ qT+ =qk>TT+~. +< y $T
\ |q + qT+ jT |&\qTHsT. n nqTq| &T
e\+ +< y sw+ > @s& ue+&TqT n
] y deTd\ e#$ e. | q q
sjT\deT yqT \T|+f u>T+T+~ <? nH
#q e+~. #q eq y+H y #s \T
yTT<\T|{sT . nsTT >+ +< y sjT\deT
y nqTue + +~. 1924 +< jTe]{
@sT #dq | &T eT<dT eT& sw+ jTe]{
|{* n nqTHsT. nsTT jTe]{ $XK|D +
< uy& ($jTy&) |{\ < nqT+<+ >
|J d+sYqT sjT\deT |{* n nqTHsT.
n~ L& nq+| s+H |{* n ss TT+#sT.
n+^s eq s +< jTe]{ nsTT
$XK| D y [ +~ >, | . J d+sY e +

nq+| s s<T . n+f +<y sjT\deT y
$wjT+ m+ nHjT+>, #dTq |+<\T,
e{&T q e\T m{ \+|T +#s #&+&. m+
yqT&q , y\ d+es\T> b> eed q
n~. sjT\deT y&+~ jTe]{ L& <T.
e\+ |J d+sY eyT. eTV n+f 100
<>\T eksTT. s +&T e+<\ eT+~ #<T eH
neX+ @s&TT+~. n+, n+ $T+ @MT +&<T .
d+ < L& e<T .
1924 \+|T q ]q s sjT\deT
y sjT\deT eTVdu nH d+|T+ |TqsT.
d+|T + < s+ 1934 du ]+~. B+{
rsq+ #XsT. du ] se#sT\T nH
kVr y e{&T (jTq eH) uw |jT T
sc\T ns < HqT nqqT. y{ e\q # u\TqsTT.
, #qsw+ qT+& +< sw+ $&&T u s y T q #,
+<s w+ qT+ sjT\deT $&&T eT]+ u+ .
m+<T+f ky], eTq* ms eT\ =+&\T ysT #dT H sTT.
u>[+> ysT eTqeTT ysT . y] uw, VseTT, yw< sD
n ysT ysT > HsTT. qT y] eTq bT <s< T
~ du #dq rsq+. qT deT ydT\T y *d
+&{ n+^]+#< T . \e++> yqT \T|H
|jT+ #XsT. \T|HsT.
1924 sjT\deT y eq nqTue + @$T+f
+<y e se\dq |.J d+sY e<T . yTeT&q
q ]H ysT Hsysq| &T s| u$wT yTeTT
y] *d eTeT* |* || #ksT nH~ nse TsTT
sdq e+ #XsT. rsH\ $$< |\ <s
jT e#sTT. eq s +>T] |X+ +{
y sjTus q&bsT. |X+ |+T\T n&
y[ sjT\deT |<\ e{&&T. k+< |T&
<s e{&&T. e{& sjT\deT |\qT eTq*
$Xd+ rdTy\+f y eTq* qyTT #j *.
n #j \+f d+ = $wj \HH y] ]\T
eTq+ n+^]+#*. |{ |.J d+sY e be+
e\q eTq+ y # yd+ #X+ n y e{&&T.
B+ +< |<\ T | HsT. H>Xsse |+T\T
nH jTq | q&|y&T. e<dT jTq
\T +&~. \TqT o u> n |*#ysT. +{
sjT\deT |<\ T, k+< |<\ T Ls e{&T HsT.
14
b+rjT+
e{& |+<+ #dT HsT. |+<H o u>
|+<+ n+{sT. ou> |+<+ nH~ sjT\deT
y, k+< y ]q |+<+. +<s w+ @s&+
d+ ]+~. |+<+ s +&T b+\ |<e TqTw\T
Ls e{&T HsT. |+<+ rsD\T
#dTHsT.
1. 1924 @< e{&s |.J d+sY nq+| s
sy*.
2. cq~, T+>u <q~, |Hq~ eT&T q<T\ MT<
y&+ H\sT , k \ m+ y&+
sT>TT+< n++ f me> sjT\deT \
{sTT+, bC sD+ #j *. ~ d+ 10
d+es\ |> =qk>*.
3. +< sw+ y @s& VsT nsTTH <
sw s< nsTTH sjT\deT y*. |+<+
#dT q s L& nq+| s |.J d+sY s<T .
yTT<T s<T (1924), s s<T (1935)
$wjT + L& deT nHjTyT ]+~.
ou> |+< eT&e n+X+. V sT> ,
s< > sjT\deT +&*. VsT nsTT
sjT\deT s &yT & _*+>\T m& e { n&
y <T . s< e+ s \T y[+~. s \T
sw s< >T&s\T yd q&bsT. s< s \T
y[q|&T uy& du ]+~. du s<
V <uT+sT, uy& eT< |{H |s<T
s\T s< e+f yT+ n+^]+#+ n
k+< |<\ T =+<sT du ]| # >+<s> + #XsT.
n+f +<y #q m{ +&< #&+&. n~ |T&,
u keT+ #T q <Tss|Z #q. |T& e+
s eqed + < \T+& e . ] d + +<
+{sTT. +> k y s \T s< es+H,
njT<X+ X sse, \+ d+Jes&, +>T] |X+
|+T\T |<e TqTw\T> eeV]+, y+<] |+#sT.
m{ n+f s \T s< nH~ e\+ *yT s
| HjTqs! ns+ #dT+& eT< V<su<
q~. \+>D kjTT HH V <su< sc \T|e#
#bsT. n+f de+< |<\ eTT+<TqT+& \+>DqT
\T|y\H #q +&+~.
H&T k+< HjT + eT& eTdT
b (d|) +< eTVdu |sT &= duqT
15
@sT #XsT u>H +~. bs+ q&bsT. q&|q

s ~ $X+<y| <] rjT&, \+>D
$X+< y & H{ eTdT b HjT
m& # k+< ueC\+ |#d+ <H~ =+
n<jTq+ #dTq eT+ H|dTq~. ~ |q
esTe*q neds+ +~. +<e TVdu, eTdT
HjT + qTe+{ k+< HjT + mH
# eTq+ \T>T y+ *d +<+ nH #q
bT k+< ueC\+ |#d +T+~. m+<T+f esY
nqT | eTw #H n ke ndyT
ss TTdT+ ~. eTq+ |{q b++. eTq+ |{q \+.
eTq+ | #dT q d+d. ~ eTq ke nd +. ~
eTq # H ss TTdT+ ~. | &T yTeTT b\eTsT qT+
e#+, qT e nd + e # q + ss TTdT+ ~. qT
yT+ #TqT+& eq|&T q T n&> nH
# q + e +> +T+~. <[T> H nd +,
b\eTsT y&> H nd +, \+>D y&> H
nd + n*yT {> n nd * ss TT+#~ esZ
nd + nsTTq|&T n~ysT . nd \T +&+ |
<T> nd q&|Te+{ # q + T+T+~
<? esZ # q yT n+eT+. qT k+< qT+&
eqTe+{ eTdT HjT + L& & eT b+
ueC >Ts +&e#T. n+<T +< |<\ T n+
qeT+> m| & k] eTq+ +>DqT eTq+
\T|y*q yyT. \T|q s s&yT&> q
V <su< n ue H\T eTq eksTT. *+>HH
s\T s<> | =+& n +>] |X+
|+T\T y #| n| &T y | +f +<sw+
s \T s<> @s&+~. ~ #]. *|| &T
sjT\deT |\T m+ ||T{+#sT, u<|&sT.
es+#sT nsTTH deT ydT\ sdq\qT, u<\qT
H&T |{+#T+& \e++> +<sw+
\T|HsT. +< |<X es+Z dT>eT+ #XsT. qT
qe+sY 1 deTydT\ L& $<V ~qyT.
\+>D kjTT< bs $seTD ]+~.
| n MTwH 1953 & e+~. \+>DqT
V<su< sw+> |+> +#\ #bsT. =H
s eT Xdqdu 1961 m\T ]> Xdqdu
eT&qT{ sj
T + rdTy\ | #b&T. H&T
\T>Ty+ <sT fqH~ eTs ueq +{~. <Xs~ ,
, sT\Z , s+>s&, {+{ y+ <s ueq
=T bsTT +&e#T. nsTTH s+>s& e+ K+>
b+rjT+
\+>D zTyd m{| ] d T \+>D +< \|&
M\T<T n y~+#sT. <Xs~ +{ y e+ jTq
yTT<{+ \T>T y+<sT f nq ueq qT+
e#&T. { jTq $eT+ nf =qk+#&T.
{ =~eT+~ H&T \+>D +<s w+ \y*q
neds+ +< y~+q e ydeyT e#T
n+H s {+ |> & |\T +< sw+ \e&
es+#sT. m{ es+#sT nH~ ]sT q~.
| $TwH eTT+<T m+ eT+~ y+>\T #sT.
#<T es y L& e e{&sT. #<T e eq y
mf ow $T{ $q |\T #s n $q
|\T L& #sT. s\T, <s \T #XsT. eT] <+
@$T{? y\ yk\T sdTq y, #s #dT q Te+{
y e\+ <Xs~ #|, sT\Z qT #| e{&T THsT
sdq \ deTV\ ef$T{? $wj m{
e] +#sT. s \T s< *yT V <su<qT
eTq+ m| &H n$Tk+ m| &H \T|+{+ nH
#q @$T{? <+ #s #jT+& e\+ ||
#s $T{? qe+sY1 $<VeT m+<T+THeT+f
nT sjT\deT |\ +\ qT <w |T+&
*|dTHsT ~ $<V+ <?
y qe+sY1 $<V+ b, e|
MTsT <V+ #jT b, mf ou> |+<+ #dT Hs,
\+>D \T|e+ d+ L& \+>D |\
|+<+ #dT HsT < nq+| s+ qT+ e \+
d+Jes& #H d++ |{e <?, >T \#q
jTq #H d++ |{&T <? MTsT @ #sTTH
d+\T #Xs, mf deT y] ou> |+<
\+|T+#s, sjT\deT nHjT+ #Xs, nf
|<e TqTw\ |+<+ L& \+|T +#sT. eT] y
\+|T ++~ <V|P]eTT+< < MTs d\$y*.
$E\T MTsT, dssjT+< +|T +Te\qT, Xs se TT\qT
sdq ysT, uH |T +Te\qT s e #dq y $E\T
#| +& MTs &q ] $T+> @+{? + #\ $wj \T
HsTT. nsTTH HqT y{ C* yq T. |< eTqTw\
|+< H\T> bsTT+T,@& bsTT+{qT #&+&.
@& bsTT+{ $<V d++~++~. eTq+ $<sT\
< y +< |<X sw+ @s& n+<T \+>D
*d \+>D H{ ns d 4%. \T>T e{&
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u$++~. du y~| q e&b{ VqTeT+se, du
q u sT\Z seTcse, eT+<TeTT\ q]+>se, $T{
\ qsjT, s+>se e+{ jTTe\T duq T Vw]+#sT.
n< s |<=+&T eT+~ duT\ +< qd+|T+
k|+ #THsT. =+& y+s+>s& n< q sY.s>b
s& n<\T>, e&b{ VqTeT+se s<]>,
eT+<TeTT\ qsd+ >se | s<]> ses+Z @s&+~.
n =+<s \+>D n+ B XK\T $d] +#sTT.
du yTT<{ deyX+ e&b{ y]+{ ]+~. +<T
\+>D ksd, k+d d+|< b& <jT+
jTee[ @sT #dT HsT. }sTs >+<\j\T @sT
#dT y\, $<sT\ bV <T \T n+<Cj
\,
$ |+&T \qT >s$+#\, | >+<\T, XdH\
|T \T |]X~+ d+s+ #\, \|T T |d \T, |<X \
<s $Cq y| #j \, \ qT bV+#\, \T>T
uwqT d+s+ #\ rsD+ #XsT. y{# ] es+>
d+|T + =*k] C+ |uT +| <eT+ bs+_+#sT.
<eT+ m+ # q e+yT + B, #]qT eT\T| |+~
n+f nXj <T. m+<T+f, keq q+, e\
e~>\T, #*, eT+>*, eT] \ y y{ qT+&
$eTT b+<sT. 1930 qdu $d] +#&+ \+>D
|\+ <e n+&<+ &\+~+#sT.
\ +>D n b+ q # q +
*+#\ j b+ +< qdu\ T @sT #XsT.
yTTyTT<{ du(1930) C| dTses+ ||s&
n< q ]+~. +<e TVdu C| yTT<{ eTVdu
|T q| &T +<e TVdu |\ n#sTT eHsTT.
k] #~$#d eTq #] ns+ neT+~. eTq
H\MT< m++ eT+~ j<T \T, m++ eT+~ #q
|sT \T, m++eT+~ ss\ T m+ w dsT.
w |* eTq+ y\ nqTu$ dTH +. w |*
eTq+ d+|Ps+> nqTu$+#e? y \\T |P]>
Hsysj? \\T Hsys& eTqyT$T #j*
q~ n +#&H eTq+ |\qT #<T y*
21
eq~. =*sE eTq+ |& w+ @$T{? y m{

nsTT e uw >se+ y\ n&T>TTHy d]>Z
n{H 80 d+es\ + e uw >se+ y\
MTsY kH UH d~ eTVsY |T HsT.
eTVsY, s +&T eTVsY\T |&T +f kH UH
|+ e+~. |+ e jTq @+ #X&+f eTVsY\T
n+^]+#&+ <T dH 53 |{ nd\T du\ T |&
M\T <T , >+<\j\ |sT MTsT du\ T |&TTHsT
{ MTsT du\T |& M\T < y{| \T
$~+#&T. eTeT+> +< eTVdu 1931 qT+
1944 es 14 d+es\T >&# |{ +< eTVdu\
*$& e+~. msT *+~. uc =s,
kV+ d+,#] d+ ={& d]b<T. uwMT<,
#]MT<,kV+ MT< me] n~s+ +T+<+f u $T
MT< me] n~s+ +T+< y& n~s+ +T+~.
qT uwMT< #d bs+, #]MT< #d bs+, kV+
MT< #d bs+ d+d MT< #d bs+ n+eT+>
u $T bs+ y*. k<q + MT< bs+ y*.
k<H \qT |\T d]+#, |\T n$T+#, |\T
kBq + #dT =H bs+ y*. n+<Te\H 1944 H{
\+>D +<e TVduq T C+ +<e TVdu nHysT.
eTdT\ HjT +, s +>dt #]q $Ty<
| HjT+ +<eTVdu> @s&+~.
d+<s + H &y + & bsT>Tq q es&
>&+ +<^ n<Ty T q bs{ sV+#&T.
+<^, | s Y V< nH nq<eTT\T bs+ #sy|
*#sT. s +<+ # >=|~ nqT+{eTT <! | s Y
V< $dTq] s+#+<s& +T nj&T. +<^ \+>D
bs q+ nj&T. <s T ysT ysT | \T rdTHsT.
y\ \+>D d+s\T sT|+Tq eTq H\T
kHn ueT |&TTHsT. sMHsjTD s & ueT
|&TTHsT. <s T \Tks? <s T | q \Tks?
nq<eTT | q \TesT n 1944 #| +~. es&
>&+ +<^ =+ eekjT u $T +&~. q b*y&T
nsTTq | s Y V < +< ^ u $T| H d <
$T+#Te& |jT +#&T. +<^ m<TsT s>& +
|sY V< <XeTTU |s<T #X&T. <XeTTU, |sY
VeT sT d$ dT yX&T.
nsTT E 17 1941 q>eT \T yTd{ rsT
b+rjT+
y\& + #* +~. rsTqT eTT+< |d> { q <XeTTU +<^
# + | e T q s sTT eT \ qT | s e sTT+#& T .
q>eT`ds| sV<] k+& q&T#T+
y Tq +<^ n+ eTT+< eT ydq <XeTTU
>T+&\T >=& <& #d, T\ b& <sTD+>
VessT. q$Tq HjT+ d+ MseTsD+ b+<&T.
~ \+>D ~seT+f.
< &y + & #+~q q q]+VQ\T #
n<Ty T q < sX&T. C dT+<sj
T sdq |d +
q, eH de|qjT sdq |d + H, s$ HsjTD
s & sdq |d + H #<T ee\dq |d + q q]+VQ\T
sdq |d + . # nejT+> sX&T. q~ qT>
#b&T. m& <#< T jTq. y\ q b d+
es<T . s +&e ||+ # jTT<+ _{wt dH \ MTsT
kH nUH edt |*&T qT, jTT< dHV\
d+ M edT\ #d bs+ yTT<\sTT+~. M ed\T
#jT &eT+f C^ss\Y T, <wet TTU\T, <wbt +&\T,bjT>\T
M\+<sT y |\ >& > ={ ed\T #dq , >TeTT\
+& q <q+ qT+ |k e<T . |< |\
>& > ={ eT jTT< M ed\T #jT &+ yTT<\T |{sT .
n{ |\ >& > ={ M ed\T #jT &+ yTT<\T|{q | &T.
yTT< uw d+, d+d d+ bs+uyTq eTVdu
y{ # es+> bs+ yTT<\sTT+~. u |+|D
ndeq\ es+> bs+ yTT<\sTT+~.
<THy u $T y* n = bs+ edTq
eT+ &y + & }s+| rXsT. M ed\T
#d n~sT\T e \ |& e +{ q +#&,
eH& mT b THsT < k] <=s\ +{ y[
#&+&. <=sy] +{ |T |T> <H\T HsTT,
| M #s n n&>& }s+| rXsT.
}s+| nd\T |X yd+ ~. <=sqT |+#L &<T . \+>D
s+ H |+#&+ q~. n+<Te\ |++~.
|X yks n <=s >& qT+ \T\T yTT<\jsTT.
C <=s &y + & +&&T . b\] | q $dTqsY
sEH s +&T \\ sbjT\T |{ {+ q >&
+{&T. jTq * CqeT &y + & >& +&~. nyTqT
<=sk n+f MT <=s kH n =f~ . ne n+f
neTH s, HqT q#H n =f~ . =&
@ k H |s<T nTe+{ <TssTsZ \T HeT .
u keT|, s]| nV+s s+>]+#Tq d yT.
yT+< q y }s+| MT< \T\T ]bsT. \T\T

]| +< eTVdu ss <=& =eTTsjT }s+|
eTT+<s H&T. * |&b j&T. <=& eT\jT
|&b j&T. <s T eT+>* y |&b jsT. +< eTVduq T
q&T|Tq eTdT b u+ <T. |{ d+
H\T>T, <T # eTq+ < H+. eTq+ V+dqT
m<Ts=H+. | V+d | <T. jTT<+ |
|<T. #sTT n&+ | |<T. H |&T
|&T HeTT. = d+es\T> |&T HeTT.
<=s\ +<, u keTT\ +< q* b HeTT.
HH m~]+# | <T. m~]+#& >T\ d+|T +
yTT<\sTT+~. jTT<\T |T<T. yTT< >T\T
|T HsT. <] n&+ > +| +T+~ <? <
s|& f |T= ]q y f q jTT<
duy >T]+#sT. eT+ jTT<+ |THsT.
~ \+>D ~s #].
1947 d|+ sY 11q sVQ<sY >sY, eT>+
yVqTBH, <+ ms & eTTZ] d+\ kjTT< bs
|
q bs+uy T + ~. kjTT< bs+ 48 d|+ sY
H{ nH >e\ $d] ++~. | >eT+
|\T *#sT. d+& es\T *#sTT. n&T >T
| \T *#s T . y\ \ +>D |
<eT HjT\T> #| =+Tq =+<sT #]qT
k e]+ +< b++ qT+ eq HjT
& bs+ ]bsT n+THsT. C HjT +
n~ d+K \+>D _& . s$ HsjTD s &, n
\s &, nsT s+#+<s &, q q]+VQ\T, #q + j<]
se, @ \yTq rdT+&, @ ke esyZ T q rdT=+&
n&T >T u $T sT|<\ <>sZ qT+, \T <sT\T,
q s T \ qT+ eT< s> s T \ < | sT
bs+ bZHsT. y\ m> d+& \T
\+>D eT*$& <eT+ bZHs n> H&T
deTd \ y bZHsT. |\T = sb
mqTe&+ eT\+> m+ =+ $j\T k~+#sT.
$j\ s \+ HjT + eV+q y
\uT Hs < nH~ + #s , s s \T eTqT
|{ |&dTq HC+ es+> bs+ sV+#+.
eT] +{ bs ysd + *eq eTq+, m+{
bs s|+ m+#Ty*, \+>D | sc m
k~+#Ty* nH~ eTq+ \Ty* eq~.

22
X+ d>+
d\| n#s\T, ed<sD ` |]o\q

yH\
<X+ eTV\|, u*\| n#s+ s> eTV|kq+, =jT>Ts+ e+{ <T y\qT L&
sE <T . eT< \+ nsTT |T q +<q
*+# ksTT sT>TTHsTT. nsTT +{ d+|T q\T
]q| &T u<T\qT ]q+> +#*q |uT\T,
|uT + q |<\ T n#s\T s>& eTV\
s \+ Hb y]|H Hfj
T & |jT dTHsT.
<X+ sT>Tq esTd n#s\ sD+ d\ T,|sTw\T
sdT|PdT s>& y T sDeT+ eT< |eTu+>
eTTKeT+ eTeT uq s|+#sT. yTTq VsH
+< 16 @ u* V#s >Ts q d+<s + >
n#s\qT n&T
y j
T & u*\ 16 @ |[\T
#j \ >eT U|t |<\ T d+#sT. B VsH
eJ eTTKeT+ z+ |X # L& e+b&&T.
< VsH + |<e Tw n#s\ sD+ |sT w\T
eT+kVs+ q&yT sDeT+ + $ s|D
#X&T. >+ eTq sw &J| ~Hwt s& L& d\|
n#s\T s>& ysT <] dTq ek\T L&
sD+ n+ yU+#&T. eTV\|, u*\| y
{+> |T q\T |]be& d\ T <] dTq s# <TdT\ T,
dsT\T sDeT, ~ jTTe\qT s#>=&T+<,
DeT myT s+JY #] L& yU+#&T.
< d+<s + n\ us |C+ eTV d+|T +
(<) sw b< s\T C>eT d+>H VsH e+{
sc\ eTV\| n#s\T s>& |sTw\ +f
d\ T e> +&+e, |sT w\ $yV\T be&+
Te+{ < T s q\T #T# d T =+THj T ny T
n_bjT|&sT. H|<+ nd\T eTV\|
eT< \+ n#s\T |]be& sDyT+{ nH~
yd+ #]+#& |jT kqT.
20 d+es\ + dT|u + nH | ysT
nyT] qT+ $XK|+ e |]X<q #dT q =+eT+~
jTTer jTTe\qT +s #XsT. y \T>T HsT
23
#~$ [| #dT H+ |ue+T\T. y esTT

s*dT |X n&>&T. +&j MT q+~, q#~
@$T{? n. +&j qq~ & y] |+#
rjT ue+ nsTT, q#~ $<ojTT\qT eTTK+>
eTV\qT ]bs #&+ n. n<< eqys |<s
#dTq T m>~> #&+ # +~> +T<
nesTT #|+~. bX d+d eTq m+
nu +s s y T q $wj H q&e#T <TdT\ qT {
e\ qT eTTK+> eTV\qT n+#H yjT &+, nesTT
#| qT ]bs #&+, + |> #b\+f Hd
#&+ #d de+ # e ksTT +<|dT + ~.
| { <TdT\T ydT |dT edTq
qejTTe #d Tb THeT, > d+es+
yTT<{ nyT] |d T eT>eTVsE\T s|d
jeq+ yTqT <>+ qT+ =\+#&+ |< d+#\q
ys nsTTbsTT+~. <+ nHjT+ n+ yT jeH
sT &+<qT+& |sTw\T ns~ >+s+>
H, sT eyT ydT |qT\T #dT +TH |+#,
n|+# ndu d <TdT\ $wjT+ eyT
|+#&+ m& Vbd < +<|k+~.
n#s+ #jT&+. \VqT\| Xs+>,
eqd+ > <sq + #jT &+ e+{$ nsq > <TdT\ e\
s> + < H $Xd+. m+<T+f H&T <X+ , sw+ ,
sT>TTq n#s |sTw eT<eT>\T 3 d+es\
|d |\\ qT+ |+&T eTTd*yq T dV + e<f< T .
eT< H Hwq y T ]sY s <X+ eTV\| ]q
n#s\ ]sTq T jT|{+ ~. <X y|+ > > d+es+
24,003 n#s d+|T q\T ] y{ yTH ]{ s
|d|\\| 7058 n#s\T ]qT \T
#TTHsTT. n+f n#s u~T 30 X+ eT+~
|d| \ \ T +THsT. eTq sw+ > d+es+
X+ d>+
1442 n#s d+|Tq\T ]qT bdT ]sT\T
#TT+f y{ 646 eT+~ u~T \T |d| \ \ T HsT.
n+f eTq sw+ <<| 44.7 X+ n#s\T
u*\|, q |\\ | ]qT \Tk+~. eTeT uq
>sT |]b*dTq sw+ > d+es+ yTT+ 2363
eT+~| n#s |T q\T ] y{ yTH { s
345 eT+~ |d| \ \ T eHs CrjT Hs |]X<q $u>+
#TT+~. eT] +eT+~ |d|\\T n#s
>T]e& |\\ T me] sdT|PdT ]>s
$& d\$y* eTV eTTKeT+ ksTT e+&
eTV\| sT>TTq n#s\ +{ #usT sD\T
#| &+ ue+ <T.
U|t |<\ T #| q rsTqT zk] |]o*<+.
u\$yV\T n#s\qT n]& jT ysT n+THsT.
nsTT VsH e+{ sw+ eTV\| sT>TTq
n#s\ |T q\qT |]o*d n~ yde + < \Tk+~.
> d+es+ VsH yTT+ 725 n#s\T ]
n+<T 661 eT+~ u~T \T $yVT (30 @ | &q
y) n CrjT Hs |]X<q $u>+ \T #TTHsTT.
n+f u\ $yV\T #dq + eq n#s\T
be |> u\ $yV\ e\ u*\qT +
n+<s+ H{yjT&yT b deTdqT |]w]+#&+
< nse Te+~.
< HjTs\T y<qqT >eT<+. H&T
eTV\| n#s\T sT>& |sTw\ +f d\ T
e> +&&+ sD+ n yT n+THsT <? nsTT
y<q m+ es yde + zk] |]o*<+. <X+ H
n~+ > w (ysTT eT+~ |sTw Hu eq
d\ ) eTV\T me> q sc\T eT< |<X ,|eT
u+>, +< |<X \T. eT&T sw+ H n~+ >
eTV\| n#s |Tq\T ]qT \Tk+~. >
d+es+ eT< |<X 3396 , |eT u+> 2356,
+< |<X 1442 n#s\T ]>sTT. n+f n#s\T
s>& d, |sTw w f sD+ < \Tk+~.
nsTT & +#e\dq $wjTyTeT+f eTV\T
eTTKeT+T\T>, V+eT+T\T> n~s+ q scH

(<: |eT u+>, +< |<X ) d\ | n#s\T me>
s>&+ +<q *k+~. |> n#s\
b\&TTq y me eT+~ *dq e\ T, +<T e
n |uT \T #TTHsTT.
H&T eTV\|, u\\| sT>TTq n#s\
sD+ |sT wkeT+ nq+& < b{ d \e++>
sTe&+ nq+&, n~ n~eT\+ qT+ H{ es
=qk>TH edT+~. +T|e eTq H{
~eTs|+H =qk>T+~. B sD+ eTq #T
=qk>TTq ke sD | ed<sD, d\
Hu e> e+&&y , u\ $yV\T #jT be&y
sD+ <T.
eTq |+<\ eTV n+>+> e]d yTqT
q>+> $ \u{q | &T,n<Ty T q eX* eTV
nejTy\qT es|+ |<] q| &T y{ ndV eT
eTq+ @H&T nq<T . m+<T+f sE\,s]\T e
q\qT n++ > |#T e\ qsH\T q
\+, sE\ u>\d |r>H |+<\T eTV\
n+>+> ns \ suXsTT. +{ esq \qT <
kVeT+ | &T $eT]dTq |{ yTT+ > |+<
y\qT w~+#eT mes s&+ <T . n s&+
<s eT+ |* \T ekjT L& #| eTT.
| &T <T de+ |sT, eTq
n+>+>\H +& {e* es eTq+ | <#Tq
eTq + +~jqTuT\qT L& Vs+>+>
e ] +#TH d de\ s|+, {M c\ s|+,
kV+ s|+ e#, sV <T d+d
eTqeT+ <kVeTe&+ ]bj, eTV\ ed< sD
eyT | sTTbsTT, de+ n&T>T|{q s ndu s
n+X\T, |esq \T | +& bj?. H> eTqB
n eTq+ nqTq < n nqT u$ T+q k+d
J$ $\Te\+{ }&bsydTq = d+d
d++~+q n n+X\qT <X+ |yX |{ y]
|+#+&, n s\T> = d+d d\
24
X+ d>+
nqTeTT\qT eT+psT #dq eTq ], b\H $<H\qT
|+# +&, m~]+# +& e\+ eTV\ ed< sD
sD+> |sTw& T~ eTT] n+{bsTT+< ybe&+
+f u\Tq+ eTq +={ <q T+{qT.
d+ <e \ [ +f uj
T +sy T q ~...
n~ d#qT sTT+~... n 80 @ yT #\+ d
nH yd d+|{ |{ + #sT. eTw d#q T sTe&+
bs+ue Tj, eTV d#q T sT+& +T+<?.
<T |sT n n\yqT, neX\qT, +\ qT
eTq$> #dT H *d s>& + , <T ek\T <] +#&y T
eyT nu +s s + n+f ueyTH?
{ e+ +. @<sTT |\ d+d n
nqT+THy, |C d+d y n s\T>
|&T Tq de+ eTq+ J$dTH +. eTq~ | &T
ns b|\sY d+d. b|t d+d. s+|t d+d.
s d+d. c\ d+d. eTq d+d n eTq+ <qsTT
>=|~> u$dTH y < \ue \dq u< eTV\|H
+< #| &+, n sTe&+ HjT+ <qT+{qT.
HjT+ $wjT + | q |+&. eTq de+
> b eTT+<T> yTT eV+#d+ ~. n s\T> \T|\T
]#X+ eTq+. jT{ qT+ e |&T Tq =
sV ], ke, sjT , k+d J$ $<q+
eTq n\ysTTbj, keTV+> eTq+ <
y~+#X +&L &<T , <] +#L &<T n
k &J|jT yU+H | <T. | &T e|&T Tq
b|\sY d+d jTs|t,nyT] <Xu\ yT
deC\qT eV+#d+~. eTq de+ {e
n&T>T|{+~. se&+ T> eH fdT> eH,
edTq < |+ |q\ eTq+ ~*bTHeTT. ~ eT+~
<qT+f ~ d| sTw\ sTe] L& eT+~ <H
ns+. B eT+~ <, eTq e< nqT+f B
+f eT+ d+d eTq+ sTy*. jT{qT+ <dT
edTq = d+d eTq d+d<T, |C d+d
n++ f <T nqT+f < nqT>TD+> ese\dq
25
< d+d <s+> +&e\dq neds+ , u<

d |sTw*sTe]|H e+~.
eTq+ |P]> ukeT de+q eTT.
|T&< de+q eTT. s +& |qydT bsTTq
de+ +THeTT. Xu\T> +{H +&bsTTq
&~ jT e#, s| +#& Ns, b+T @~
& @+ deC? m+<T nqeds nu +s\T?
eTV\ | n+sZ+> @< |$D+ +{~
eTq\+<] y+{&T+<qT+{qT. TsU <] +H,
Ns TH, JH ydTH d\| + <&T\T n>e,
m+<T+f n#s+ d\ ed< sD d++~++~ <T.
n~ eT>& Xs , s <s D+.
eTq+ b|\sY d+d e<T n nqTH eTq
de >eTq+ nTy | b+~. { | &T mes
@MT #jT sT . q~ bjTqT |&+ , n&T e&+ dT\uy T
y\TeqT |+ k< + <T. = d+d y\Te
<dT=k+~. B+{ eTV\| n~ ydT q |u e+ eyT
#<T n+f <s<T <. |{ |sTw\T |+#, +&Ty
<] +#&+ 90 X+ *bsTT+~. |sTw\T> eTq+ #
es+ eTV esT # fd T > edT+ ~ B
eTq+ TbTHeTT. |sTw\T +{, jT{
n&~&+>, eTV eTT], wyTTqT> eT>&T
eeV]dTq | &T &y u] +#< ? s+>HjTeT >sT
Cq $eTT qe\ &jTsT q y+{eqT |T
d + # #& eT& jT< ? eTV\T eTq |
eTq eTT] | + m+ ndV + |sTbsTT +<
y jT|& < *d~?. nsTTH #d #| @
<w +~ nH~ eTTK+. jTTeT\ Ns, #T&<sY
<] +#&+ ...ns <TdT\ T <] +#&+ nH~ eTTK+ <qT+{qT.
y| n+>s >V +| eqe&T n&T& sE m+
<s+ < \T #sT #T+Tq eTq+ n< eqe&T
eTV\| n#s\T #dT q +<T d>T |Z & *+~ bsTT
y]| n#s\T s>& y <]dTq ek\T
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+~. eTq+ >+ sT y ese q+ nq \ |yV+
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26
ke HjT+
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27
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28
ke HjT+
n V> #b&T. n+<Te\ >T]+| d+ |\T| n+f
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+ eTT+<T HqT #| qT <+ |T&<
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29
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seTH \+ ud\ e~]>H e> + > +&
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& deTd <T. Xs XeT & H +>q, u~+ >q
VqksTT #s &+~. n+<T. m+> Xs XeT
#d n+> n|]Xuy T q s+> es&+~. #d |
m+ nXuy T + <sTT ysT n+> +~ djT&sT .
V s n+ > < s + # j T & s T . n+ >
k+sV >T]#jT &sT . sy T q $ eT+
us< X + | kq+ b+~+~.
Te+{ +<+ k] y|Ps+>>,
# <+ >, eek> + >> <\ e&+ bs+uy T n| &T
k++, >se+ d+ ]> bs+ L& d$Tw
<sD H k>TT+~. +<+ be&+ nH~ |T&<
eed $se+ bs+_+, sC+> <+ > \ $e
s<T #jT &+ es dTBs \+> k>T e+~. >+
<sT&T eqe> VqksTT H&&T >qT
| &T ] ydT \TuT H L& >se+, |w
nH$ eTT+<T e#sTT. s +&T n+X\qT HqT >{>
qeTTTHqT, y{H & #| & |jT +#qT. M{
>{ u |H~ +~. M{ >T]+#&+ n+f e]C
eTs D+ qT+& eD+#&y T neT+~. n< HqT L&
#jT & |jT +#qT. nsTT n+<T m+> $jT+
k~+#H #| qT.
(e]dT kq+)
s#s TT m|mt jTe]{ eJ yd t #H\sY
30
ke HjT+
ke $|e sT&T n+u< sY

&s Y _.sY n+u< sY. |sT *dH <[T\ esbZ s{`ke bs+ dH+> nqsTT+
>T+& +, <>+ \T>TsTT. s s \T> #qyT
\ de+ ud + +f |T syT q ndX sD+>
de+# N<]+#&T, nH neeH\T m<Ts=q
<[T&T us< X + >]+# ksTT m~>&T. |{q |{
qT+& |] |<y & $<X\ q #<T e\T #~$ L&
#q yT \ de+ nH neeH\qT, u<\ qT
dV +#* e+~. neqTwyT q ndX es+>
q J$++ bs& $X$T+ &d+sY 6 H{ 56
d+es\T >+bjsTT. # eT+~ n+u< sYqT <[T\
HjT&>, <[T\ d+ bs&q e> H #ksT .
jTq <[T\ nuT q =s m+ bs+ sV+#&
n++ f me bs{ <X+ nDy >TseT q
]\T, s T \T, d\ V\ d+ bs&&T. $wj \T
*dq yT<e\T, e\ T jTq #dq bs{\qT eTsT>Tq
|] jTqqT <[T y&\ |]$T+ #XsT.
<X+ eq | |]d T \,esZ bs{\T
s +& s>\ n+u< sY n+#sT. nsTT ke deTd
|]csyT H ] deTd| bs+ sV+#& |\T
@eTs jTq q y<qqT $|+#&T.
esbZ s{\qT $d]+, e\+ ke bs{\T eyT
sV+#\ jTq #| qT #eT+~ <[ yT<e\T
jTq d<+ e]dTHsT. jTq J$+ q
\eT+ \èsZ deTd\| jTq bs+ sV#&T.
#eT+~ <[ yT<e\T n+u< sY d<+ e] +
bs{\T sV+# +& e\+ sC~s #+#T+f
n deTd\T |]cseTejT |#s+ sVdTH sT.
\|s+> $u+#&q usY e+{ |]dT <|&
>TseTq |\ deTd\T |]w]+#+<T esbZ s{\T
sVdH ke HjT+ d+ L& bs+ #j *.
s+&+{ deTqjT+ <s <|& >TseTq
\èsZ \ qT d + | T { | s & + ned s + . n+f
31
n> \ u sTy , u keT esZ\| bs+ sV+#&+

<sH <X+ q \èsZ deTd\ |]cs
qT>=q>\eTT. <X+ $|y <eT+ qT+ yeT| \
es s +&T esZ\ eT< qT k~+#b e&+ e\
deTd sEsE {\+>H esTTq~.
<THy u $T <\H H<+ nDyjT &
q+ kjTT< bs+ sV+ \ ~ ms\ u $T
|< |\ |+|D #XeT es+Z >s +> |#s+
sV+#T+THsT. < H<+ eTVsw
=+D b+ s T \, s T L\ @+#d U{ \H
u keTT\, $T+<sT\ es+> <e sV+
n+u< sY $jT+ k~+q $wjT + # eT+~ *jT<T.
eTdT\ HjT + ]q \+>D s +> kjTT<
bs+ +f eTT+< n+u< sY <TH y u $T H<+
1937H <$T+#&T. H{ eTVsw =+D
b++ sT\T, sT L\T u$T <T |+&d+f
u $T MT< V\T e+ U{\q& u kMT esZ\
#T \ +&$. |< yTT ;<s T \ qT+& u $T dT\ T
ed\T #d n+<T ysT =+ rdT=, $T>~ |uT
#*+ #ysT. s +>+ |+&+# |+\qT L& kBq +
#dT +, s T \qT s L\qT ud\+f <q+>
#dysT. U{ nq& |Ts <Tss |]d =
<Xu\ bT =qk>T e+~. s T L\qT <|&
#dT q sT U{ |< s*+#\ n+u< sY +D+
T H&T. 1929 @| 14q s ] bH ]q
s+> eTVdu s+>| s e+k\qT |* ||
#dTq U{ |< DyT dd #b\ |\T|#&T.
U{ |< es+> s+> L&>{ |< mTq
<e q&b&T. s ], ds, Hd, b+\ qT+&
y~ eT+~ s +> dMT]+, |< s+| u+usTT
Xdq du es y] rdT [ U{ s\q >] +<q
ke HjT+
#ksT. H{ _{wt |uT +| U{ s\q d+, s +>|
d# Jeq+ d+ m+ & #sT. n+u< sY +<q
|*+> 1937 d|+sY 17q U{ s\q _\TqT
|yX |{+ #&+ $jT+ k~+#&T. n+u< sY #dq +<q
|* +> 1949 U{ s\q _\T # s|+ neT\T
e+~. < |* +> u keTT\ =+ qw| ] Vs
#*d s T \ u $T <TqTH d# V\qT |uT +
*+~. $<+ > <TH y& eTVsY \ |\T sq |>\q
y{# ] #jT &+, } q n> \ |<\ qT
d\ + qT+& eTs d u C\MT< e&\ MT< ydT & + ,
#q Xy\qT bsjT&+, >e X~ #jT &+ e+{
neqTw <s#s\T #jT e\d +&$. y{ |qT\
>q #s&T +\T |+&+#Te& =~> u $T
|j +#T#ysT <H eTVsYeH n |*#ysT.
y{ #d H #s&T +\T | y @ s
V\T * +&ysT. <T. <Xb+&, <XeTTU,
\], |f yTT<q y @ |qT\T +& |uT
u eTT* kBq+ #dT = sT|< L\ # y{ |qT\T
#sTT+#T=HysT. y]#H |qT\T L& {+ #THysT.
u $T MT< e# |* \qT e+ q L\ ysT
nqTu$ +#ysT. +{ neqTw <Ts#q y{ |qT\qT
esd |C L&>{ &_.sY. n+u< sY +<q
sV+ eTVsYeH s\q w#X&T. |*+>
y{# >Ts q eekjT L\ u keTT\ +<
Vk\qT+& $eTT \_++~.
1938 &d+sY X$T\T dyT \T #jT &
es+> b]X$T $y<+ >T]+q _\T u+usTT
$<qdu |yX |&+~. _\T |s+ = |
|]d X$T\T Vs #jT&+ #$sT<+>
|]>D+ #&TT+~. _\T X$T\ b* X|+ n
&_.sY +u<sY re+> es+#&T. k++
d+ dVjT+ ssD |$yTq V nsTT
X$T\ Vs #d V L& n+ |$yTq<
_\T X$T\ bsd# H\sd #+ neT +<H&T.

_\T es+> eTC< sY jTjTH, d+ eTC< sY
b\T s +& *d #{ $sT<+ > Vs #jT &
jTT< &+ y+#sT. d+<s + > ]q Vs
|sTsY, &+>, +usY yTT<q HjT\ bT>
n+u< sY bZH&T. d+<s + > @sT #dq du
dTesT mqu y\ eT+~ X$T\qT d+u~d n+u< sY
X$T\ # |]b\H~s+ sq+esL y] deTd\T
|]w]+#&e n |\T| #sT. e #b\+f
], s \ b\qH H |\T <X+ keTy<
k|+ #>\ sT. n |sH&T.
&_.sY n+u< sY ] XK eT+> q\+
L& (1942 qT+& 1946) X$T\ |j Hs+ nH
#{\T #X&T. { |#d X$T\ |]d
yTsT>T|&\ +&jTH { +{\T d+dsD _\T
y~+|#X sT. $T\T |#d ]\ jTT< \+
qw+ y{* ]\ qw| ] Vs jeqyT #*+ #
$<+ > _\T neT\jTT #X&T. >qT |#d >s e +Tq
eTV X$T\ |de \| d\e\T. J+ @sTqT
*+# _\TqT L& jTq y~+|#X &T. |* +>1945
e] >qT |#d eTV ]\ |de \ > s T VsT
d\e $wjT + eTTKyTq _\T bdT #sTT+#sT. 1846
| e] jTq 10 >+\ |~H 8 >+\ |~q+>
Z+#{ _\TqT bdT #sTT+ us<X| ]\
J$+ $|y yT q d+dsDqT #sT. 1943 d|+ sY
9q |q sY |]wT b]XMTsD
MT< |Hd+
d |T&< bsy T + |CkeT eed s +&T
$wj \T | +& +{jT, |#d y ;<]+
+&e\d edT+~. |#jT y] <>Zs |q+
|T& b>eT +< *bsT. y| sjT ndeq+
s+&y| ] ek\T. X$T\ L&T, >&T, >T&,
s>yTq J$+ \_+#q+es, $Xw+ >se+>
T sj
T +> J$ >&| q +es k+
@$T ns+ <T nH&T. usrjT ] deK ysT
1943 yT H\ 11e ~q u+usTT @sT #dq
32
ke HjT+
y &_.sY n+u< sY bZ e{&T ]
<eT+ e\d+~ |j q XSqyTq | | yTsT>T\T
<T. ] HjT\T eT eT $u<\T eTs,
y~> @s& |T& <] $<H m<Ts=y\
|\T|#&T. ]\T <$T+ _{H s +&T |sj\T
|uT #+#T>*>sT. _H ]qT>H usrjT
] es+Z <X+ L& sC~s #+#Ty\.
n+<T ] HjT\+> +> d+|T {+ y*q
neds+ m+sTTq +< |sH&T. ] es+Z jTT
X kes\MT<H <X+ jTT u$wT <s|&
q< |s=H&T. jTq ] es+Z jTT X kes\qT
>T]+ MTsT n~s #|f+<T d+|\T { +>
<$T+#+& n |\T|#&T.
<X+ eq | |]d T \,esZ bs{\T
s+& s>\ n+u<sY n+#sT. jTq J$+q
\eT+ < #]+ #b&T. nsTT ke deTd
|]csyT H ] deTd| bs+ sV+#& |\T
@eTs jTq q y<qqT $|+#&T.
esbZ s{\qT $d]+, e\+ ke bs{\T eyT
sV+#\ jTq #| qT #eT+~ <[ yT<e\T
jTq d<+ e] dTH sT. #eT+~ <[ yT<e\T
bs{\T sV+# +& e\+ sC~s #+#T+f
n deTd\T |]cseTejT |#s+ sVdTH sT.
n+u< sY #q, #sD
n~ < nH d+<s
sTEeeH e+~. \|s+ > $u +#&q usY e+{
|]d T <|& >TseT q |\ deTd\T |]w]+#+<T
esbZ s{\T sVdH ke HjT+ d+ L&

bs+ #j *. s +&+{ deTqjT+ <s <|&
>TseTq \èsZ\qT d+|T {| s &+ neds+ .
65 d+es\ d+ us+ H{ \$e ,
n+sq+ $$< sb qk>T+~. <[T\
<TqTe& u $T <T , k+ | \T H{ n&T
esZ\ n+< <> H $T*bsTT+~. <[T\,]qT\
&{ sy*q y{qT <]eT[dTH , \jT+ |sT
y~ sTbjT\T {sTT+|\T #dT H , nd\T u eTT
<[T\ ]><+< |+# ys sT . d< > sZ
y&TH HjT\T <[T\ deTd\qT |{+ #Te&+ <T .
n+u< sY ysdT \eT #eT neTq HjT\T
d+|\T M{ es+> bs+ sV+#
bTHsTT. <[T\|sT #| = <[ |<T \T> #d u
msTTq HjT\T #d u M{>T ]+ | T efq
e{& b THsT. <[T\ es+> |uT \T nH
$<H\T ne\+_dT H y{ es+# +& |uT \
edT |\&+ m+ es deT+dy +#*.
n+u< sY ysdT \+> u~+#T, dMT]+#T, bs&T nH
H<\qT eTT+<T rdTby*q u< ,M{ es+>
bs&*q u< eTq+<] MT< +~. n+u< sY Xj \T
=qk+#&+ n+f e\+ jTq jT+, es+ y
n]+#&y T nqT+THsT. jTq jT+ es+ \
b jTq bs{\qT >TsT #T e&+ <T . &
n+u< sY es+ d+<s + >HH jTq Xj \qT eTT+<T
rdTbe& |qs+e Te<+.
+|dt ysTTdt| MT n_bj\T \|+&. |#TsD deTq

n+X\ MT< yk\T, |d dMT\T, kV ys\T, $\T, b\T yd
|+|+&. MT s#q \T y| dw+ >, nse TjT> sd |+|+&.
MT #s ndw+> +f |\T <=s |e<+ +~.
`m&sY
33
ke HjT+
~ydT\ V\qT \sdTq |uT\T

.H>sE
eTq <X+ $$< sc\ wesT 700 $ T+#T nqTu$ dTH s |u T + jT$T+q sY>
>\ #+~q 9 eT+~|> ~ydT\T Jeq+
kdTHsT. M] 92 X |<q JeH<s+
nM u eTT. eTq sw+ 30 >\ #+~q ~ydT\T,
eTs <T >\ #+~q yT< q b+ydT\T 60 \\
eT+~ |> 9 w&\T b+ edTH sT.
sC+> |s+ > w&\T 5,6 \ | sD \T *+#&q
~ydT\ Jeq+ H&T |qTd+u m<Ts=+Tq~.
yT<q b+ ces, e&ybsT\ yk\.
nHj\,<|& <sH \ bs dT n~sT\ y~+ |\
>Ts ~ydT\T >\\+> eT eTqT>& d+, yTsT> q
Jeq+ d+ bsTHsT. H&T deTd\+{
&T y~, \ ~ ms\ nM u eTT\qT |]XeT\
k|q |], bC \ sD+ |],>qT\ e+
|] &, VQC, ss{ d+d\ u

+
<s ~ydT\qT n&$ qT+& XX+> <s+ #d+<T
b\\T |PqTHsT. ~ydT\ J$ y\T>T\T
+|eTq b\\T > sTqs <Xu\T> #|& T Tq
$<H\ <s > s+&T <Xu\T> ~ydT\
*+#eTq sD \ {> =\+yd edTH sT.
~yd V\ #{\qT sT>sTdTq b\\T:

o ]q s +> <eq+s+ \+
nM b++ ~ydT\ u $TVqT HeTe+ >HH
|]s+ # 1/70 #{ sw |uT + #d+ ~. #{
eT+> sTsTd eq b\ |uT \, nM
u eTT\qT ]Hs u keTT\ |s+ #jT + bT,
|<m Tq & b]X$T d+d\ u & T e#sTT.
~ydT\ djT+ b\q >eTdu\ | n~s\T
*d 1996 |+#sTTrsC ]q b+\ $ds D
#{ (|k) +~. 15 d+es\ s {e\
\+ | u T + < neT\T +< q \T
sb+~+#+H ~ydT\ V\ n~s\qT
|+#sTTr\L, eT+&\ |]wT \ L u & T ~ydT\
V\| yT yd+ ~. <s ~ydT\ nM u eTT\qT
nH++ #d #s \qT y>e ++ #d+ ~. |sesD
eT+XK >D+\ | syT \ ms\ nM u eTT\qT
$T{ y\& + #d+ ~. HsT s+>se u $T{ ~ydT\

u eTT\ <TseTDqT |< q+> |k$++~.
key< ||+ NsD
$<H\qT neT\T
#jT + bs+uy T q s n~ydT\ Jeq+ |q+
MT< qT+& bsTT |&q #+<+ nsTT+~. $<o,
key< & +|\T $#\$&> n&e\
u >s , |]\ dV d+|<\ +{ =\>=T +<T
<|& b\\T ns\ nqTeTT\ ydT H sT.
HeTe+>HH n~ydT\ V\ sD d+ eHjT
#| #{\ #s \ |P]> T&|T bTHsTT.
$<qT n+< <> e] ss{] +q b\\T
eTs # $<V #+ #dq $<+ >H y<
K<q n+>&d s T > e]q b\ sJy s>o
|<\ ueT\T *dTqT>HVs u< #{
#dT q rsTH` ~ydT\ V\+{ y| q
V]+ydTq b\\T, eTsy|q ~ydV\
#+ `2006 |] eTs #{ eTT+<T #sT.
~ydT\T nM T\ T d]+ d+H,
{&@ <sH neTT+, b&T eekjT+
#dT +q k+|<jT ~ydT\ Jeq+ kd
edTH sT. eTT eekjT+ #dT q b++ u ks+
>Z eTs b+H+#T= n& eekjT+ #jT eTH
|< ~ydT\T nqTd]d edTH sT. nsTT MsT
k>T#dT +Tq nM u eTT\ # < |{\qT,
y{| eTs=] ~| n~ydT\T ms>s T . >,
b\\T rdTeq ~yd V\ #+ `~ydT\
V\T n<q+> *+#b>, k+|<jT+>
~yd T \ n& $ | d + $ T+q V \qT
V]+yjT { eTss|+ |PqTq~. ~yd
T+u 5 ms\ ]w, nM u $T| |uT
| { , y] XX + > n & es &
#jT qTeeTq~`#+ n+q +> <eq
nd\T <X+. <s b\\T, $T*q nM
u eTT\+{ jT<# > <|& esZ\ u f + <T
#| s + > ydT \TuT b+< #q B yqT <e+~.
34
ke HjT+
~yd u eTT\ |ssTsD `|\ ||T q: ~yd d+ e n+q b\\T:
deT dT dT|+sT 1/70 |qsT<{d
@ b+ u eTT\qT ]Hs T \ es< $dw+ >
|s=q~. b\\T rsTqT sT>sT e#sT.
@ b+ u eTT\T |uT < s+ $jdTq T>
He& +< e+{ $$< d+d\ u & T
edTH sT. b\\T $<H\, #s \ es+>
res+ < nDy\ qT m<Ts=+ <X+ $$<
b+\ |\T ||T {d eTT+<T k>TTHsT.
]k sw+ `[+> q>sY eT u eTT\qT <Ts$T+
]dTq {{ s>s k|q qT sd+ q ~ydT\|
|uT + \T\T ]| 12 eT+~ *>=+~. bk
=s y<+ d+ nM u eTD\ es+>
~ydT\T dyT bs+ kdTH sT. eTq sw+
$XK +|* @ u { >qT\ e\qT
n~ydT\T re+> esdT H sT. o+
H <s=+& yT +> E es+> <$TdTH sT.
b\es+ bC sD+ 9 eT+&\ |]~ 276
~yd >e\ #+~q \juy \ eT+~ sdT *
#d+<T b\\T re+> |jT dTH sT. uj
T ><e],
KeT+ ~ydT\T \e+| udsDqT
esdH &$ &$, u$T u$T H<+
<$TdTH sT.
~yd Jeq+| $w k+d <&:

z y| q ~ydT\T JeH $<+ > $< +d+
#jT + bT eTsy| q y] d+d, Jeq $<H
L& [+#+<T qTeTsT>T#d+<T, b\\T $w
k+d <& re+ #XsT. > s +&T <Xu\ \+q
|>T= ~ydT\ d+dr, k+|<j\qT $q+
#d+<T key< k+d e< e\qT ~ydT\
eT< C|dTH sT. <T ks\qT n+<TuT
dT H eTH |], $<TT y\T>T\ eTq $H<+,
$Cq+ <T\T> edT yyV d+d eTT+#T T HsT.
{.$.\qT, db qqT ~ydT\ L& n+<TuT
e&yT , y] n_e~ <s q+> b\esZ yT<e\T
#+\T >T<T +THsT. ydy ~yd deTV\
q&TeT deTTV+ ~ydT\ q&TeT ~ qT+&
=qk>TedTq rjT d$Tw bs Je+<H
>=+TqT*$TyjT <\#THsT.
35
>dT 15, qe] 26\ d+<s + > eTTeH\

C+&\qT y&y& m>Tsyd <[,|& , & |\
n_eB, d+ e TyT eT \ +> >=+T+#T=H b\\T
|\ eTTK+> H>] deC <s+> H{
|& T n<e <e TT\T> n+ <jT jT |]d T \
q&TeT Jeq+ kdTq <X| eT\ydTq ~ydT\
d+e #|&Tq $<H\T, #s\ XSqeTH~
dwe TTq~. ~ydT\ $<,y< \ d+, d+ e T+
d+ {sTT+# <T\qT L& b\\T eT+>
~+yd edTH sT. sw &{ ]q dubH +<
6.6 X+ <T \qT ~ydT\ n_e~ =s KsT#j *.
{sTT+q <T \HH ]w \\ d+ y+# +&
ss |<T\ <] eT[dTqsT. , ]q
d + s \T> nes y T q { & @ y T T< \ T=
q~sT\, |C|<T \ n$ \qT <T=
]q d+ e < ~ >T+&TdTH nH~ <T
q&TTq yde +> e+~.
n~ydT\ eT>yTq d |uT y<+:

~yd |C+ d+ bw s+ sT y, nHs>\
T&TdTHsT. |uT \ |syT ~ydT
50 X+ eT+~ d bwVs+ n+<+ <T.
eTV\T |< q+> sV q u<| & T THsT. sV q,
bwVs |+ sD+> |sT{H bD*&TdTq
|d_ &\ d+K ~yd n~+ > e+~. ~ydT
X eTsD\T | ysTT eT+~ Xe\>qT 150
qT+& 250 esL e+THsTT.
n~ ~yd >e H{ db{
y< d<T bjT+ , q &s T , y< d+~, |]s\T,
eT+<T\T, ed ks\T n+<TuTe. 1999
$XK @ $ws\ u]q|& 3 y\ eT+~|>
n~ydT\T eTsD+ q d+#\q d+|T q| H{ eqe
V\ MTwH #s H & yDT>b\se < s+
@s&q MTwH deTdqT k\+> |]o*+ d$es+>
|]cs\qT dd |uT n+<Cd q y~qT
b\\T @H& b|fX sT. d+es+ E H{
$XK @H 100 eT+~ |> ~ydT\T eTs]j,
&jT ]j, yTsy <T \ #bjsT. > d+es+
$jTq>s+ H 4 y\ eT+~ ~ydT\T eTs]j
ke HjT+
u]q |&sT . |{ @&~ ~yd b+ 280
eT+~ &+>, eT]j y<T \ >Tsj sT. bbsyT
eT]j yT<&T k eTTy |&T THsT.
|e<s y<T \T y|+# yH\+ eTT+<T>
yT H\ <eT\ y| n]f+ <T #j *q <eT\s<
skjTH\ dsTT+> eTsT>Tq|&+ ~. |uT |s+ >
~ydT\ n+~+# yT&f& <eTs\ |+|+
HeTeyT . ~yd b+ <<|> s eT+sT
}d<T . ]q XeTbsX \ $<sT\ T >, <Ts<\ T
e+{ #s y<T \ u<| & T THsT. ~yd u*,
eTV > deTd\T re+> eHsTT. neds
de\d+ @sT #d m|&$ T d C& <T . n+TH \T
{ ns eH n$ |#jT e. d+~e+&sT . B
&T> eT]j ysD |qT, eT+<T\T #\
+
bZ q ~qd ] L \ # * + #*q sTT\T
|sTbe+ ys+ ] $<T se{
d<+>sT.
~ydT\ $<, <>eX\ ~+|:

< $<+ > ~yd $< ks\qT L&
b\\T eT+> V]+ydT H sT. |uT \ |s+
H{ n~ydT ns d 16 X $T+#< T .
~yd $<sT\ d+ ]+q d+ e T Vd qs
Lb\qT \|dT H sTT. > | &T ]q d+ e T
Vd qT, >TsT\ bsX \\qT ~+ydT H sT. >TsT\
~yd bsX \ #<T e+Tq &|\ \ |]d eT
<jT jT+> e+~. M]| y~+ |\T, + <&T\T,
<sH \T ds k<sD eTjsTT. {e* \+ >sXj
T
eTTK<s qsYqT s~dT + < #T >sd nH
{qT >TsT\ bsX \ #<T eH ~yd u*\|
|uT b<\+ |j +#sT. n+ |e<s y T q
nH Ww<|j>\ |*+> M] =+<sT
eTsD+#> nHeT+~ Ww< |\ <Tw*\
H<T s=+THsT.
n~ydT\ <> b~ \qqT ` d+
#<T e q n~ydT\H <> \HeX\qT ~+
ydTHsT. m+{ VL\, u< *,
+{ |< T eyT =H H neX\T *dTH sT.
> 10 d+es\+ 15 y\ n~ydT\ bdT\ T
$$< |uT XK\ U>eq|{ y{ u #jT <T .
sqTq \+ nM b+ eT]+ re+ qTq
~yd <e\qT nDyd+<T eTq+{ eTq
y*H b&# $<H m+#THsT. ~yd jTTe\
eT< \+ myTH <>\T *+#sT. n+f

n$ bdT d T <>\T eyT !
~ydT\| s+<+ `nDy:

Xq sc ~yd T \ bs{\qT
@m|mt dt|@ e+{ Ls #{\, bX$ s+<
|j + b\\T nDyjT pdTH sT. nk+
~ydT\ >T&X\qT @qT>T\ =d, >TjT\
>e\qT eTq sw+ >T \u{+ # bddT #s \
b\&TTHsT. ^HV +{ |] ~yd b+\+{
bdT, d \>\qT yV]dTHsT. qqT
nDyd+<Td+ k\E&T+ |] ~ydT\ qT+&
| \>\qT sb+~+, D
>]|, jTT<*
y] |j dTH sT.
~yd b+\+{ k+d $w \Tw+
+|yjT+bT, <|& eed| y] bs+
mu +& nH |uT s d#+ < d+dq T |<m Tq
bVdTH sT. s++> nM b++ deTd
eqsT\q =\>=f+ <T nqTe>èqesV n&e\T>
es+<T ` key<T\ <s| q < b\\T
|PqT= eeV]dTH sT.
~yd bs j<T \ ysd + <$T+#*:

~eT\+ qT+& | ;u\, Ls
eT>\ m<Ts=& bs&q deTso\ ysd + eT
d+yT q ~ydT\T`_{wt e\dy<T\ jTT<d + |,
d \>\ eTT+<TL& \e+# +& Msq bs+
k+#sT. eTq<X+ #<T eq eT< s> +f
eTT+<T>H yT e\dy< es Crj<e
es<Z s +> *#sq++ nXj u<T. q>\ ,
o ]q bs{\ Ms+> bs& u keTT\,
<|& b\\ >T+&\<s> ={q |T q #] ysdT \T
~ydT\T. H{ Xq sc\ dV sas+ &,
&c, s ~s sc\+{ ~ydT\ bs{\T
k>TTHsTT. d+w H|< + ~ydT\ bs{\qT
| es+Z |{+ # n s\ <sDT\q m<Ts= z&+#*.
~yd bs j<T \T ;seTT+& yTT<\T =eTTs+;+
esL k+q deTso\ bs d] ~yd
<e\T d++ #dT y*. nM u eTT\ dss D ,
$k|q es+> ~ydT\T |{ $$< b+
kdTq <e\qT eT]+ dyT >, d+|T {+ >
deTso\+> s |& esZ\ deTqjT+ k+#*.
36
ke HjT+
VQC +| +< Vk q\eT\

m+.dTswt
< X |jH\T, |\ |jH\H, $d] + +~. 80 |<| \T\T, s +&Te+<\ |> sT

key< VQC d+d\ <|& |j H eTTKeT
u$+# us b\\T <X+ dV eqsT\qT, eekjT
u eTT\qT, n&e\qT y] <s<+ #dT H sT. <D |
#+~q &;sY u& VQ C d+d eC\ nHwD,
e\ d+ q\eT\ nM u eTT\qT n|+#+ n+<T
C <s q+.
b]X$T n_e~, m>TeTT\T, $<o es <e
deTTbsq |sT & |]Xe~| T \, VQC d+d\
\ ~ ms\ eekjT u eTT\qT u f + <T |uT +
2005 d+es+ dC#+ #d+~. | ] eT+&
|sT |{es 25 \\ ms\ eekjT j>yTq
ueTT\qT s+>+ qT+& \e++> >T+Eq~.
+<s w+ yH| |sT >T+sT, |X+ \
28 y\ ms\qT sdt Ue d+d n|++~. H&
dC d+ bdT \>\qT s+>+ ~+| \e++>
s T \ ||T q eT< qT+& |+\T |+& dd XeT\yTq
10 y\ ms\qT kBq+ #dT+Tq~. H& `
$XK|+ |{ ]&sY |sT 110 >e\qT U
#sTT+~ \ juy \ ms\qT s +>+ qT+& kBq+
#dT=H |jT #|{+~. H\sT w|+ H
+< 16,500 ms\qT kBq+ #dT =H+<T n~sT\T
s+>+ ~>sT. $<+> s+>+ qT+& kBq+
#dT =q u eTT\qT <ojT, $<o & b]X$T y\
u{ eTs= u md{ <sT\T> y] esTdTq~.
sw |uT + | &T q\eT\ n&e eC\qT
qT>=H+<T <D
| #+~q & VQC d+d
&;sY +<`sw |uT \T 15 \\ ms\ nM
b+, eekjT \qT u f + <T >TT #| &T
+& |+<+ #dT=HsTT. sw+ s\T,
eTVTuq>s,Y q\>=+&, >T+sT, |X+ $d] +q
nM b++ 429 #+#T >&\THsTT. 2001 Hu
\ |s+ 42,032 eT+~ Hu e+f H{ n~ y\
d+K |] e+T+~. b++ |<| \T\ d+sD
d+ s +&T nuj
sD\qT @sT #XsT. H>sTq k>s,Y
oX\ + |\T\ nuj
sD yTTf 3,500 #..MT, es
37
|\T\T +<T sD b+<TTHsTT. nH~ ~yd

ysdT \T> & #+#T\T Jeq+ kdTH sT.
q\eT\ n&$ ~ydT\, |\T\ d+sD ,
|e<+ e|&+ ~. <D
| #+~q & eybs
VQC d+d eTVuq>sY eC\ nHwDd+
6 y\ #..MT. u $T +<` sw |uT \T {sTT+#sTT.
d+d eC\ nHwD yT+> E d+ 2000
d+es+ +< |uT <sUdT #jT> 2005
n+<T d++~+q |jT bs+uy T 2008 +<+
y<+ *|+~. +<+ y< nDT>TD+> sw
|uT + 2009 qe+sY 12q .y.H+.237 n< H\ 16q
.y. m+.mdt H+.236, 24 Bq .y=.m+.mdt 242 H+.
\qT $&T<\ #d+ ~. s +&T y\ #<s | MTs nMu $T,
< |]ds b+ eekjT u $T eTs 4y\ #..MT
eC\ nHwD d+ {sTTdTq T J.y |sHsT.
eTVuq>sY nM, eekjT u eTT\qT
&;sY d+d e{ +<`sw |uT \T d+es+|>
n >|+> +#sTT. \+ yd |P]+> q\eT\
n&$qT+& #+#T\qT U #sTT+#+<T |#s+
bs+_+#sTT. |\T\ d+#s+ me> +< n~ #+#T
bD\ |e<s e T, n+<Te\q n&$ qT+& U #sTT+
dTs b+\ #+#T\qT s*+#+<T |uT+
|PqT+~. s s \T> n&$ edTq #+#T\ |<
|\T\ qT+& m sD b+< y] Jeq+H <e+~.
#+#T\qT |\T\ |e<+ qT+& sk eT+Tq b\\T,
#+#T\ e\q |\T\ d+#s |e<+ @s&+< |D \
<>sZ > \\T ]+ s* +#+<T |jT dT+ ~. ~
|uT <+< <s q+. n&$ |{ |]q d#
Jeq #+#T\T |D yesD+ eT& eTT e+#
nM b+\ y[bjs+f n&$ y] q
nqT+<+ m+{< nse TT+~.
q\eT\ nM b+, < |]ds eekjT
u eTT\qT &;sY d+d n|+#+| re es
eyTsTT+~. sw |uT+| re $eTs\T y\TysTT.
B+ sw nMXK, |sesD eT+ &;sY eTT
ke HjT+
mTe+{ nqTeT e< , sw u >s $u>+, +<
|uT e\ eT+XK d+jTT+ > nqTeT eT+psT
#dq T d+CsTTw #T=HsT. 1957 H{ >qT\T, KC\T
n_e~ jT+D #+ +< u $T eT+psT #dq | &T
+< |sesD |]sD XK nqTeT neds+ . +<`sw
nM |sesD eT+ XK\ *jT+&H &;sY
nM u eTT\qT m {sTT+#sq< |X . &;sY E
q u eTT |~X+ eyT nM u eTT\T HjT
n|{ nM eT+ |{ + #sT. eT {sTT+q u $T
q\eT\ nM u eTT\T e &;sY d+d TsTTdTq ~.
eTVuq>sY eT {sTT+q 6y\ #..MT
$ds + e\+ 130 #..MT $ds y T ]sT nM b++
+<, n~ q\eT\ b++ < #TTq~. {sTT+q
nM u $T @ b++ qB #| + <T . eTVuq>sY
>T eT+&\+ eT| s+ >eT dMT| nM b++
&;sY m+<T &*+ > |qT\T bs+_++~? ]qT\T
|d eT+{ deT TsTT+#+ m+<T? &;sY
#| +# yT q\eT\ nM u eTT\qT {sTTd sw
|uT + .y\T m+<T $&T<\ #d+ ~? nMXK e+
q\eT\ nM u eTT\T {sTT+| qT dw+ #d+ ~.
zT|s+ yT +> +| sT|Tq e\
d++~+q dT d+<s e TT> |sesD <w |T=
nM b+\ m+{ e\qT nqTeT+#eT dT|yT
sT |<q HjTeT] |{+#sT. nM b++
# <y T q yT +>\ L& nqTeT+#~ < , +<`sw
|uT\T n+^]+H, nqTeT+#ueT dT|+sT
|s=+~. +<T _q+> +<`sw |uT \T &;sY
m nM u eTT\T {sTT+#sTT?
dT|+ sT |{+#yT +&, |dTeTTq
#{\ |s+ L& X+#T @]j mTe+{ sD\T
>, e\T >, u eTT\ {sTT+|> +<`sw
|uT \ n~s+ <T . +{ # dT|+ sT
deq || *q d+ m+|esY $T{ (d..d)
|s yD
L& +T+~. n+ +& ]q w&
b++ n&$, nM ueTT\qT |yT e\
n|+#L &<T . |uT + L& u $T rdTs<T. e\T,
sD\T #|f + <T L& >eT du\ nqTeT y*.
~ b\\T j sT #dq sC+>+H +~. VQ
C d+d\ eTT+<T y]*q b\\T, eT sC+>

T+> = nM u eTT\qT y] u & T THsT.
eC\ nHwD |j +# Hbs & sD
\
e\q +Te\, \eqsT\ qw+ @s&TT+~.
|U>+q q\eT\ n&$ n+]+ bT+~. #+#T\
Jeq+, y] nH~ d+d HXqeTT+~. |sesD+
\Tw eTT+~. +T d+sD
HeT e+> q
|<| \T\T, sT| \T\T n+]+bsTT. eC\bT
K d+|< n+ VQC d+d |se TT+~. q\eT\
nM b++ key<T\ |j H\ \jTeTT+~.
|e<\T b+ q q\eT\ nM b+,<
|]ds eekjT ueTT\qT, &;sY u{ <X
|j H\qT, ]qT\ J$\qT *|f+ <T +<`sw
|uT\T d<yTHsTT.
&;sY d+d eC\ ybs+ ||+ #+H n
|< VQC d+d. B nH <X @\T
HsTT. +&j &;sY +&j |y { *$Tf& |sT
q se\qT =qkdTq ~. ||+ #+ <=] eC\qT
kqf+ <T us <X eTTK +<+> m+#T=q~.
& ]\ XeTX #> <=s
+ bT, |
nH |e<\ L&T= +&eT +<T sD+.
nH <X +{ |qT\ ]\T eTT+<T se+
<T . us< X + q @+ (<sT\T) <s >TsY
sw+ dsY e |]XeT eC\qT |+| kq|{+
s* +#TbT+~. m+ |e<s | #dT q HeT e|
yH ]\ \_dT H sTT. y] J$\T <Tss + >
HsTT. +{ |]d T J\T |+#eT ]\T
], < @+T reyTq nDy |PqT=+THsT.
eC\qT kq{+, ]\qT <sTD+>
<#T=+Tq &;sY & VQ C d+d | &T HsT >
eC\ e us< X + |y ++~. n+<T u>yT
eTVuq>sY eC\ nHwD us < b\\T
n $<\ &;sY dV s n+~dTH sT. eTq dV
eqsT\qT, n&e\qT, KC\qT, eC\qT, +>s,
eekjT u eTT\qT keTCy<, VQC d+d\ |s+
#dT q b\ |uT \ es+> <$T+, y{
b&Ty*q u< us |\|q q~.
` yds , s |]X< \T
38
dsD
V\ >=+TqT d]+#T+<+
k*H
1970`80 <Xu\ nH \ <e\T b+\ |jT&T sT>TTq $ws\| y] s| q

eTq<XH ||+ # <T| ~bsTT. sb
$<sT\ sT>TuT, $jT+ jTT< es bs+,
nyT] u b+<s Y <eT+. us< X + q
<eT+ yTT<qy{ H|<+ m+<s =s+
|CHjT\T $s$ +#sT. n{+{ y] &.u\>b
|eTTKT\T. m |+< \T m<Ts H , m <&T\T ]H
#jT +& +< |<X bsV \ <e |< s X +
#dq kVd &.u\>b. n{+{ e eTq deC
+]> e~d y[ n| & eT&T d+es\T >+
bjsTT. >DXd b|dsY> s#sTT>,e>, e\T>
VQeTTK |ue+T&q u\>b q J$ |P>
& | & | \ d + e n+ + # X & T .
sV+d,bsV \ \+|T q m& @ esTeT\ @
nM b++ ]H jTq y+H n& | y T
|qT\ n+&> *#y&T. n+<Td+ rjT
$X$<\jT+ q n<| e d + DbjT+>
+#&T.
sV+dbT, $|e + |sT ]> nqT V+dqT
L& |d jTq bsV \ d+|T + qT+ $&bsTT
eqe V\ d+| k|+ q |]~ +
$d] +#THsT. nsTT jTq eqe V\ d+ #dq
w *dqT> HjTy~> jTq |\ n+~+q
de >T]+ #eT+~ *jT<T. qT |<q+>
>DXdE&T nsTTq|{ |T\, u<ds<Tw\
eT]+> de\T n+~+#\H \ + jTsY> V sT
mH dT\T y~+#sT. ~ydT\T, ;&\T, b~
sTTq y, >V V+d, sV+d >Tsqy
m+<s +<] s| q jTq |k |E
rdT+&
n+ |ue++> y~+ HjT+ ]|+#sT.
|P]\+ V sT HjTy~> +, |<\ | q
nH dT\T y~d, y] Hj n e KsT
n+<TuT e& jTq q XjTX \ w #XsT.
eT<H $jTq>s+ sw+H n|<<q
p{$T\T> |sT>+q H*e Ts \ J\| sT
y~+ y] nqTL\+> rsT #sT. ]q, ~yd,
39
n\T|s> bs+ #XsT. |uT + sT ]deT\

u{ KC =\>={ |y{ +|\ neT&
|jT dT+ f, n> n\$TjT+ b |& |\
*> nqs\|q reyTq bs{ yqT<qT> *#sT.
<+&sD+ dE&T+ |sT ~yd >\ eT< |{q
]#T s>T Tq eqMjT V+d es+> qT
k++> |s {+, yk\T sd, dT|+ sT L&
|{w H yd bs+ #X&T. s+ bsT\ V\qT V]+#
| n+X HjTkq+ <w e& <s nu>T\
n+&> \&& nV]X\T q s> |{+ #T+&
w #dq s&+s J$ & .u\>b.
u\>b eqeV\ H> , HjTy~>H
s#sTT> L& m+ dT|d<T\T, \T>T, +^w, s+&T
uw jTq mH |d \T, yk\T sXsT. | +
mH$T n+& b*{ M dTesT e+< |>
jTq sdq yk\T, q{ <eT+ MT< sdq |d \T
m+ d+#\q+ dw+ #sTT. V <u< Tdt |#T ]+q
jTq s#q \ os+, bNq us<X #]
(&.&.X+_ |]#jT + nqTy<+) m+ b#Ts+ b+<sTT.
sT edeT nq+| s+ +, <e\ |]{>&
zsT>\T yT<eT<q + #dq &.u\>b yT<y T {
$<]> q +]+> J #<T eTq sEH
<e\ y| n&T>T\T yjT + bs+_+#sT. sw+
|| ysY <eT+ n| &| & bs+uy T q \+. <
+<+> e]q es+>\T ...] y+ sT > $<sT\ T
]T \T e+, d< ++> u\>bqT e]dT
<e <qT> *# #d+ ~. n< |+< jTq
m~>&T. rjT jTe]{ =+\+ b|d s >Y
|#dq u\>b n< es+Z eTT+<T y y[
H=u >V njTys njTqT u> *dq yT<e\T
#TsT. yT<y T { +f dT\uy T + ~ eTsB < u\>b
>sT nHys+f njTq m+{ yT<y ns+ #dT e#T.
rjT jTe]{ b|d s >Y q| &T u\>b >sT
esesse+{ s $<e+T\ *d bsV \ d+|T +
ss> \ b bw+#sT. n& qT+& jTq
dsD
<eT |kq+ yTT<+ ~. |< |\ HjT+ #jT +
d+, y] V\qT b&+ d+ 30 @ bT s+s+
w #XsT. |&T\qT nq #sT d< rssT.
e]dT yT<e u\>b~ | yT q |+<.
qT J$+ q+ es @~ q$T < X ~
# ] +#& T ,nqTd ] +#& T . q$Tq< s +< + >
sd ]+#&T. eTw mesH n V \sd n~s+
eTs eTw < >{> qe&T,y~+#&T. bsV \
<eT+ m s+ <\T m<Ts H , V|jT \T ]H,
u\T &|t #dH jTq yse <T . <X+ , sw+
eqe V\ | sT>TTq ns#\qT re+>
sd+ #&T. =sT yT+f *jT |\ HjT+ #d+<T
$X+ msT> +& X$T+#&T. jTq <e
|]$T+ <T . esZ eyT deT]+#< T . n~
md eZs D
bsyTH , y|* neqTwyT q , osY
\yTq , <+&sD esD+& nsTTq, b|* dC
u eTD nsTTq, deTd @<H jTq nu>T\ b*
>=+T> *#&T. y| sw+ T~Je\+ eJ
eTTKeT+ eTsD+ | X<+* >{d jTq HeTdsD
eTTbT+f s +&T eTsD\T nH eTsD\qT, deTd\qT
<#XjT +&<\ T ={q T #| >\ kVd jTq.
jTq uy\T |& |C| V\ nqT>TD+>
m<T>T e#sTT. eT+H jTq sw bsV \
d+| <seTj&T. sV+dqT es+qf |y {
V+d L& d]<q n_bj >{> $|+#sT.
m|dm d <syT q sT y eqeV\ d+| @sT
#XsT. < s| q nH <e bZHsT, bs{\T
#XsT. e #b\+f eqe V\+f
u\>b....u\>b n+f eqe V\T nq ksTT

jTq #sT HsT. c \ |+|D $wjT + eTVTuq>sY
]q nHj d + jTq |+#sT. +<Td+
><\ y~> jTq q&|q <eT+ #]yT + ~.
q{ u jTq us sC+> sd+ #< T .
sC+> d] H bsV \qT |q:s+#+ \
b bw+#sT. V\ |]sD \yTq |H~
@sT #XsT. > eT&T <Xu sw+ , <X+ #T
#dT+Tq | d+u+ d+<s+q jo\+>
d+~+q e &.u\>b >sT. #~$+~ >D Xdy T q
ke, sjT , ] s+>\ $Xw |u q]q
yT<$ u\>b. ke |]d T \qT m|{| &T n[+|
#dT+T |<\ V\ d+ CsTT <
d< ++> nseT]\T +& \&q e jTq.
ks+ , &T, d+b<q, dTK\d +, $eTjT +,
e> y+#\ T, yyV\T $|+> |]bsTTq H{
\+ ks+ >, , s&+s , |s|s
|>*# u\>b>] JeqX* +> n<T+ .
sV+d H&T nH = sb\ |\| <&T\T#dT + f
qT eTT+<T>H y{ \TdT= n+<] C>s \qT
#dq eTV <]&jTq .jTq q{ es eTqeT< q
e+q *$+> +&. u\>b e+{ ysT T
s&+ <Tsu+. |C\ >=&eqT q >=&e> $+
re ds+ $|+q y&T . |\ >=TqT q
>+ > esT eedq T \Bdq y&T &.u\>b.
u\>b >] y[ n]+#&+ n+f jTq @ |& T \d+
nsTT nV]X\T bT|&& y] #<&Ty<&T> e+&&y T
eTq+ jTq # y[.
` yds : kwj \ |]X< \T
ke,sjT,] ed|
+|dt ysTTdtqT
#<e+&, #~$+#+&. #+<<sT\T> #s+&
#+<$es\T:
<>T\ : 150
(d+es)
k\sY
: 120
$<sT\ : 100
d+d\
: 150
s#q \T, n_bj\T, #+<\T,

|+|e\dq sTHe:
m&sY
+|dt ysTTdt
s+.H+sY 34, qs< Vd, kj
jTe]{, V <su<`500 007
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Ø + - Üdt Yêsttdt: Ã Ëhê/T Ø Ä÷ ' Ã) Dæ B Sê&Ét Ë+

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ke, sjT, ] ed|

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eq~. =*sE eTq+ |& w+ @$T{? y m{

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yT+< q y }s+| MT< \T\T ]bsT. \T\T

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eTTKeT+T\T>, V+eT+T\T> n~s+ q scH

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