31 October 2013

Instrument Transformer - Technology & Design

Conference on Electrical Power Equipment Diagnostics
Bali, Indonesia

Thomas Prevost
Instrument Transformers:
Link between primary and secondary
equipment
Function of an Instrument Transformer
Measurement
Transform the primary signal into a
secondary signal which can be transmitted
and measured to secondary equipment.
Isolation
Isolation of the secondary circuit and
equipment from the high voltage of the
primary circuit.
Measurement Function

Transform the primary signal into a
secondary signal which can be
transmitted and measured to secondary
equipment
Transform primary current into secondary
current
I
p
= 1000 A I
s
= 1 A
Transform primary voltage into secondary
voltage
U
p
= 400/3 kV U
s
= 110/3 V
CT for Measuring and Protection
CT for Measuring:
High accuracy in the range of rated current
Saturation with over current (FS)
CT for Protection :
1% accuracy at rated current
defined accuracy in high current range
(e.g. 5P20 error < 5% for 20 times rated current)

Accuracy for Measuring CT
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
cl. 0.2
cl. 0.2S
cl. 0.5
cl. 0.5S
Accuracy classes according to IEC 60044 1
class 0.2 - 0.2S and 0.5 - 0.5S
Limits of amplitude error

Limits of phase displacement
Current in % I
N
Current in % I
N
%

m
i
n

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
cl. 0.2
cl. 0.2S
cl. 0.5
cl. 0.5S
Accuracy for Protection CT
Standard accuracy classes for protection 5P and 10P
Definition according to IEC60044 -1 12:
Burden in VA (cos = 0.8), Accuracy limit factor (ALF) and
accuracy limits

Example: 30 VA 5P20 (max. 5% Error at 20 times rated current)
Accuracy for Protection CT
Other accuracy classes for protection cores acc. IEC 60044-1:
PR: - 5PR and 10PR Accuracy defined as 5P and 10P
- low remanence factor K
r
10
PX: - defined with knee point voltage E
K

and max. excitation current I
e
at E
K

(with increase of voltage E
K
to E
K
+ 10%
max. increase of excitation current 50 %)
- max. secondary resistance R
CT
at 75C

Accuracy for Protection CT
Transient requirements according to IEC 60044 6:
TPS: defined with knee point voltage and max. excitation current

TPX: max. error during defined breaker cycle
no requirements for remanence

TPY: max. error during defined breaker cycle
max. remanence 10 %

TPZ: max. Error (only a.c. component)
Specified secondary time constant
Very low remanence
Hysteresis for different CT Definitions
B
H
P, TPS
TPX
TPY TPZ
Remanence
points
ref Trench
Inductance during transient current (TPY cores)
t
t
1st fault duration
t
2nd fault duration
t
fr

dead time
t
al
permissible time to accuracy limit
with air gap
without air gap
B
Saturation
threshold
ref Trench
Accuracy Definition for Voltage Transformers
IEC 60044-2
Measuring Voltage Transformers (0.8 1.2 U
N
,)
Protection Voltage Transformers (0.05 fu U
N
)

Accuracy of Voltage Transformers
Function of an Instrument Transformer
Measurement
Transform the primary signal into a
secondary signal which can be transmitted
and measured to secondary equipment.
Isolation
Isolation of the secondary circuit and
equipment from the high voltage of the
primary circuit.
External Insulation
Requirements:

Withstand voltages: A.C. lightning and switching impulse
arcing distance
Withstand voltage during rain
arcing distance, shed profile
Pollution requirements
Shed form, creepage distance
Mechanical requirements
Material, sizes
Porcelain Insulator
Composite Insulator
Internal Insulation
Insulation between cores and housing
Bushing insulation
Voltage grading inside the bushing
Oil-Paper Insulation:

Paper impregnated with mineral oil
Compact design
Low aging when hermetically
sealed against outside air
Maintenance free

SF
6
Insulation:

Gas insulation with overpressure
of some bar
Some bigger design
No aging
Pressure monitoring

Conventional Instrument Transformers
Inductive principle
Current Transformer
Oil-Paper Insulation
72.5 kV 550 kV
SF
6
Insulation
72.5 kV 800 kV
Principle of Current Transformers
i2
=
x i1
n1
n2
n1
n2
Magnetic core
i
1
i
2
Inductive transformer
secondary side
short circuited
i
1
: primary current
n
1
:primary turns
i
2
: secondary current
n
2
: secondary turns
Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of
Current Transformers
R
1
X
1
R
Fe
R
2
X
2
R
B
R
B
X
H
U
1
U
H
U
2
I
0
I
2
I
1
I
Xh
I
1
I
FE
I
2
U
H
U
2 I
2
R
B
I
2
X
B
I
2
R
2
I
2
X
2

I
Principle of Current Transformers
Magnetic core with secondary
winding to fulfill the measuring
task

Internal and external insulation
to fulfill the isolation task
primary bar
insulation
metallic
shield
secondary wires
core
ref Trench
Current Transformer
aluminium
cap
terminals
head casing
lifting lug
external
insulator

metallic
bellow
Cores
primary rod
high voltage
insulation
bushing
filling oil
terminal box
(Oil-paper insulated)
ref Trench
72.5 550kV
High voltage terminal
Insulator
(Porcelain or composite)
Metallic expansion bellows
(hermetically sealed)
Fine grade bushing
active part CT
Ground electrode
CT measuring cores
Oil / paper high voltage
insulation design for AIS
Current Transformer
ref Pfiffner
Current Transformer
245 550kV
High voltage terminal
Composite insulator
grading cylinder
Secondary connection
SF6 gas device incl. monitor
SF6 gas insulation design for AIS
Current Transformer
ref Pfiffner
Voltage Transformers
Oil-Paper Insulation
72.5 kV 550 kV
SF
6
Insulation
72.5 kV 800 kV
Principle Voltage Transformers
u1, n1
u2, n2
u2
=
x u1
n2
n1
insulation
Secondary
windings
iron core
Primary
winding
bushing
high voltage
High voltage terminal
Metallic expansion bellows
(hermetically sealed)
Insulator
(Porcelain or composite)
Fine graded bushing
HV electrode
Primary winding
Secondary winding
Iron core
Oil / paper high voltage
insulation design for AIS
36 245kV
Conventional measuring devices voltage transformer
ref Pfiffner
Equivalent Circuit and phasor diagram of
Voltage Transformers
R
1
X
1
R
Fe
R
2
X
2
R
B
X
B
X
H
U
1
U
H
U
2
I
0
I
2
I
1
U
1
U
2
U
H
I
Fe
I
Xh
I
2
I
1
I
2
R
B
I
2
X
B
I
2
R
2
I
2
X
2
I
1
R
1
I
1
X
1

U
Voltage Transformer
Voltage Transformer Type
aluminium
cap
external
insulator
lifting lug
terminal box
metallic
bellow
filling oil
bushing
high voltage
insulation
Windings
iron core
(Oil-paper insulated)
ref Trench
Gas insulated Voltage Transformers
GIF-outdoor voltage transformer
HV-electrode
GIS-voltage transformer
HV-spacer
pressure
vessel
rupture disk
LV - winding
ref Trench
Conventional measuring devices voltage transformer
High voltage terminal
Composite insulator
Grading cylinder
HV connection
SF6 gas insulation design for AIS
Primary winding
Secondary winding
Iron core
Ground electrode
HV electrode
Type EGF 245 550kV
SF6 gas device incl. monitor
ref Pfiffner
High voltage terminal
Metallic expansion bellows
(hermetically sealed)
Insulator (Porcelain or composite)
High voltage capacitor
(C-divider)
Bushing (tap voltage
approx. 8 12 kV)
MV VT (EMU)
Secondary winding
Primary winding
Compensating coil
72.5 550kV
Oil / paper high voltage
insulation design for AIS
Conventional measuring devices CVTs
ref Pfiffner
primary
terminal
lifting lug
head
porcelain
insulator
housing
terminal box
Housing
metallic
bellow
capacitor
intermediate
transformer +
compensating
coil
Active part
Capacitive Voltage Transformer
ref Trench
Principle of CVT Active Part
Intermediate
transformer
Compensating
coil
Secondary
windings
Secondary
windings
N
Damping
impedance
and varistor
Spark gap
NHF
High
voltage
Capacitive
divider
ref Trench
Combined CT/VT
Type EJGF
245 550kV
Type EJOF
72.5 170kV
Current transformer
Voltage transformer
ref Pfiffner
Combined Transformer Type IVOKT
high voltage
Current transformer
active part
Voltage
transformer
active part
(Oil-paper insulated)
ref Trench
Questions