Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UPS Handbook EMEA
UPS Handbook EMEA
EMEA version
UPS Handbook
2 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook, EMEA version 2 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook
This comprehensive guide includes all the information
that resellers need to help them understand and sell the
industry-leading power protection solutions from Eaton.
Youll find a wealth of useful resources, all designed to
help you develop the best solution for your customers.
This handbook includes information about power
problems, factors affecting battery life, an overview of
various UPS topologies in addition to plug and receptacle
charts.
Eaton is a global leader in power protection, distribution
and management solutions. Eaton offers a comprehen-
sive range of products and services designed to serve
the power system needs of the industrial, institutional,
government, utility, commercial, residential, IT and
mission-critical OEM markets globally. Eatons portfolio
includes uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), surge
protective devices, power distribution units (ePDUs),
remote monitoring, meters, software, connectivity, enclo-
sures and services.
Whether youre supplying power protection for small,
medium or large data centers, health care facilities, or
other environments in which ensuring uptime and
safeguarding data are critical, the UPS Handbook is your
one-stop source for essential information.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 2
Everything you need to know about electricity
The basics of voltage, amperes and frequency 3
Worldwide voltage 4
Single-phase power 6
Three-phase power 7
Everything you need to know about UPS
Why a UPS? 8
Nine power problem overview 9
UPS topologies 10
UPS form factors 11
Input plugs and output receptacles 12
UPS battery overview 13
Factors affecting battery life 15
UPS software overview 16
Service overview 17
Get to know Eaton power quality products
Eaton product overview 19
Eaton technologies 21
How to sell UPSs successfully
Top 10 UPS design considerations 23
Decentralised or centralised UPS? 26
Critical questions to ask prospective UPS customers 28
FAQs, glossary & acronyms
Frequently asked questions 29
Glossary of power terms 31
Commonly-used acronyms 35
Welcome to the Eaton UPS Handbook
3
The basics of voltage,
amperes and frequency
Three of the most common terms used
when talking about electricity and electrical
products are voltage, amperes and
frequency.
Put simply, a volt (V) is the measure of the
pressure with which electricity moves
through a wire or circuit, while an ampere
(A), or amp for short, is a measure of the
volume. Volts and amps are often
compared to water in a hose, with volts
representing the amount of pressure and
amps the volume of water.
When you turn on a hose without a nozzle
at the end, there is a lot of water (amps) but
not much pressure (volts). By placing your
thumb over the end of the hose, you reduce
the volume and increase the pressure, so
the water squirts further.
In terms of electricity, the number of amps
is a measure of how many electrons are
flowing in the wire, while the voltage level
tells us how hard those electrons are being
pushed. In the same way as a fire hose
operating at the same pressure as a garden
hose delivers a larger volume of water, a
wire carrying a higher voltage needs to have
a larger diameter for an equivalent voltage.
Frequency (Hz) is a measure of how many
times a second the electrical signal oscil-
lates. The frequency of household voltages
varies according to geographical location; in
industrial voltages it can be customised to
meet specific site requirements.
Making sure that the volts, amps and
frequency of connected equipment are
compatible with the electrical supply can be
compared to filling up a car with the correct
type of fuel.
Everything you need to know about electricity
4 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook, EMEA version 4 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook
110-127V; 60Hz (also 208V; 60Hz)
110-127V; 60Hz
100V
220/230V; 50Hz
240V; 50Hz
Worldwide voltage map
Single-phase voltages
Country Single phase Three-Phase Frequency (Hz)
voltage (V) voltage (V)
Afghanistan 220 380 50
Albania 230 400 50
Algeria 230 400 50
Angola 220 380 50
Argentina 220 380 50
Armenia 230 380 50
Australia 240 415 50
Austria 230 400 50
Azerbaijan 220 380 50
Bahrain 230 400 50
Bangladesh 220 380 50
Belarus 220 380 50
Belgium 230 400 50
Benin 220 380 50
Bolivia 110-115/220 400 50
Bosnia-Herzegovina 220 400 50
Botswana 220 400 50
Brazil 110-127 220/380 60
220 400 60
Brunei 240 415 50
Bulgaria 230 400 50
Burkina Faso 220 380 50
Burma (Myanmar) 230 400 50
Burundi 220 380 50
Cambodia 230 400 50
Cameroon 220 380 50
Canada 120 208/240/600 60
Central African Republic 220 380 50
Chad 220 380 50
Chile 220 380 50
China 220 380 50
Colombia 110 440 60
Congo 220 400 50
Congo, Dem. Rep. of
(formerly Zaire) 220 380 50
Costa Rica 120 415 60
Croatia 230 240 50
Cyprus 240 400 50
Czech Republic 230 400 50
Denmark 230 400 50
Djibouti 220 400 50
Dominica 230 380 50
Dominican Republic 110 415 60
Ecuador 120 190 60
Egypt 220 380 50
El Salvador 115 400 60
England 240 400 50
Estonia 230 400 50
Ethiopia 220 380 50
Faroe Islands 230 400 50
Falkland Islands 240 415 50
Finland 230 400 50
France 230 400 50
Gabon 220 380 50
Gambia 230 400 50
5
Everything you need to know about electricity
Country Single phase Three-Phase Frequency (Hz)
voltage (V) voltage (V)
Gaza 230 400 50
Georgia 220 380 50
Germany 220-230 400 50
Ghana 230 400 50
Greece 220-230 400 50
Guadeloupe 220 400 50
Guatemala 120 208 60
Guinea 220 208 50
Guinea-Bissau 220 380 50
Guyana 120-240 - 50-60
Haiti 110 - 50-60
Honduras 110 - 60
Hong Kong 220 380 50
Hungary 230 400 50
Iceland 230 400 50
India 230 400 50
Indonesia 220 400 50
Iraq 230 400 50
Ireland 230 400 50
Israel 230 400 50
Italy 220-230 400 50
Ivory Coast 220 380 50
Jamaica 110 - 50
Japan 100 200 50&60
Jordan 230 400 50
Kazakhstan 220 380 50
Kenya 240 415 50
Korea, South 220 380 50&60
Kuwait 240 415 50
Kyrgyzstan 220 380 50
Laos 230 400 50
Latvia 220 400 50
Lebanon 110-220 400 50
Lesotho 240 380 50
Liberia 120 208 60
Libya 127-230 220/400 50
Liechtenstein 230 400 50
Lithuania 220 400 50
Luxembourg 220-230 400 50
Macedonia 230 400 50
Madagascar 220 380 50
Malawi 230 400 50
Malaysia 240 415 50
Mali 220 380 50
Malta 240 400 50
Martinique 220 380 60
Mauritania 220 220 50
Mauritius 230 400 50
Mexico 127 220/480 50
Moldova 220 380 50
Monaco 230 400 50
Mongolia 220 400 50
Morocco 220 380 50
Mozambique 220 380 50
Namibia 220-250 380 50
Nauru 240 415 50
Nepal 230 400 50
Netherland Antilles 120-127/220 220/380 50/60
Netherlands 220-230 400 50
New Zealand 230 415 50
Nicaragua 120 208 60
Niger 220 380 50
Nigeria 240 400 50
Northern Ireland 240 400 50
Norway 230 400 50
Oman 240 415 50
Pakistan 230 400 50
Panama 110-120 - 60
Paraguay 220 380 50
Peru 110/220 220 50/60
Philippines 220 380 60
Poland 230 400 50
Portugal 220 400 50
Puerto Rico 120 208 60
Qatar 240 415 50
Runion Island 230 400 50
Romania 230 400 50
Russia 220 400 50
Rwanda 230 400 50
Saudi Arabia 127/220 380 50/60
Scotland 220 400 50
Senegal 230 400 50
Serbia 230 400 50
Seychelles 240 240 50
Singapore 230 400 50
Slovakia 230 400 50
Slovenia 230 400 50
Somalia 110/220 380 50
South Africa 220-250 400 50
Spain 220-230 400 50
Sri Lanka 230 400 50
Sudan 230 400 50
Surinam 115 400 60
Swaziland 230 220 50
Sweden 220-230 400 50
Switzerland 230 400 50
Taiwan 110 - 60
Tajikistan 220 380 50
Tanzania 230 400 50
Thailand 220/230 380 50
Togo 220 380 50
Tonga 240 415 60
Tunisia 230 400 50
Turkey 230 400 50
Turkmenistan 220 380 50
Uganda 240 415 50
Ukraine 220 380 50
United Arab Emirates 220/230 415 50
United Kingdom 240 415 50
United States 120 208/480 60
Uruguay 220 220 50
Uzbekistan 220 380 50
Venezuela 120 240 60
Vietnam 120/220 380 50
Wales 220 400 50
Yemen 220 400 50
Zambia 220 400 50
Zimbabwe 220 415 50
6 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook, EMEA version 6 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook
Single-phase power
In electrical engineering, single-phase electric
power refers to the distribution of alternating
current electric power using a system in which
all the voltages of the supply vary in unison.
Single-phase distribution is used when loads are
mostly lighting and heating, with few large
electric motors.
Single-phase electricity is what you have in your
house. In general, household electrical supply is a
single-phase, 220-230 volt AC supply. If you were
to take an oscilloscope and measure the power
from a normal wall socket in your house, the power
would be seen as a sine wave, with an effective
root mean square (RMS) voltage of 230 volts and
an oscillation rate of 50 cycles per second, or 50
Hz. Power that oscillates in this way is generally
referred to as alternating current, or AC.
The alternative to AC is DC, or direct current, such
as that produced by batteries. AC has at least three
advantages over DC in an electrical distribution
grid:
1. Large electricity generators generate AC
naturally, so conversion to DC requires an extra
step.
2. Electrical transformers, which the power distri-
bution grid depends on, need an alternating current
in order to operate.
3. Converting AC to DC is easy, whereas converting
DC to AC is expensive. This makes AC a better
choice.
Single-phase power
7
Everything you need to know about electricity
90 180 270 360
90 180 270 360
Figure 2. Single-phase power
Figure 1. Three-phase power
90 180 270 360
90 180 270 360
Three-phase power
As well being the most efficient way to distribute
power over long distances, three-phase power also
enables industrial equipment to operate more
efficiently. Three-phase power is characterised by
three single-phase waves that are offset in their
phase angle by 120 degrees, or one third of the
sine wave period (see Figure 1 below).
Three-phase voltage can be measured from each
phase to neutral or from one phase to any other.
The voltage relation between phase to neutral and
phase to phase is a factor of square root of three
(e.g. 230 V versus 400 V).
Conversely, single-phase power is distributed
through household outlets to power everyday equip-
ment such as laptops, lighting and televisions. As
shown in Figure 2, if you were to look at the
voltage coming from a single-phase outlet on an
oscilloscope, you would see a single wave. This is
because single-phase power is obtained by simply
using one phase of a three-phase system. Its RMS
voltage is 230V and it oscillates at 50 Hz (or 50
times a second).
8 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook, EMEA version 8 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook
Everything you need to know about UPSs
In general, a UPS protects IT equipment and other electrical loads from problems that plague our
electrical supply. A UPS performs the following three basic functions:
1. It prevents hardware damage typically caused by surges and spikes. Many UPS models continually
condition incoming power as well.
2. It prevents data loss and corruption. Without a UPS, data stored on devices that are subjected to a
hard system shutdown may become corrupted or even lost completely. In conjunction with power
management software, a UPS can facilitate a graceful system shutdown.
3. It provides availability for networks and other applications while preventing downtime. UPSs can also
be paired with generators in order to give the generators sufficient time to power up in the event of a
power cut.
Why use a UPS?
Why use a UPS?
9
Nine power problems
And how a UPS helps solve them
Eaton UPSs address all of the nine common power protection problems described below. They are designed
to meet the power protection, distribution and management needs of offices, computer networks, data
centres as well as in the telecommunications, healthcare and industrial markets.
For small office/home office (SOHO) applications, Eaton offers low-cost solutions such as the Ellipse and
Eaton 5110 UPS for the protection of general desktop systems. For safeguarding mission-critical systems like
network servers and power-hungry blade servers, Eatons offering includes line-interactive and online UPSs
such as the Eaton 5125, 9130, Evolution, EX, MX, MX Frame, 9155, 9355, 9390, 9395 and Blade UPS.
Power problem Definition* Cause* Solution
*Reference IEEE E-050R & old FIPS PUB 94
Power failure
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
3
U
P
S
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
5
U
P
S
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
9
U
P
S
Power sag
Power surge
(spike)
Overvoltage
Electrical
line noise
Frequency
variation
Harmonic
distortion
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Undervoltage
(brownout)
Switching
transient
A total loss of utility power
Short-term low voltage
Short-term high voltage above
110per cent of nominal
Reduced line voltage for periods
ranging from a few minutes to a
few days
Increased line voltage for
periods ranging from a few
minutes to a few days
High frequency waveform
caused by EMI interference
A change in frequency stability
Instantaneous and under-voltage
(notch)
Distortion of the normal line
waveform, generally transmitted
by nonlinear loads
Can be caused by a number of events:
lightning strikes, downed power lines,
grid over-demands, accidents and natural
disasters.
Triggered by the startup of large loads, utility
switching, utility equipment failure, lightning, and
power service being insufficient to meet demand.
In addition to causing equipment crashes, power
sags can also damage hardware.
Can be caused by a lightning strike and
can send line voltages to levels in excess
of 6,000 volts. A spike almost always
results in data loss or hardware damage.
Can be caused by an intentional utility voltage
reduction to conserve power during peak
demand periods or other heavy loads that
exceed supply capacity.
Triggered by a rapid reduction in power
loads, heavy equipment being turned off, or
by utility switching. Can result in damage to
hardware.
Can be caused by either RFI or EMI
interference generated by transmitters,
welding devices, SCR driven printers,
lightning, etc.
Resulting from generator or small
co-generation sites being loaded
and unloaded. Frequency variation
can cause erratic operation, data
loss, system crashes and equipment
damage.
Normal duration is shorter than a
spike
and generally falls in the range
of nanoseconds.
Switch mode power supplies, variable
speed motors and drives, copiers
and fax machines are examples
of non-linear loads. Can cause
communication errors, overheating
and hardware damage.
10 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook, EMEA version 10 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook
UPS topologies
Which one best fits your customers needs?
The different UPS topologies provide varying degrees of protection. There are several factors that determine
which one will best fit your customers needs, including the level of reliability and availability they require,
the type of equipment being protected and the application or environment in question. While the three
most common topologies outlined below all meet the input voltage requirements for IT equipment, there
are key differences in how they work as well as in the frequency and duration of demands on the battery.
AC to DC
Rectifier
DC to AC
Inverter
AC to DC
Rectifier
DC to AC
Inverter
AC to DC
Rectifier
Internal Static Bypass
Buck Boost
DC to AC
Inverter
Battery
Battery
Battery
Passive standby topology (off-line) is used for protecting
PCs against power failure, power sag and power surge. In
normal mode, the UPS supplies power to the application
directly from the mains, filtered but without active conversion.
The battery is charged from the mains. In the event of a
power cut or fluctuation, the UPS delivers stable power from
the battery. This topology is low cost and provides sufficient
protection for office environments. Passive standby topology
is not suitable in cases where the power supply is of low
quality (for example, on industrial sites) or subject to frequent
disruptions.
AC to DC
Rectifier
DC to AC
Inverter
AC to DC
Rectifier
DC to AC
Inverter
AC to DC
Rectifier
Internal Static Bypass
Buck Boost
DC to AC
Inverter
Battery
Battery
Battery
Normal operation
Battery power
Line interactive topology is used for protecting enterprise
network and IT applications against power failure, power
sag, power surge, undervoltage and overvoltage. In normal
mode, the device is controlled by a microprocessor that
monitors the quality of the supply and reacts to fluctuations.
A voltage compensation circuit is enabled to boost or reduce
the supply voltage in order to compensate for fluctuations.
The main advantage of line-interactive topology is that it
enables compensation for under- and overvoltage without
using the batteries.
AC to DC
Rectifier
DC to AC
Inverter
AC to DC
Rectifier
DC to AC
Inverter
AC to DC
Rectifier
Internal Static Bypass
Buck Boost
DC to AC
Inverter
Battery
Battery
Battery
Double-conversion topology (on-line) is a basis for UPSs
designed for continuous power protection of critical
equipment against all nine of the common power problems
described on page 9. It ensures a consistent quality of power
supply regardless of disturbances in the incoming mains. The
output voltage is entirely regenerated by a sequence of AC to
DC conversion followed by DC to AC conversion in order to
create power supply without any electrical interference.
Double-conversion UPSs can be used with any type of
equipment as there are no transients when changing over to
battery power.
11
Everything you need to know about UPSs
UPS form factors
Because UPSs are used for many different applications - ranging from desktop systems to large data centres - they come
in a wide variety of form factors.
1
3
5
2
4
6
a
b
a
b
1. Desktop and tower UPS
a. The Eaton Ellipse fits easily
on top of or under a desk
b. The Eaton 9130 tower UPS fits under
a desk or in a network cabinet
2. Wallmount UPS
The Eaton 5115 rackmount UPS includes
hardware for mounting it on a wall
3. Rackmount UPS
The Eaton 9130 rackmount UPS occupies
only 2U of rack space (fits both 2-post and
4-post racks)
4. Two-in-one rackmount/tower UPS
The Eaton 5130 UPS can be mounted in
a rack or installed as a tower model
5. Scalable UPS
a. The Eaton BladeUPS is a scalable,
redundant rackmount UPS
b. Eaton MX Frame
6. Large tower UPS
The Eaton 9390 and 9395 UPSs are
designed to be a central backup for
multiple loads, for example in data centres.
12 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook, EMEA version 12 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook
When your customer receives a UPS, they should be able to plug it in right away. If a customer receives a UPS
and cant plug it into the wall socket, or cant plug their equipment into the UPS, youve got a problem.
For reference we have included the following chart to help you visually confirm input and output plug/receptacle
options.
Input plugs and
output receptacles
Input plug and output receptacle chart
IEC-320-C13 (female) IEC-320-C14 (male) IEC-320-C19 (female) IEC-320-C20 (male)
IEC-309, 16A IEC-309, 32A
Terminal block (Hardwired)
FR BS
Schuko
13
Everything you need to know about UPSs
The most common type of battery used in
UPSs is valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA)
batteries, also known as sealed or
maintenance free. VRLA batteries are
sealed, usually within polypropylene plastic,
which offers the advantage of not containing
any sloshing liquid that might leak or drip.
Because water cannot be added to VRLA
batteries, recombination of water is critical
to their life and health, and any factor that
increases the rate of evaporation or water
loss such as temperature or heat from
the charging current reduces the life of
the battery.
Frequently asked
questions:
1. What is the end of useful life?
The IEEE defines end of useful life for a UPS
battery as being the point when it can no
longer supply 80 per cent of its rated
capacity in ampere-hours. When your battery
reaches 80 per cent of its rated capacity, the
ageing process accelerates and the battery
should be replaced.
2. Is there any difference between the
batteries used by smaller UPSs, from 250
VA to 3 kVA, and the ones used by larger
UPSs?
While basic battery technology, and the risks
to battery life, remains the same regardless
of UPS size, there are some inherent
differences between large and small
applications. First, smaller UPSs typically
have only one VRLA battery that supports
the load and needs maintenance. As
systems get larger, increasing battery
capacity to support the load gets more
complicated. Larger systems may require
multiple strings of batteries, introducing
complexity to battery maintenance and
support. Individual batteries must be
monitored to prevent a single bad battery
from taking down an entire string, thereby
putting the load at risk. Also, as systems get
larger, wet-cell batteries become much more
common.
3. My UPS has been in storage for over a
year. Are the batteries still good?
As batteries sit unused, with no charging
regimen, their life will decrease. Due to the
self-discharge characteristics of lead acid
batteries, it is imperative that they be
charged after every six to 10 months of
storage. Otherwise, permanent loss of
capacity will occur between 18 and 30
months. To prolong shelf life without
charging, store batteries at 10C (50F) or
less.
UPS battery overview
Its a well-known fact that the battery is the most vulnerable part of a UPS. In fact, battery failure is a
leading cause of load loss. Understanding how to properly maintain and manage UPS batteries can not only
extend battery service life, but can also help prevent costly downtime.
VRLA batteries are sealed, usually within
polypropylene plastic, the advantage being
that there is no liquid sloshing around that
might leak or drip.
The most common type of battery used in UPSs is the valve-regulated lead acid
(VRLA) battery, also known as a sealed or maintenance-free battery.
Positive Flag
Terminal Valve
Polypropylene
Container/Jar
Separator
Extruded Intercell
Welded Connection,
Low Resistance
Current Path
Negative
Pasted Plate
Lead Alloy
Grid
Strap Joining
Negative
Plates in
Parallel
Cover/Lid
14 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook, EMEA version 14 EATON CORPORATION UPS Handbook
4. What is the difference between hot-
swappable and user-replaceable
batteries?
Hot-swappable batteries can be changed
out while the UPS is running. User-
replaceable batteries are usually found in
smaller UPSs and require no special tools
or training to replace.
5. How is battery runtime affected if I
reduce the load on the UPS?
The battery runtime will increase if the load
is reduced. As a general rule, if you reduce
the load by half, you triple the runtime.
6. If I add more batteries to a UPS can I
add more load?
Adding more batteries to a UPS can
increase the battery runtime to support the
load. However, adding more batteries to the
UPS does not increase its capacity. Ensure
that your UPS has sufficient capacity to
support your load, then add batteries to fit
your runtime needs.
7. What is the average lifespan of UPS
batteries?
The standard lifespan for VRLA batteries is
three to five years. However, expected life
can vary greatly due to environmental
conditions, number of discharge cycles, and
adequate maintenance. Have a regular
schedule of battery maintenance and
monitoring to ensure you know when your
batteries are reaching their end of useful
life. The typical life of an Eaton UPS with
ABM technology is 50 per cent longer
than standard models.
8. How can you be sure UPS batteries
are in good condition and ensure they
have maximum holdover in the event of a
power failure? What preventive
maintenance procedures should be done
and how often?
The batteries used in the UPS and
associated battery modules and cabinets
are sealed, valve-regulated lead acid battery
often referred to as maintenance-free
batteries. While this type of battery is
sealed and you do not need to check the
fluid level in the battery, they do require
some attention to ensure proper operation.
Eatons ABM technology extends the life of
valve-regulated lead acid batteries by
applying sophisticated logic to the charging
regime. ABM also provides an additional
feature for monitoring battery condition and
advance warning about the end of battery
life upon detection of a weak battery.
9. How long does it take for the UPS
batteries to recharge?
On average, it takes 10 times the discharge
time for the UPS batteries to recover. (A
30-minute battery discharge requires about
300 minutes to recharge.) After each power
outage, the recharge process begins
immediately. It is important to note that the
load is fully protected while the batteries
are recharging. However, if the batteries are
needed during the recharge time, the
holdover time available will be less than it
would have been if the batteries were fully
charged.
10. What are the risks associated with a
lack of battery maintenance?
The primary risks of improperly maintained
batteries are load loss, fire, property
damage and personal injury.
11. What is thermal runaway?
Thermal runaway occurs when the heat
generated in a lead acid cell exceeds its
ability to dissipate that heat, which can lead
to an explosion, especially in sealed cells.
The heat generated in the cell may occur
without any warning signs and may be
caused by overcharging, excessive
charging, internal physical damage, internal
short circuit or a hot environment.
12. Why do batteries fail?
Batteries can fail for a multitude of reasons,
but common reasons are:
high or uneven temperatures
inaccurate float charge voltage
loose inter-cell links or connections
loss of electrolyte due to drying out or
damage to the case
lack of maintenance, ageing
13. How is battery performance generally
measured?
Batteries are generally rated for 100+
discharges and recharges, but many
batteries show a marked decline in charging
capacity after as few as 10 discharges. The
lower the charge the battery can accept,
the less runtime it can deliver. Look for
batteries with a high-rate design that
sustains stable performance for a long
service term.