San Xuat Cao Su Ky Thuat

http://www.ebook.edu.
vn
1
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V CAO SU K THUT
1.1. Gii thiu v cao su k thut
1.1.1. Khi nim chung
Cao su k thut l mt cm t ch chung cho tt c cc vt s dng
trong cc ngnh k thut c lm t nguyn liu cao su.
1.1.2. Phn loi
C bn l c hai loi chnh:
a. Cao su thin nhin: Thu c t m (latex) ca nhiu loi cy cao su, c
bit nht l loi cy Hevea brasiliensis.
b. Cao su tng hp: c tng hp t du m, butadiene l ch yu (cc
hydrocacbon, cc loi kh thin nhin, )
1.1.3. ng dng
a. Trong cng nghip t: lm lp xe, nm gh xe, cc loi joint to kn
kht cho my mc trong xe,
b. Trong cc my cng nghip: lm cc loi joint chu nhit, chu du, m
cao su, cc b phn cn kh nng n hi tt,
c. Trong y t: lm ng dn nc bin, cc loi ng truyn dch, gng tay y t,
ng nghe,
d. Trong cng nghip gia dng: giy dp, gng tay, ng, keo dn, nm,
cc loi chi tr con (th nhn, bp b, )
Ni chung cao su k thut c dng rng ri trong mi ngnh ngh
ca cuc sng ngy nay bi n s hu nhng tnh nng u vit m him c
loi vt liu no c c.
1.2. Lch s nghin cu v sn xut cao su k thut
Cao su c mt b dy lch s pht trin rt lu i, km theo lch s
pht trin cao su l vic sn xut ra nhng sn phm cao su k thut phc v
cho nhu cu sinh hot ca i sng con ngi.
Lch s pht hin cy cao su l mt chui nhng con s khng r rng
v nm thng, do , chng ta s bt u t khi con ngi bit s dng cao su
lm nhng vt dng c ch, phc v cho nhu cu sinh hot ca cng ng.
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
2
- Nm 1615, con ngi bt u bit n cao su qua sch c ta De la
monarquia Indiana ca Juan de Torquemada, vit v li ch v cng dng
ph cp ca cy cao su, ni n mt cht c tn l ulei do dn a phng
Mhic ch to t m cy gi l ule m h dng lm vi qun o khng
thm nc.
- Nm 1743, Francois Fresneau c nhng bn v m t tng tn v
cy cao su v khng ngng tm cch nghin cu chit rt cao su, ng chnh l
ngi u tin ngh s dng nguyn liu ny.
- Nm 1761, hai nh ha hc Php l Herissant v Macquer ha tan
c cao su vi dung mi l ether v tinh du thng.
- Nm 1791, Samuel Peal a ra sng ch lm o ma t cao su, nhng
vic ch bin o ma ch c xem l mnh vo sau nm 1823, nm m
Macintosh s dng naphtha nh l mt dung mi.
- Sau thi k ch bin vt dng t dung dch, n thi k cng nghip
cao su tin trin vt bc, l thi k m Thomas Hancock (Anh) khm ph ra
qu trnh nghin hay cn do cao su t nhng ln quan st cng vic lm
nm 1819, ng gi b mt sut nhiu nm. Hancock nhn thy nhng mnh
cao su mi va c ct ra c tnh dnh li vi nhau khi bp vt chng li. T
ng ngh l nu x vn cao su ri p ni nhng mnh vn li bng lc
nn p, c th lm thnh nhng vt dng c hnh dng v kch thc mong
mun. thc hin, ng ch to ra mt my gm mt ng tr c gai quay
trn trong mt tr rng khc cng c gai m ng gi l my Pickle. My
c thit k ln hn khi ng nhn thy kt qu t c nh mun, tc l
c c cao su bt, cao su th t dng c tnh n hi v tnh bn tr thnh
mt khi nho v do khng ch cho c mi hnh dng, vt dng theo
mun m cn n vo c cc cht bt vi t l kh ln, gim gi thnh,
vt dng c cng hn,Tuy nhin, cc vt dng c lm t cao su lc
by gi hy cn vp phi mt tr ngi ln lao l tt c cc vt dng cao su
va ri khi xng ch bin u h hng nhanh chng, chng chy nha
3
nhy dnh di nh hng ca sc nng v nh sng, ha cng gin khi gp
lnh, thi gian s dng ngn ngi.
- Mi n nm 1831, Charles Goodyear (Hoa K) n lc tm cch ci
thin cht liu cao su, ch yu l tm mt cht lm kh cc thnh phn chy
nha by nhy. n nm 1839, qua qu trnh nghin cu, ng pht minh ra
mt hin tng gy ngc nhin, chn ng cho cng nghip cao su: cao su
sng ha trn vi lu hunh em s l nhit lm nng chy lu
hunh, s tri qua mt bin i, ci thin c cc tnh cht c l cng nh
kh nng chu nhit rt ln, thi gain s dng cc vt liu cao su ny lu gp
nhiu ln cao su khng c x l nh th. Vy l qu trnh lu ha ra
i, c th ni y l bc quyt nh nht ca ngnh cng nghip cao su.
C th ni nh hai pht minh ca Hancock (nghin do ha) v ca
Goodyear (lu ha) m k thut cao su pht trin mnh m, nhu cu tiu th
tng nhiu n ni con ngi phi thit lp n in cao su, xm chim thuc
a, bnh trng vic trng cao su Nhu cu tiu th cao su thin nhin tng
cao mi a n vic pht minh cao su nhn to (cao su tng hp), ch bin
cao su ti sinh nh ngy nay. Nhng cng nghip cao su tin trin mnh m
nh hin nay cng mt phn ln l nh cc cuc khm ph tip ni sau cuc
khm ph ra s lu ha cao su, c bit nh khm ph ra cht xc tin lu
ha, cht chng lo ha, cht n tng cng lc cho cao su, pht minh ra cc
phng php gia cng ch bin cao su.
Cng ngh sn xut cao su k thut bt u pht trin mnh m h
tr cho tt c cc ngnh khoa hc k thut t sau khi pht minh ra qu trnh
lu ha. Bt u t y, cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut ln th hai pht
trin mnh m v t c v s nhng thnh tu m cuc cch mng khoa
hc k thut ln th nht khng th vi ti. Hu ht cc thnh tu khoa hc
k thut trong giai on ny u c s h tr c lc ca cc vt liu cao su
k thut, c bit l cc ming m k thut, joint k thut dng cho ngnh
hng khng v tr, c kh t, my cng c,

4
Mt s hnh nh cao su k thut

5
1.3. Tm tt hot ng nghin cu
Tm hiu tng quan v lch s pht trin ca ngnh cao su
Tng hp cc phn l thuyt v cao su nguyn liu cng nh ph gia s
dng
Nghin cu mt s cng thc l thuyt ln thc nghim nhm rt ra c
s thc hin qu trnh lp cng thc
Lp cng thc th nghim v cho chy th ra sn phm 1
Kim tra sn phm 1, tm cch khc phc nhng im yu cha t
bng cch iu chnh cng thc cho hp l hn
T vic iu chnh cng thc 1, ra cng thc 2 hp l hn, chy ra mu
ri li kim tra cc ch s cng ngh nh trn cng thc 1.
Lp li qu trnh nh lm cng thc 1 v 2 n khi cho ra c
mt cng thc hon chnh nht (l cng thc cho sn phm t cc ch
tiu k thut m khch hng yu cu).

6
Chng 2: L THUYT SN XUT CAO SU K THUT

Nguyn vt liu: Bao gm cao su v cc cht ph gia.
2.1. Cao su nguyn liu
Nguyn liu cao su bao gm cao su thin nhin v cao su tng hp.
Song, i vi cao su dng trong cc ngnh k thut my mc th cao su tng
hp thng c a chung hn. Tuy nhin, vi qui m ca n ny, nhm
thc hin xin c trnh by mt cch cht lc nht v l thuyt cao su
nguyn liu.
2.1.1. Cao su thin nhin (NR)
L mt cht c tnh n hi v tnh bn, thu c t m (latex) ca
nhiu loi cy cao su, c bit nht l loi cy Hevea brasiliensis.
Thnh phn: nm 1875 nh ha hc Php Bouchardat chng minh cao su
thin nhin l mt hn hp polymer isoprene (C
5
H
8
)
n
; nhng polymer ny c
mch cacbon rt di vi nhng nhnh ngang tac dng nh mt ci mc.
Tnh nng v ng dng:
Do c cu trc u n -> d b kt tinh khi ko cng -> lc ko t
rt cao
Trong phn t c olefin -> d lu ha bng lu hunh, nhng d
lo ho, tnh chu nhit km (phn hu t
o
= 192
o
C)
p dng cho sn phm cn tnh nng c l tt: lp xe, gng tay,
giy dp, sn phm c hc ...
2.1.2. Cao su tng hp
Ngun gc cao su tng hp
Do cao su thin nhin khng phc v nhu cu ca con ngi, cc
nh khoa hc tin hnh nghin cu ch to ra cao su nhn to (cn gi l cao
su tng hp). Cao su tng hp l do Butadien tng hp m thnh. Nguyn liu
lm cao su tng hp c cung ng t sn phm ch bin t du m, kh
cng nghip, kh thin nhin
Cu to
7
Trong cao su tng hp c nhiu loi cao su khc nhau. Mi loi u c
cng thc ho hc khc nhau nhng u da trn vic tng hp Butadien vi
cc nhm phn t khc m thnh.
Tnh cht ca cao su tng hp
L tnh
Ging cao su thin nhin.
Ho tnh
Mi loi cao su tng hp u c nhng tnh nng ring nn khi ng
dng c th chn la tng loi hoc kt hp s dng mt s loi b sung
tnh nng cho nhau, nn c u im hn so vi cao su thin nhin.
V d: Cao su Butadien nitril rt bn khi tip xc vi du m.
Cao su Cloropen chng chy, bn ho hc
a. Cao su nitril/ acrylonitril butadien (NBR)
Thnh phn: Acrylonitrile + Butadiene
Tnh nng v ng dng:
Gii thiu
Cao su Nitrile (NBR or Buna-N) c gii thiu ln u tin ti c
vo 1934. Cc tn thng mi ca loi cao su ny bao gm: Perbunan,
Baypren, Chemeprene, Chemigum Cu trc ca NBR nh sau:

Phng php sn xut
- Butadien v Acrylonitrile thc hin phn ng ng trng hp bng k thut
nh ho (emulsion technique).
- Trong phng php ng trng hp nng ( 40
0
C) th peroxide c dng
nh l cht khi mo cho phn ng cn trong phng php ng trng hp
lnh ( 10
0
C) th khi mo phn ng l redox. Anycylmercaptans c dng
nh l cht nh hng phn t trong khi cc x phng (soap) dng acid v
dng m c dng nh l cht nh ho.
*
C
H
2
C
H
C
H
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
*
CN
m n
x

8
- Cht Hydroquinones v Dimethyl Dithio Carbonmates l cht dng dng
phn ng polyme ho.
c tnh
- Cao su Nitril ph thuc vo hm lng Acrylonitril. Trn thc t, ngi ta
c th sn xut NBR c hm lng Acrylonitril t 18-50%.
- Tnh cht c trng ca NBR l khng du, khng dung mi, khng cc
nhin liu du cc tt.
- Cao su Nitril l loi cao su c cu trc v nh hnh nn cng lc ca cao
su khi khng c cht n tng cng rt thp (30kg/cm
2
). Nu c trn than
en tng cng th cng lc c th ln n 320kg/cm
2
. Do phn t c cc
nn phn t cao su Nitril tng hp tt vi cc dung mi c cc v chu c
dung mi c cc gc du m ( xng du).
- NBR kt hp vi PVC (poly vinyl clorua) s khng c thi tit v ozone
rt tt, khng c s bt chy, bng b mt v tnh cht mu tt
- Tnh nng ko, nn ca cao su ny tng t SBR.
Bng 2.1
Tnh nng cao su Nitril vi hm lng Acrylonitryl t 18-50%
Tnh khng du tng
Tnh khng xng tng
cng tng
Lc ko t tng
khng mn tng
chu lnh gim
ny gim
tng hp vi cht lm mm gim

Gia cng
Thao tc nh cc loi cao su thin nhin. Tuy nhin do thnh phn
Acrylonitmile khc v tu theo loi NBR nng hay NBR lnh m chng ta
phi dng cht n v cht lm do lm tng kh nng gia cng.
9
C cc -> rt t b nh hng (trng n) bi cc dung mi khng
phn cc hoc phn cc yu: ete du ha, xng, xiclohexan, CCl
4,
...
Nitril cao: khng xng du/ lo ha/ mt mi/ bin dng nn/
mn/ thm kh/ nhit tt.
Nitril thp -> sn phm mm do nhit thp
V nh hnh -> cng lc ko t thp, khng ozone yu -> thm
PVC
ng dng: Sn phm chu du nhit cao trong t, my bay, tu
bin, my mc, xe qun s, sn phm chu du trong sn phm cng
nghip.
b. Cao su butadien (BR)
Thnh phn: Cis Polybutadien
Tnh nng v ng dng:
Gii thiu
- BR l loi cao su rt ph bin. Cao su BR c 2 loi:
BR c hm lng cis cao
BR c hm lng cis thp.
- Cu trc BR:
(- CH
2
CH = CH CH
2
-)
n

Phng php sn xut
- BR c hm lng cis cao c to ra bng cch ion ho dung dch Butadien
bng cc xc tc hu c kim loi nh: Ziegler Natta.
- BR c hm lng cis thp: c to ra bng cc dung dch nhit phn vi
xc tc l cc Lithium hu c.
c tnh
- BR t khi s dng ring l mt mnh m thng pha trn vi cao su khc
nhau nh: pha trn vi cao su thin nhin ci thin tnh khng x khi to
vt nn c s dng trong mch lp v xe.
- BR pha trn vi cao su Chloroprene s ci thin tnh chu gin nhit
thp.
10
- n hi tt.
- Chu mi mn tt
- Khng mi mn tt.
- Khng dp nt tt
- Khng ht nc tt
Bng 2.2: So snh mt s tnh cht gia cao su Butadien vi cao su thin
nhin cao su Styrene Butadien
Tnh cht Cao su
Butadien
Cao su Styrene
Butadien
Cao su thin
nhin
Lc kc t( PSI) 2500 3400 4000
gin di khi
t(%)
500 580 520
Nhit ni sinh(
0
C) 40 67 40
ny(%) 75 62 72
Th n(pht) 63 60 62
cng Shore A 120 09 09

Gia cng
- Kh nng gia cng: BR kh s luyn, kh p hnh, kh n so vi cao su
SBR khi tng nhit qu, cao su Butadien tr nn nhm, khng bm trc
cn, km dnh v vng xung do kh cn luyn. Tuy nhin cng c th
dng vi cht lm mm d cn nh Acid Sufonic tan trong du vi
Paraffine, Di-ortho-Benzamidophenyl Disufide v cc dn xut mui km ca
Peutachclorothiolphenol.
- Phi hp vi cao su thin nhin: khng nhng ci thin c tnh cng ngh
m cn mang li nhng tnh nng c l tt cho hn hp v ngoi quan sn
phm tt hn.
- BR c th lu ho bng lu hunh v cht xc tin khc loi thng thng.
Tuy nhin c th lu ho bng cc Peroxide.
11
Khng mn, mi mt, nt, x, un gy tt. Khng nhit, sinh nhit
t.
Mm do nhit thp. ny cao
Sc bm ng m t thp. bin dng nn t. Khng in km
ng dng: Cng ngh lp xe, bng ti, bc cp, vng m kim loi,
giy dpLp xe, bng ti, banh golf, giy, sn phm gia dng do
c khng mn tt.
c. Cao su butyl (IIR)
Thnh phn: Isobutylene +Isoprene
Tnh nng v ng dng:
Gii thiu
- Cao su Butyl l loi Copolymer ca Isobutylene v Isoprene. Cu trc ca
BR nh sau:
CH
3

( - C CH
2
- )
x
( - CH
2
C = CH CH - )
y

CH
3
CH
3

Phng php sn xut
Isobutylene v Isoprene c ng trng gm mt lng nh Isoprene
(1-3%) vi Isobutylene c xc tc bng AlCl
3
ho tan trong Chlorua
Methyl. Phn ng dng Polymer ho cc Cation xy ra rt nhanh -100
0
C
v hon tt cha y 1 giy.
c tnh
Mch phn t cao su Butyl c tnh khng bo ha rt thp v c nhm
Iso Butylen rt cng knh nn cao su Butyl c thm kh rt t.
thm kh cao su Butyl bng 1/8 thm kh cao su thin nhin.
Trong mch phn t ca cao su Butyl c 2 dy Metyl 2 bn nn cao su
Butyl c tc dng gim chn (gim sc). Cao su Butyl c tnh chng lo ho
rt thp nu tnh theo phn t lng th tnh bo ha l 1/5000 (cao su thin
12
nhin 1/68). Nu tnh theo phn t Isoprene/Isobutylene l 21/98 (cao su thin
nhin Isoprene/Isoprene 100%). Do tnh bo ho cao nn c dng vi
nhng tnh cht sau:
Tnh khng nhit lo ho
Tnh khng Ozone v khng thi tit
Tnh khng ho cht
Tnh khng m
Gia cng
Vi hn hp c 20% than en, 30% cht n:
p xut: nhit trc vt v n hnh khong 120
0
C vi nhit ci t
t 70
0
C v tng dn n 105130
0
C
Cn trng: ti ni np liu 85
0
C nhit trc vt 98110
0
C, nhit
gia trc 7082
0
C, nhit di trc 82105
0
C. Tc trc 20M/min.
ng dng: c s dng nhiu th ba sau cao su SBR v cao su BR.
Cng ngh xm lp xe.
Xm lp lu ho
Tm lp bc cp in, thm lt phng tm
Cng ngh t: nm hi, nm gim xc, cc joint ca knh...
d. Cao su choloroprene (CR)
Thnh phn: Trng hp 2- Cholobutadiene 1-3
Tnh nng v ng dng:
Gii thiu
Cao su Cloroprene c hng Dupont De Nemours gii thiu 1932 v
pht trin vi tn thng hiu l Meoprene. Cao su ny l cht trng hp ca
2-cliloro-butadien 1-3. Cu trc cao su ny nh sau:
n CH
2
= C CH = CH
2
(- CH
2
C = CH CH
2
)
n

Cl Cl
Phng php sn xut
13
Isoprene dng Momome, dung mi, xc tc Ziegler, Ankyl nhm,
TiCl
4
hoc Anlkyl Lithium c cho vo h thng trng hp. Khi nng t
n mc chun th phn ng Polymer s xy ra.
Cng thc tng hp ca phng php ny l nh sau:
Chloloprene: 100 phn
Lonophane bin tch: 4
Lu hunh ( cho tan vo monomer): 0,6
Nc: 150
Soude: 0,8
Redox S
2
O
4
N
a2
/M
a2
S
2
O
8
: 0,21
Cht phn tn (nh Daxad): 0,7
iu kin tng hp 40+/-0,5
o
C: pH =12
c tnh
- Cao su c tnh cht khng duy tr s chy (do c Cl trong mch phn t).
- Bm dnh tt i vi 1 s vt liu c x l b mt nh: si kim loi,
si thy tinh.
- C th lu ha bng oxit kim loi (ZnO, PbO) cng c th lu ha bng lu
hunh v cht xc tin hu c nhnh tc lu ha chm hn so vi cao su
thin nhin.
- Cao su Cloroprene c tnh cht c bit l tnh cht t kt tinh do mt s
loi cao su Cloropren c th c dng lm keo dn.
- Tnh thm kh nh hn cao su thin nhin khong +1/3.
- Nhit ni sinh ca cao su Chloloprene nh hn cc loi cao su tng hp
khc.
- Nhit phn gii cao su Chloloprene (233258
o
C) cao hn cao su thin nhin
v kh nng chng chy rt tt do c cha phn t chloro.
- Chu c ti trng ln, chu du khong rt tt nn sn sut cc sn
phm chu du.
- Tnh khng oxi v ozone ca cao su ny rt mnh, lc ko t, dn di t
b thay i khi b oxi ho.
14
Gia cng
- Tng t cc loi cao su khc c th lu ho bng Phospho
- Cc bc gia cng cn kim sot nht thun li cho cc bc gia cng
k tip.
- Ci thin ch s nn dng Canxi Hidroxide.
- Nhit lu ho 150
0
C200
0
C.
Tc lu ha chm -> lu ha bng oxit kim loi (ZnO/ PbO).
n tnh rt cao -> kh p hnh. Rt dnh kim loi -> kh hn
luyn
Cng lc ko t, dn di khi t, chu lnh/ nhit km
ng dng: Loi thng: sn phm c khun, p xut, ng bng ti,
bc cp, , gt giy, lp xe, cn trng vi, m chu du,...
Loi dnh: keo dnh nhanh vi cng ln
Loi c bit: sn phm chu du cao, cng rn, dp.
e. Cao su buna S /styrene butadiene (SBR)
Thnh phn: Styrene + Butadien
Tnh nng v ng dng:
Gii thiu
L loi cao su tng hp c sn xut nhiu nht. Cao su SBR l sn
phm ng trng hp ca Styrene v Butadien, c cc nh nghin cu
ngi c a ra nm 1930.
Nguyn liu v phng php sn xut
Nguyn liu sn xut SBR l:
Butadien: c ngun gc t du m c sn xut bng phng php nhit
phn:
CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2

Styrene: c sn xut t Ethylbenzen do tc dng ca Benzen v Ethylene:
CH
2
= CH C
6
H
5

Cc thnh phn trong cao su SBR:
- Nc: 180 phn theo trng lng.
15
- Soap flakes: 5 phn theo trng lng.
- n podecul mercaptan: 0.5 phn theo trng lng.
- Stynene: 25 phn theo trng lng.
- Butadien: 75 phn theo trng lng.
- Short stop-hydroquinone: 0.1 phn theo trng lng.
- Antioxidant: 1.25 phn theo trng lng.
Phn ng ng trng hp
- Nhit trng hp 122
0
F phn theo trng lng.
(- CH
2
CH = CH CH
2
-)
x
(- C C -)
y

c tnh
- SBR c ng trng hp 50
o
C c gi l SBR phng php nng
(phng php c), c ng trng hp 5
o
C c gi l SBR phng php
lnh c tnh nng c l tt hn phng php nng. Trong cu to phn t
SBR c lin kt n nn c th lu ha bng lu hunh, SBR thng c hm
lng Styrene t 2025%, 7580% cn li l Butadien. Khi hm lng
Styren cao hn 50%, SBR c gi l nha c hm lng Styren cao (high
styren resin).
- Trong cng thc cu to ca SBR thnh phn Butadien thc hin tnh cht
cao su, thnh phn Styren thc hin tnh cht nha.
Mt s SBR thng gp:
SBR 1502: l SBR trng hp bng phng php lnh c hm lng
Styren khong t 2325% l loi SBR c th s dng cao su mnh.
SBR 1500: SBR ng trnh hp bng phng php lnh hm lng
Styren t 2325% s dng sn xut sn phm mu en.
SBR 1712: SBR c ng trng hp bng phng php lnh, hm
lng Styren t 2325%, hm lng gc du thm (Aromatic) ln hn
37,5%, s dng sn phm mu en.
16
SBR 1778: tng t nh loi SBR 1712 nhng hm lng du gc
Naphtenic l 37,5%, s dng sn phm mu sng.
KHS 68: l loi nha c hm lng Styren 68%, s dng trong trng
hp sn phm c cng cao, s dng cht n.
- Chng dp nt thp nhit cao. 100
0
C s mt 60% tnh chng nt.
- Tnh chu nhit thp ( 94
0
C cao su lu ho mt i 2/3 cng lc v 30% t
l dn di).
- loang vt nt ln (Grack grow)
- So snh vi cao su thin nhin:
SBR ng rn chm hn cao su thin nhin.
SBR khng nhit tt hn cao su thin nhin nhng thp hn cao su
Nitrile.
SBR c tnh khng du tt hn cao su Chloroprene.
SBR c tnh khng in, du acid, ho cht tng t cao su thin nhin.
Gia cng
- Tiu hao nng lng hn khi hn luyn. Ch khng qu s luyn s lm
gim do v phn t s to lin kt khng gian ba chiu. gim lm cho
cao su kh in y khun. Nn ci thin tnh cht ny bng cch dng du
Napthalene nha thng, du Coumanrone
- Nhit ni sinh ln lm cho sn phm b tn tht khi un p nhiu ln.
- Thnh phn n rt quan trng nh hng n cc tnh cht c l ca sn
phm.
- Vn tc lu ho chm hn cao su thin nhin.
- SBR trn th trng cn ngm phng lo D Acid stearic, du vvliu lng
do nh sn xut quy nh. Thng l 1,5% phng lo D, 3,5% Acid stearic
SBR lnh chu mi mn tt hn SBR nng -> mt lp xe.
Chng nt thp nhit cao, loang vt nt ln, chu nhit
km.
Tn nng lng khi s luyn, do thp -> kh in khun, tc
lu ha chm.
17
Nhit ni sinh ln, cng lc ko t thp khi khng n.
ng dng
- Lp, ai, ng, giy, dy cp, khung ca, m gim chn, trng vi
- Cng ngh sm lp xe, ph tng cao su, bng ti
- Cng nh ng, bc cp, giy dp, vng m joint, keo dn
f. Cao su ethylene propylene (EPM, EPDM)
Thnh phn: Ethylene + Propylene, EPDM: 40/60
Tnh nng v ng dng:
i vi EPDM, nhm Dien c thm vo c lin kt khng bo
ha nn c th lu ha bng lu hunh. Cc Dien thng l 1,4 Hexa
Dien, Diclo Pentadien.
Ty theo cu to ca Ethylen, Propylene v Dien m EPDM c tnh
cht khc nhau
T l Propylen cao th cao su EPDM d cn luyn hn nhng nu thnh
phn Ethylen cao hn th tnh nng c l v tnh cht p n (p xut)
tt hn.
nht Mooney cng cao, tnh nng c l tt hn cao su c kh nng
hp th cht n nhiu hn nhng qu trng gia cng kh.
Cc Dien c thm vo cao su EPDM lu ho bng lu hunh
nhng chng u mch nhnh, do EPDM c mch chnh l cc
lin kt bo ha nn EPDM c tnh chu nhit tt nh Ozone, nh sng.
ngm du, n ln -> h gi thnh sn phm.
Phn lu ha bng Peroxide (t dng) v tc lu ha chm, dnh
km -> kh thnh hnh.
ng dng: Rt rng ri (tr sn phm khng du, dung mi): hng,
mt lp xe, chi tit my, bc cp in, ng nc, bng ti, m, bao b,
giy dp, Parechoc (cn).
g. Cao su silicon (dimetyl siloxan)
Tnh cht
18
Cao su Silicon c kh nng chu Oxy ha, thi tit, Ozone, nuc, hi
nuc v mt s hp cht dung mi.
Tnh chng chy tt, t dp tt ngn la, khng mi, khng v, khng
c nn c s dng trong lnh vc thc phm, y t
Khong nhit lm vic rt rng t -150
o
F 600
o
F (iu kin tnh), -
100
o
F 600
o
F (iu kin ng).
ng dng
S dng trong cc chi tit vi mc ch chu nhit, trong cc ngnh
cng nghip.
Trong dn dng cc sn phm trong lnh vc thc phm, y t, s dng
trong ngnh in do c tnh cht cch in v chu c mi trng thi tit.
2.1.3. Cao su ti sinh v cao su bt
a. Cao su ti sinh
Khi nim cao su ti sinh
Cao su ti sinh l cc sn phm cao su ph thi qua s dng, vt b
i, c em i ti sinh thu li nguyn liu cao su phc v cho sn xut.
Phng php sn xut cao su ti sinh
Sau giai on chn la s khi, cc sn phm cao su ph thi c cho
vo my nghin, cao su v cc vt liu khc nh: vi mnh, dy thp ning b
ct x v nghin vn to bt, loi bt ny cho qua mt vng c t tnh mnh
thu ht cc vt c i lc mnh nh st thp.
Sau x l bt bng dung dch St 5% 180
o
C trong 8 n 10 gi.
Sau bt c hp th trong nc si p sut 740 Atmosphere. V bt s
c ra, lc, sy kh v tinh luyn qua my bng vt v tn.
Tnh cht cao su ti sinh
Cao su ti sinh c s dng nh cht ph thm gim gi thnh ca
m luyn
Ci thin do, gim thi gian cho cht n vo m luyn.
Gia tng tc p sut, gim phng ca cao su t ming n.
19
Ci thin ngai quan ca sn phm n v gi cho sn phm khng b
co rt.
Gim tiu hao nng lng v mt phn cht n c sn trong cao su ti
sinh.
Tng nh tnh dnh v trng lng phn t cao su ti sinh b gim trm
trng.
Nhng tr ngi v nh hng ca cao su ti sinh
Khi thit lp n pha ch c s dng cao su ti sinh phi lu n hm
lng cc cht cn tn ng trong cao su:
Hm lng cht n
Hm lng lu hynh
Hm lng cht xc tin
Nu cao su ti sinh luyn khng k, ln nhiu cht bn th. Nu t l
cao su ti sinh thm vo l 10% th tnh nng khng mn, khng x rch,
khng mi s suy gim nghim trng. Do khng nn vt qu lng dng
l 15% so vi cao su sng.
Ngi ta s dng cao su ti sinh c gc l cao su thin nhin, cao su
SBR (Styrene Butadien Rubber) v cao su Butyl, khng s dng cao su ti
sinh c gc Nitril hoc Poly Cloroprene v cc lai cao su ny b bin cng.
b. Cao su bt
Khi nim
Thm vo m luyn khong 5% s ci thin c cng ngh ca n.
Nu t l thm vo cao th tnh cht ca sn phm cng b suy gim nghim
trng c bit l lc ko t, khng x v tnh cht n ca sn phm.
Ngi ta c th s dng 100% bt cao su lu ha sn xut sn phm
bng cch lu ha di p lc cao 150
o
C c s hin din ca lu hunh, tuy
nhin tnh nng ca sn phm rt km.

20
Hnh nh mt s lai cao su

21
2.2. Cht ph gia
2.2.1. Cht lu ha
S lu ha
- Lu ha l qu trnh ha hc, cc phn t cao su c ni vi nhau bng
nhng cu ni ha hc, to ra nhng mng li cao su nhng mc khc
nhau.
- To ra nhng lin kt ngang cng ha tr rt bn, ng thi y l qu trnh
khng thun nghch.

22
a. Lu hunh
Khi qut
Tn khc: dim sanh, sulfur
K hiu: S
Phn loi: trn th trng c 4 loi chnh: lu hunh thi, lu hunh
thng hoa, lu hunh thng ra li, lu hunh kt ta.
Trong lu hunh thi c s dng nhiu nht, n c cu trc kt
tinh gm 8 nguyn t lu hunh (S8) v c sn xut t lu hunh
hnh cu qua qu trnh nghin v sng. im nng chy ca lu hunh
hnh thoi t 118 119 C
Tnh cht chung
Cht mu vng, t trng 2.07, khng mu, khng mi, khng tan trong
nc, tan t trong cn, ether, glycerine, tan nhiu trong cacbon
disulfide.
Nng chy 119 C, thnh cht lng mu vng nht, nhit bc chy
266 C v ngn la mu xanh lam v bc kh anderhyde sulfurous
(SO
2
) hi.
To mng li khng gian ba chiu. Tnh nng ca cao su sau khi lu
ha s ph thuc rt nhiu vo mt lin kt khng gian ba chiu.
Lu hunh c th tc dng vi cc lin kt i ca mch phn t
to mng li khng gian thng qua cc cu ni Sunfua.
Nu dy lu hunh c nhiu phn t (x>2) -> n hi, un dp tt,
nhng c tnh v khng lo km -> dng xc tin.
Lng s dng
Cao su lu ha mm: lng s dng t 1 3% i vi trng lng cao
su v c s dng cht xc tin
Cao su bn cng: lng s dng t 10 25% i vi trng lng cao
su v c s dng cht xc tin, nhng thng t s dng n lng ny
v lm cho tnh cht sn phm km.
23
Cao su cng ebonite: t 25 60%, khi s dng hm lng ny cn
phi thn trng v d gy lu ha sm
b. Selenium
Khi qut
Tn thng mi: VANDEX
K hiu: Se
Phn loi: c 2 loi Se xm v Se , trong Se xm thng c s
dng lm cht lu ha cao su
Tnh cht chung
- Se dng thi hay dng bt, t trng 4,79 4,81, nng chy nhit
> 217C, khng tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c.
- Lm cht lu ha cho cao su v latex, thnh lp cu ni gia cc phn
t hydrocarbon cao su, nhng kh nng km hn lu hunh.
Lng s dng
- Lng s dng: 0.5 1% i vi lng cao su, thng s dng chung
vi cc cht khc nh TMTD hay DTET, sn phm cao su thng c
tnh chiu nhit rt tt.
c. Tellurium
Lng dng: 0,5 % kt hp TMTD/ TETD trong hn hp khng lu
hunh, sn phm -> khng bin mm, chu nhit, hi nuc.
Ngoi lu hunh ngi ta cn s dng Selenium v Tellurium s cho
sn phm c mt s c tnh tt nh l lc ko t tt, khng mn tt,
chu nhit, chu hi nc tt tuy nhin gi t nn t dng.
Bng 2.3: Cc hp cht lu ha khng s dng lu hunh
STT
H lu
ha
Tc nhn lu
ha
Loi ni
ngang
Loi cao su
s dng
1 peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide
Dicumyl Peroxide
EPDM
Silicone
2 Oxit KL ZnO, MgO

CR
Hypalon
24
4 Nha
Nha phenolic
P quinonedioxime

O
O

Bytyl
CFM

Cc hn hp 2 chc: to cu ni gia cc dy phn t polymer thnh
dng khng gian 3 chiu
Cc peroxide: s dng cho cc loi cao su c dy phn t bo ha hoc
khng c cc nhm c kh nng phn ng to mng, cc loi cht lu
ha ny khng vo dy phn t polymer nhng to cc im hot ng
ni li nguyn t carbon ca hai dy k cn.
2.2.2. Chn la h lu ha
Lu ha nhanh
Hot tnh cao (lu ha hiu qu)
Tan trong cao su (khng tr phn, phn tn tt)
Chm kch hot (an ton khi gia cng)
Lu tr an ton
Mm lu ha rng
Hiu qu trn khong nhit rng
Tng hp vi cc ph gia khc
An ton v khng gy hi khi s dng
Khng c hiu ng ph trn cc tnh cht khc
2.2.3. Cht xc tin
nh ngha
Cht xc tin hay cn gi l cht gia tc lu ha, l cht hu c c tc
dng tng tc lu ha cao su. c s dng vi lng nh, c kh nng
lm gim thi gian hay h nhit gia nhit sn phm, gim t l gia nhit
cht lu ha v ci thin cht lng sn phm.
Phn loi
Theo pH: acid, baz, trung tnh.
25
Theo tc lu ha:
Gia tc lu ha chm
Gia tc lu ha trung bnh
Gia tc lu ha nhanh
Gia tc lu ha bn cc nhanh
Gia tc lu ha cc nhanh
Theo nhm ha hc
Amine
Amino - acol
Anderhyde - amine
Thiourea v urea
Guanidine
Thiazole v thiazoline
Sulfonamide
Thiuram
Dithiocaramate tan v khng tan trong nc
Xanthate
iu kin chn cht xc tin
Vic la chn cht xc tin chu s nh hng ca 3 yu t: thi gian
gia nhit, tc lu ha, chiu di v s lng cu ni ngang lu
hunh trong sn phm cao su, 3 yu t ny c mi quan h mt thit
n vic kch hot cc mui km.
Mt trong cc tnh cht quan trng ca cht xc tin l hiu ng kt
hp. trong thc t, ngi ta lun s dng kt hp cc cht xc tin cng
1 n pha ch t c cc tnh cht ti u cho sn phm.
Khi chn hm lng cht xc tin cn phi ch n bn cht cht xc
tin, hm lng cng cao th tc phn ng cng nhanh. Tuy nhin
gi tr ny c 1 gii hn nht nh.
a. Diphenyl guanidine (DPG)
26
Khi qut
Tn thng mi: DPG, VULKACITD...
Cng thc:

Tnh cht chung
- D: 1.13 1.19
- T
o
chy: >145
o
C
- Khng tan trong nc v xng, tan t trong benzen, Trichloroethylene;
tan nhiu trong Aceton, Chloroform, t b bin tnh khi ct gi.
- DGP thng dng lm cht xc tin ph cho MBT hoc MBTS. Nu
dng lm cht xc tin chnh s nh hng n mu sc sn phm.
- Xc tin trung bnh, dng cho nhng vt dy.
- Dng nh cht xc tin th 2 vi cc vt khc nh: thiazoles
Lng s dng
- Dng lm ha do cho cao su CR 1 4%
- Dng nh cht xc tin: 1 2%
- Dng lm cht tng hot: 0.2 0.7% dng km vi DM hay MBT
b. Mercaptobenz thiazole (MBT)
Khi qut
- Tn thng mi: MBT, THIOTAX
- Tn khc: 2 metcaptobenzothiazole
2 benzothiazol-tiol
- Cng thc:

27

Tnh cht chung
- Dng bt hay xp, vng nht, v ng, c mi c trng.
- T trng: 1.48 1.5
- T
o
chy: 163 179
o
C
- Khng tan trong nc v xng, tan t trong dicloroethylene, tan nhiu
trong benzene, Chloroform.
Lng s dng
- Dng lm cht gia tc lu ha chnh: 0.5 1.5%
- S dng nh cht tng hot mnh cho cht gia tc baz: 0.5 1.5%
dng km vi DPG 0.2 0.7%, tr thnh hn hp xc tin bn cc
nhanh.
c. Disulfur benzothiazyl (MBTS hay DM)
Khi qut
- Tn thng mi: MBTS, ACCELERATOR DM
- Tn khc: 2- benzothiazolyl disulfide
2,2 ditio-bis-benzothiazole
- Cng thc:

28
Tnh cht chung
- Dng bt hoc ht xp nh mu vng nht hi trng, khng mi, khng
c
- T trng: 1.5
- T
o
chy: 170
o
C
- Tan trong benzene, chloroform, acetone, ether. Khng tan trong nc,
xng.
Lng s dng
- Dng lm cht gia tc lu ha chnh: 0.8 1.5%, vi lng S s dng
l 1 2%
- S dng nh cht tng hot: 0.5 1.5% dng km vi DPG 0.4
0.7%, lng S s dng 1.5 2.5 cho s lu ha chm hn.
- S dng nh cht tr hon lu ha cho cao su chloroprene: 0.25
1%
d. Cyclodexyl 2 benzothiazyl sulfenamide (CBS)
Khi qut
- Tn thng mi: CBS, CONAC S, SANTOCURE
- Tn khc: 2- benzothiazole cyclohexyl sulfenamide
- Cng thc:

Tnh cht chung
- Dng bt hoc ht mu trng hi vng (mu kem), c v ng
- T trng: 1.27 1.3
- T
o
chy > 95
o
C
- Tan trong dung mi hu c thng dng, khng tan trong nc
Lng s dng
29
- Dng nh cht ch hon, rt thch hp cho cc hn hp cao su c cha
khi en c pH cao (SRF, FF, SAF, ISAF), v cc hn hp p n,
lng s dng: 0.5 1%
- CBS c th s dng thay th cho s kt hp gia DM v DPG, c hiu
qu gia tc tng ng.
- C kh nng t tng hat nn ch cn s dng 1 lng nh ZnO 1 2%
v Acid stearic 0.5%
- hn hp cn luyn kh nng phn tn vo trong cao su rt tt, bi n
c nhit nng chy thp v hin tng cht trn my dng nh
khng xy ra khi ta dng duy nht.
e. Monosulfur tetramethyl thiuram (TMTM)
Khi qut
- Tn thng mi: TMTM, THIONEX
- Tn khc: Tetramethylthiuram monosulfur
Bis-dimethyl thicarbamyl sulfide
- Cng thc:

Tnh cht chung
- Dng bt hoc ht mu vng hoc vng chanh, khng mi, khng v
- T trng: 1.37 1.4
- T
o
chy > 95
o
C
- Tan trong dung mi hu c thng dng: benzene, chloroform, acetone,
khng tan trong nc v gasoline, tan t trong ether, cn
Lng s dng
l 1,5 3%
30
- S dng nh cht tng hot: 0.05 0.5% khi cht gia tc chnh nn
dng l DM vi lng 0.5 1%
- S dng nh cht tr hon lu ha cho cao su chloroprene: 0.5 1%
khi lng lu hunh s dng 0.5 1%
f. Diethyl dithiocarbamate km (EZ)
Khi qut
- Tn thng mi: ETHASAN, SOXINOL EZ
- Cng thc:

Tnh cht chung
- Dng bt mu trng
- T trng: 1.47
- T
o
chy: 171 178
o
C
- Tan trong benzene, chloroform, cavbon disulfide, khng tan trong
nc, xng, cn tan t trong ether, cn, t tan trong carbon tetrachloro
acetone.
Lng s dng
- Dng lm cht gia tc lu ha chnh: 0.25 1%, vi lng S s dng
l 0.75 2%
- S dng nh cht tng hot: 0.5 1.5% cho cc cht gia tc chnh
g. Disulfur tetramethylthiuram (TMTD)
Khi qut
- Tn thng mi: TMTD, VULKACIT THIURAM v.v
- Cng thc:

31
Tnh cht chung
- Dng bt mn, hoc mu kem nht, gn trng, khng mi
- T trng: 1.29
- T
o
chy: 135 - 140
o
C
- Tan trong cc dung mi hu c thng dng, khng tan trong nc,
xng, acid long, cht kim, tan t trong trichloroethylene.
- Di tc dng ca nhit, n gii phng 13% lu hunh v chnh lng
lu hunh ny tham gia to s lu ha.
Lng s dng
- Dng nh cht lu ha khng s dng lu hunh: 2.5 4 %, hoc 1,5
3% kt hp vi hm lng lu hunh thp
l 1 3 %
- S dng nh cht tng hot: 0.05 0.3 % khi cht xc tin chnh l
0.5 1 % MBT hay DM, lng lu hunh s dng l 2 2.5 %
2.2.4. Cht tng hot
nh ngha
L cht c tc dng ph tr gia tc cao su tng cng tnh cht gia tc
hay b chnh tc dng nghch ca mt s ha cht trong cu to hn hp cao
su
Phn loi
Oxit kim loi: ZnO, MgO
Acid bo: A stearic
Cc cht gia tc lu ha hoc cc cht gia tc lu ha mnh dng vi
liu lng thp so vi lng bnh thng.
C ch hot ng

32
ZnO + A.
Strearic
MBT (HX)
ZnX
X : nhm d in t
H : trao i vi cao
R - Sy - R

S
Acid to mi trng
a ZnO vo cao su
Dng phc tng
i n nh
XSZnSX
Tc nhn lu ha mui trung
gian khng bn nm trong cao su
R - Sy - X
Cht trung gian gn
ln mch cao su
Sn phm cao su
lu ha
Cao su (HR)

a. ZnO
Khi qut
Oxit km l cht tr xc tin quan trng nht v c s dng nhiu
nht v thng kt hp vi cc acid bo to thnh cc savon tan c
trong nguyn liu cao su.
33
Trong hn hp cao su, ZnO c tc dng: dn nhit v khuch tn nhit,
thch hp cho cc sn phm dy hoc cc sn phm khi s dng c nhit ni
sinh cao nh lp xe
Tnh cht chung
Bt trng, c t trng d = 5.57 5.6 trng thi v nh hnh hay hnh
kim ty theo iu kin oxide ha km.
trng thi nguyn cht n tan trong nc 0.005 g/ lt 25
0
C, tan
c acid, kim v mui amine.
Hm lng s dng
Dng nh cht tng hot cho cc cht gia tc: 3 5% cho nhm
thiazole v nhng cht c yu cu hay 0.5 3% c hiu qu cho mi cht gia
tc.
Khi dng nh cht truyn nhit, tng hot, phm mu to trng: 8
20%
b. Acid Stearic
Khi qut
Tn khc: Acid actadecylic, acid actadecanoic, sp chua
CTPT: CH
3
(CH
2
)
16
COOH
Acid stearic c s dng lm cht tng hot gia tc trc tip hoc qua
s thnh lp savon km tan trong cao su khi phn ng vi oxide km.
Ha do cao su cn luyn
Khuch tn cht n v ha cht khc
Khng lo ha vt l cho cao su lu ha: do acid strearic c tan gii
hn trong cao su nn khi c lng t do s khuch tn ra ngoi cao su
to s khng lo ha vt l c lp cao su v khng kh.
Tnh cht chung
L acid bo, tinh th dng l mng mu trng sng.
Dng thng mi: bt, vy, phint trng d = 0.84
Nhit nng chy: 69,6
0
C
Tan trong ether, chloroform, benzene.
34
Hm lng s dng
Hm lng s dng acid strearic trong n pha ch 1 4 % cho cc
cht xc tin cn s tng hot.
c. Cc cht tng hot khc
PbO / Pb
3
O
4

- PbO: l cht bt mu vng, khng tan trong nc, tan trong acide, kim
mnh, khi lng ring l 9,1 9,7, khng mi c.
- Pb
3
O
4
: bt mu khng tan trong nc, khi lng ring l 8,39,2,
khng mi c.
- Dng cho sn phm NR, SBR, NBR, lm tng hot tnh Thiazole v
Aldehydomin.
- D b t lu -> dng acid stearic v du tng tiu
- PbO dng cho CR, IIR
MgO
- Dng bt mn mu trng, nh, xp, khng tan trong nc v ru dng lm
cht n, cht tr xc tin.
- Cng dng nh tc cht lu ha vi ZnO trong CR
- Dng nh mt cht nhm acid (H
+
) trong hn hp n cao vi Factice trng.
Acide oleic
- Dng lng, mu vng n mu nu , im chy ca cht tinh khit l
14
o
C, im si 286
o
C
Du ht bng
- Dng bn rn mu vng hay vng nht, im chy 2037
o
C
Acide bo c 12 nguyn t Cacbon
- Th rn mu trng, khi lng ring 0,89 v Tm = 2037
o
C.
2.2.5. Cht ha do
nh ngha
Cht ha do c chc nng ln trong cao su gip ch bin v gia cng
hn hp cao su c d dng, lm bin i vi c tnh ca cao su lu ha.
Phn loi
35
Nhm c ngun gc ng vt v thc vt
Nhm c ngun gc dn xut t than
Nhm c ngun gc t du m
Nhm tng hp
Tc dng ca cht ha do
C ch ca s ha do: cht ha do xen vo gia cc chui cao su,
lm tch cc chui ra v lm gim lc ht gia cc phn t
Gip cht n d phn tn, gim nhit luyn trn my cn 2 trc
Gim bt thao tc c hc, tit kim cng sut tiu th
Tng kt dnh gia ha cht v cao su trong qu trnh cn, to iu
kin cho ha cht d dng phn tn vo trong cao su.
a. Du tng tiu
Th lng st, mu nu en
S dng nhiu s ko di s lu ha v lm cho sn phm bin mm
nhit cao, ngoi ra cng xc tin lo ha
T trng: 1,01 1,06
b. Nha thng
Gm acid abietic (C
19
H
29
COOH) v alhydric abietic (C
14
H
24
O
4
)
L cht lm mm, tng dnh
Mu vng trong sut, mu vng c
T trng: 1,11,5
c. Cht ha do
Mt s cht ha do thng dng:
Mercaptan h thm: Betanaphyl Mercaptan, Xylylmer-Captan, mui
km ca Xylylmer-Captan, Phenylmer-Captan
Cc cht dn xut Imidazole: Dimethyl Imidazole
Hydrazine thm: Stearate Phenylhydrazine
Cc dn xut ca Acid Sunfuric: Bandogene
d. Du khong
36
Lm gim nht, d n. Tng bm ng cho lp
Du gc thm (Aromatic): cho gia cng tt nht: sn phm d nhum,
bn mu, khng lo, thch hp cho NR, tng hp tr IIR.
Du Parafin. ng dng cho IIR, d nhum, bn, nht thp -> chu
nhit thp.
2.2.6. Cht n
nh ngha
n l cht ph gia c a vo cao su thng chim lng tng
i ln hn 10% tr ln
Mc ch s dng:
Ci thin tnh nng ca sn phm
Ci thin kh nng gia cng ca hn hp cao su
H gi thnh sn phm
Phn loi: c chia thnh 3 loi chnh
n gia cng: than N774, N990..
n bn gia cng: N550, silica ..
n tr: CaCO3, Kaolin, cao su ti sinh ..
C ch

a. Than en
Khi qut

37

Than en mng dn truyn: (CC): ci thin tnh dn in, khng x
rch, khng mi mn.
Than en mng rt d thao tc: (HPC): b cng, khng mi mn,
khng ko t, dn in kh tt
Than en mng d thao tc trung bnh (MPC): b cng, sn phm c
c tnh tt.
Than en mng d thao tc (EPC): khng t, mi mn, mm do, v
ny cao.
Than en l khng mi mn cao: b cng cho cc loi sn phm cao
su, khng mi mn cao.
Than en l b cng rt mn (RF, VFF): thao tc d, b cng cao, p
sut cao, dn di thp.
Than en l mn (FF): chu un dp n hi v ny tt.
Than en l sut cao s 2 (FEF v HMF- 1): Khng lo ha, cng
tng i
Cc nhm chc trn b mt than en
38
Than en l dn di cao (HEF): Khng x rt tt
Than en l bn b cng (SRF): Khi lng ring thp, khng du,
ny tt.
Than en nhit phn mn: ny cao, khng x rch tt
Than en nhit phn trung bnh (MT): xem nh cht n tr
Than en acetylene (CF): dn in tt, c a vo cui giai on hn
luyn.

Loi TB
nm
B mt
ring
cm
2
/g
Loi TB
nm
B mt
ring
cm
2
/g
DBP
Ml/100g
1 11 19 125 155 N110 SAF 19 138 113
N219
ISAF.LS
25 115 78
N220 ISAF 23 122 115
2 20 25 110 140
N234 21 124 125
N326 HAF-
LS
26 84 72
N330 HAF 29 84 101
N339 24 94 121
N347 HAF-
HS
27 87 126
3 26 30 75 105
N358 SPF 31 85 150
4 31 39 43 69 N440 FF 55 50 60
5 40 48 36 52 N550 FEF 47 43 120
N660 GPF 54 36 91
6 49 60 26 42
N683 APF 58 38 135
N762 SRF-
LS
95 26 65
N765 SRF-
HS
70 28 122
N774 SRF 72 30 74
7 61 100 17 33
N754 SL 90 103 - 58
8 101 200 - N880 FT 170 17 -
9 > 200 - N990 MT
320
470
8 36

Bng 2.4: Phn loi than theo tiu chun ASTM 1765
39
S nh hng ca than n hn hp cao su
Modul tng khi tng mt ni ngang, tng hm lng than en
Tnh khng ko tng khi tng hm lng than en
Tnh cht ng tng khi mt ni ngang tng, nhng n s gim khi
tng hm lng than en.
bin dng d sau khi nn chu nh hng ca s cn i gia cc
qu trnh to ni ngang v ct mch khi lu ha, do tc ng ca
than en khng c qui lut r rng.
Khi s dng than en cn phi da vo tnh cht ca n:
+ Kch tht ht
+ Din tch b mt ring
+ Cu trc than cng cao th trng n phi cng thp

b. Cht n b cng
CaCO
3
( vi)
Thm Acid Stearic ->d phn tn, sn phm p xut tng
Ht nh: lc ko t, khng mn, x, un dp cao, t ht, H
2
O, cch
in tt, cng lc nh dn, modun, cng thp.
ng dng: r -> ph bin: m, ng, giy, chi.
CaSO
4
.xH
2
O (thch cao)
L cht n tr, mu trng hn Barit.
SiO
2
(Silicas th keo)
Khng x, khng loang vt nt tt, tnh b cng cao, nh
Thu ht cht xc tin -> thm S -> kh lu ha. Lm cng, kh -> kh
thao tc. Tnh n hi /do, cng lc nh dn km, co rt ln.
ng dng: Sn phm trng, trong sut, nh: , gt giy, gi da
ZnO (km oxit)
B cng / lc ko t / ny cao, bin dng tr thp, d hn luyn,
cch in tt.
Lc x rch thp. Kh lu ha (nhanh lu, to ZbS). Gi t
40
ng dng: Hng lp xe, m gim chn, b thng, bc dy cch
in.
c. Cht n tr
Silicate thin nhin
Tr hon lu ha, lm cng, ht ln lm lc ko t, lc khng x,
khng mi mn thp
C hai loi Silic l Diatosil A44 v Silic N
C tnh p xut gn t cc thng s ca Silic th keo
Talc
Dng bt trng mn, khi lng ring 2.72 khng Acid, cch n tt
trn lng
Minate
Dng cho sn phm cn khng nhit, sn phm chu Acid, cch in
vi
Mu trng, dn, xp, thnh phn chnh l CaCO3, khi lng ring 2.7
dng cho sn phm khng tip xc vi Acid
Magnesic (MgO)
C hai loi
+Loi nh: dng bt trng rt mn, khi lng ring 3.2
+Loi nng: dng bt hnh kim, khi lng ring 3.6
d. n cao su ti sinh
L cht n r bn, tng c cho sn phm. Tnh khng lo tuyt
ho.
Tng tc hn luyn: thm t, phn tn cht nhum, hn hp d
trn ->gim tiu th nng lng.
Tng tnh rn chc cho sn phm: gim chn/ khuyt tt vt liu ->
o n v cn trng nhanh & an ton hn.
Gim co rt trc v trong khi lu ha. Thi gian nn/ c khun
gim -> lu ha nhanh. Cng nh gim co rt qua ming n/ trc
cn trng.
41
Sinh nhit t do tnh tng hp tt vi cao su mi -> an ton vi hn
hp cha lng ln C en.
2.2.7. Cht to mu
a. Cht nhum mu gc v c
Mu : Oxyt st Fe
2
O
3

Khng dng cho sn phm mng mng, bm dnh kim loi, nng cao
im ha do
Antimony : Gm cc loi SbS
3

Sunfur thy ngn
Hn hp Sunfur Cadmium mu anh o
Mu vng:
Sunfur Cadmium (CdS)
Km Chranate (ZnCrO
4
)
Ch Chranate
Fe
2
O
3
ngm nc
Mu trng; TiO
2
, ZnO, MgCO
3

Mu lc: CrO
3
bt mu lc en
Mu lam: hn hp CaO v Al
2
O
3
b. Cht nhum mu gc hu c
Mu : mui ca Acid Naphtol-5 Sulfonic vi Diazo
Naphtylamine (CK)
Mu xanh lc: phc cht ca st Nitroro--Naphtol
Vng cam: C
32
H
22
N
4
O
5
S
2
Ba
2.2.8. Cht to bt
L cht trong qu trnh lu ha b phn gii v cho kh thot ra to
thnh cc l xp
Mt s cht to bt nh: (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, NH
4
H
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3

42
2.2.9. Cht phng lo
Nhim v l dp tt cc gc t do duy tr tnh nng ca sn phm
cng lu cng tt so vi tnh nng ban u hoc b tr cc cu ni b ph
hu. Do ngi ta phn loi theo bn cht ha hc ca chng.
Phn loi cc cht phng lo theo cu trc ho hc:
Dn xut ca Amin
Khng c nhiu tc nhn lo ha
Lm en sn phm ch s dng cho hn hp c than en
Cc cht ca paraphenylene diamine
R-NH-*-NH- R
Cc amine v dn xut ca chng gm cc loi khc nhau:
+ Khng oxy ha do nhit, do cun dp
+ Khng khng ozone
Hai cht phng lo thng dng l:
+ Phenyl -naphtyl-amine (D)
+ Aldol-naphtyl-amine (A)
Cc dn xut ca phenol
Khng khng Ozone
t lm bin mu sn phm, cc sn phm tip xc vi sn phm. Mt s
nhm thng dng:
+ Monophenol: 2-6 ditertio butyl4 metyl phenol
+ Biphenol: 2,2 methylene bis -4 methyl 6 tertiobutyl phenol
+ Thiophenol: 4,4 thiobis -2- methyl-6- tertiobutyl phenol
+ Phosphite: trinoylphenyl phosphite
Cc cht tc dng xc tin chm
To ra cc cu ni mi b p li cc ni b oxy ph hu
S dng nhiu nht l mercaptho benzi-midazole v mui km ca n
Cc loi sp vi tinh th
Gm cc hp cht parafine c khi lng phn t ln v mt phn
c vng ho
43
Khng Ozone: ch bo v sn phm trng thi tnh v n khng to
c lp mng mng trn b mt cao su
Cht chng Ozone

H H
\ /
N-* - N
/ \
R
1
R
2

Cc cht chng Ozone t nhiu c tc dng phng lo do nhit
Cc cht chng Ozone phn ln l dn xut ca p-phenylamine
Kh nng chng Ozone lin quan n RR
Cht phng lo vt l
Gm cc loi parafine v mt s loi sp nh sp ong
Khng nc, khng oxy xm nhp lm cho cao su mm do, lu dn s
xut hin cc vt nt, ngn chn oxy xm nhp vo bn trong sn
phm. Ch s dng cc sn phm trng thi tnh, trng thi ng cc
mng ny b v nn oxy, ozone c th xm nhp vo sn phm
C tc dng lm cho b mt sn phm bng long d p xut c kh
nng chng nc

44
2.3. Quy trnh cng ngh

Hon tt
Cn ong nguyn liu

Cn luyn
Lu ha
nh hnh
Kim tra
Kim tra v th nghim
Kim tra
at t
at t
at t

Sn phm hon
chnh
45
Chng 3: NGHIN CU

3.1. xy dng cng thc n pha ch cn phi da vo cc iu kin
sau:
To ra sn phm c cht lng p ng theo yu cu s dng.
- p ng cc yu cu v tnh nng c l
- p ng iu kin lm vic ca sn phm: chu mi mn, nn p
- p ng mi trng lm vic ca sn phm: chu du, chu nhit
- To ra sn phm c cht lng p ng theo yu cu s dng
Ph hp vi iu kin cng ngh, thit b my mc.
- Xem xt iu kin cng ngh gia cng: p c, p chuyn, bm
injection
- Xem xt kt cu sn phm chn cng ngh cho ph hp
Chi ph nguyn liu, chi ph sn xut cho ph hp vi gi c ca sn
phm.
- Chn nguyn liu p ng c yu cu m gi thnh thp
- iu chnh sao cho thi gian lu ha l ngn nht tng nng sut
nhng phi hp l v an ton.
- Xem xt sao cho sn phm to ra c gi thnh thp nht m vn t
c yu cu ca khch hng
3.2. Nghin cu xy dng n cng thc joint chu du s dng cao su
NBR
3.2.1. Xc nh
- Joint chu c du m: s dng cao su NBR c trng n l 0.5 %
- cng sn phm: 70 75 shore A
- T trng: 1.20 1.25 g/cm
3

- Lc ko t: > 1400 N/cm
2

- gin di: > 350 %
3.2.2. Thit lp cng thc th nghim
a. Cng thc 1
46

L lun cng thc 1:
- Do c tnh ca sn phm chu du nn trong n cng ngh phi s
dng cao su NBR c kh nng chu du
- cng sn phm t 70 75 shore A, t trng sn phm 1.20 1.25
khi tnh ton cng cho sn phm chng ta cn phi bit c
cng ca loi cao su ang s dng trong n cng ngh, i vi cao su
NBR th cng t 42 45 shore A
- Khi tnh ton t trng ca sn phm, cn phi la chn v iu chnh
lng n tr v n gia cng sao cho ph hp, nhng ng thi cng
phi quan tm n cc c tnh sau:
+ Tnh nng c l
+ Hiu qu v kinh t
cng thc 1
Nguyn liu
% s
dng
t trng
(g/cm
3
)
th tch
(cm
3
)
Cao Su KNB 35L 100 0.99 101.01
N550 45 1.79 25.14
CaCO3 55 2.7 20.37
Du DOP 5 0.98 5.10
Acid Stearic 2 1.07 1.87
6PPD 1 0.99 1.01
TMQ 1 1.12 0.89
ZnO 3 5.71 0.53
TMTD 1 1.39 0.72
DM 0.5 1.51 0.33
S 1 2.07 0.48
215 147.81
t trng = 1.36
47
- i vi cao su NBR khi cn luyn thng sinh nhit v rt kh phn
tn ha cht vo trong cao su chnh v vy trong n cng ngh cn
phi s dng du DOP lm cht ha do vi mc ch d dng phn tn
ha cht vo trong cao su v gim nhit hn hp.
- Acid stearic c s dng trong n cng ngh vi tc dng lm cht
tng hot khi tc dng vi ZnO, v ng thi cng ng vai tr lm
cht ha do cao su.
- i vi cao su NBR tng i bn nhit, nhng kh nng khng mi
trng km, chnh v vy trong cng thc cn phi s dng cht phng
lo khong 1% TMQ kt hp vi 1% 6PPD vi tc dng khng li qu
trnh gim cp.
- TMTD l cht xc tin c kh nng gii phng 13% lu hunh trong n
khi lu ha sn phm, chnh v vy n c kh nng lm cht lu ha (3
5%) khi khng s dng lu hunh. Trong cng thc th TMTD c
s dng nh 1 cht xc tin nhanh kt hp DM vi lng lu hunh s
dng (1 2%).
Qui trnh cn luyn
Cn v cht ph da
- y l qu trnh trn gia cao su v cc cht ph da bao gm: N550
CaCO3, Du DOP, Acid Stearic, 6PPD, TMQ, ZnO.
- Qui trnh cn v cht ph da c thc hin trn my cn 2 trc vi
ng knh trc 350mm, tc trc cn theo t l 16/20.

48

Cn v cht xc tin v cht lu ha
- Sau khi cn v cht ph da cn phi cho keo ngui xung nhit
khong 40 50C mi thc hin qu trnh cn v cht xc tin v cht
lu ha trnh tnh trng nhit keo qu cao khi v cht lu ha keo
d b t lu trn my cn.
- Qui trnh cn v cht lu ha cng c thc hin trn my cn 2 trc
vi ng knh trc 350mm, tc trc cn theo t l 16/20

Thao tc cn Thi gian (s)
iu chnh khe trc 6 - 8 mm 0
S luyn cao su trn my cn 600
Cho cht ph da vo theo th t Acid
Stearic, 6PPD, TMQ, ZnO, Du DOP,
N550, CaCO3, ct o 4 -5 ln cho u ha
cht
900
Cho keo m trc ct o t 2-3 ln
cho n khi keo lng mt
1100
iu chnh khe trc theo qui cch nh hnh
v xut tm
1200
Thao tc cn Thi gian (s)
iu chnh khe trc 6 - 8 mm 0
Cn cho keo mm ra 240
Khi keo lng mt cho m trc, dng dao ct
o cho u keo, sau cho cht lu ha
vo theo trnh t DM, TMTD, S
420
Dng dao ct o 3 4 ln phn tn u
ha cht.
480
iu chnh khe trc theo qui cch nh hnh
v xut tm
600
49
Phng php kim tra
Phng php v cng thc kim tra tnh nng c l
- trng n: ngm 1 mu sn phm c khi lng
0
m vo trong
becher 100ml du D.O trong 48h nhit thng, c khi lng
1
m sau ta tnh trng n bng cng thc:

0 1
0
% = 100
m m
m

0
m : trng lng mu trc khi cho vo du

1
m : trng lng mu sau khi cho vo du
- T trng

2
kk
kk H O
m
d
m m
=

kk
m : khi lng mu trong khng kh
2
H O
m : khi lng mu trong nc

- Lc ko t
L
d
= P/C.h
P: ti trng tc dng ln mu (N)
C: chiu rng tm c l (mm)
h: chiu dy tm c l (mm)

- gin di

1 0
0
% 100
l l
dd x
l
=

1
l : chiu di o c khi tm c l t (mm)
0
l : chiu di ban u (mm)
Kt qu cng thc 1
- trng n: 0.05 %
50
- cng: 74 shore A
- T trng: 1.35 g/cm
3
(o thc t )
- Lc ko t: 1350 N/cm
2

- gin di: 380 %
b. Cng thc 2

L lun cng thc 2
- Kt qu kim tra cng thc 1 cho thy
+ T trng cng thc 1 l 1.35 g/cm
3
cao hn so vi tiu chun sn
phm 1.20 1.25 g/cm
3

+ Lc ko t l 1350 N/cm
2
thp hn so vi tiu chun sn phm
1400 N/cm
2

cng thc 2
Nguyn liu
% s
dng
t trng
(g/cm
3
)
th tch
(cm
3
)
Cao Su KNB 35L 100 0.99 101.01
N550 55 1.79 30.73
CaCO3 14 2.7 5.19
Du DOP 5 0.98 5.10
6PPD 1 0.99 1.01
TMQ 1 1.12 0.89
ZnO 3 5.71 0.53
TMTD 1 1.39 0.72
DM 0.5 1.51 0.33
S 1 2.07 0.48
184 148.21
t trng = 1.24
51
- Cng thc 2 cn iu chnh n tr v n gia cng sao vi mc ch
gim t trng v tng lc ko t.
Kt qu cng thc 2
- trng n: 0.05 %
- cng: 73 shore A
- T trng: 1.235 g/cm
3
(o thc t )
2

- gin di: 390 %
c. Cng thc 3

L lun cng thc 3
- Da vo thi gian thao tc ca sn phm khong 30 35 s th TS1: 45
cng thc 3
Nguyn liu
% s
dng
t trng
(g/cm
3
)
th tch
(cm
3
)
Cao Su KNB 35L 100 0.99 101.01
N550 55 1.79 30.73
CaCO3 14 2.7 5.19
Du DOP 5 0.98 5.10
6PPD 1 0.99 1.01
TMQ 1 1.12 0.89
ZnO 3 5.71 0.53
TMTD 1.5 1.39 1.08
DM 1 1.51 0.66
S 1 2.07 0.48
184.5 148.55
t trng = 1.24
52
- 50 s l an ton.
- Do thi gian thao tc sn phm nhanh nn nhit tht thot t, da
vo reometer cng thc 2 th TC 90: 4 pht 45 l tng i chm chn.
V vy cn phi iu chnh cng thc cng thc 3 c TC90 khong t 2
3 pht vi mc ch tng nng sut.
Kt qu cng thc 3
- trng n: 0.05 %
- cng: 73 shore A
- T trng: 1.238 g/cm
3
(o thc t)
2

- gin di: 392 %

Chng 4: KT LUN
4.1. Kt lun
53
Di y l bng thng k cc tnh nng ca cc cng thc
Tnh nng
Tiu chun
sn phm
cng thc
1
cng thc
2
cng thc
3
trng n
(%)
0.5 0.05 0.05 0.05
c cng
(Shore A)
70 - 75 74 73 73
T trng
(g/cm
3
)
1.20 - 1.25 1.35 1.235 1.238
Lc ko t
(N/cm
2
)
>1400 1350 1420 1425
gin di
(%)
> 350% 380 390 392

Nh vy da vo bng tng kt cho ta thy: i vi cng thc 1 l cng
thc u tin c thit lp da trn nhng l lun l thuyt, v tnh
ton ban u cho kt qu cha p ng c nhng tiu chun ca sn
phm v t trng v tnh nng c l.
Do cng thc 1 cha t yu cu nn cng thc 2 s c thit lp da
trn nn cng thc 1, vi s iu chnh so cho c th t c yu cu
ca sn phm nhng cng phi c hiu qu v kinh t.
i vi cng thc 3 c iu chnh vi mc ch gim thi gian lu
ha, tng nng sut.
Nh vy qua qu trnh nghin cu xy dng n cng thc joint chu
du s dng cao su NBR, chng ta c th rt ra c nhng kinh
nghim sau:
+ Nghin cu trc tnh nng ca sn phm s c sn xut
+ Chn la nguyn vt liu s c s dng
+ Kho st thit b hin c v nghin cu nhng thit b cn phi trang
b thm.
54
+ Nghin cu v xut qui trnh cng ngh sn xut sn phm
+ Sn xut th v kim nghim cc ch tiu cht lng ca sn phm
+ iu chnh n pha ch, sn xut th, kim nghim v a vo sn
xut
Nu thc hin thiu hoc khng ng trnh t cc bc trn s dn n
cc sai st v thit hi nghim trng, sn phm khng t cht lng hoc
khng cn i trn ngha k thut v kinh t.
4.2. Kin ngh
thit lp mt cng thc cao su k thut p ng ng nhu cu khch
hng, i khi ngi thc hin cn phi c mt khong thi gian di
nghin cu, th nghim nhiu ln mi c c mt kt qu nh mong
mun. Sau khi thc hin n ny, em ngh, cn c thm thi gian
bi lm c tt hn.
Thit ngh, nc ta l mt nc xut khu cao su nhng li khng
k thut sn xut nhng sn phm cao cp, c nhng tnh nng c
bit nh lp mt ua hay cc loi xe c chng,
Hin nay, hu ht cc trung tm nghin cu, cc cng ty, cc c s sn
xut u c t tng gi b mt cng ngh nh mt mn bo bi
ring lm giu hoc thc hin nhng mc ch khc m h khng h
ngh rng ci b mt cng ngh m h bit chnh l bn p gip
nhng con ngi c tm huyt nghin cu, pht huy thm k thut
cng ngh ca nc nh ui kp cc nc bn.
Cn phi c nhng ti, nhng n ln hn cho sinh vin ngay t
nhng nm u to mt p lc gip sinh vin t duy c nhiu hn
v vn hc tp, v chuyn ngnh cng nh v cuc sng trong tng
lai m chnh bn thn mi sinh vin phi tri nghim.

San Xuat Cao Su Ky Thuat

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

San Xuat Cao Su Ky Thuat

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

http://www.ebook.edu.

You might also like