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Five major factors have contributed significantly to the ocurrence
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1. The deepening legitimacy problems of authoritarian
regimes in a world where democratic values were widely
accepted, the consequent dependence of these regimes
on successful performance, and their inability to maintain
performance legitimacy due to economic (and
sometimes military) failure.11

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10 Nota studentului: JOSEPH SCHUMPETER, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London: Allen and
Unwin, 1943. p. 269. n original:
[T]he democratic method is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in
which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the peoples
vote.

11 SAMUEL P. HUNTIGTON Democracys Third Wave., in BERNARD E. BROWNROY C. MACRIDIS

Comparative Politics. Notes and Readings. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1996. pp.
169170.

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12 Nota studentului: SAMUEL P. HUNTIGTON Democracys Third Wave., in BERNARD E. BROWNROY C.

MACRIDIS Comparative Politics. Notes and Readings. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing,
1996. pp. 169170. Citatul n original: [t]he deepening of legitimacy problems of authoritarian
regimes in a world where democratic values were widely accepted.
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Second, since ones attachment to the social basis of certain

cleavages is defined by attributes which can sometimes change
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set of social relationships which are normally much more fluid
than that constituted by the cleavage itself. The cleavage, on the
contrary, is a set of social relationships which implies some level
of external closure which, in turn, is always more pronounced
than that of the social group.16

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Originalul:

[T]hus various authors refer to cleavages as political or cultural,

as structural or non-structural, as institutionalised or
uninstitutionalised, and so on, a practice which, while often
clarifying what is meant by the individual author, inevitably tends
to deprive the concept itself of its own independent theoretical
value. Authors such as Dahl, for example who speak of

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16 STEFANO BARTOLINIPETER MAIR Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of
European Electorates 18851985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. p. 218. (Italice
n original.)

political cleavages which are primarily defined in terms of

political attitudes and behaviour, and who thus attempt to free
the concept from an emphasis on the link to social structural
variables, end up by failing to distinguish the notion of political
cleavage from other concepts such as political opposition or
political division.17

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First, the choice of players in a democratic order raises the

question of citizenship. Citizenship defines the range of players
who are entitled to enjoy the universal rights of participation
conferred on members of a political system. Political divisions
about ethnicity, race, and regional collective identities usually
involve distributive alternatives and conflicts about rules of
political decision making but are primarily focused on alternative
views of citizenship. At one end of the spectrum are demands for
an inclusive definition of citizenship, calling for the acceptance of
individuals as members of the polity regardless of ascriptive
economic, cultural or racial attributes. At the other end is an
exclusive definition of citizenship based on the cultural and
socioeconomic homogeneity of a politys citizenry.18

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17 Ibid. p. 213. (Italice n original.)

18 HERBERT KITSCHELT The Formation of Party Systems in East Central Europe., in Politics and
Society, vol. 20 (March 1992) no. 1, p. 12. (Italice n original.)

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BIBLIOGRAFIE:
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***
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