5.

61 2001

Lecture #19

page 1

63+(5,&$/ +$5021,&6
Yl m ( , ) = l ( ) m ( )
m

2l + 1 ( l m )! 2 m
m
im
Yl ( , ) =
Pl ( cos ) e

4 ( l + m )!

l = 0, 1, 2,...
m = 0, 1, 2, 3,... l

Yl m V DUH WKH HLJHQIXQFWLRQV WR H = E IRU WKH ULJLG URWRU SUREOHP

1

Y00 =

5 2
2
Y20 =
( 3cos 1)
16

( 4 )

12
1
2

1
2

3
Y10 =
cos
4

15
Y21 = sin cos e i
8

1
2

1
2

3
Y11 = sin ei
8

15
2
2 i
Y22 =
sin e
32

3 2
Y11 = sin e i
8
Yl m V DUH RUWKRQRUPDO

.U|QHFNHU GHOWD

(QHUJLHV
6ZLWFK
5HFDOO

1
ll =
0

Y ( , ) Y ( , ) sin d d =
m
l

if l = l
if l l

1
mm =
0

if m = m
if m m

ll mm

normalization
orthogonality

HLJHQYDOXHV RI HYl = ElmYl 

m

l J FRQYHQWLRQDO IRU PROHFXODU URWDWLRQDO TXDQWXP

2 IE
= 2 = l ( l + 1) J ( J + 1)
J = 0, 1, 2,...
h
h2
EJ =
J ( J + 1)
2I

5.61 2001

Lecture #19

page 2

(


Y30 , Y31 , Y32 , Y33 ( 7x degenerate )

6h 2
E3 =
I

3h 2
E2 =
I

Y20 , Y21 , Y22 ( 5x degenerate )

h2
E1 =
I
E0 = 0

Y10 , Y10 ( 2x degenerate )

'HJHQHUDF\ RI HDFK VWDWH

Y00 ( nondegenerate )

g J = ( 2 J + 1)
IURP m = 0, 1, 2,..., J

6SDFLQJ EHWZHHQ VWDWHV DV -

h2
h2
E J +1 E J =
( J + 1)( J + 2 ) J ( J + 1) = ( J + 1)
I
2I
7UDQVLWLRQV EHWZHHQ URWDWLRQDO VWDWHV FDQ EH REVHUYHG WKURXJK
VSHFWURVFRS\ LH WKURXJK DEVRUSWLRQ RU HPLVVLRQ RI D SKRWRQ



$EVRUSWLRQ


RU

E


(PLVVLRQ

K
E

0ROHFXOHV QHHG D SHUPDQHQW GLSROH IRU URWDWLRQDO WUDQVLWLRQV

2VFLOODWLQJ HOHFWULF ILHOG JUDEV FKDUJHV DQG WRUTXHV WKH PROHFXOH

5.61 2001

Lecture #19

6WUHQJWK RI WUDQVLWLRQ

page 3

d
I JJ
J ( ) J dx
dx
HOHFWULF ILHOG
RI OLJKW

GLSROH PRPHQW
RI URWRU

J = 1

/HDGV WR VHOHFWLRQ UXOH IRU URWDWLRQDO WUDQVLWLRQV

5HFDOO DQJXODU PRPHQWXP LV TXDQWL]HG LQ XQLWV RI h 

3KRWRQ FDUULHV RQH TXDQWXP RI DQJXODU PRPHQWXP
&RQVHUYDWLRQ RI DQJXODU PRPHQWXP
J = 1
$QJXODU PRPHQWXP RI PROHFXOH FKDQJHV E\  TXDQWXP XSRQ DEVRUSWLRQ RU
HPLVVLRQ RI D SKRWRQ

E photon = h photon = Erot = E J +1 E J =

J J +1

J J +1

h2
( J + 1)
I

'HILQH

h
8 2 I

DQG

photon =
J J +1

h
( J + 1)
4 2 I

h
URWDWLRQDO FRQVWDQW FP
2
8 cI

URWDWLRQDO FRQVWDQW +]

J J +1 (Hz) = 2 B ( J + 1)

J J +1 (cm-1 ) = 2 B ( J + 1)

(
-

E3 = 12 Bhc

E23 = 6 Bhc
-

E2 = 6 Bhc

E12 = 4 Bhc
-

E01 = 2 Bhc

E1 = 2 Bhc
E0 = 0

5.61 2001

Lecture #19

page 4

7KLV JLYHV ULVH WR D ULJLG URWRU DEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWUXP ZLWK HYHQO\ VSDFHG OLQHV

2B

01

12

2 3

34

6SDFLQJ EHWZHHQ WUDQVLWLRQV LV

45

56

2 B (Hz) or 2 B (cm-1 )

J +1 J + 2 J J +1 = 2 B ( J + 1) + 1 2 B ( J + 1) = 2 B

8VH WKLV WR JHW PLFURVFRSLF VWUXFWXUH RI GLDWRPLF PROHFXOHV GLUHFWO\ IURP

WKH DEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWUXP
*HW B GLUHFWO\ IURP WKH VHSDUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ OLQHV LQ WKH VSHFWUXP
8VH LWV YDOXH WR GHWHUPLQH WKH ERQG OHQJWK U

2B =

h
4 2 cI

I = r02

1
2

h
-1
r0 = 2
(B in cm )
8 cB

m1m2
m1 + m2
1
2

or

h
r0 = 2 (B in Hz)
8 B

5.61 2001

Lecture #19

page 5