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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.1

CHAPTER 18
SECTION 18.1
1. (a) h(x, y) = y i + x j;

r(u) = u i + u2 j, u [ 0, 1 ]

x(u) = u, y(u) = u2 ;

x (u) = 1, y  (u) = 2u

h(r(u)) r (u) = y(u) x (u) + x(u) y  (u) = u2 (1) + u(2u) = 3u2


 1
h(r) dr =
3u2 du = 1
0

(b) h(x, y) = y i + x j;

r(u) = u3 i 2u j, u [ 0, 1 ]

x(u) = u3 , y(u) = 2u;

x (u) = 3u2 , y  (u) = 2

h(r(u)) r (u) = y(u) x (u) + x(u) y  (u) = (2u)(3u2 ) + u3 (2) = 8u3


 1
h(r) dr =
8u3 du = 2
C

h dr =

2. (a)
C

(u i + u j) (i + 2u j) du =

0
1

h dr =

(b)


2

(u + 2u3 ) du = 1


(u3 i 2u j) (3u2 i 2 j) du =

(3u5 + 4u) du =

5
2

r(u) = cos u i sin u j, u [ 0, 2 ]

3. h(x, y) = y i + x j;

x(u) = cos u, y(u) = sin u;

x (u) = sin u, y  (u) = cos u

h(r(u)) r (u) = y(u) x (u) + x(u) y  (u) = sin2 u cos2 u


 2
h(r) dr =
(sin2 u cos2 u) du = 0
0

h dr =

4. (a)


h dr =

(b)
C

(eu i + 2 j)(eu i eu j) du =


2 j(1 u) i du =


0

0 du = 0
0

5. (a) r(u) = (2 u) i + (3 u) j, u [ 0, 1 ]

 1
17
h(r) dr =
(5 + 5u u2 ) du =
6
C
0
(b) r(u) = (1 + u) i + (2 + u) j, u [ 0, 1 ]

 1
17
h(r) dr =
(1 + 3u + u2 ) du =
6
C
0

(1 2eu ) du = 2e1 1

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SECTION 18.1


h dr =

6. (a)

h dr =

(b)

7. C = C1 C2 C3

 

 4
1
1
1
1
1
8

i+
j
j du =
i+
du = ln
u(1
+
u)
5
u(1 + u)
2
u
u 1+u
2 1+u
1
 1
1
2
3
(i + j) (i + j) du =
du =
3
(1 + u)3
(1
+
u)
4
0

where,

C1 : r(u) = (1 u)(2 i) + u(2 i) = (4u 2) i, u [ 0, 1 ]

C2 : r(u) = (1 u)(2 i) + u(2 j) = (2 2u) i + 2u j,

u [ 0, 1 ]

C3 : r(u) = (1 u)(2 j) + u(2 i) = 2u i + (2 2u) j,





=
+
+
= 0 + (4) + (4) = 8
C

C1

C2

u [ 0, 1 ]

C3

8. r(u) = (1 + 2u) i + (1 + u) j, u [0, 1]


 1
 1
e5 e2 + 6e 6
h dr =
(e2+u i + e3u j) (2i + j) du =
(2e2+u + e3u ) du =
3e2
0
0
C

C1 : r(u) = (1 + 2u) i,

9.

u [ 0, 1 ]

C2 : r(u) = cos u i + sin u j,

=
C

= 0 + () =

+
C1

C2


10. Bottom:

r(u) = u i;




r(u) = (1 u)i + j;
r(u) = (1 u)j;


3(1 u) i (i) du =
2

0
1

2(1 u)j(j) du =

h dr = sum of the above = 0

C

[3ui + (1 + 2u)j]j du =


Left:

0 du = 0
0

r(u) = i + uj;


Top:

u3 j i du =

Right side:

919

(1 + 2u) du = 2
0
1

3(1 u)2 du = 1

0
1

2(1 u) du = 1

u [ 0, ]

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SECTION 18.1

11. (a) r(u) = u i + u j + uk, u [ 0, 1 ]


 1
h(r) dr =
3u2 du = 1


0
1

h(r) dr =

(b)
C

eu (i + j + k) (i + j + k) du =

3eu du = 3(e 1)

h dr =

(b)

23
21

h dr =

12. (a)

(2u3 + u5 + 3u6 ) du =

u2

(e i + e

u3

j+e

k)( i + 2u j + 3u k) du=

(eu + 2ueu + 3u2 eu ) du = 3(e 1).

13. (a) r(u) = 2u i + 3u j u k, u [ 0, 1 ]


 1

1
h(r) dr =
(2 cos 2u + 3 sin 3u + 3u2 ) du = sin 2u cos 3u + u3 0 = 2 + sin 2 cos 3
C

h(r) dr =

(b)
C

h dr =

14. (a)
C

1

1
4
2u cos u2 + 3u2 sin u3 u4 du = sin u2 cos u3 u5 = + sin 1 cos 1
5
5
0



h dr =

(i + ue2u j + uk) (eu i eu j + k) du =


r(u) = u i;
0

C2 :


u i i du =


r(u) = (1 u)i + j;

F dr =
C

u du =
0

W =

0
1

17
6

(eu ueu + u) du = e

3
2


2u3 + 6u2 + u du = 26

r(u) = i + uj;

C3 :

(4u2 6u3 ) du =

15. r(u) = u i + u2 j, u [ 0, 2 ]

 2



(u + 2u2 ) + (2u + u2 )2u du =
F(r) dr =

16. C1 :

(2u2 i + 4u3 j 2u3 k)(2 i j + k) du =


(b)

1
2

1
u sin 1 du = sin 1
2
 1
 1
1
[(1 u) cos 1i sin(1 u)j] (i) du =
(u 1) cos 1 du = cos 1
2
0
0

(cos ui u sin 1j) j du =

1 1
1
1
sin 1 cos 1 = (1 sin 1 cos 1)
2 2
2
2

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SECTION 18.1

921

17. r(u) = (1 u)(j + 4 k) + u(i 4 k)

= ui + (1 u)j + (4 8u)k, u [ 0, 1 ]
 1
1
F(r) dr =
(32u + 97u2 64u3 ) du =
3
C
0


18. C1 :

r(u) = u i;


C2 :

C1
1

r(u) = i + uj;
0

C3 :

F dr = 0

F(r(u)) = 0,

uk j du =


r(u) = i + j + u k;

0 du = 0
0

(ui + uj + k) k du =

du = 1
0

W =1
19. r(u) = cos u i + sin u j + u k, u [ 0, 2 ]

 2



2
2
2
F(r) dr =
cos u sin u + cos u sin u + u du =
0

u2 du =

8 3
3

20. Place the origin at the center of the circular path C and use the time parameter t. Motion along C
at constant speed is uniform circular motion
r(t) = r(cos t i + sin t j).
Dierentiation gives
r (t) = r( sin ti + cos t j),

r (t) = r 2 (cos ti + sin t j).

The force on the object is

F(r(t)) = mr (t).
Note that F(r(t)) r (t) = 0 for all t, and therefore W is 0 on every time integral.
P hysical explanation :

At each instant the force on the object is perpendicular to the path of the

object. Thus the component of force in the direction of the motion is always zero.


q dr =

21.

[q r (u)] du =

d
[q r(u)] du
du

= [q r (b)] [q r (a)]



r dr =

= q [r (b) r (a)]
b

[r (u) r (u)] du


1 b
=
 r  d r  (see Exercise 57, Section 14.1)
2 a

1
=
r(b)2 r(a)2
2

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SECTION 18.1


r(u) = (1 2u) i;

22. (a)

h dr =

h dr =
C2

u du +

2(1 2u)2 du =


[(1 2u)2 i + j] (2i) du +

(c)

(1 2u) i (2 i) du =
0

(i + u j) j du +


2

C1

(b)

2
3

[i + (1 u)j] (j) du


2(1 2u)2 du +

(1 u) du =

2
3

r(u) = cos u i + sin u j, u [0, ]



2
2
h dr =
(cos u i + sin uj) ( sin ui + cos u j) du =
( sin u cos2 u + sin u cos u) du =
3
C3
0
0


f(r) dr =

23.
C

[f(r (u)) r (u)] du =


[f (u) i i] du =

f (u) du
a

24. Follows from the linearity of the dot product and of ordinary integrals.

25. E : r(u) = a cos u i + b sin u j,



W =
0

u [ 0, 2 ]






1
1
1 2
b sin u (a sin u) +
a cos u (b cos u) du =
ab du = ab
2
2
2 0

If the ellipse is traversed in the opposite direction, then W = ab. In both cases |W | = ab = area
of the ellipse.
26. force at time t:

mr (t) = 2m j

work during time interval:

W =

4m 2 t dt = 2m 2

27. r(t) = t i + t2 j + t3 k
r (t) = i + 2t j + 3t2 k
force at time t = mr (t) = m(2j + 6tk)


[m(2 j + 6t k) ( i + 2tj + 3t2 k)] dt

0


1
9 2
2
2 3
2
=m
(4 t + 18 t ) dt = 2 + m
2
0

W =

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SECTION 18.1
28. (a)
(b)

v k,

v r,

 v =

and k, r, v, form a right-handed triple

We can parametrize C counterclockwise by

r(t) = a cos t i + a sin t j,
Then

0 t 2.

r (t) = a sin t i + a cos t j

and


( k r) dr =

( k r(t)) r (t) dt.

Now
k r(t) = a cos t j a sin t i.
So
(k r(t)) r (t) = a2 (cos2 t + sin2 t) = a2 .
Thus

(k r) dr +
C

a2 dt = a2 (2) = 2(a2 ) = 2A.

If C is parametrized clockwise, the circulation is 2A.

29. Take C : r(t) = r cos t i + r sin t j, t [ 0, 2 ]


 2
v(r) dr =
[v(r(t)) r (t)] dt
C

0
2


=

[f (x(t), y(t)) r(t) r (t)] dt


=

f (x(t), y(t)) [r (t) r (t)] dt = 0

since for the circle r(t) r (t) = 0 identically. The circulation is zero.

30. (a)

r(u) = i + u j;

W =


(b)

r(u) = ui + j;

W =
0

 2
k
ku
k
(i + u j) j du =
du = ln 5
2
2
1+u
2
0 1+u
 1
k
ku
k
(ui + j) i du =
du = ln 2.
2+1
u2 + 1
u
2
0

31. (a) r(u) = (1 u)(i + 2 k) + u(i + 3 j + 2 k) = i + 3u j + 2 k, u [ 0, 1 ].

1


 1
9uk
k
k
k

F(r) dr =
du =
=
2 )3/2
2
(5
+
9u
5
14
5 + 9u 0
C
0

923

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.2
(b) Let C be an arc on the sphere r = r = 5.



F(r) dr =

C2


k
r dr = 3
 r  d r 
5 C2
C2

(0, 4, 3)
k 1
= 3
=0
 r 2
5
2
(3,4,0)

k
= 3
5

kr
dr
 r 3

(see Exercise 57, Section 14.1)

32. Let (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be the coordinates of a and b, respectively. Then
k

W =

x21

y12

z12

x20

+ y02 + z02

33. r(u) = u i + u(1 u) j, r (u) = i + (1 2u) j, u [ 0, 1 ]


 1
 2 2

W () =
( u (1 u)2 + 1 + [u + u(1 u)](1 2u)] dx
F(r) dr =
C

0
1



1
1
1 + ( + 2 )u (2 + 22 )u2 + 2 u4 du = 1 + 2
6
30
0
1
1
15
5
W  () = +
= =
=
6 15
6
2
The work done by F is a minimum when = 5/2.
=

34. Suppose that C is the curve r(u), a u b.



f dr =

f (r(u)) r (u) du =


b
df
du = f (r(u)) = f (r(b)) f (r(a)).
a
du

SECTION 18.2
1. h(x, y) = f (x, y)
C is closed

where f (x, y) = 12 (x2 + y 2 )


=
h(r) dr = 0
C

2. x i + y j

is a gradient (Exercise 1);




h(r) dr =

we need integrate only y i.



y(t)x (t) dt =
0

(b sin t)(a sin t) dt = ab

3. h(x, y) = f (x, y) where f (x, y) = x cos y;

r(0) = 0, r(1) = i j


h(r) dr =
f (r) dr = f (r(1)) f (r(0)) = f (1, 1) f (0, 0) = 1
C

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SECTION 18.2
4. h = f

x3
y3
with f (x, y) =
+
xy,
3
3

925


h dr = 0

and C is closed, so
C

5. h(x, y) = f (x, y) where f (x, y) = 12 x2 y 2 ;

r(0) = j, r(1) = j


h(r) dr =
f (r) dr = f (r(1)) f (r(0)) = f (0, 1) f (0, 1) = 0 0 = 0
C

we need integrate only i x j

6. ey i + xey j is a gradient;
C = C1 C2 C3 C4

where

C1 : r(u) = (2u 1)i j,

u [0, 1]

C2 : r(u) = i + (2u 1)j,

u [0, 1]

C3 : r(u) = (1 2u)i + j,

u [0, 1]

C4 : r(u) = i + (1 2u)j, u [0, 1]





=
+
+
+
= 2 + (2) + (2) + (2) = 4

C1

C2

C3

C4

7. h(x, y) = f (x, y) where f (x, y) = x2 y xy 2 ; r(0) = i, r() = i



h(r) dr =
f (r) dr = f (r()) f (r(0)) = f (1, 0) f (1, 0) = 0 0 = 0
C

8. h(x, y) = f (x, y) where f (x, y) = (x2 + y 4 )3/2



h(r) dr =
f (r) dr = f (1, 0) f (1, 0) = 1 1 = 0
C

9. h(x, y) = f (x, y) where f (x, y) = (x2 + y 4 )3/2



h(r) dr =
f (r) dr = f (1, 0) f (1, 0) = 1 1 = 0
C


10. h = f

with f (x, y) = cosh x y;

h dr = 0

and C is closed, so
C

11. h(x, y) is not a gradient, but part of it,

2x cosh y i + (x2 sinh y y)j,
is a gradient. Since we are integrating over a closed curve, the contribution of the gradient part is 0.
Thus



h(r) dr =

(yi) dr.
C

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SECTION 18.2
u [ 0, 1 ]

C1 : r(u) = i + (1 + 2u)j,
C2 : r(u) = (1 2u)i + j,


h(r) dr =

C4 : r(u) = (1 + 2u)i j,

u [ 0, 1 ]

(y i) dr +
C2


0


(y i) dr +

C3

(y i) dr
C4


i (2 i) du +

u [ 0, 1 ]

(y i) dr +

C3 : r(u) = i + (1 2u)j,

C1

u [ 0, 1 ]

0
1

2 du


12. h(x, y) =


x2 y 2
2




(u5 i + u4 j) (i + 2u j) du =

(b)

f (2, 4) f (0, 0) = 32 0 = 32

3u5 du = 32

13. h(x, y) = (3x2 y 3 + 2x) i + (3x3 y 2 4y) j;

(b)

(a)

(a)


P
Q
= 9x2 y 2 =
. Thus h is a gradient.
y
x

r(u) = u i + eu j, r (u) = i + eu j, u [ 0, 1 ]
 1


 2 3u
1
h(r) dr =
(3u e + 2u) + 3u3 e3u 4e2u ) du = u3 e3u + u2 2e2u 0 = e3 2e2 + 3
0

f
= 3x2 y 3 + 2x = f (x, y) = x3 y 3 + x2 + g(y);
x
f
= 3x3 y 2 + g  (y) = 3x3 4y = g  (y) = 4y
y

g(y) = 2y 2

Therefore, f (x, y) = x3 y 3 + x2 2y 2 .
Now, at u = 0, r(0) = 0 i + j = (0, 1); at u = 1, r(1) = i + e j = (1, e) and

(1,e)

h(r) dr = x3 y 3 + x2 2y 2 (0,1) = e3 2e2 + 3
C

14. h(x, y) = (x2 sin y ex )




(a)
(2 cos u sin u ecos u ) i + (cos2 u cos u)j ( sin u i + j) du = e e1
0

(b)

2 du

i (2 i) du

f (1, ) f (1, 0) = e e1

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SECTION 18.2
P
Q
= 2e2y 2x =
. Thus h is a gradient.
y
x

15. h(x, y) = (e2y 2xy) i + (2xe2y x2 + 1) j;

r (u) = (1 + u)eu i + j,

(a) r(u) = ueu i + (1 + u) j,




h(r) dr =

(b)

u [ 0, 1 ]

 2

e (3ue3u + e3u 2u3 e2u 5u2 e2u 2ue2u + 1 du


1
= e2 ue3u u3 e2u u2 e2u + u 0 = e5 2e2 + 1

f
= e2y 2xy = f (x, y) = xe2y x2 y + g(y).
x
f
= 2xe2y x2 + g  (y) = 3x3 4y = g  (y) = 1
y

g(y) = y

Therefore, f (x, y) = xe2y x2 y + y.

Now, at u = 0, r(0) = 0 i + j = (0, 1); at u = 1, r(1) = e i + 2 j = (e, 2) and


(e,2)
h(r) dr = xe2y x2 y + y (0,1) = e5 2e2 + 1
C


16. h(x, y, z) = f

h dr = f (1, 1, 1) f (0, 0, 0) = 1

with f (x, y, z) = xy 2 z 3
C

17. h(x, y, z) = (2xz + sin y) i + x cos y j + x2 k;

P
Q
= cos y =
,
y
x

P
R
= 2x =
,
z
x

Q
R
=0=
. Thus h is a gradient.
z
y

f
= 2xz + sin y,
x
g
f
= x cos y +
= x cos y,
y
y

g(y, z) = h(z)

f
= x2 + h (z) = x2
z
Therefore, f (x, y, z) = x2 z + x sin y



h(r) dr =

f (x, y, z) = x2 z + x sin y + g(y, z)

= f (x, y, z) = x2 z + x sin y + h(z)
=

h (z) = 0

h(z) = C

(take C = 0)


r(2) 
(1,0,2)
f dr = x2 z + x sin y r(0) = x2 z + x sin y (1,0,0) = 2

18. h(x, y, z) = f with f (x, y, z) = yz sin x




1
h dr = f 12 , 23 , 3 f (1, 0, 0) = 3
6
C
19. h(x, y, z) = (2xy + z 2 ) i + x2 j + 2xz k;
Q
P
= 2x =
y
x,

P
R
= 2z =
z
x,

Q
R
=0=
z
y.

Thus h is a gradient.

927

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SECTION 18.2
f
= 2xy + z 2
x
f
g
= x2 +
= x2
y
y

Therefore, f (x, y, z) = x2 y + xz 2

h(r) dr =
C

= f (x, y, z) = x2 y + xz 2 + h(z)

g(y, z) = h(z)

f
= 2xz + h (z) = 2xz
z

f (x, y, z) = x2 y + xz 2 + g(y, z)

h (z) = 0

h(z) = C

(take C = 0)


r(1) 
(2,3,1)
f dr = x2 y + xz 2
= x2 y + xz 2
= 14
r(0)

(0,2,0)

20. h(x, y, z) = f with f (x, y, z) = z 3 ex ln y


h dr = f (2, e2 , 2) f (1, 1, 1) = 7 2e2
C

P
Q
= 2e2y =
. Thus F is a gradient.
y
x

21. F(x, y) = (x + e2y ) i + (2y + 2xe2y ) j;

f
= x + e2y
x
f
= 2xe2y + g  (y) = 2y + 2xe2y
y
Therefore, f (x, y) =


1 2
x + xe2y + g(y);
2

= g(y) = y 2 (take C = 0)

1 2
x + xe2y + y 2 .
2

with f (x, y, z) = x2 ln y xyz

23. Set f (x, y, z) = g(x)

f (x, y) =

g  (y) = 2y

1 2
x + xe2y + y 2
F(r) dr =
f dr =
2
C
C

22. F = f

and

r(2)
r(0)

1 2
x + xe2y + y 2
=
2

(3,0)
=0
(3,0)

W = f (3, 2, 2) f (1, 2, 1) = 8 ln 2 10

C : r(u) = u i,

u [ a, b ].

In this case
f (r(u)) = g  (x(u))i = g  (u)i
so that


f (r) dr =

Since


[ f (r(u)) r(u)] du =


gives

g  (u) du = g(b) g(a).

k
(x i + y j + z j) = f
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )n/2
f (r) = k ln r + C

g  (u) du.

(a) n = 2 :

f (r(b)) f (r(a)) = g(b) g(a),


f (r) dr = f (r(b)) f (r(a))

24. F(x, y, z) =

and r(u) = i,

(b) n = 2 :


f (r) =

k
n2

1
rn2

+C

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.2
25. F(r) = kr r = k

x2 + y 2 + z 2 (x i + y j + z k),

P
Q
kxy
=
=
2
2
2
y
x,
x +y +z

929

k > 0 constant.

R
P
kxz
=
=
2
2
2
z
x
x +y +z

R
Q
kyz
=
=
2
2
2
z
y
x +y +z

Therefore, F is a gradient eld.


3/2
f
k 2
= kx x2 + y 2 + z 2 = f (x, y, z) =
x + y2 + z2
+ g(y, z).
x
3


3/2
f
g
k 2
+ h(z)
= ky x2 + y 2 + z 2 +
= ky x2 + y 2 + z 2 = f (x, y, z) =
x + y2 + z2
y
y
3


f
= kz x2 + y 2 + z 2 + h (z) = kz x2 + y 2 + z 2 = h(z) = C, constant
z

3/2
Therefore, f (x, y, z) = k3 x2 + y 2 + z 2
+ C.

26. Set f (x, y, z) =

1
2

x2 +y 2 +z 2

g(u) du. Then

0

f = g(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) [x i + y j + x k] = F(r)

27. F(r) =
28. (a)

mG
r


;

F(r) dr = mG

W =
C

1
1

r2
r1

Since the denominator is never 0 in , P and Q are continuously dierentiable on .

P
Q
x2 y 2
=
= 2
.
y
(x + y 2 )2
x

(b)

1
2

Take r(u) =



h dr =

cos u i +

1
2

1
2

sin u j.

sin u
i
1/4

1
2

cos u
j
1/4

 

 2
1
1
sin u i + cos u j du =
du = 2
2
2
0

Therefore h is not a gradient since the integral over C (a closed curve) is not zero.
(c)

: 0 < x2 + y 2 < 1

29. F(x, y, z) = 0 i + 0 j +

is an open plane region but is not simply connected.

mGr02
k;
(r0 + z)2

P
Q
=0=
,
y
x

P
R
=0=
,
z
x

Q
R
=0=
.
z
y

Therefore, F(x, y, z) is a gradient.

f
=0
x

f (x, y, z) = g(y, z);

f
g
=
=0
y
y

g(y, z) = h(z).

Therefore f (x, y, z) = h(z).

Now

f
mGr02
= h (z) =
z
(r0 + z)2

f (x, y, z) = h(z) =

30. W = f (x, y, 0) f (x, y, 300) = mGr0

mGr02
r0 + z

mGr0 2
= 279.07 mG.
r0 + 300

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930

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.3

SECTION 18.3
1. If f is continuous, then f is continuous and has antiderivatives u. The scalar elds U (x, y, z) = u(x)
are potential functions for F:
U
U
U
du
i+
j+
k=
i = f i = F.
x
y
z
dx



d 1
d 1
mv 2 =
m(v v) = m(v a) = v m a
dt 2
dt 2
e
= v F = v [v B] = 0
c

U =
2.

3. The scalar eld U (x, y, z) = z + d is a potential energy function for F. We know that the total
mechanical energy remains constant. Thus, for any times t1 and t2 ,
1
2
2 m[v (t1 )]

+ U (r(t1 )) = 12 m[v (t2 )]2 + U (r(t2 )).

This gives
1
2
2 m[v (t1 )]

+ z(t1 ) + d = 12 m[v (t2 )]2 + z(t2 ) + d.

Solve this equation for v (t2 ) and you have the desired formula.
4. Throughout the motion, the total mechanical energy of the object remains constant:

At ring v = v0 ,

As r ,

1
GmM
mv 2
= E.
2
r
r = Re = the radius of the earth and we have

1
GmM
= E.
mv0 2
2
Re
v 0 (by assumption) and also GmM/r 0.

Thus E = 0 and we have

1
GmM
mv0 2 =
2
Re


and v0 =

2GM
.
Re

(Note that v0 is independent of the mass of the projectile.)

5. (a) We know that U points in the direction of maximum decrease of U . Thus F = U attempts
to drive objects toward a region where U has lower values.
(b) At a point where u has a minimum, U = 0 and therefore F = 0.
6. We have x(0) = 2, x (0) = v(0) = 1. Inserting these values in the formula for E we have
1
E = m + 2.
2
1
1
2
2
Since E = 2 mv + 2 x is constant, the maximum value of v comes when x = 0. Then

1
1
E = mv2 = m + 2 and v = 1 + 4/m.
2
2

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.4

931

The maximum value of x comes when v = 0 (at the endpoints of the oscillation). Then
1 2
1
x = m + 2
2
2

E=

and x =

m/ + 4.

7. (a) By conservation of energy 12 mv2 + U = E. Since E is constant and U is constant, v is constant.

(b) U is perpendicular to any surface where U is constant. Obviously so is F = U .
8. F(r) =

k
r = f
r2

9. f (x, y, z) = 

where

f (r) = k ln r

k
x2

+ y2 + z2

along C is:

is a potential function for F. The work done by F moving an object




F(r) dr =

W =

f dr = f [r(b)] f [r(a)].

Since r(a) = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and r(b) = (x1 , y1 , z1 ) are points on the unit sphere,
f [r(b)] = f [r(a)] = k

and so W = 0

SECTION 18.4
1. r(u) = u i + 2u j, u [ 0, 1 ]

 1



(x 2y) dx + 2x dy =
{[x(u) 2y(u)]x (u) + 2x(u) y (u)} du =
0

2. r(u) = ui + 2u2 j,

u [0, 1]

{[x(u) 2y(u)] x (u) + 2x(u)y  (u)} du


=

(u + 4u2 ) du =

11
6

3. C = C1 C2
C1 : r(u) = u i, u [ 0, 1 ];


(x 2y) dx + 2x dy =

C2 : r(u) = i + 2u j, u [ 0, 1 ]
 1
 1
1

x dx =
x(u) x (u) du =
u du =
2
C1
C1
0
0


 1
(x 2y) dx + 2x dy =
2x dy =
4 du = 4
C
C2
0
 2 

9
=
+
=
2
C
C1
C2

4. C = C1 C2
C1 : r(u) = 2u j, u [0, 1]; C2 : r(u) = u i + 2 j,


(x 2y) dx + 2x dy =
0 dy = 0
C1

u du =

(x 2y) dx + 2x dy =

C1

u [0, 1]

1
2

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932

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.4


(x 2y) dx + 2x dy =
C2


=

C2

y dx + xy dy =
C

7. 
C = C1 C2
C1 : r(u) = u j,
y dx + xy dy = 0
y dx + xy dy =


y dx =


+

C2

11
6

[y(u)x (u) + x(u)y(u)y  (u)] du

(2u + 2u2 ) du =

(4u2 + 2u3 ) du =

7
2

C1

[y(u) x (u) + x(u) y(u) y (u)] du =

y dx + xy dy =

u [0, 1]


(u 4) du =

6. r(u) = 2u i + u j,

(x(u) 4)x (u) du =

u [ 0, 1 ]

5. r(u) = 2u2 i + u j,

C2

7
2

+
C1

(x 4) dx =
C2

u [ 0, 1 ];

5
3

C2 : r(u) = 2u i + j,


y(u) x (u) du =
0

u [ 0, 1 ]

2 du = 2
0

=2

C1

C2

8. r(u) = 2u3 i + u j,

u [0, 1]

 1
y dx + xy dy =
[y(u)x (u) + x(u)y(u)y  (u)] du
C

(6u3 + 2u4 ) du =

9. r(u) = 2u i + 4u j, u [ 0, 1 ]


2
2
y dx + (xy x ) dy =
C

19
10




y 2 (u)x (u) + x(u)y(u) x2 (u) y  (u) du



(4u)2 (2) + (8u2 4u2 )(4) du =


=

48u2 du = 16

u [0, 2]

10. r(u) = u i + u2 j,



y 2 dx + (xy x2 ) dy =

[y 2 (u)x (u) + (x(u)y(u) x2 (u))y  (u)] du


=

(3u4 2u3 ) du =

56
5

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T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.4
1 2
u i + u j, u [ 0, 4 ]
8


y 2 dx + (xy x2 ) dy =

11. r(u) =




y 2 (u)x (u) + x(u)y(u) x2 (u) y  (u) du

 2 2 
u2
u
=
u
(1)
du
+
(u)
4
8
8
0

 4
3 3
104
1 4
=
u
u du =
8
64
5
0


12. C = C1 C2
C1 : r(u) = 2u i, u [0, 1];


y 2 dx + (xy x2 ) dy =
0 dx = 0
C1

C1


y 2 dx + (xy x2 ) dy =

C2

C1

u [0, 1]

C2 : r(u) = 2 i + 4u j,

(2y 4) dy =
C2

u

[2y(u) 4]y  (u) du =

16(2u 1) du = 0

=0
C2

u [ 0, 1 ]

13. r(u) = u i + u j,


(y 2 + 2x + 1) dx + (2xy + 4y 1) dy
C
 1

 2
=
[y (u) + 2x(u) + 1]x (u) + [2x(u)y(u) + 4y(u) 1]y  (u) du
0
 1
 1


 2
 2
2
(u + 2u + 1) + (2u + 4u 1) du =
3u + 6u du = 4
0

u [0, 1].

(y 2 + 2x + 1) dx + (2xy + 4y 1) dy

14. r(u) = ui + u2 j,

C
1


 2
(y (u) + 2x(u) + 1)x (u) + (2x(u)y(u) + 4y(u) 1)y  (u) du


=

(5u4 + 8u3 + 1) du = 4

0
3
15. r(u)
 = u i + u j, u [ 0, 1 ]
(y 2 + 2x + 1) dx + (2xy + 4y 1) dy
C


[y 2 (u) + 2x(u) + 1]x (u) + [2x(u)y(u) + 4y(u) 1]y  (u) du
0
 1
 1
 6

 6

(u + 2u + 1) + (2u4 + 4u3 1)3u2 du =
7u + 12u5 3u2 + 2u + 1 du = 4
=

16. C = C1 C2 C3
C1 : r(u) = 4u i, u [0, 1];

C2 : r(u) = 4 i + 2u j, u [0, 1];

933

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934

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.4
C3 : r(u) = (4 3u)i + (2 u)j, u [0, 1]


 1
2
=
(y + 2x + 1) dx =
4(8u + 1) du = 20
C1

C1


(8y + 4y 1) dy =

=
C2

C2

2(24u 1) du = 22




3 (2 u)2 + 2(4 3u) + 1 [2(4 3u)(2 u) + 4(2 u) 1] du

C3

(9u2 + 54u 62) du = 38.

= 20 + 22 38 = 4.

C1

C2

C3

17. r(u) = u i + u j + u k, u [ 0, 1 ]

 1




y dx + 2z dy + x dz =
[y(u) x (u) + 2z(u) y (u) + x(u) z (u)] du =
C

4u du = 2

y dx + 2z dy + x dz =

18.

[y(u)x (u) + 2z(u)y  (u) + x(u)z  (u)] du


=

(u2 + 3u3 + 4u4 ) du =

113
60

19. C = C1 C2 C3
C1 : r(u) = u k, u [ 0, 1 ];

y dx + 2z dy + x dz = 0

C2 : r(u) = u j + k, u [ 0, 1 ];

C3 : r (u) = u i + j + k, u [ 0, 1 ]

C1


y dx + 2z dy + x dz =

C2

C2


y dx + 2z dy + x dz =

C3


=


+

C1

2z(u) y  (u) du =

0
1

y dx =

y(u) x (u) du =
0

C3

C2

2z dy =

2 du = 2
0
1

du = 1
0

=3
C3

20. C = C1 C2 C3
C1 : r(u) = u i, u [0, 1];

y dx + 2z dy + x dz = 0

C2 : r(u) = i + u j,

C1

y dx + 2z dy + x dz = 0
C2


y dx + 2z dy + x dz =

C3


x dz =

C3

du = 1
0

y dx + 2z dy + x dz = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
C

u [0, 1];

C3 : r(u) = i + j + u k,

u [0, 1]

18:12

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JWDD027-Salas-v1

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.4
21. r(u) = 2u i + 2u j + 8u k, u [ 0, 1 ]

xy dx + 2z dy + (y + z) dz
C

{x(u)y(u)x (u) + 2z(u)y  (u) + [y(u) + z(u)]z  (u)} du

[(2u)(2u)(2) + 2(8u)(2) + (2u + 8u)(8)] du

0


176
8u2 + 112u du =
3

22. C = C1 C2 C3
C1 : r(u) = 2u i,

u [0, 1];

u [0, 1];

C2 : r(u) = 2 i + 2u j,

C : r(u) = 2 i + 2 j + 8u k, u [0, 1]
3
xy dx + 2z dy + (y + z) dz = 0
C1

xy dx + 2z dy + (y + z) dz = 0
C2


xy dx + 2z dy + (y + z) dz =

C3


(y + z) dz =

C2

23. r(u) = u i + u j + 2u2 k,

8(2 + 8u) du = 48
0

u [ 0, 2 ]
xy dx + 2z dy + (y + z) dz

{x(u)y(u)x (u) + 2z(u)y  (u) + [y(u) + z(u)]z  (u)} du



(u)(u)(1) + 2(2u2 )(1) + (u + 2u2 )(4u) du

=
0


=


8u3 + 9u2 du = 56

24. C = C1 C2
C1 : r(u) = 2u i + 2u j + 2u k, u [0, 1]; C2 : r(u) = 2 i + 2 j + (2 + 6u) k, u [0, 1].

 1
32
xy dx + 2z dy + (y + z) dz =
8(u2 + 2u) du =
3
C1
0


 1
xy dx + 2z dy + (y + z) dz =
(y + z) dz =
6(4 + 6u) du = 42
C2


=


+

C1

C2

C2

158
=
3

25. r(u) = (u 1) i + (1 + 2u2 ) j + u k, u [ 1, 2 ]


x2 y dx + y dy + xz dz
C

935

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936

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.4



 2
x (u)y(u)x (u) + y(u)y  (u) + x(u)z(u)z  (u) du



(u 1)2 (1 + 2u2 )(1) + (1 + 2u2 )(4u) + (u 1)u du

=
1


=


=

u2
2


1177
2u4 + 4u3 + 4u2 + u + 1 du =
30

u2
j + u k, u [0, 2]
4



 2
u2
u2
u2

8
2
2
u 1
y dx + yz dy + z(x 1) dz =
+ (2 u ) + u(1 ) du =
4
2
2
2
15
C
0

26. r(u) =

27. (a)

i+u

P
Q
= 6x 4y =
y
x
f
1
= x2 + 6xy 2y 2 = f (x, y) = x3 + 3x2 y 2xy 2 + g(y)
x
3
f
= 3x2 4xy + g  (y) = 3x2 4xy + 2y = g  (y) = 2y = g(y) = y 2 + C
y
1
Therefore, f (x, y) = x3 + 3x2 y 2xy 2 + y 2 (take C = 0)
3

(0,4)

(b) (i)
C

(x2 + 6xy 2y 2 ) dx + (3x2 4xy + 2y) dy = [f (x, y)](3,0) = 7



(ii)
C

(0,3)

(x2 + 6xy 2y 2 ) dx + (3x2 4xy + 2y) dy = [f (x, y)](4,0) =

37
3

28. (a) F = f where f (x, y, z) = x2 y + xz 2 y 2 z


(b) (i)
(2xy + z 2 ) dx + (x2 2yz) dy + (2xz y 2 ) dz = f (3, 2, 1) f (1, 0, 1) = 25 1 = 24
C

(ii)
(2xy + z 2 ) dx + (x2 2yz) dy + (2xz y 2 ) dz = f (1, 0, 1) f (3, 2 1) = 24
C

29. s (u) =

[x (u)]2 + [y  (u)]2 = a


 /2


2
k(x + y) ds = k
[x(u) + y(u)] s (u) du = ka
(a) M =
C


xM M =


0

(cos u + sin u) du = 2ka2

0
/2

kx(x + y) ds = k
C

/2

x(u) [x(u) + y(u)] s (u) du

/2

= ka

(cos2 u + cos u sin u) du =


yM M =

/2

ky(x + y) ds = k
0

= ka

xM = yM =

1
8 a(

+ 2)

1 3
ka ( + 2)
4

y(u) [x(u) + y(u)] s (u) du

/2

(sin u cos u + sin2 u) du =

1 3
ka ( + 2)
4

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JWDD027-Salas-v1

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.4


(b)

/2

k(x + y)y 2 ds = k

I=
C



x(u)y 2 (u) + y 3 (u) s (u) du

= ka4

/2


 2
sin u cos u + sin3 u du

/2


 2
sin u cos u + (1 cos2 u) sin u du


= ka4
= ka4

sin3 u cos u +

1
3

1
3

cos3 u

/2
0

= ka4

I = 12 a2 M .



M 2
M a2 2
1
30. (a) I =
cos2 u du = M a2
x ds =
2 0
2
C L


M 2
Ma
(b) I =
ds = M a2
a ds =
L
2
C
C



k(x + y)a2 ds = a2

31. (a) Iz =

k(x + y) ds = a2M = Ma2

(b) The distance from a point (x , y ) to the line y = x is |y x |/ 2. Therefore


 /2
1
1
2
I=
k(x + y)
(a cos u + a sin u)(a sin u a cos u)2 a du
(y x) ds = k
2
2 0
C
 /2
1
d
= ka4
(sin u cos u)2
(sin u cos u) du
2
du
0

/2
1
1
1
= ka4 (sin u cos u)3
= ka4 .
2
3
3
0
M = 2ka2 .

From Exercise 29,

Therefore
I = 16 (2ka2 )a2 = 16 Ma2 .


32. (a) M =

k ds =
C

(b)


sin u + (1
2

cos u)2

du =

xM M =

kx ds =
0

1
(1 cos u)(2k sin u) du
2

= 4k
0


yM M =

ky ds =
C

= 2k
0

= 8k;

1
2k sin u du = 8k
2

1
32
k;
sin3 u du =
2
3

xM =

4
3

1
(u sin u)(2k sin u) du
2

1
1
1
(u sin u 2 sin2 u cos u) du
2
2
2
yM =

937

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938

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.4

33. (a) s (u) = a2 + b2


 2 

L=
ds =
a2 + b2 du = 2 a2 + b2
0

(b) xM = 0,

(by symmetry)
 2 
1
1

zM =
z ds =
bu a2 + b2 du = b
L C
2 a2 + b2 0


M 2
M 2 2 2
1
(c) Ix =
(a sin u + b2 u2 ) du = M (3a2 + 8b2 2 )
(y + z 2 ) ds =
L
2
6
0
C


yM = 0

Iy = 16 M (3a2 + 8b2 2 )
Iz = Ma2

similarly

(all the mass is at distance a from the z-axis)

34. (a) s (u) = 2u2 + 1


 a
2
a(2a2 + 3)
L=
ds =
(2u2 + 1) du = a3 + a =
3
3
0
C

 a
1
3
3a(a2 + 1)
3
(b) xM =
x ds =
(2u
+
u)
du
=
L C
a(2a2 + 3) 0
2(2a2 + 3)

 a
1
3
a2 (6a2 + 5)
yM =
y ds =
(2u4 + u2 ) du =
2
L C
a(2a + 3) 0
5(2a2 + 3)


 a
1
3
4 5 2 3
a3 (4a2 + 3)
zM =
z ds =
+
du
=
u
u
L C
a(2a3 + 3) 0
3
3
6(2a3 + 3)
(c)

M
Iz =
L

3M
(x + y ) ds =
a(2a3 + 3)
C
2

=

35.

[(u2 + u4 )(2u2 + 1)] du

M a2 (30a4 + 63a2 + 35)

35(2a2 + 3)

k(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ds

M =
C

=k



a2 + b2

(a2 + b2 u2 ) du =

36. C : r = r(u),

2  2
k a + b2 (3a2 + 4 2 b2 )
3

u [a, b]



h(r) dr =

=
a

[h(r(u)) r (u)] du

h(r(u))

r (u)
 r (u)  du
 r (u) 

[h(r(u)) T(r(u))]s (u) du

[h(r) T(r)] ds

=
C

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.5
SECTION 18.5


1. (a)
 xy dx + x2 dy =
C


xy dx + x2 dy +


xy dx + x2 dy +

C1

xy dx + x2 dy, where

C2

C1 : r(u) = u i + u j, u [ 0, 1 ];

C3

C2 : r(u) = (1 u) i + j, u [ 0, 1 ]

C3 : r(u) = (1 u) j, u [ 0, 1 ].

 1
2
2
xy dx + x dy =
(u2 + u2 ) du =
3
C1
0

 1
1
xy dx + x2 dy =
(1 u) du =
2
C2
0

 1
xy dx + x2 dy =
02 (1) du = 0
C3


2 1
1

Therefore,  xy dx + x2 dy = = .
3 2
6
C


 1 y

2

(b)  xy dx + x dy =
x dx dy =
x dx dy =
C

1 2
x
2

y
0

1
du =
2

y 2 dy =

1
6

2. (a) C = C1 C3 C3 C4
C1 : r(u) = u i, u [0, 1];

C2 : r(u) = i + u j, u [0, 1]

C3 : r(u) = (1 u)i + j, u [0, 1];


x2 y dx + 2y 2 dy = 0
C1

x2 y dx + 2y 2 dy =
C2


x2 y dx + 2y 2 dy =

C3

C4




 =
C1


2y 2 dy =

C3

=
C4

u [0, 1]

2
3

(1 u)2 du =

1
3

2(1 u)2 du =

C4

C2


x2 y dx + 2y 2 dy =

2u2 du =

x2 dx =
C3

2y 2 dy =
C2

C4 : r(u) = (1 u)j,

2
3

1
3



 1 1

2
1
x2 y dx + 2y 2 dy =
(b) 
(2y 2 )
(x y) dx dy =
x2 dx dy =
x
y
3
C
0
0

3. (a) C : r(u) = 2 cos u i + 3 sin u j, u [ 0, 2 ]


(3x2 + y) dx + (2x + y 3 ) dy

C



(12 cos2 u + 3 sin u)( 2 sin u) + (4 cos u + 27 sin3 u)3 cos u du



24 cos2 u sin u 6 sin2 u + 12 cos2 u + 81 sin3 u cos u du

=
0


=
0

= 8 cos3 u 3u +

2
3
81
= 6
sin 2u + 6u + 3 sin 2u +
sin4 u
0
2
4

939

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940

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.5


(3x2 + y) dx + (2x + y 3 ) dy =
(b) 
1 dx dy = area of ellipse = 6
C

4. (a) C = C1 C2
C1 : r(u) = u i + u2 j, u [0, 1]; C2 : r(u) = (1 u)i + (1 u)j, u [0, 1]

 1
7
y 2 dx + x2 dy =
(u4 + 2u3 ) du =
10
0
C1

 1



2
1
y 2 dx + x2 dy =
2(1 u)2 du = ;  =
+
=
3
30
C2
C
C1
C2
0



 1 x
2
2
1
y 2 dx + x2 dy =
(b) 
2(x y) dy dx =
(x )
(y ) dx dy =
x
y
30
2
C
0
x



5.
 3y dx + 5x dy =
(5 3) dxdy = 2A = 2
C




6.  5x dx + 3y dy =
0 dx dy = 0
C



a
x2 dy =
7. 
(ab) = a2 b
2x dxdy = 2xA = 2
2
C


 
8.
 y 2 dx =
2y dx dy = ab2
C




[(2y + 10x) (3x + 2y)] dxdy
 (3xy + y 2 ) dx + (2xy + 5x2 ) dy =

9.


=

7x dxdy = 7 xA = 7(1)() = 7



10.
 (xy + 3y 2 ) dx + (5xy + 2x2 ) dy =
(3x y) dx dy = (3x y)A = (3 + 2) = 5.
C



2
2
2
2

11.  (2x + xy y ) dx + (3x xy + 2y ) dy =
[(6x y) (x 2y)] dxdy
C



(5x + y) dxdy = (5x + y)A = (5a + 0)(r2 ) = 5ar2



(x2 2xy + 3y 2 ) dx + (5x + 1) dy =
12. 
(5 + 2x 6y) dx dy = (5 + 2x 6y)A = (5 6b)r2
C

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.5


ex sin y dx + ex cos y dy =
13. 
[ex cos y ex cos y] dxdy = 0
C




14.
 ex cos y dx + ex sin y dy =
2ex sin y dx dy =
C

2ex sin y dy dx = 4(e 1)



2

15.  2xy dx + x dy =
[2x 2x] dxdy = 0
C



16.
 y 2 dx + 2xy dy =
0 dx dy = 0
C

17. C : r(u) = a cos u i + a sin u j; u [ 0, 2 ]



 2
y dx =
A=
(a sin u)(a sin u) du = a2
C

sin2 u du = a2

18. C : r(u) = a cos3 u i + a sin3 u j, u [0, 2]



 2
A=
 y dx =
(a sin3 u)(3a cos2 u sin u) du = 3a2
C

1
1
u sin 2u
2
4

sin4 u cos2 u du =

2
= a2
0

3 2
a
8


19. A =
 x dy, where C = C1 C2 ;
C

4
C1 : r(u) = u i + j, 1 u 4; C2 : r(u) = (4 3u) i + (1 + 3u) j, 0 u 1.
u


 4
 4 
1
4

 x dy =
du = 4
u
du = 4 ln 4;
2
u
u
C1
1
1

 1
 1
15
x dy =

.
(4 3u)3 du =
(12 9u) du =
2
C2
0
0
Therefore,
20. A =

A=

15
2

4 ln 4.


1
 x dy y dx, where C = C1 C2 ;
2 C



 
C1 : r(u) = 5 tan u i + 5 sec u j, tan1 2/ 5 u tan1 2/ 5
C2 : (2 4u) i + 3 j, 0 u 1


1
5
1
 x dy y dx = ln 5,
 x dy y dx = 6
2 C1
2
2 C2

Therefore,



21.
 (ay + b) dx + (cx + d) dy =
(c a) dxdy = (c a)A
C



15

22.  F(r) d r =
(5) dx dy = 5A = a2 (by Exercise 18)
8
C

A=6+

5
2

ln 5.

941

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942

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.5

23. We take the arch from x = 0 to x = 2R. (Figure 9.11.1) Let C1 be the line segment from (0, 0) to
(2R, 0) and let C2 be the cycloidal arch from (2R, 0) back to (0, 0). Letting C = C1 C2 , we have





A =  x dy =
x dy +
x dy = 0 +
x dy
C

C1

C2

C2

R( sin )(R sin ) d

= R2

= R2

(sin2 sin ) d

sin 2

+ cos sin
2
4

2
= 3R2 .
0



 
3
3
2
2

24.  y dx + (3x x ) dy =
(3 3x 3y ) dx dy = 3
(1 x2 y 2 ) dx dy
C

The double integral is maximized by

: 0 x2 + y 2 1.
(This is the maximal region on which the integral is nonnegative.) The line integral is maximized by
the unit circle traversed counterclockwise.
25. Taking to be of type II (see Figure 18.5.2), we have

 d  2 (y)
Q
Q
(x, y) dxdy =
(x, y) dx dy
x
x
c
1 (y)

{Q[2 (y), y] Q[1 (y), y]} dy


() =


Q[2 (y), y] dy

Q[1 (y), y] dy.

c

The graph of x = 2 (y) from x = c to x = d is the curve

u [c, d ].

C4 : r4 (u) = 2 (u) i + u j,
The graph of x = 1 (y) from x = c to x = d is the curve

u [c, d ].

C3 : r3 (u) = 1 (u) i + u j,
Then



 Q(x, y) dy =
C


Q(x, y) dy

C4


=

Q(x, y) dy
C3

Q[2 (u), u] du

Q[1 (u), u] du.

c

Since u is a dummy variable, it can be replaced by y. Comparison with () gives the result.
26. Let h(r) = f (r)g(r) + g(r)f (r). Then h = (f g)

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SECTION 18.5

943

27. Suppose that f is harmonic. By Greens theorem,



  2

f
f
f
2f
2 2
0 dxdy = 0.
dx
dy =
dxdy =
x
x
y
C y

28.




3

(3y 2 ) dx dy =
y 2 dx dy = Ix
 y dx =
3
3




3

2
 x dy =
3x dx dy =
x2 dx dy = Iy
3
3




=
+

29. 
C1

C2

C3

30. Let be the region enclosed by C. Then



f (x) dx + g(y) dy
f (x) dx + g(y) dy = 
C

  
=





[g(y)]
[f (x)] dx dy = 0
x
y

31.

P
Q
2xy
=
= 2
2
2
y
(x + y )
x

except at

(0, 0)

(a) If C does not enclose the origin, and is the region enclosed by C, then


x
y


dx
+
dy
=
0 dxdy = 0.
2
2
x2 + y 2
C x +y

(b) If C does enclose the origin, then



=


C

where Ca : r(u) = a cos u i + a sin u j,

In this case



 =
C

u [ 0, 2 ]

Ca

is a small circle in the inner region of C.

 2
a cos u
a sin u
(a sin u) +
(a cos u) du =
0 du = 0.
a2
a2
0

The integral is still 0.


32. (a)



y3
xy 2
dx + 2
dy =
0 dy dx = 0
(x2 + y 2 )2
(x + y 2 )2
C





(b) By Greens theorem,  =  , where C  is a circle about the origin.



 =
C

C
2

C

(sin4 u + sin2 u cos2 u) du =

0

sin2 u du =

r(u) = a cos u i + a sin u j.

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944

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.6

33. If is the region enclosed by C, then

 
 

 


 v dr = 
dx +
dy =

dxdy
y
x y
y x
C
C x


=

0 dxdy = 0.

equality of mixed partials

34. r(u) = [x1 + (x2 x1 )u]i + [y1 + (y2 y1 )u]j, u [0, 1]

 1
y dx + x dy =
{[y1 (y2 y1 )u] (x2 x1 ) + [x1 + (x2 x1 )u] (y2 y1 )} du
C


=

(x1 y2 x2 y1 ) du = x1 y2 x2 y1 .


1
 (y dx + x dy)
2 C




=
+
+

35. A =

C1

C2

Cn

Now


(y dx + x dy) =
Ci

{[yi + u(yi+1 yi )] (xi+1 xi ) + [xi + u(xi+1 xi )] (yi+1 yi )} du

= xi yi+1 xi+1 yi , i = 1, 2, . . . , n; xn+1 = x1 , yn+1 = y1

1
Thus, A = [(x1 y2 x2 y1 ) + (x2 y3 x3 y2 ) + + (xn y1 x1 yn )]
2
1
7
[0 + (8 1) + 0] =
2
2
1
(b) A = [0 + (12 2) + (12 0) + (0 + 6) + 0] = 14
2

36. (a) A =

SECTION 18.6
1. 4[(u2 v 2 )i (u2 + v 2 )j

3. 2(j i)

2. u k

+ 2uv k]
4. sin u sin v i + cos u cos v j + (sin2 u sin2 v cos2 u cos2 v) k
5. r(u, v) = 3 cos u cos v i + 2 sin u cos v j + 6 sin v k,
6. r(, z) = 2 cos i + 2 sin j + z k,

u [ 0, 2 ], v [ 0, /2 ]

[0, 2], z [1, 4].

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SECTION 18.6
7. r(u, v) = 2 cos u cos v i + 2 sin u cos v j + 2 sin v k,
8. r(s, ) = s cos i + s sin j + (s cos + 2) k,

945

u [ 0, 2 ], v ( /4, /2 ]

s [0, 1], [0, 2].

9. The surface consists of all points of the form (x, g(x, z), z) with (x, z) . This set of points is
given by
r(u, v) = u i + g(u, v) j + v k,
(y, z)

10. r(y, z) = h(y, z) i + y j + z k,

11. x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 + z 2 /c2 = 1;
12. z =

x2
y2
+ 2;
2
a
b

(u, v) .

ellipsoid

elliptic paraboloid.

13. x2 /a2 y 2 /b2 = z;

hyperbolic paraboloid

14. (a) See Exercise 53, Section 14.2.

(b)

(c)

15. For each v [a, b ], the points on the surface at level z = f (v) form a circle of radius v.
That circle can be parametrized:
u [ 0, 2 ].

R(u) = v cos u i + v sin u j + f (v)k,

Letting v range over [a, b ], we obtain the entire surface:

r(u, v) = v cos u i + v sin u j + f (v)k;

0 u 2,

a v b.

16. For the parametrization given in the answer to Exercise 15

N (u, v) = vf  (v) cos u i + v j vf  (v) sin u k,  N(u, v) = v

 2  b 
Therefore

2
A=
v 1 + [f (v)] dv du
0

= 2

a
b

v
a


1+

[f  (v)]2

dv =
a

1 + [f  (v)]2 .


2x 1 + [f  (v)]2 dx

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946

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.6

17. Since is the angle between p and the xy-plane, is the angle between the upper normal to p and k.
(Draw a gure.) Therefore, by 18.6.5,

area of =
sec dxdy = (sec )A = A

sec .

is constant
18. n = i + j + k

is an upper normal.

nk
1
cos = = ,
3
3

sec =

A=

3b2

19. The surface is the graph of the function


x y
c
f (x, y) = c 1
= (ab bx ay)
a
b
ab
dened over the triangle : 0 x a, 0 y b(1 x/a). Note that has area 12 ab.
 
A=

[fx (x, y)]2 + [fy (x, y)]2 + 1 dxdy

 

c2 /a2 + c2 /b2 + 1 dxdy

1 2 2
=
a b + a2 c2 + b2 c2
ab


dx dy =

1 2 2
a b + a2 c2 + b2 c2 .
2


20. f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 , : 0 x2 + y 2 1

 

[fx (x, y)]2 + [fy (x, y)]2 + 1 dx dy =

2 dx dy = 2
A=

21. f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 ,

: 0 x2 + y 2 4

A=

 

4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 dx dy

=
0

= 2
22. f (x, y) =


2xy,

4r2 + 1 r dr d

0
1
2
12 (4r

[ change to polar coordinates ]

+ 1)3/2

2
0

= 16 (17 17 1)

: 0 x a, 0 y b

 

1
x+y

A=
dx dy =
( x/y + y/x) dx dy
2xy
2


a  b 

1
=
x/y + y/x dy dx
2 0 0

2
=
2(a + b) ab
3


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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.6
23. f (x, y) = a2 (x2 + y 2 ),
A=

: 14 a2 x2 + y 2 a2

  


4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 dxdy

r
0

947

[ change to polar coordinates ]

4r2 + 1 dr d = 2

a/2

1
(4r2 + 1)3/2
12

 2
=
(4a + 1)3/2 (a2 + 1)3/2
6

a
a/2

1
24. f (x, y) = (x + y)3/2 , : 0 x 2, 0 y 2 x
3

 2  2x 
1 
1
464

A=
3x + 3y + 2 dx dy =
3x + 3y + 2 dy dx =
135
2
2 0 0
25. f (x, y) = 13 (x3/2 + y 3/2 ),

A=

: 0 x 1,

0yx

1
x + y + 4 dxdy
2

x
1
(x + y + 4)3/2 dx
3
0
0
0
0

1

 1 

1 1
1
2
=
(2x + 4)3/2 (x + 4)3/2 dx =
(2x + 4)5/2 (x + 4)5/2
3 5
5
0 3
0

1
=
(36 6 50 5 + 32)
15


1
x + y + 4 dy dx =
2

: 0 x 1, 0 y 1
 1
 
4y 2 + 1 dx dy =
A=

26. f (x, y) = y 2 ,

4y 2 + 1 dy dx =

1
2 5 + ln(2 + 5)
4

27. The surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 4z = 0 is a sphere of radius 2 centered at (0, 0, 2):

x2 + y 2 + z 2 4z = 0

x2 + y 2 + (z 2)2 = 4.

The quadric cone z 2 = 3(x2 + y 2 ) intersects the sphere at height z = 3:


x2 + y 2 + z 2 4z = 0
z 2 = 3(x2 + y 2 )

3(x2 + y 2 ) + 3z 2 12z = 0
=

4z 2 12z = 0
z = 3. (since z 2)

The surface of which we are asked to nd the area is a spherical segment of width 1 (from z = 3 to
z = 4) in a sphere of radius 2. The area of the segment is 4. (Exercise 27, Section 9.9.)
A more conventional solution. The spherical segment is the graph of the function

f (x, y) = 2 + 4 (x2 + y 2 ), : 0 x2 + y 2 3.

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948

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.6
Therefore


2 
2
y
!  x
+ 
+ 1 dxdy
4 x2 y 2
4 x2 y 2


A=



2

dxdy
4 (x2 + y 2 )

2r
dr d
4
r2
0
0
 
3
= 2 2 4 r2
= 4
=

[ changed to polar coordinates ]

28. The spherical segment is the graph of the function


f (x, y) = a + a2 (x2 + y 2 ),
Therefore




A=

=
0

a
a2

(x2 + y 2 )

2abb2

x2 + y 2 2ab b2 .

dx dy

[change to polar coordinate]

ar
dr d
r2

a2

= 2ab.


"

29. (a)

2

g
g
sec [(y, z)] dydz
(y, z) +
(y, z) + 1 dydz =
y
z

where is the angle between the unit normal with positive i component and the positive x-axis
 

"

(b)

2

h
h
sec [ (x, z)] dxdz
(x, z) +
(x, z) + 1 dxdz =
x
z

where is the angle between the unit normal with positive j component and the positive y-axis
30. (a)
(b)

ru  = a sin u i + a cos u j; rv = k

N(u, v) = ru rv = a cos u i + a sin u j


 2  l
A=
 N(u, v)  du dv =
a du dv =
a dv du = 2la

31. (a)

N(u, v) = v cos u sin cos i + v sin u sin cos j v sin2 k



(b)


N(u, v) dudv =

A=

v sin dudv

=
0

v sin dv du = s2 sin

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SECTION 18.6
32. (a) Set x = a cos u sin v, y = a sin u sin v, z = b cos v. Then
x2
y2
z2
+ 2 + 2 =1
2
a
a
b
(b)

(c) N(u, v) = ab cos u sin2 v i ab sin u sin2 v j a2 sin v cos v k,



 N(u, v)  du dv =

A=

a2 b2 sin4 v + a4 sin2 v cos2 v dv du

= 2a

sin v

b2 sin2 v + a2 cos2 v dv

33. (a) Set x = a cos u cosh v,

y = b sin u cosh v,
2

z = c sinh v. Then,
2

x
y
z2
+

= 1.
a2
b2
c2
(b)


N(u, v) dv du

(c) A =


=
0

ln 2

ln 2

64 cos2 u cosh2 v + 144 sin2 u cosh2 v + 36 cosh2 v sinh2 v dv du

34. (a) Set x = a cos u sinh v,

y = b sin u sinh v,

z = c cosh v. Then,

x2
y2
z2
+

= 1.
a2
b2
c2

949

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.7
(b)

(c) Assuming c > 0, z = c cosh v > 0 for all v.

35. A =

A1 2 + A 2 2 + A 3 2 ;

the unit normal to the plane of is a vector of the form

cos 1 i + cos 2 j + cos 3 k.

Note that
A1 = A cos 1 ,

A2 = A cos 2 ,

A3 = A cos 3 .

Therefore
A1 2 + A2 2 + A3 2 = A2 [cos2 1 + cos2 2 + cos2 3 ] = A2 .
36. We can parametrize the surface by setting
R(r ) = r cos i + r sin j + f (r, ) k,

(r, ) .

The integrand is  N(r, )  .

37. (a) (We use Exercise 36.) f (r, ) = r + ; : 0 r 1, 0
 
 
A=
r2 [fr (r, )]2 + [f (r, )]2 + r2 drd =
2r2 + 1 drd

2r2 + 1 dr d =

=
0

: 0 r a,

(b)

f (r, ) = re ;


A=

1
2
4

6 + ln ( 2 + 3)

0 2


2e2 + 1 drd =

 
2e2 + 1 d

r dr
0

= 12 a2 [ 2e4 + 1 3 + ln (1 + 3) ln (1 + 2e4 + 1)]

38. r(u, v) = x(u, v) i + y(u, v) j, (u, v)
Straightforward calculation shows that  N(u, v) = |J(u, v)|.
SECTION 18.7
For Exercises 16 we have sec [ (x, y)] =

1.

y 2 + 1 dx dy =

d =
S



y 2 + 1. N(x, y) = yj + k, so  N (x, y) = y 2 + 1.

y 2 + 1 dy =

1
[ 2 + ln (1 + 2)]
2

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SECTION 18.7


2.

x2

x d =
0

y 2 + 1 dy dx



 
2

x dx
0


3.

3y d =
0


y2

+ 1 dy

1 
2 + ln(1 + 2)
6



2
3y y + 1 dy dx =

3y

y 2 + 1 dy = (y 2 + 1)3/2 = 2 2 1
0



(x y) d =

4.



x y 2 + 1 dy dx



 
x dx

y2

0
1

y 2 + 1 dy dx

+ 1 dy

1
1
[ 2 + ln(1 + 2)] (2 2 1)
4
3

1
1
5
=
2 + ln(1 + 2)
3 12
4

y 2 + 1 dy

5.




2z d =

y d =

6.

1
(2 2 1)
3

(Exercise 3)

 

1 + y 2 d =
0


(1 + y 2 ) dy dx =

(1 + y 2 ) dy =

4
3


7.

xy d;

S : r(u, v) = (6 2u 3v) i + u j + v k,

0u3

3
2

 N(u, v)  =  (2 i + j) (3 i + k)  =

xy d =

0v2

v,

14


14

x(u, v)y(u, v) du dv


(6 2u 3v)u du dv

14

33v/2

14
0

 
= 14 3 3

8. S

(6u 2u2 3uv) du dv

3
2

2

2
3

3
2

3

3
2


v 3

3
2

2

dv =

is given by z = f (x, y) = 1 x y, 0 x 1, 0 y 1 x

 1  1x

xyz d =
xy(1 x y) (1)2 + (1)2 + 1 dy dx
S


= 3
0


0

1x

xy(1 x y) dy dx =

3
120

9
14
2

951

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.7

x2 z d;

9.

0 u ,

S : r(u, v) = (cos u i + v j + sin u k,

0 v 2.

#
#
# i
#
N(u, v) = ## sin u
#
# 0


#
#
k #
#
cos u## = cos u i sin u k and  N(u, v)  = 1.
#
0 #

j
0
1



x z d =

cos u sin u du dv =
0



10.



cos2 u sin u du dv =

4
3

[x2 + y 2 + (x + 2)2 ] 2 dx dy

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) d =
x2 +y 2 1

=
0

[r2 + (r cos + 2)2 ] 2 r dr d

0
2

=
0

19 2
(r + r cos + 4r cos + 4r) dr d =

4
3


(x2 + y 2 ) d;

11.

0 u /2,

S : r(u, v) = cos u cos v i + cos u sin v j + sin u k,

0 v 2.

#
#
i
#
#
N(u, v) = ## sin u cos v
#
# cos u sin v

j
sin u sin v
cos u cos v

#
#
k #
#
cos u## = cos2 u cos v i + cos2 u sin v j sin u cos u k;
#
0 #

 N(u, v)  = cos u.



2

(x + y ) d =

cos u cos u du dv =
0


12.

r3

x2 +y 2 1

= 2

cos3 u du dv =



(x2 + y 2 ) 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 dx dy =

(x2 + y 2 ) d =
S

/2

4r2 + 1 dr =

3


r2

4r2 + 1 r dr d

25 5 + 1

60

For Exercises 1316 the surface S is given by:

f (x, y) = a x y;

13. M =

(x, y, x) d =
S

ax

0 x a, 0 y a x and


k 3 dy dx =
0

sec [ (x, y)] =

1
k 3 (a x) dx = a2 k 3
2

3.

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SECTION 18.7


14.

M=



ax

(x, y, z) d =
0


A=

(a2 x2 ) dx =

0
a

1 3
3a k
3

1 4
k 3x2 (a x) dx =
a k 3
12

ax

xd =
S

x 3 dy dx

 a
1 3
= 3
(ax x2 ) dx =
3a
6
0
 a  ax
d =
3 dy dx
0

=
x = xA/A =

17.

xA =

k(x + y) 3 dy dx

kx2 3 dy dx =


16.

ax

1
k 3
2

15. M =

k(x + y) d =

 a
1 2
3
(a x) dx =
3a
2
0
1
a;
3

similarly y = z =

S : r(u, v) = a cos u cos v i + a sin u cos v j + a sin v k with 0 u 2,

1
a
3
0 v 12 .

By a previous

calculation N(u, v) = a2 cos v.

x = 0,

y=0

(by symmetry)



zA =
z d =
z(u, v) N(u, v) dudv =
S

z = 12 a

/2

a3 sin v cos v dv du = a3

A = 2a2

18. N(u, v) = 2 i + 2 j 2 k



A=
d =
 N(u, v)  du dv =
S

since

2 3 du dv = 2 3

19. N(u, v) = (i + j + 2 k) (i j) = 2 i + 2 j 2 k

 

N
ux in the direction of N =
v
[v(x(u), y(u), z(u)) N(u, v)] dudv
d =
N
S



[(u + v)i (u v)j] [2 i + 2 j 2 k] dudv.


=

4v dudv = 4

953

v dv du = 2
0

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.7

20. sec[(x, y)] =

x2 + y 2 + 1


M=

=
=
n=

xy
0

For Exercises 2123:

kxy d = k
1
k
3

x2 + y 2 + 1 dy dx

x(x2 + 2)3/2 x(x2 + 1)3/2 dx

1
(9 3 8 2 + 1)k
15

1
(x i + y j + z k)
a
0 u 2,

S : r(u, v) = a cos u cos v i + a sin u cos v j + a sin v k with

12 v 12

N(u, v) = a2 cos v

21. With

v = zk


1
(v n) d =
a

ux =
S

= a3
0

22. With



1
z d =
a



/2

/2

(sin2 v cos v) du dv =

v = xi + yj + zk


(v n) d = a
ux =

(a2 sin2 v)(a2 cos v) dudv

4 3
a
3

d = aA = 4a3

v = yi xj

23. With


(v n) d =

ux =

1
a




(y + z ) d = 2 3
2

24. Ix =


2
2
(x + z ) d = 2 3

S


2
2
(x + z ) d = 4 3

Iz =

S
Iy =

(yx xy) d = 0
  
0

(5u2 2uv + v 2 ) dv du = 3 3

(5u2 + 2uv + v 2 ) dv du = 5 3



0
1

(u2 + v 2 ) d =

8
3
3

For Exercises 2527 the triangle S is the graph of the function

f (x, y) = a x y
The triangle has area A =

1
2

3a2 .

on

: 0 x a,

0 y a x.

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SECTION 18.7
25. With

v = xi + yj + zk


ux =
(v n) d =
(v1 fx v2 fy + v3 ) dxdy
S





[x(1) y(1) + (a x y)] dxdy = a

dxdy = aA =

26. With

v = (x + z) k




(v n) d =

ux =
S

ax

(a y) dy dx =

1 3
a
3

v = x2 i y 2 j


ux =
(v n) d =
(v1 fx v2 fy + v3 ) dxdy
S



[x (1) (y )(1) + 0] dxdy =

2

=


=
0

ax

(x2 y 2 ) dy dx

a
1
1
1 3 1 4
ax2 x3 (a x)3 dx =
ax x + (a x)4 = 0
3
3
4
12
0

v = xy 2 i + z j




(v1 fx v2 fy + v3 ) dx dy

(v n) d =

ux =
S

=
0

29. With

28. With

(a y) dx dy =

(v1 fx v2 fy + v3 ) dx dy



27. With

1 3
3a
2

(xy 3 x2 y) dy dx =

4
3

v = xz j xy k



(v n) d =

ux =
S



(v1 fx v2 fy + v3 ) dxdy

(x3 y xy) dxdy =


=

2(x3 + x) dx =

3
2


0

(x3 y xy) dy dx

955

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.7

30. With

v = x2 y i + z 2 k





1
(x i + y j)
a

(v n) d =
S

1
=
a

(x2 y 2 + x2 y 2 ) dy dx = 0



ux =

1
a


[(x i + y j + z k) (x i + y j)] d
S


2



d = a (area of S) = a (2al) = 2a2 l

(x + y ) d = a
S

 
32.

ux =
S

r r
GmM 3
d = GmM
r r





1
GmM
d =
a2
a2

= GmM


(v n) d =

GmM
(4a2 ) = 4GmM
a2

0 x 1, 0 y 1 x

(v1 fx v2 fy + v3 ) dx dy.

v = x i y j + 32 z k



ux =
(v n) d =
(v1 fx v2 fy + v3 ) dxdy =
2y 3/2 dxdy
S

1x

=
0

2y 3/2 dy dx =

8
4
(1 x)5/2 dx =
5
35

v = x2 i,


1x

ux =
0

35. With

2 3/2
(x + y 3/2 ),
3


ux =

34. With

1
d
r2

In Exercises 3336, S is the graph of f (x, y) =

We use



d =

33. With

(v1 fx v2 fy + v3 ) dx dy

31. n =

(v n) d =

ux =

v = y2 j




(v n) d =

ux =
S

=
0

4
.
63

(v1 fx v2 fy + v3 ) dxdy =

1x

x5/2 dy dx =

y 5/2 dy dx =
0


y 5/2 d

2
4
(1 x)7/2 dx =
7
63

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SECTION 18.7
v = yi

36. With

xy j,

1x

ux =
0

(yx1/2 +

957

xyy 1/2 ) dy dx = 0.

y=0
by symmetry. You can verify that N(u, v) = v sin .


 2  s
zA =
z d =
(s cos )(v sin ) dudv = sin cos
v 2 dv du = 23 sin cos s3

37. x = 0,

z = 23 s cos

A = s2 sin

since


38.

 


2
2
k x + y d =
k x2 + y 2 2 dx dy

M =


=k 2

xM = 0,


x2 + y 2
yM = 0

39. f (x, y) =

r2 dr d =

on : 0 x2 + y 2 1;

2
2k
3

(x, y, z) = k

x2 + y 2

(by symmetry)


zM M =
z(x, y, z) d =
k(x2 + y 2 ) sec [(x, y)] dxdy
S


=k 2
(x2 + y 2 ) dxdy


=k 2

zM =

3
4

since

M=


40. (a)

Ix =

2
3

r3 dr d =

2k

1
2k
2

(Exercise 38)


x2 + y 2 (y 2 + z 2 ) d =

x2 + y 2 (y 2 + x2 + y 2 ) d

  2 2
=k 2
y (x + y 2 )1/2 + (x2 + y 2 )3/2 dx dy


=k 2

(b)
(c)

Iy = Ix

(r4 sin2 + r4 ) dr d =

3 2
k
5

by symmetry

Iz =


x2

y 2 (x2

k(x2 + y 2 )3/2 d

+ y ) d =
S



=k 2
(x2 + y 2 )3/2 dx dy = k 2


0

r4 dr d =

2
2k
5

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.7

41. no answer required


42.


k(y 2 + z 2 ) d = 2 3k
[(u v)2 + 4u2 ] du dv

M =
S

= 2 3k


43.

(5u2 2uv + v 2 ) dv du = 3 3k



xM M =

kx(y 2 + z 2 ) d

x (x, y, z) d =

S
S



= 2 3k
(u + v) (u v)2 + 4u2 dudv

= 2 3k


= 2 3k
0

xM =

11
9

(5u3 2u2 v + uv 2 + 5u2 v 2uv 2 + v 3 ) dv du

1
2
5
1
5u3 u2 + u + u2 u +
3
2
3
4

M = 3 3k

since


2

Iz =

11
3k
3

(Exercise 42)


44.

du =

k(y 2 + z 2 )(x2 + y 2 ) d

(x, y, z)(x + y ) d =
S

 


= 2 3k
(u v)2 + 4u2 (u + v)2 + (u v)2 du dv

= 4 3k


0

82 3
(5u 2u v + 6u v 2uv + v ) du dv =
k.
15
4

2 2

45. Total ux out of the solid is 0. It is clear from a diagram that the outer unit normal to the cylindrical
side of the solid is given by n = x i + y j in which case v n = 0. The outer unit normals to the top
and bottom of the solid are k and k respectively. So, here as well, v n = 0 and the total ux is 0.
46. The ux through the upper boundary is 0:
(yi xj) k = 0.
The ux through the lower boundary is 0:

v


f
f
i+
j k = (y i x j) (2x i + 2y j k) = (2xy 2xy) = 0.
x
y

Thus the total ux out of the solid is 0.

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SECTION 18.7
47. The surface z =

959

2 (x2 + y 2 ) is the upper half of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2. The surface intersects

the surface z = x2 + y 2 in a circle of radius 1 at height z = 1. Thus the upper boundary of the solid,

call it S1 , is a segment of width 2 1 on a sphere of radius 2. The area of S1 is therefore 2

2( 2 1). (Exercise 27, Section 9.9). The upper unit normal to S1 is the vector
1
n = (x i + y j + z k).
2
Therefore
 

1
(v n) d =
2

ux through S1 =
S1

 
= 2

d =

 




(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) d

S1

2 (area of S1 ) = 4( 2 1).

S1

The lower boundary of the solid, call it S2 , is the graph of the function
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2

on : 0 x2 + y 2 1.

Taking n as the lower unit normal, we have

 


(v n) d =

ux through S2 =
S2




v1 fx + v2 fy v3 dxdy

(x2 + y 2 ) dxdy =

r3 dr d =

1
.
2

1
7
The total ux out of the solid is 4( 2 1) + = (4 2 ).
2
2

48.

face

vn

x=0

xz = 0

x=1

xz = 1

1
2

y=0

4xyz 2 = 0

y=1

4xyz 2 = 4xz 2

2
3

z=0

2z = 0

z=1

2z = 2

ux

total ux =

1
2

2
3

+2=

19
6

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January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.8

SECTION 18.8

1.

v = 2,

v = 0

2.

v = 0,

3.

v = 0,

v = 0

4.

v=

5.

v = 6,

v = 0

6.

v = 0,

7. v = yz + 1,

4xy
,
+ y 2 )2

v = 0

v = (2xy y 2 ) i y 2 j x2 k

v = 0

10. v = ex (3 + x),

v = ex z j + ex yk
2

11. v = 2(x + y + z)er ,

12. v = 0,

(x2

v = x i + xy j + (1 x)z k

8. v = 2y(x + z),
9. v = 1/r2 ,

v = 0

v = 2er [(y z)i (x z) j + (x y) k]

 2

2
2
v = 2 zez i + xex j + yey k

13. v = f  (x),

v = 0

14. each partial derivative that appears in the curl is 0

15. use components.



16. F = GmM (r3 r) = GmM (0) = 0
linearity (Exercise 15)

(17.8.8)

F = GmM [ (r3 r)] = GmM (0) = 0

linearity (Exercise 15)

(17.8.8)

17. v =

P
Q R
+
+
=2+46=0
x
y
z

18. v =

(3x2 ) +
(y 2 ) +
(2yz 6xz) = 6x 2y + (2y 6x) = 0
x
y
z

v =

2(y 2 x2 )
k
(x2 + y 2 )2

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SECTION 18.8
#
#i
#
#
#
19. F = ##
# x
#
#x

#
#
#
#
## = 0
#
z #
#
2z #

y
y

20. F(x, y, z) = (2x + y + 2z)i + (x + 4y 3z)j + (2x 3y 6z)k

#
#
#
#
i
j
k
#
#
#
#
#
#

#
F = ##
#
x
y
z
#
#
#
#
# 2x + y + 2z
x + 4y 3z
2x 3y 6z #
= (3 + 3)i (2 2)j + (1 1)k = 0

21. 2 f = 12(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

22. 2 f = f = (yzi + xzj + xyk) = 0

23. 2 f = 2y 3 z 4 + 6x2 yz 4 + 12x2 y 3 z 2

24. Note that for r =

Then

r
x
=
x
r

x2 + y 2 + z 2 ,

(cos r) =
x2
x

x sin r
r


=

With similar formulas for y and z.

r2 sin r x2 r cos r + x2 sin r

,
r3

Therefore

2 f =
=

2
2
2
cos
r
+
cos
r
+
cos r
x2
y 2
z 2
3r2 sin r (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )r cos r + (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) sin r
r3

= cos r 2r1 sin r

25. 2 f = er (1 + 2r1 )

26.

2
 x  r2 2x2
=
ln
r
=
,
x2
x r2
r4
Then

27. (a)

2 f =

2r2

with similar formula for y and z.

3r2 2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
1
= 2
r4
r

(b) 1/r

961

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-18

P2: PBU/OVY

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T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

962

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.8
(u )r = (u x)i + (u y)j + (u z)k

28. (a)

= (u i)i + (u j)j + (u k)k = u

(r )u = (r yz)i + (r xz)j + (r xy)k

(b)

= [r (zj + yk)]i + [r (zi + xk)]j + [r (yi + xj)]k

= (yz + zy)i + (xz + zx)j + (xy + yx)k
= 2(yzi + xzj + xyk) = 2u


29. 2 f = 2 g(r) = (g(r)) = g  (r)r1 r




= (g  (r)) r1 r + g  (r) r1 r
=





g  (r)r1 r r1 r + g  (r)(2r1 )

= g  (r) + 2r1 g  (r)

(f v1 ) +
(f v2 ) +
(f v3 )
x
y
z

 
 

v1
v2
v3
f
f
f
= f
+
v1 + f
+
v2 + f
+
v3
x
x
y
y
z
z




f
f
f
v1
v2
v3
=
i+
j+
k v+f
+
+
x
y
z
x
y
z

30. (a) (f v) =

= (f ) v + f ( v)
(b) (f v)

=
(f v3 )
(f v2 ) i +
(f v1 )
(f v3 ) j +
(f v2 )
(f v1 ) k
y
z
z
x
x
y

v3
v2
f
f
= f
+
v3 f

v2 i + etc.
y
y
z
z
#
#
# i
j
k ## 
#





#

##
v3
v2
v1
v3
v2
v1
#
(c) v = #

i+

j+

k
#=
# x
y
z #
y
z
z
x
x
y
#
#
# v1
v2
v3 #




v2
v1
v1
v3
i-component of ( v) =

y x
y
z z
x
2 v2
2 v1
2 v3
2 v1

2
2
yx
y
z
zx

  2

v2
v3
v1
2 v1
=
+

+
x y
z
y 2
z 2
=

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-18

P2: PBU/OVY

QC: PBU/OVY

T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.9

963

2 v1
, we get
x2


  2
v1

2 v1
2 v1
v2
v3
v1
=
+
+
+
+

( v) 2 v1 = the i-component of 2 v.
2
2
2
x x
y
z
x
y
z
x
Adding and subtracting

Equality of the other components can be obtained in a similar manner.

31.

f
2f
= 2;
= 2x + y + 2z,
x
x2

f
2f
= 4;
= 4y + x 3z,
y
y 2

f
2f
= 6;
= 6z + 2x 3y,
z
z 2
2f
2f
2f
+
+
=2+46=0
x2
y 2
z 2
32. f (r) =
Then

1
.
r

 


1
r2 + 3x2
x
=
, with similar formulas for y and z
=
3
r
x r
r5

2
x2

3r2 + 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
= 0.
r5

2 f =

33. n = 1
34. Since (f ) = 2 f = 0,

the gradient eld f is solenoidal.

f is irrotational by Theorem 18.8.4

SECTION 18.9



(v n) d =

1.

( v) dxdydz =




(v n) d =

2.


3 dxdydz = 3V = 4
T


( v) dx dy dz =

(3) dx dy dz = 3V = 4







(v n) d =

3.
S

( v) dxdydz =
T

2(x + y + z) dxdydz.
T

The ux is zero since the function f (x, y, z) = 2(x + y + z) satises the relation f (x, y, z) =
f (x, y, z) and T is symmetric about the origin.



(v n) d =

4.
S


( v) dx dy dz =


(2x + 2y + 1) dx dy dz =

dx dy dz = V =
T

by symmetry

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-18

P2: PBU/OVY

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T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

964

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.9
n

vn

x=0

x=1

y=0

y=1

z=0

z=1

face

5.



ux

total ux = 3


( v) dxdydz =

3 dxdydz = 3V = 3
T

face

vn

x=0

xy = 0

x=1

xy = y

1/2

y=0

yz = 0

y=1

yz = z

z=0

xz = 0

z=1

xz = x

6.



ux

total ux =

1/2
0
1/2



( v) dxdydz =

(y + z + x) dxdydz = (y + z + x)V =

3
2

1 1 1
+ +
2 2 2

7.

face

vn

ux

x=0

x=1

y=0

xz

y=1

xz

z=0

z=1

uxes add up to 0




( v) dxdydz =

total ux = 2

2 (x + z) dxdydz = 2 (x + z)V = 2 ( 12 + 12 )1 = 2
T

(1) =

3
.
2

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-18

P2: PBU/OVY

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T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.9
8.

face

vn

x=0

x = 0

x=1

x=1

y=0

xy = 0

y=1

xy = x

z=0

xyz = 0

z=1

xyz = xy

1/4



ux

total ux =

(1 + x + xy) dxdydz =

7
4

1/2


( v) dxdydz =

965

(1 + x + xy) dx dy dz =
0

7
.
4


9. ux =
(1 + 4y + 6z) dxdydz = (1 + 4y + 6z)V = (1 + 0 + 3) 9 = 36
T


10.


( v) dxdydz =

ux =

1x

1xy

(y + z + x) dz dy dx
0

  
3
1
1
= (x + y + z)V =
=
4
6
8

11.


(2x + x 2x) dxdydz

ux =

x dxdydz

1x

1xy

x dz dy dx
0

0
1

0
1x

=
0


x x2 xy dy dx

1x
1
1
=
xy x2 y xy 2
dx
2
0
0

 1
1
1
1 3
2
=
xx + x
dx =
2
2
24
0



( v) dxdydz =

12. ux =
T


4y dx dy dz = 4yV = 4(1)
T

32
3


=

128
3

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-18

P2: PBU/OVY

QC: PBU/OVY

T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

966

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.9


13. ux =

2(x + y + z) dxdydz =

2(r cos + r sin + z)r d dr dz

0

0
4

0
2

4 rz dr dz
0


=

0
4

8 z dz = 64
0


14. ux =


(v n) d =

1
2


( v) dxdydz =

1
2

(2 + 2x) dx dy dz = V =

32


15. ux =
(2y + 2y + 3y) dxdydz = 7yV = 0
T




( v) dxdydz =

16. ux =

7y dx dy dz = 7 y V = 7

a
2

a3 =

7 4
a
2


17. ux =
(A + B + C) dxdydz = (A + B + C)V
T




(f n) d =

18.
S

[ (f )] dxdydz
T




(2 f ) dxdydz =

=
T

0 dxdydz = 0
T

19. Let T be the solid enclosed by S and set n = n1 i + n2 j + n3 k.






(i n) d =

n1 d =
S


( i) dxdydz =

0 dxdydz = 0.
T

Similarly



n2 d = 0

and

n3 d = 0.
S

20. (a) The identity follows from setting v = f in (17.8.6).





(f fn ) d =
(f f n) d =
[ (f f )] dxdydz
S


=



 f 2 +f (2 f ) dxdydz

T 
 f 2 dxdydz

=
T

since

2 f = 0

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-18

P2: PBU/OVY

QC: PBU/OVY

T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.9


(b)




(gf n) d =

(gfn ) d =
S

[ (gf )] dxdydz
T


{(g f ) + g[ (f )]} dxdydz

=
T


[(g f ) + g(2 f )] dxdydz

=
T

21. A routine computation shows that (f g) = 0. Therefore



[(f g) n] d =
[ ( f g)] dxdydz = 0.
S

22. Since r = 3, we can write



 
 
1
r
V =

dxdydz =
r n d,
dxdydz =
3
3
T

by the divergence theorem.

23. Set F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k.



[(z c)i n] d =

F1 =
S

[ (z c)i] dxdydz
T


=
T

[(z c)] dxdydz = 0.


x 

Similarly F2 = 0.



[ (z c)k n] d =

F3 =
S

[ (z c)k] dxdydz
T


=

[(z c)] dxdydz

z


=

dxdydz = W.
T


T ot i =

24.

{[r (c z)n] i} d
S

(12.5.6)

=

[(i r) (c z)n] d
S


(z c)[(i r) n] d

=
S

divergence theorem

967

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-18

P2: PBU/OVY

QC: PBU/OVY

T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

968

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.10

[ (z c)(ir)] dxdydz

=
T

i r = i(xi + yj + zk) = zj + yk
(z c)(ir) = (z c)(zj + yk) = (cz z 2 )j + (yz cy)k
(z c)(ir) = y

T ot i =

y dxdydz = yV = y(V ) = yW
T

(r F) i = [(xi + yj + zk) W k] i
= (xW j + yW i) i = yW = T ot i
Equality of the other components can be shown in a similar manner.

PROJECT 18.9
1. For r = 0,

E = qr3 r = q(3 + 3)r3 = 0 by (17.8.8)



2. By the divergence theorem,


( E) dx dy dz =

ux of E out of S =
T

0 dx dy dz = 0
T

r
q
r r
q
3. On Sa , n = , and thus E n = q 3 = 2 = 2
r
r r
r
a


q
q
q
Thus ux of E out of Sa =
(E n) d =
d = 2 (area of Sa ) = 2 (4a2 ) = 4q.
2
a
a
a
Sa

Sa

SECTION 18.10

For Exercises 14:

n = xi + yj + zk


S

C : r(u) = cos u i + sin u j,

(0 n) d = 0
S

(b) S is bounded by the unit circle C : r(u) = cos u i + sin u j,

$
v(r) dr = 0 since v is a gradient.
C

u [ 0, 2 ].


[( v) n] d =

1. (a)

and

u [ 0, 2 ].

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-18

P2: PBU/OVY

QC: PBU/OVY

T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.10



[( v) n] d =

2. (a)


(2k n) d = 2

z d = 2zA = 2

1
2

969

2 = 2

Exercise 17, Section 17.7

$

v(r) dr =

(b)
C

( sin2 u cos2 u) du = 2




[( v) n] d =

3. (a)

y dx x dy =



(3y 2 i + 2zj + 2k) n d


(3xy 2 + 2yz + 2z) d

=
S




(3xy 2 ) d +

=
S




2yz d +2



1
z d = 2zV = 2( )2 = 2
2

Exercise 17, Section 17.7

$

v(r) dr =

(b)
C

z dx + 2x dy =
C

2x dy =
C




[( v) n] d =

4. (a)

2 cos2 u du = 2

[(6yi + 6xj 2xk) n] d

S


=

(2xz) d = 0

by symmetry

v(r) dr =
C

6xz dx x dy =
2

x2 dy


=


cos3 u du =

For Exercises 57 take S : z = 2 x y with 0 x 2, 0 y 2 x

and C as the triangle (2, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 0, 2). Then C = C1 C2 C3
C1 : r1 (u) = 2(1 u) i + 2uj,

n=

3(i + j + k)


[(v) n] d =

v(r) dr =

(b)
C


+

C1

1
1
3 d =
3A = 2
3
3



u [ 0, 1 ],

C3 : r3 (u) = 2(1 u) k + 2ui, u [ 0, 1 ].



area of S : A = 2 3
centroid: 23 , 23 , 23


5. (a)

with

u [ 0, 1 ],

C2 : r2 (u) = 2(1 u) j + 2uk,

(cos u sin2 u cos u) du = 0

C2


v(r) dr = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2

+
C3

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
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P2: PBU/OVY

QC: PBU/OVY

T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

970

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.10



[( v) n] d =

6. (a)
S

[(2xj 2yk) n] d
S

2
3
3


(x + y) d =

2
16
3(x + y)A =
3
3



$
v(r) dr =

(b)
C

+
C1

+
C2





v(r) dr =
C


y d =



$
(b)

C3

8
8
16
v(r) dr = + 0 =
3
3
3

1
(yk n) d =
3
3

[(v) n] d =

7. (a)

+
C1

1
4
3yA =
3
3


v(r) dr =

+
C2

C3

4 32

3
5


+

8. By (18.10.2) v is a gradient: v = . Therefore



v(r) dr =
[() dr] = 0
C

32
4
+0=
5
3

by (18.2.2).

9. The bounding curve is the set of all (x, y, z) with

x2 + y 2 = 4

and

z = 4.

Traversed in the positive sense with respect to n, it is the curve C where

u [0, 2].

C : r(u) = 2 cos u i + 2 sin u j + 4k,

By Stokess theorem the ux we want is




v(r) dr =
y dx + z dy + x2 z 2 dz
C


=

C
2


4 sin2 u + 8 cos u du = 4.

10. The bounding curve is the set of all (x, y, z) with

x2 + z 2 = 9,

y = 8.

Traversed in the positive direction with respect to n, it is the curve C where

C : r(u) = 3 cos u i 8 j + 3 sin u k,

u [0, 2].

By Stokess theorem the ux we want is



1

v(r) dr =
y dx + 2xz dy 3x dz
C
C 2
 2
=
(12 sin u 27 cos2 u) du = 27.
0

11. The bounding curve C for S is the bounding curve of the elliptical region :

1 2
4x

+ 19 y 2 = 1. Since

v = 2x2 yz 2 i 2xy 2 z 2 j
is zero on the xy-plane, the ux of v through is zero, the circulation of v about C is zero, and
therefore the ux of v through S is zero.

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
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P2: PBU/OVY

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T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.10

971

12. Let T be the solid enclosed by S. By our condition on v, v is continuously dierentiable on T .

Therefore by the divergence theorem



[( v) n] d =

[ ( v)] dxdydz.
T

This is zero since the divergence of a curl is zero.

13. C bounds the surface
S: z =


1 12 (x2 + y 2 ),

(x, y)

with : x2 + (y 12 )2 14 . Routine calculation shows that v = yk. The circulation of v with

respect to the upper unit normal n is given by



(yk n) d =

y dxdy = yA =

1  1
= .
2 4
8

(18.7.9)
If n is used, the circulation is 18 .

Answer: 18 .

14. v = i 2j 2k. Since the plane x + 2y + z = 0 passes through the origin, it intersects the sphere
in a circle of radius a. The surface S bounded by this circle is a disc of radius a with upper unit
normal
n=

1
6(i + 2j + k).
6

The circulation of v with respect to n is given by

 


5
5
5
6 d =
6A =
6a2 .
6
6
6
S
S

5
2
If n is used, the circulation is 6 6a . Answer: 56 6a2 .


[( v) n] d =

15. v = i + 2j + k. The paraboloid intersects the plane in a curve C that bounds a at surface S that
projects onto the disc x2 + (y 12 )2 = 14 in the xy-plane. The upper unit normal to S is the vector

n = 12 2 (j + k). The area of the base disc is 14 . Letting be the angle between n and k, we

have cos = n k = 12 2 and sec = 2. Therefore the area of S is 14 2. The circulation of v with
respect to n is given by




1
1
1
[( v) n] d =

2 d =
2 (area of S) = .
2
2
4
S

If n is used, the circulation is 14 .

Answer:

14 .

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
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P2: PBU/OVY

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T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

972

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.10

16. v = yi zj xk. The curve C bounds a at surface S that projects onto the disc x2 + y 2 = b2

in the xy-plane. The upper unit normal to S is the vector n = 12 2(j + k). The area of the base disc

is b2 . Letting be the angle between n and k, we have cos = n k = 12 2 and sec = 2.

Therefore the area of S is b2 2. The circulation of v with respect to n is given by



1
[(v) n] d =
2
2



1
(x + z) d =
2
2

 
z d =

1
2zA.
2

by symmetry

Its clear by symmetry that z = a2 , the height at which S intersects the xz-plane. Since A = b2 2,
the circulation is a2 b2 . If n is used, the circulation becomes a2 b2 ,

Answer: a2 b2 .

17. Straightforward calculation shows that

(a r) = [(a2 z a3 y) i + (a3 x a1 z) j + (a1 y a2 x)k] = 2a.
18. () = ( ) + [ ] =
(18.8.7)
since the curl of a gradient is zero. Therefore the result follows from Stokess theorem.
19. In the plane of C, the curve C bounds some Jordan region that we call . The surface S is a
piecewisesmooth surface that bounds a solid T. Note that v is continuously dierentiable on T.
Thus, by the divergence theorem,


[ ( v)] dxdydz =
[( v) n] d
T

where n is the outer unit normal. Since the divergence of a curl is identically zero, we have
 
[( v) n] d = 0.
S

Now n is n1 on S and n2 on . Thus



[( v) n1 ] d +
[( v) n2 ] d = 0.
S

This gives
 


[( v) n1 ] d =

$
[( v) (n2 )] d =

v(r) dr
C

where C is traversed in a positive sense with respect to n2 and therefore in a positive sense with
respect to n1 . (n2 points toward S.)

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
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P2: PBU/OVY

QC: PBU/OVY

T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

January 4, 2007

SECTION 18.10
20. By the chain rule

d
x 
dx
x 
= [x(u(t), v(t))] =
u (t) +
v (t).
dt
dt
u
v

Thus


v1 dx =
C1

dx
dt

v1
a

dt =
a

x
x
v1 u (t) + v1 v  (t) dt
u
v


=

v1
Cr

x
x
du + v1
dv
u
v

by Greens theorem

=

x
v1
v

x
v1
u

du dv.

The integrand can be written

v1 x
2x
2x
v1 x
v1 x v1 x
+ v1

v1
=

.
u v
uv
v v
vu
u v
v u
equality of partials
Thus we have



v1 dx =
C

v1 x v1 x

du dv.
u v
v u

By our previous choice of unit normal,

n = N/  N  . Therefore

 


[( v1 i) n] d =

Note that

[( v1 i) N] du dv.

#
#
#
#
i
j
k
#
#
j
k
#
#
# x y
z ##

#
#
#
# u u u #
y z
# x y
z ##
#
0
0
#
#
v
v
v

 




v1
v1
x z
x z
x y x y
=
j
k

j+

k
z
y
v u u v
u v
v u

#
# i
#
#
#
( v1 i) N = ##
# x
#
# v1

v1
=
z

=

#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#

x z
x z

v u u v

v1 z
v1 y
+
z u
y u

v1
+
y

x y
x y

v u u v

v1 z
v1 y
+
z v
y v

973

18:12

P1: PBU/OVY
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P2: PBU/OVY

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T1: PBU

JWDD027-Salas-v1

974

January 4, 2007

REVIEW EXERCISES
Now, by the chain rule,
v1
v1 x v1 y
v1 z
=
+
+
,
u
x u
y u
z u

v1
v1 x v1 y v1 z
=
+
+
.
v
x v
y v
z v

Therefore





v1
v1 x x
v1
v1 x x
( v1 i) N =

u
x u v
v
x v u
v1 x v1 x
=

u v
v u
and, as asserted,


 
[( v1 i) n] d =
S

v1 x v1 x

du dv.
u v
v u

REVIEW EXERCISES

 1
1
1. (a) r(u) = ui + uj, 0 u 1;
h dr =
(u3 u2 ) du =
12
0
C
 1

11
8
7
h dr =
(2u 3u ) du =
(b)
72
0
C


/2

h dr =

2. (a)


h dr =

(b)

( cos3 u sin u + sin3 u cos u) du = 0

/2

(3 cos11 u sin u + 3 sin11 u cos u) du = 0

3. Since h(x, y) = f where f (x, y) = x2 y 2 + 12 x2 y,


119
h(r) dr = f (2, 4) f (1, 2) =
2
C
for any curve C beginning at (1, 2) and ending at (2, 4).
P
Q
y 2 x2
=
= 2
;
y
(x + y 2 )2
x

4. h(x, y) is a gradient:

h(x, y) = arctan (y/x).

Therefore the integrals in (a), (b) and (c) all have the same value.
(a) r(u) = 2 cos u i + 2 sin u j,



h dr =

3/4

0 u 34 ;

 3/4
2 sin u
3
2 cos u
1 du =
(2 sin u) +
(2 cos u) du =
4
4
4
0

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REVIEW EXERCISES
5. h(x, y, z) = sin y i + xexy j + sin z k;
x(u) = u2

r(u) = u2 i + u j + u3 k,
x (u) = 2u,

y(u) = u z(u) = u3 ,

y  (u) = 1,

975

u [ 0, 3 ]
z  (u) = 3u2

h(r(u)) r (u) = 2u sin u + u2 eu + 3u2 sin u3


 3

3
2u sin u + u2 eu + 3u2 sin u3 du
h(r) dr =
3

= 2u cos u + 2 sin u +
=

6 cos 3 + 2 sin 3 +

2
3

1
3

eu cos u3

1
3

3
0

e27 cos 27

6. h(x, y, z) = x2 i + xy j + z 2 k; r(u) = cos u i + sin u j + u2 k,


 /2
1  6

5
h(r(u)) r (u) = 2u ;
h(r) dr =
2u5 du =
3 2
0
C

u [0, /2]

r(u) = u i + u2 j + u3 k.
 2
1
5 2
2685
W =
(u3 + 5u6 )du = u4 + u7
=
1
4
7
28
1

7. F(x, y, z) = xy i + yz j + xz k;
F(r(u)) r = u3 + 5u6 ;

8. F(x, y) = x i + (y 2) j;

r(u) = (u sin u) i + (1 cos u) j, 0 u 2.

F(r(u)) r = u u cos u 2 sin u;

 2
1
2
W =
(u u cos u 2 sin u)du = u2 + u sin u + 3 cos u
= 2 2
0
2
0
9. A vector equation for the line segment is: r(u) = (1 + 2u) i + 4u k, u [ 0, 1 ].

 1
2 + 20u
(20u + 2)

F(r(u)) r = C
;
F dr = C
du = 4C
1 + 4u + 20u2
1
+ 4u + 20u2
0
C
10. Suppose that the path C of the object is given by the vector function r = r(u), a u b. Then
r = v is the velocity of the object and F v = 0. The work done by F is



F(r) dr =

11.

F(r(u)) r (u) du =

F(r(u)) v(u) du = 0.

(yexy + 2x)
(xexy 2y)
= exy + xyexy =
= h is a gradient.
y
x

 2

3
3
(a) h(r(u)) r = 3u2 eu 4u3 + 2u;
3u2 eu 4u3 + 2u du = e8 13
h dr =

0
C
xy
2
2
h dr = f (2, 4) f (0, 0) = e8 13
(b) Let f (x, y) = e + x y . Then f = h and
C

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976
12.

January 4, 2007

REVIEW EXERCISES
Q
P
= 4xy + 2 =
= h is a gradient.
y
x

 1

1


(a) h(r(u)) =
6 + 66u + 216u2 + 576u3 du = 6u + 33u2 + 72u3 + 144u4 = 255
h dr =
0
0
C

(b) Let f (x, y) = (x2 y 2 + 2xy). Then f = h and
h dr = f (3, 5) f (0, 1) = 255
C

13. h(x, y, z) = f where f (x, y, z) = x4 y 3 z 2 .

(a) h(r(u)) = 4u15 i + 3u14 j + 2u13 k; r (u) = i + 2u j + 3u2 k

 1
h(r) dr =
16 u15 du = 1.
C
0

(b)
h(r) dr = f (r(1)) f (r(0)) = f (1, 1, 1) f (0, 0, 0) = 1.
C

14. (a) r(u) = ui + 4uj, 0 u 2


 2

y 2 dx + (x2 xy) dy =
[16u2 + 4(u2 4u2 )] du =
C

4u2 du =

32
3

0 u 2; C2 : r(u) = 2i + uj, 0 u 8



 8
y 2 dx + (x2 xy) dy =
y 2 dx + (x2 xy) dy +
y 2 dx + (x2 xy) dy = 0 +
(4 2u)du = 32
(b) C1 : r(u) = ui,

C1

C2

(c) C : r(u) = ui + u3 j, 0 u 2

 2
608
y 2 dx + (x2 xy)dy =
(3u4 2u6 ) du =
35
C
0
15. (a) r(u) = (1 u)i + u j, 0 u 1.


1/2
1/2
2xy dx + yx dy =
C

2(1 u)u1/2 (1) + u(1 u)1/2 du

= 2

=


(1 u)u

1/2

du +

4
15

(1 u)u1/2 du =

u(1 u)1/2 du

(b) r1 = i + u j, 0 u 1; r2 = (1 u) i + j

 1
 1
1
1/2
1/2
2xy dx + yx dy =
u du +
2(1 u) du =
2
C
0
0
(c) r = cos u i + sin u j, 0 u /2

 /2 

2
1/2
1/2
2 sin3/2 u cos u + cos3/2 u sin u du =
2xy dx + yx dy =
5
C
0

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REVIEW EXERCISES

16.

zdx + xdy + ydz =

977

(a2 cos2 u au sin u + a sin u)du = a2 + 2a


17.

ye

xy
dx + cos x dy + ( ) dz =
z

xy


3
u2 eu + 2u cos u + 3u2 du

0
1
3

=
=

eu + 2u sin u + 2 cos u + u3

2
0

1 8 17
e +
+ 4 sin 2 + 2 cos 2
3
3

18. r = cos u i + sin u j; (x, y) = k; s (u) = r  = 1.



(a) M =
(x, y) ds =
k du = k
C

By symmetry, xM = 0.


yM M =
y(x, y) ds =
C



k sin u du = k cos u = 2k;

(b)

=
0

k
k cos u du =
2

Then, C = C1 + C2 .
$

2
2
xy dx x y dy =

(1 + sin 2u) du =
0

0 u 1;

xy dx x y dy +


u5 du


1
2

0
1

xy 2 dx x2 y dy



(1 u)2 + 12 (1 u)2 du

1

(1 u)2 du = 16 u6 + 16 (1 u)3 = 13
0

xy dx x y dy =
2

x2


(x + y ) dx + (x y ) dy =
2


(x2 + y 2 ) dx + (x2 y 2 ) dy =

(2x 2y) dx dy =

(b)

(4xy) dy dx =
0

$
20. (a)

0 u 1.

Q = x2 y

(b) P = xy 2 ;

1 u j,

C2

(u 2u ) du +
5


2


5

1
k
2

C2 : r(u) = (1 u) i +

C1

=


kx2 ds
C

19. (a) Set C1 : r(u) = u i + u2 j,


(x, y)R2 (x, y) ds =

I=

yM =


1
2x2 2x5 dx =
3

(2r cos 2r sin )r dr d = 0

( sin u + cos 2u cos u) du = 0

0

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978

January 4, 2007

REVIEW EXERCISES

21. P = x 2y 2 ; Q = 2xy
$

(x 2y 2 ) dx + 2xy dy =

$
xy dx +
C

1



6y dy dx = 6

22.

2 x + xy dy =


y dx dy =

1x2
2

y dy dx =

1
8 (1

x2 )dx =

1
6

Q P
2x 2y

= 2
x
y
x + y2
$

2x 2y
ln(x2 + y 2 ) dx + ln(x2 + y 2 ) dy =
dx dy
2
2
C
x +y
  2
2r cos 2r sin
=
r dr d
r2
0
1
  2
=2
(cos sin ) dr d = 4

23. P = ln(x2 + y 2 );

Q = ln(x2 + y 2 );

Q P
1
1

= 2 + 2
x
y
x
y
$


 2

(1/y) dx + (1/x) dy =
x + y 2 dxdy =

24. P = 1/y, Q = 1/x,



25.


2ydxdy =

y dx =

1+sin


0

Q P

= 2ey cos x
x
y
$


y
y
y
e cos x dx e sin x dy =
(2e cos x) dxdy =


x2 + y 2 dy dx


3
x3/2 x1/2 + x2 + 1 dx =
4

2r sin dr d =
2


=

( 23 )(1 + sin )3 sin d =

26. P = ey cos x, Q = ey sin x,

/2

(2ey cos x) dy dx = 2(1 e)

27. C1 : r(u) = u i + (4 u2 ) j, 2 u 2; C2 : r(u) = u i, 2 u 2; C = C1 C2




1
1
1
A=
(y dx + x dy) =
(y dx + x dy) +
(y dx + x dy)
2 C
2 C1
2 C2


1 2
1 2
=
(4 u2 )(1) du u(2u) du +
0 du
2 2
2 2
 2
32
=
(4 + u2 ) du =
3
2

5
2

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REVIEW EXERCISES
28. C1 : r(u) = (3 2u) i + (1 + 2u) j, 0 u 1;

979

C2 : r(u) = u i + (3/u) j, 1 u 3;

C = C1 C2

1
(y dx + x dy) +
(y dx + x dy)
2 C2
C1


1 1
1 3
=
[(1 + 2u)(2) + (3 2u)2] du +
[(3/u) + u(3/u2 )] du
2 0
2 1


1 1
1 3
=
8 du +
(6/u) du = 4 3 ln 3
2 0
2 1

1
A=
2

1
(y dx + x dy) =
2
C

29. By symmetry, it is sucient to consider the upper part of the sphere:

z
x
,
=
x
4 x2 y 2

z=

4 x2 y 2

z
y
=
y
4 x2 y 2

Let be the projection of the sphere onto the xy plane, then

 

2
2
2

S=2
(zx ) + (zy ) + 1 dx dy = 2
dx dy
4 x2 y 2

 /2  2 cos
1

=4
r dr d
4 r2
/2 0
 /2 


=4
2 2 1 cos2 d = 8( 2)
/2

4xy
and zx = 12 , zy = 12 .
2
  2  2
 

3
2
2
area of S =
zx + zy + 1 dx dy =
r dr d = 2 6.
2 0
0

30. From x + y + 2z = 4, we get z =

31.

z
x
=
,
2
x
x + y2

y
z
=
.
2
y
x + y2

The projection of the surface onto the xy plane is the disk x2 + y 2 9.

 
(zx )2 + (zy )2 + 1 dx dy =

S=

A=2

zx2 + zy2 + 1 dxdy = 2

=2
0

 

1+

(373/2 1)
3

2 r dr d = 9

4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 dxdy

1 + 4r2 r dr

r dr d = 4


4r2

2 dx dy =

 
32.



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January 4, 2007

REVIEW EXERCISES


33.


yz d = 2

r sin (r sin + 4) dr d =




x(1 x y) 3 dx dy = 3

x(1 x y) d =

2
4


xz d =


34.

1x

x(1 x y)dy dx =

3
24

35. The cylindrical surface S1 is parametrized by: x = u, y = 2 cos v, z = 2 sin v, 0 u 2, 0 v 2.

N(u, v) = 2 cos v i 2 sin v j,



x2 + y 2 + z 2 d =

S1

|N(u, v)| = 2

128
u2 + 4 2 dv du =
3

The disc S2 : x = 0, y 2 + z 2 is parametrized by: x = 0, y = u cos v, z = u sin v, 0 u 2,

0 v 2.

|N(u, v)| = u;

N = u i,


x2 + y 2 + z 2 d =

S2


0 + u2 u dv du = 8

The disc S3 : x = 2, y 2 + z 2 is parametrized by: x = 2, y = u cos v, z = u sin v, 0 u 2,

0 v 2.

|N(u, v)| = u;

N = u i,

Thus,
S

x +y +z

d =

S2


4 + u2 u dv du = 24


128
224
x2 + y 2 + z 2 d =
+ 8 + 24 =
3
3

36. The cylindrical surface S is parametrized by:

x = 2 cos u, y = 2 sin u, z = v, 0 u 2, 0 v 1.

 1  2
N(u, v) = 2 cos u i 2 sin u j, |N(u, v)| = 2;
xz d =
2v cos u(2) dv du = 0.
S

37. v = 4x,

v = 2yk

39. v = 1 + xy,

38 v = 0,

v=0

v = (xz x)i yzj + zk

40. v = yz + x sin xy,

v = x cos xyi + (xy y cos xy)j + (y sin xy xz)k

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REVIEW EXERCISES
41. (a) v = z x + y
 1 1 1
1
(z x + y)dzdydx =
2
0
0
0
(b) at x = 0,

n = i, v n = 0,

0dydz = 0
0


at x = 1,

n = i, v n = z,

0
1

zdydz = 1/2
0

at y = 0,

n = j, v n = xy = 0,

0dxdz = 0
0

at y = 1,

n = j, v n = xy = x,
0


at z = 0,

n = k, v n = 0,

0
1

xdxdz = 1/2

0dydx = 0
0


at z = 1,

n = k, v n = yz,

ydydx = 1/2
0

The sum is 1/2

42. (a) v = 3


3 dxdydz =

(b) at x = 0,

3r dr d dx = 4(2)( 32 ) = 12

n = i, v n = z,
z dydz = 0 (by symmetry)
0


at x = 4,

n = i, v n = 4 + z,


(4 + z) dydz =

for z =

4 dydz = 4
S



1 y 2 , 0 x 4, n = y j + 1 y 2 k and
v n = 1 2y 2 y


(1 2y 2 y


1 y2 + x 1 y2


16
+ 4
1 y 2 + x 1 y 2 )dxdy = 8
3



for z = 1 y 2 , 0 x 4, n = y j + 1 y 2 k and
v n = 1 + 2y 2 y


The sum is 12


0

(1 + 2y 2 y


1 y2 + x 1 y2


16
1 y 2 + x 1 y 2 )dxdy = 8 +
+ 4
3

981

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January 4, 2007

REVIEW EXERCISES

43. The projection of S onto the xy-plane is: : x2 + y 2 9.



 2

v n d =
4x + 2xyz + z 2 dx dy
S

 
=

 
2 

4x2 + 2xy 9 x2 y 2 + 9 x2 y 2
dx dy

=
0

 2

4r cos2 + r2 (9 r2 ) sin 2 + (9 r2 )2 rdr d = 324

44. On x = 0, n = i, v n = x2 = 0,
on x = a, n = i, v n = a2 ,

the ux is 0;

the ux is a4 ;


on y = 0, n = j, v n = xz,

the ux is

xz dx dz =
0


on y = a, n = j, v n = xz,

the ux is
0

on z = 0, n = k, v n = 0,

the ux is 0;

on z = a, n = k, v n = a2 ,

the ux is a4 .

1 2
a ;
4

1
xz dx dz = a2 ;
4

Hence the total ux is 2a4 .


45. (a) ( v) n = (i + j + k)

1
1
xi yj +
2
2



4 x2 y 2
4 x2 y 2
1
1
k = x y+
2
2
2
2





 
 
1
1
1
1
2
4 x2 y 2
4 x2 y 2

x y+
x y+
d =
dx dy
2
2
2
2
2
2
4

x2 y 2
S
S
 


=


=
0

(b) r() = 2 cos i + 2 sin j,

4 x2 y 2

y
4 x2 y 2

$
[( v) n]d =


v(r) dr =


+ 1 dx dy


r cos
r sin

+ 1 r dr d = 4
4 r2
4 r2

0 2


S

4 cos2 d = 4

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REVIEW EXERCISES

983

2x i + 2y j + k
n= 
;
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2


1

[( v) n] d =
(4xy + 6yz 2 + 1) d
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2
S
S

=
(4xy + 6yz 2 + 1) dx dy

46. (a) v = z 3 i + x j + y 2 k;



[4xy + 6y(9 x2 y 2 )2 + 1] dx dy

=


=
0


=


 2
4r cos sin + 6r sin (9 r2 )2 + 1 r dr d

0
3

2r dr = 9
0

(b) The boundary of the surface is the curve x2 + y 2 = 9, z = 0;

v(r(u)) = 3 cos u j + 9 sin2 u k; r (u) = 3 sin u i + 3 cos u j
$
 2
v dr =
9 cos2 u du = 9.
C

r(u) = 3 cos u i + 3 sin u j + 0 k;

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