Lesson 2 INTRODUCTION Computer Technology

Lesson 2: COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
TO
COMPUTERS
Lesson 2. Computer Technology
From Analog to Digital Age
Our ancestors did not have any
computing device. They simply used
their fingers and toes, stones, pebbles,
bones to perform simple addition and
subtraction. They used different objects
to represent the numbers or quantities.
1200 AD ABACUS
It is the first computing
device developed by the
Chinese. The Abacus is made
up of beads or pebbles
arranged in rows that
represent values to facilitate
calculation. Up tot the present
some Chinese merchants still
use the abacus.
1614 NAPIERS Bone

Invented by John
Napier, it can perform
multiplication and
division. It contains set
of 11 sticks, which were
bones, and used by
placing them side by
side.

1632 OUGTHREDS
SLIDE RULE

Developed by William
Ougthred, it consists of 2
movable rulers placed side
by side. Sliding the rulers
can do multiplication and
division.
1642 PASCALINE
MACHINE

Blaise Pascal, a French
Mathematician, invented this
machine. He used the principle of
abacus, but instead of moving the
beads manually, it worked
mechanically and can add and
subtract by means of rotating
ten-toothed wheels and cogs.
1694- FIRST CALCULATOR
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz improved the
work of Pascal. He made a machine that can
perform the 4 fundamental operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division) and even
extract square root.
Another Frenchman
invented the first automatic
weaving loom that introduced
the use of punched cards. He
prepared a stiff card in which
the pattern of weave was
encoded using punched holes
that indicated where the thread
was to pass or skip in the
weave.
1780 JACQUARD LOOM

1833 BABBAGES DIFFERENCE ENGINE
Charles Babbage
invented the first
automatic calculator. He
developed an idea of
creating machine that can
store numbers and
perform arithmetic
computations and logical
operations.
MID 1800 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

Contributed much in the design of switching
circuits for ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) of
computes.
1876 WILLIAM THOMPSON

He introduced the concept of automatic
analog computer which was designed to solve
complex differential equations.
He invented the first
electro-mechanical system;
machine helped in the
completion of 1890 census. He
adapted Jacquards punched
card device but his version
involved the use of stiff paper
punched with holes. Electricity
was use for the first time in
data processing.
1887 HERMAN HOLLERITH
1930 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER

It has the first
reliable analog
computer and was
developed by
Vannevar Bush.

The first electro-
mechanical digital computing
machine called MARK I was
developed by Howard Aiken.
He revised the idea of
Babbage, he thought that the
analytical engine could be
built using electromechanical
power. He proposed his work
to IBM, which led to birth of
MARK I.
1944 MARK I

1945 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer)
It was the first general-purpose
and programmble electronic computer. Dr.
John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
introduced it. ENIAC was a very powerful
machine with the ability to perform a
single arithmetic operation in less than a
second. It utilized 18,000 vacuum tubes
that worked simultaneously. The size of
the machine required a huge room.
However, the performance cannot
program simultaneously. The storage
capacity is quite small and could only
process one program at a time.
It was the first stored-
program digital computer. The
machine was more powerful than
ENIAC. This was capable of
storing programs inside the
computer itself. It can immediately
read the next program from the
computer storage; therefore was
able to perform more than one
operation at a time.
1949 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer)
1951 UNIVAC I

Remington Rand manufactured the
UNIVAC. It was the first computer specially
built for data processing application. This
marked the development of most advanced
electronic digital computer. This computer
correctly predicted the election of
Eisenhower as US President.
UNIVAC I

1963 BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code) was developed at
Dartmouth.
1964 IBM SYSTEM/360 was introduced.
1967 The first handled calculator was
produced.
1969 ARPANET was established that led
to the development of internet.
1970 Microprocessor chips came into use;
floppy disk was introduced for
storing data.
1975 First pocket calculator was
introduced.
1977 First microcomputer (MITs ALTAIR
8800) was developed.
1977 1978 APPLE II was unveiled.
The first personal, in assembled form computer was sold.
1978 The 5 floppy disk and Atari Home
videogame were developed.
1981 IBM (International Business Machine)
introduced personal computers.
1984 Apple Macintosh, first personal
laser printer, desktop publishing
were introduced.
1993 Multimedia desktop computer;
personal digital assistants (PDA)
proliferated.
1994 - APPLE and IBM introduced PCs with
built in full-motion video, wireless data
transmission for small portable
computers; Web browser Mosaic was
invented.
1997 Computer Network was introduced.
1998 2000 - Home video computers are
used. Teleconferencing replaces a
good portion of business travel.
2001 Present Better, faster PCs are made
more affordable. Technological convergence has
greatly changed lifestyles. Communications
technology dominates development at almost
quantum leap speeds with introduction of text
messaging, internet surfing, video streaming, on-
line gaming interactive televiewing, and more
about cellphones.
End of Lesson 2

Lesson 2 INTRODUCTION Computer Technology

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Lesson 2: COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

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