Analysis

Analysis
of
of
Reinforced
Reinforced
Concrete
Concrete
Structures
Structures
Subjected
Subjected
to
to
Blast
Blast
Loading
Loading
S.
S.
Karapinar
Karapinar
, I.
, I.
Sanri
Sanri
, G. Altay
, G. Altay
Workshop Prague, March 30 Workshop Prague, March 30- -31, 2007 31, 2007
COST Action C26 COST Action C26
Aim
Aim
of
of
the
the
Study
Study
Analyze Analyze the the structures structures under under the the effects effects of of blast blast
loading loading. .
Including Including; ; the the threat threat definition definition, , blast blast wave wave
parameters parameters, , dynamic dynamic properties properties of of materials materials and and
damage damage assessment assessment. .
Definition of Blast Loading
Definition of Blast Loading
Blast loading may result from the detonation of high Blast loading may result from the detonation of high
explosives, chemical ammunitions. explosives, chemical ammunitions.
Type of extraordinary dynamic load and it has to be Type of extraordinary dynamic load and it has to be
described by two parameters; peak overpressure described by two parameters; peak overpressure
and duration. and duration.
Blast loading is a function of : Distance of the Blast loading is a function of : Distance of the
structure from the explosion, and the charge weight structure from the explosion, and the charge weight
or a weapon size. or a weapon size.
Formation
Formation
of a
of a
Blast
Blast
Wave
Wave
Variation of pressure within a shock wave ( Variation of pressure within a shock wave (Fertis,1973, Dynamics
And Vibration Of Structures)
Threat
Threat
Definition
Definition
Charge Weight Charge Weight or or weapon size (W) : weapon size (W) : W is expressed in weight or W is expressed in weight or
mass of TNT mass of TNT ; the equivalent W of any other explosive material is ; the equivalent W of any other explosive material is
based on experimentally determined factors or the ratio of its based on experimentally determined factors or the ratio of its
heat of detonation to that of TNT. heat of detonation to that of TNT.
Stand Stand- -off off Distances Distances (R) : (R) : R measures how close to the building a R measures how close to the building a
bomb could explode and is therefore a function of the physical bomb could explode and is therefore a function of the physical
characteristics of the surrounding site. characteristics of the surrounding site.
General
General
Overview
Overview
of
of
Blast
Blast
Loading
Loading
Dynamic
Dynamic
Behaviour
Behaviour
of
of
Material
Material
Under
Under
Blast
Blast
Loading
Loading
When When the the concrete concrete is is strained strained; ;
The The resistance resistance increases increases linearly linearly with with deflection deflection until until the the
reinforcing reinforcing bars bars yield yield. .
The The deflection deflection is is increasing increasing but but the the resistant resistant remains remains constant constant
until until at a at a deflection deflection corresponding corresponding to to a a support support rotation rotation of 2 of 2
At a At a deflection deflection corresponding corresponding to to a a value value of of about about 4 4 the the
element element will will lose lose its its structural structural integrity integrity and and fail. fail.
Dynamic
Dynamic
Strength
Strength
Increase
Increase
Effects of strain rate on stress Effects of strain rate on stress- -strain curve for concrete strain curve for concrete ( (Ref Ref: TM 5 : TM 5- -1300) 1300)
Dynamic
Dynamic
Increase
Increase
Factor
Factor
(DIF)
(DIF)
DIF is DIF is equal equal to to the the ratio ratio of of the the dynamic dynamic material material strength strength to to static static
strength strength. .
DIF is a DIF is a function function of; of;
Static Static material material strength strength : : If If the the static static strength strength of of material material is is high high
then then the the increase increase in in dynamic dynamic strength strength will will be be low low. .
Strain Strain rate : rate : If If the the material material is is strained strained rapidly rapidly then then the the increase increase in in
dynamic dynamic strength strength will will be be high high. .
Deformation
Deformation
Limits
Limits
The The controlling controlling criteria criteria in in the the blast blast- -resistant resistant design design is a limit on is a limit on
the the deformation deformation or or deflection deflection of element. of element.
Two Two methods methods for for evaluation evaluation of of structural structural response response : :
Ductility Ductility ratio ratio
Support Support rotation rotation
Case
Case
Study
Study
The The analysis analysis of of the the structural structural elements elements under under blast blast
loading loading with with a a given given charge charge weight weight and and stand stand- -off off
distance distance. .
The The investigation investigation of of the the damaged damaged system system which which
contains contains the the analysis analysis of of the the system system with with member member
removed removed according according to to the the explosions explosions. .
Analysis
Analysis
of
of
Structure
Structure
under
under
Blast
Blast
Loading
Loading
Charge Charge weights weights are are 500 kg , 750 kg , 1000 kg 500 kg , 750 kg , 1000 kg and and
1500 kg of TNT. 1500 kg of TNT.
Stand Stand- -off off distance distance is is considered considered as 6m. as 6m. which which is is the the
closest closest point point to to the the building building according according to to the the plan plan
configuration configuration of of the the building building. .
Location of explosion to the building Location of explosion to the building
Blast
Blast
Load
Load
Parameters
Parameters
Blast
Blast
Analysis
Analysis
of
of
Structural
Structural
Frame
Frame
The The frame frame members members on on which which the the plane plane is is
subjected subjected to to explosion explosion directly directly are are taken taken into into
consideration consideration seperately seperately. .
An element An element loaded loaded by by a a blast blast can be can be modeled modeled as a as a
dynamic dynamic system system with with a a single single degree degree of of freedom freedom
correspondig correspondig to to its its mid mid- -span span deflection deflection. .
The The response response of of the the element is element is determined determined using using
ABAQUS, ABAQUS, finite finite element program, element program, which which contains contains
geometry geometry and and material material non non- -linearity linearity. .
view view of of the the x x- -z z plane plane which which is is subjected subjected directly directly to to
the the explosion explosion
Modelling
Modelling
of
of
the
the
Element
Element
Structural frames are modeled using solid, homogenous Structural frames are modeled using solid, homogenous
element. element.
Mesh design is a relatively fine mesh which provides Mesh design is a relatively fine mesh which provides
moderate accuracy. moderate accuracy.
The material is concrete (Youngs The material is concrete (Youngs modul modulus us of 28500Mpa and of 28500Mpa and
Poissons ratio of 0,2) Poissons ratio of 0,2)
The plasticity stress The plasticity stress- -strain curve is increased by the D.I.F strain curve is increased by the D.I.F
The pressure The pressure- -time load values are defined by applying to the time load values are defined by applying to the
surface of the surface of the element. element.
Blast
Blast
A
A
nalysis
nalysis
of
of
C
C
olumn
olumn
SB121
SB121
S
S
ubjected
ubjected
to 500kg of TNT
to 500kg of TNT
E
E
xplosion
xplosion
W=500 kg of TNT , R=6,16m. W=500 kg of TNT , R=6,16m. and and Z=0,78 (m/kg Z=0,78 (m/kg
1/3 1/3
) )
P P
so so
=1,54 =1,54 Mpa Mpa
P P
r r
=9,405 =9,405 Mpa Mpa
t t
o o
=0,008 =0,008 sec sec. .
Blast Blast loading loading of of column column SB121 SB121
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0,005 0,01
Time (sec.)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
M
p
a
)
Outside
pressure
inside
pressure
Analysis
Analysis
Result
Result
Max Max- -stress stress distribution distribution Column Column mid mid- -point point deflection deflection
Damage Assessment
Damage Assessment
If the support rotation of the element is exceeded If the support rotation of the element is exceeded
4 4 , then it is said to be failed. By this way, three , then it is said to be failed. By this way, three
models are considered with the member removed models are considered with the member removed
according to the results are taken from the according to the results are taken from the A Abaqus baqus
program. program.
The rest of the system is analyzed according to the The rest of the system is analyzed according to the
vertical loads by using SAP2000 package program. vertical loads by using SAP2000 package program.
The Then n the the capacities of the rest of the structural capacities of the rest of the structural
frames are checked to be the limit frames are checked to be the limit or or not. not.
The
The
Analysis
Analysis
of
of
the
the
Damaged
Damaged
System
System
Model 1 Model 1 due due to to 750 kg of TNT 750 kg of TNT
Model 2 Model 2 due due to to 1000 kg of TNT 1000 kg of TNT
Model 3 Model 3 due due to to 1500kg of TNT 1500kg of TNT
Three Three damage damage scenarios scenarios are are prepared prepared. .
Damage
Damage
Scenarios
Scenarios
KB122, KZ16,
KN116, KB123,
KZ17, KB124,
KZ18, KN118,
KB137, KZ31,
KB142, KZ36,
KB149
SB120, SZ20,
SB121, SZ21
Model 3
KB122, KZ16,
KB123, KB124,
KZ18, KB137,
KB142
SB121, SZ21,
SB120
Model 2
KB122, KB124,
KZ18, KB142
SB121 Model 1
Removed Beams Removed Columns
Damaged
Scenario
Model Model 3 3 P P- -M interaction of column SN121, SN221, SN321 in M interaction of column SN121, SN221, SN321 in
y y- -direction direction
-1500,00
-1000,00
-500,00
0,00
500,00
1000,00
1500,00
2000,00
2500,00
3000,00
3500,00
-800,00 -600,00 -400,00 -200,00 0,00 200,00 400,00 600,00
M (Knm)
P

(
K
n
)
P-M interaction
P-M interaction
Balance Limit
SN121
SN221
SN321
Summary
Summary
of
of
Results
Results
KB 119, KB 138, KB141,
KB143, KB121, KB120,
KZ25, KZ32, KZ35, KZ37,
KZ15, KZ43, KN115,
KN125, KN132, KN135,
KN137, KN143, KN217,
KN218, KN225, KN235,
KN237, KN238, KN325,
KN335, KN337, KN343
SN120, SN220,
SN320, SN121,
SN221, SN321
KB122, KZ16,
KN116, KB123,
KZ17, KB124,
KZ18, KN118,
KB137, KZ31,
KB142, KZ36,
KB149
SB120, SZ20,
SB121, SZ21
Model 3
KB 119, KB 138, KB141,
KB143, KB121, KZ32,
KZ35, KZ37, KZ15,
KN116, KN118, KN135,
KN137, KN143, KN216,
KN218, KN235, KN237,
KN238, KN316, KN317,
KN318, KN335, KN337
SZ20, SN120,
SN220, SN121,
SN221, SN321
KB122, KZ16,
KB123, KB124,
KZ18, KB137,
KB142
SB121, SZ21,
SB120
Model 2
KB 119, KB 138, KB141
SB120, SZ20,
SZ21, SN121
KB122, KB124,
KZ18, KB142
SB121 Model 1
Damaged Beams
Damaged
Columns
Removed
Beams
Removed
Columns
Damaged
Scenario
Conclusion
Conclusion
According to the results, the system affects significantly when According to the results, the system affects significantly when the the
charge weight increases. But the actual charge weight of explosi charge weight increases. But the actual charge weight of explosive ve
used by the terrorist, the efficiency of the chemical reaction a used by the terrorist, the efficiency of the chemical reaction and the nd the
source location are not reliably predictable. source location are not reliably predictable.
The stand The stand- -off distance is the key parameter that determines the off distance is the key parameter that determines the
blast pressure so for protecting a structure is to keep the bomb blast pressure so for protecting a structure is to keep the bomb as as
far away as possible by maximizing the stand far away as possible by maximizing the stand- -off distance. off distance.
Blast has a characteristic of high amplitude. The results showed Blast has a characteristic of high amplitude. The results showed that that
if the member subjected to high pressure, they could cause big if the member subjected to high pressure, they could cause big
deformation on the element and cause to be exceed the support deformation on the element and cause to be exceed the support
rotation so the elements which are close to explosion are damage rotation so the elements which are close to explosion are damaged d
and failed. and failed.
THANK YOU FOR
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION
YOUR ATTENTION