SPSS (vit tt ca Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) l mt chng trnh my tnh phc v cng tc phn tch thng k. SPSS c s dng rng ri trong cng tc thng k kinh t - x hi. Th h u tin ca SPSS c a ra t nm 1968 v mi nht l th h 18 c gii thiu t thng 8 nm 2009, c c phin bn cho cc h iu hnh Windows, Mac, v Linux / Unix. SPSS c s dng bi cc nh nghin cu th trng, nghin cu y khoa, cng ty iu tra, chnh ph, cc nh nghin cu gio dc v nhng lnh vc khc. Mt s phn mm c chc nng thng k khc nh Microsoft Office Excel, STATA, SAS, Eviews
Cc chc nng c bn: * Thng k m t (Descriptive statistics): tn s (Frequencies), cc loi bng s liu tng hp (Cross tabulation, Explore, Descriptive Ratio Statistics) * Thng k 2 bin s (Bivariate statistics): trung bnh (Means), T-test, ANOVA, tng quan (bivariate, partial, distances), kim nh phi tham s (Nonparametric tests) * D bo (Prediction): hi quy (regression), phn tch nhn t (Factor analysis), cluster analysis (two-step, K-means, hierarchical), bit thc (Discriminant).
u im: d s dng, h tr thao tc thng qua menu ko th v cu lnh, cc bng biu, bo co c trnh by p, linh hot. Tp tin nhp liu SPSS c ui m rng .sav, tp tin bng biu cha kt qu c ui m rng .spv.
Lu khi ci t SPSS i vi bn PASW Statistics 18 (crack) 1) Run Setup/setup.exe 2) Single user license Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 2
3) Enter no serial number and install
4) In the end uncheck "Register with spss.com" Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 3
5) Close License Authorization Wizard
6) Copy content of EQX to install dir Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 4
Choose Yes to replace files 7) Run
II/ Thang o, thu thp v m ha d liu 1. Thang o D liu nghin cu c th phn chia thnh 2 loi chnh l d liu nh tnh v d liu nh lng. Cc d liu ny c thu thp bng 4 thang o c bn c th hin trn s nh sau:
Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 5
D liu nh tnh: loi d liu ny phn nh tnh cht, s hn km, ta khng tnh c tr trung bnh ca d liu dng nh tnh. D liu nh lng: loi d liu ny phn nh mc , mc hn km, tnh c tr trung bnh. Cn ch rng cc php ton thng k dng cho d liu nh tnh c nhng c im khc vi php ton dng cho d liu nh lng.
i) Thang o danh ngha (cn gi l thang o nh danh hoc thang o phn loi) nominal scale: trong thang o ny cc con s ch dng phn loi cc i tng, khng mang ngha no khc. Nhng php ton thng k bn c th s dng c cho dng thang o danh ngha l: m, tnh tn sut ca mt biu hin no , xc nh gi tr mode, thc hin mt s php kim nh. ii) Thang o th bc ordinal scale: lc ny cc con s thang o danh ngha c sp xp theo mt quy c no v th bc hay s hn km, nhng ta khng bit c khong cch gia chng. iu ny c ngha l bt c thang o th bc no cng l thang o danh ngha nhng r rng bn khng th suy ngc li c. iii) Thang o khong interval scale: l mt dng c bit ca thang o th bc v n cho bit c khong cch gia cc th bc. Thng thng thang o khong c dng l mt dy cc ch s lin tc v u n t 1 n 5, hay t 1 n 10 Nhng php ton thng k c th s dng thm cho loi thang o ny so vi 2 loi thang o trc l: tnh khong bin thin, s trung bnh, lch chun Cn ch l thang o khong t n khng c im 0 c xc nh trc, do bn ch c th thc hin c php tnh cng tr ch php chia khng c ngha. iv) Thang o t l - ratio scale: thang o t l c tt c cc c tnh khong cch v th t ca thang o khong, ngoi ra im 0 trong thang o khong l mt tr s tht nn ta c th thc hin c php ton chia tnh t l nhm mc ich so snh. Ni chung vi cc bin thu thp bng thang o khong v thang o t l ta c th o lng xu hng trung tm bng trung bnh s hc. Cn xu hng phn tn o bng lch chun, phng sai (khong v t trung v t c s dng n do D liu D liu nh tnh D liu nh lng Thang o danh ngha Thang o th bc Thang o khong cch Thang o t l Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 6 km hu ch hn). V vy, SPSS gp chung hai loi thang o ny thnh mt gi l Scale Measures. 2. Thu thp d liu * Cc phng php thu thp s liu a. Phng vn trc tip (Face to face interview) - Phng vn ti nh (Door to door interview) - Phng vn ti mt a im c th (Central location interview) - Phng vn chng (Mall Intercept interview) b. Phng vn qua in thoi c. Phng vn qua th d. Phng vn qua internet e. Quan st (Observation)
* Dng cu hi a. Cu hi m b. Cu hi ng - Cu hi phn i (Dichotomous) Anh/ch c s dng in thoi di ng khng? 1. C 2. Khng - Cu hi lit k mt la chn (Single response) Trong s cc nhn hiu nc ngt c gaz di y bn s dng thng xuyn nht nhn hiu no? Coca-Cola 1 Pepsi-Cola 2 7-Up 3 Fanta 4 - Cu hi lit k nhiu la chn (Multiple responses) Bn tng ving thm a im no trong cc thnh ph di y nc Lo? Ving Chn 1 Luang Prabang 2 Luang Namtha 3 Savanakhet 4 - Cu hi sp hng (Ranking) Trong cc yu t sau y anh/ch hy cho bit mc quan trng nht, nh, ba trong vic la chn mua mt my in thoi? Cht lng bt sng ______ Kiu dng thi trang ______ ______ Ngun gc xut x ______ - Cu hi phn mc (Scale) Theo bn, trong nhng cu ni sau y cu no m t ng nht v mu sc ca bao b sn phm ny? Qu ti 1 Hi ti 2 Va 3 Hi sng 4 Qu sng 5 - Cu hi chm im. Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 7 Hy cho im cc sn phm sau t 1 n 10 im theo mc a thch ca bn im Nhn hiu A ____ Nhn hiu B ____ Nhn hiu C ____ Nhn hiu D ____ * Lu : Thng thng, i vi bin Ordinal, ta c th nh dng thnh Scale. 3. M ha d liu V d:
Nguyn tc l chng ta cn chuyn cc thng tin t dng ch sang dng s tin hnh nhp liu vo SPSS. 4. X l d liu Quy trnh x l d liu - Bc 1: kim tra, hiu chnh bng cu hi - Bc 2: m ha d liu trn bng cu hi Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 8 - Bc 3: nhp d liu vo my tnh - Bc 4: lm sch d liu trn my tnh
III/ Khai bo bin v nhp liu trong SPSS 1. Giao din
1- Thanh menu chc nng 2- Biu tng mt s chc nng thng dng 3- Ct hin th tn cc bin 4- S th t cc dng 5- Data View (ca s nhp liu v th hin d liu), Variable View (ca s khai bo bin)
2. Khai bo bin Bng phng vn n gin
1. Loi in thoi di ng m bn s dng chnh? Nokia Samsung Motorola Khc 2. Mc hi lng chung ca bn khi s dng loi in thoi trn? Rt khng hi lng 1 2 3 4 5 Rt hi lng 3. Chi tiu trung bnh mt thng cho vic gi in thoi di ng .ngn 4. Bn theo di thng tin v cc loi in thoi mi nh th no? Khng bao gi t khi Thnh thong Thng xuyn 5. Bn thng s dng tnh nng no Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 9 Nghe - gi Tin nhn Nghe nhc Quay phim, chp hnh Games Khc 6. Gii tnh: Nam N
Khai bo bin
i) Name: tn bin, k t lin tc, khng c khong trng ii) Type: kiu d liu, s (numeric), ch (string) iii) Width: rng kiu d liu, nu type l string th width l s k t ti a iv) Decimals: lng s thp phn v) Label: nhn bin (ch thch cho tn bin) vi) Values: gi tr m ha d liu vii) Missing: khai bo gi tr khuyt viii) Columns: rng ct tn bin ix) Align: v tr d liu nhp trong ct x) Measure: loi thang o ca d liu, Ordinary (thang o th bc), Nominal (thang o danh ngha), Scale (gm c Interval v Ratio). xi) Role: vai tr ca bin
Nhp liu Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 10
* Lu : c th dng chc nng Copy/Paste sao chp d liu t chng trnh Excel sang SPSS. Ngoi ra, SPSS cng c th import d liu t file .xls c sn bng cch vo File > Open > Data> Chn tp tin ui *.xls. 3. Mt s x l trn bin M ha li bin (Recode) Vo Transform > Recode into Same Variables hoc Recode into Different Variables
Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 11
1- Chn bin cn m ha v a sang vng la chn 2- Chuyn gi tr c sang gi tr mi 3- iu kin lc gi tr (nu c)
Cng c tnh ton gia cc bin (Compute) Transform > Compute Variable c s dng tnh ton cc gi tr mi t cc bin c sn trong tp d liu, kt qu tnh ton thng cha trong mt bin mi hoc chng ln mt bin khc sn c ty vo thao tc ca bn.
Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 12
1- t tn bin mi 2- Vng tnh ton
IV/ Phn tch d liu 1. Thng k m t a. Thng k m t (Descriptive Statistics): s dng bng biu, biu - th tm tt, din t d liu nghin cu. To bng tn s
T thanh Menu chn Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies
Hp thoi Frequencies xut hin, Chn cc bin cn tnh v a vo khung Variable(s) Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 13
* C th copy bng tn s sang word hoc xut kt qu sang file word/excel.
To bng thng k m t Cch 1.
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation chi tieu trung binh mot thang cho viec goi dien thoai (ngan dong) 92 120.00 410.00 246.6304 92.77501 Valid N (listwise) 92
Ca s hin th kt qu (ui .spo) Cy th mc bng biu Vng hin th Bng tn s T thanh Menu chn Analyze Descriptive Statistics Descriptives
Hp thoi Descriptive xut hin, Chn cc bin cn tnh v a vo khung Variable(s)
Nhp nt Option nu mun tnh thm cc thng k khc Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 14 Cch 2. Bn cng c th tnh thng k m t bng cch Chn Analyze\ Descriptive Statistics\ Frequencies - a bin nh lng cn tnh thng k m t vo khung Variable(s) - Nhp Statistics v nh du chn cc ch tiu cn tnh
bng cho (phn tch hai bin): bng Crosstabs Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 15
loai dien thoai di dong ma ban su dung chinh * gioi tinh Crosstabulation Count gioi tinh
Nu Nam Total Nokia 0 25 25 Samsung 22 6 28 Motorola 27 0 27 loai dien thoai di dong ma ban su dung chinh khac 6 6 12 Total 55 37 92
loai dien thoai di dong ma ban su dung chinh * gioi tinh Crosstabulation % within loai dien thoai di dong ma ban su dung chinh gioi tinh
100.0% loai dien thoai di dong ma ban su dung chinh khac 50.0% 50.0% 100.0% Total 59.8% 40.2% 100.0% T thanh Menu chn Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs
Hp thoi Crosstabs xut hin, Chn cc bin cn tnh a vo khung Row(s) v Column(s)
Nhp nt Cells nu mun tnh theo n v phn trm. La chn Display clustered bar charts nu mun c thm th dng ct Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 16
* Lu : bin c nhiu thuc tnh nn a vo khung Column(s).
Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca 1 bin nh lng phn theo 1 bin nh tnh
T thanh Menu chn Analyze Compare Means Means
a bin nh lng vo Dependent list
a bin nh tnh vo Independent List Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 17
Report muc do hai long loai dien thoai di dong ma ban su dung chinh Mean N Std. Deviation Nokia 3.92 25 1.187 Samsung 2.18 28 .476 Motorola 1.00 27 .000 khac 2.50 12 .905 dimension1 Total 2.35 92 1.330
Bng tn s cho cu hi nhiu la chn i vi bin nhiu tr li: trc khi bng ta phi tin hnh nhm cc bin cha ng cc gi tr tr li c c (multiple responses).
Bc 1. Khai bo cho bin nhiu la chn
T thanh Menu chn Analyze Multiple Response Define Variable Sets
a cc bin m t cc thuc tnh ca bin nh tnh vo Variables in Set
Chn Dichotomies nu cu hi nhiu la chn c nhp theo cch ny, nhp gi tr 1 vo Counted value (nu 1 l c chn)
Khai bo Name cho bin, bm Add Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 18 Bc 2. To bng tn s cho bin nhiu la chn
Case Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent $tinhnang a 92 98.9% 1 1.1% 93 100.0% a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1.
$tinhnang Frequencies Responses
N Percent Percent of Cases nghe _ goi 59 22.3% 64.1% tin nhan 56 21.2% 60.9% nghe nhac 64 24.2% 69.6% quay phim, chup hinh 43 16.3% 46.7% games 37 14.0% 40.2% tinh nang thuong su dung a
khac 5 1.9% 5.4% Total 264 100.0% 287.0% a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1.
bng cho i vi bin nhiu cu tr li T thanh Menu chn Analyze Multiple Response Frequencies
Chn bin c khai bo v a vo khung Table(s) for
Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 19
$tinhnang*gioi Crosstabulation gioi tinh
Nu Nam Total nghe _ goi Count 34 25 59 tin nhan Count 37 19 56 nghe nhac Count 43 21 64 quay phim, chup hinh Count 25 18 43 games Count 1 36 37 tinh nang thuong su dung a
khac Count 3 2 5 Total Count 55 37 92 Percentages and totals are based on respondents. a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1.
* Lu : SPSS cn h tr x l i vi bin c nhiu cu tr li trong menu Analyze > Tables > Multiple Response Sets. Th tc khi to tng t nh trn. Mc d bn khi to bin c nhiu cu tr li bng cch ny th chc nng Multiple Response Frequencies v Crosstabs trn khng th s dng c, thay vo Analyze > Tables > Custom Tables s h tr v n c xem nh mt variable.
b. M t d liu bng th th Bar dng th hin thng tin nh trung bnh, trung v, tn s tch ly, tn sut tch ly, s quan st ca bin. N c s dng cho cc d liu thu thp bng cc thc o nh danh, th t, khong cch hoc t l vi t gi tr ri rc.
T thanh Menu chn Analyze Multiple Response Crosstabs
Chn bin nhiu cu tr li a vo khung Row(s), bin phn loi a vo khung Column(s), ch khai bo Define Ranges cho bin phn loi.
Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 20 to th bn vo menu Graphs > Legacy Dialogs > Bar. Ngoi ra cn nhiu dng th khc m bn c th la chn, khm ph.
Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 21
hiu chnh th v cc bng biu chng ta c th nhp p chut trn vng th, mt ca s Editor s m ra cho php bn thao tc chnh sa, la chn mu sc, kch thc Nu bn mun t mnh xy dng dng th t mu c sn th c th s dng chc nng Graphs > Chart Builder
* Lu : bn c th v th trong phn to bng tn s (Frequencies) vi nt Charts.
2. Thng k suy din * Thng k suy din (Statistical Inference): s dng cc thng s ca mu c lng v kim nghim cc gi thuyt v tng th. Phng php: dng cc phng php kim nh thng k kim nghim cc gi thuyt v tng th. - Kim nh cc mi quan h - tng quan c ngha gia cc bin kho st. - Kim nghim s khc bit c ngha gia cc gi tr trung bnh.
+ Kim nh trung bnh tng th Bi ton Quy trnh kim nh B1: at hai gia thiet H 0 va H 1 H 0 : Gia thiet ung = 0 H 1 : <> 0: Hng dn s dng SPSS cho ngi mi bt u B mn Ton-Thng k kinh t - H Kinh t-Lut 22 Gia thiet sai B2: Tm mc y ngha cua tong the mau (.sig) B3: tm mien bac bo H 0 () B4: Ra quyet nh H 0 neu sig > va ngc lai
H s ngha (P-value hay Significant level) Thao tc + Kim nh trung bnh hai tng th Bi ton Kim nh trung bnh hai mu c lp (1 bin nh lng, 1 bin nh tnh) Thao tc Quy trnh kiem nh: 1. B1: Kiem nh phng sai chon hng kiem nh (Levenes test). 2. B2: Kiem nh gia thiet ca bi ton Kt qu
Kim nh 2 mu c lp
Kim nh ANOVA
V/ Ph lc
Mt s video trc tuyn v SPSS ti youtube.com 1) Introduction to SPSS (part I - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msI7xf0tInE, part II - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3D35wMGs_Q )
Ti liu tham kho 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPSS 2) http://www.diendantoanhoc.net/vmf/index.php?option=com_ccboard&view=postlist &forum=17&topic=66&Itemid=474 3) Phn tch d liu nghin cu vi SPSS, Hong Trng, Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc, NXB Thng k 2005. 4) X l data vi SPSS, Nguyn Duy Tm. V cc ti nguyn trc tuyn khc