G) KFN /fhosf) LJQMD DJT LDLT @) @ FNDF N) LVPSF) /fli6 O Nlug DFR (JFB LJWFG /FHTGQDF X'G) Ljifo "RLM

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^@ ;fndf n]lvPsf]
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGqdf x'g] ljifo ;"rLM

!=
@=
#
$=
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j /fHoclezf]if cleef/f nLOjS;]/ b]z
hgtfx?k|lt ef}lts /Iff / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;f;gnfO{ ;Djf]wg ul/jS;L 3f]if0ff /
k|ltj4tf lbOjS;g' x'g cfpg]5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf n]lbPsf] /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb
ljwfg /fhtGq ;+o"Qm ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] xf] .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ n]lvPsf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGq / /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ kl/roM
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt @)^( ;fn n]lvPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] k|:tfjfg x'g] ul/ jg]sf] 5 .
%=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnb]vL ePsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL e"dLsf ;+u7gx?k|lt gful/s ljsf; tyf ;+;bLo
zf;gk|0ffnL ljz]iftfx? x'g]u/L :jtGqtf ;dfgtf / eft[Tjsf] efjfgfnfO{ k|ltgLlwTj
ul/ k|ltj4tf k|:t't ub{5 .
^=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fn tTsfn} ;d;f]wgLo >L % /fhf lw/fh
g/jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 sbd rfnL n]lvPsf] sfuhL k":ts /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ k|ltkfbg u/L jS;]sf] xf] .
&=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fn tTsfn} >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/
jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 n]lvjS;Lg'ePsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq,
/fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t k|ltkfbg ul/jS;LPsf] xf], h'g /fli6o nLug
dfr{Jfbg ljBfg /fhtGq / /fhlgtLs k":ts k|:t't ul/aS;LPsf] 5 .
*=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs zlQmsf] sfg"gL lnlvt tof/L >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/
ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 ul/jS;]sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;j{dfGo o; /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M Joj:yfnfO{ ;Demg'kb{5 .
(=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf ;Djf]wg /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"ldsf gful/s efiffnLkLx? lzIff ljsf; tyf ;+;bLo
zf;gk|0ffnL g]kfnL dfgj clwsf/ z'lglZrt sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
!)=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
1
/fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtk|lt k|ltgLwLTj sfod u/fpb} gful/s

hgtfx?jLrsf] ;+j}wfgLs ;|f]tx? ;fwg ljifo j:t'x?df cfly{s :jfdLTj
lbnfO{/fVg]5 .
!!=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt @)^( ;fn tTsfnLg >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/
ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 n]lvaS;g' ePsf] /fli6o nlug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL
Oltxf; l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ul/jS;]sf] xf] .
!@=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fn tTsfn ;+zf]wlgo /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Jofj:yfkLsfsfo{kflnsfGofokfnLsf ePsf] ljifo ;DjlGw
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!#=
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Jofj:yflksf ePsf] k|ltlgwLTjsf] ljifo ;DjGwL k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
!$=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^@ ;fn tTsfn ;+zf]wlgo /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsfo{kflnsf ePsf] ljifo ;DjGwL k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!%=
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Gofokflns ljifo ;DjGwL k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!^=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fn tTsfn ;+zf]wlgo /fli6o nLun
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Gofokflns ljifo ;DjGwL k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!&=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf gful/s j0f{, ju{ hft hftLx? Efflifs
nLkLa4 wd{ k]zf e]iff e";f k/Dk/f, ;flxTo, lzIff ljsf; tyf zf;g ;~rfng
k|:t't x'g] ljz]iftfx? lgDg x'g .
!*=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL gful/s ofSy"Djf zfxb]jgfu/L efiffnLkL /fli6o ;fxLTo
Oltxf; /Iff >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 dfgkbjL
s]Gb|Lo;|f]t tyf ;fj{ef}d;Qf 3f]if0ff kq tof/ ul/Psf] ;dojf6 b]zJofkL /fhlgtLs
e"dLsfsf] cleofg nfu' x'g]5, egL gful/s k|ltgLwLx?nfO{ :yfgLo If]qx?
7fpx?dfyL lgjf{x eO{ cfj4 x'g tyf cfXjfg ul/jS;]sf] 5 .
!(=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/]sf] xf] .
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq zf;g k|0ffnL ;Djf]wg ul/Psf] xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ -cWoIf_ M
;b:otf kl/ro k|df0f kq -kmd{_ M
gfd M
j0f{ M ux' uf]/f]/ftf] j0f{ -rf/ j0f{_
wd{ M j'4 wd{lxGb' wd{hftLo wd{
ju{ M kfb/Ls"nLg dWodlgDg
ln M k'?if, dlxnf
pd]/ M
7]ufgf
M
dxf
gul/kflnsfpk
dxfgu/kflnsfgu/kflnsfx?
Pk
gu/kflnsf u|fld0f ljsf; ;ldltx? j8f
g+= ===========, lh=c=
c:yfoL:yfoL M
cljjfxLtljjfxLt M
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ gful/s z}lIfs efiffnLkL b]jgfu/L -g]kfnL_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ gful/s j0f{ hfthftLx? jx'efiff jx'nLkL cWoogM ;fIf/
z}lIfs of]UotfM
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ gful/s c+u|]hL efiffnLkL of]Uotf
g]kfn /fHosf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq ljljwtfdf cfj4 x'g]
;Djf]wgLo 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M ;b:otf kl/rokq Joj;yf ;Djt\ ljqmd @)^@)^#
-;+;f]wg )^*)^(_ ;fn ePsf] xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf cfj4 eO{ ljz]if sfo{qmd 5nkmn ul/g]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ gful/s j0f{ ofSy"Djf zfxb]j b]jgful/ efiffnLkL wd{
e]ife'iff, k/Dk/f, hfthftLx? u'?, du/, /fO{, tfdf, ;]kf{, nfdf, r]kf, g]jf/, cfo{
blnt, dNn, 7s'/L, /f0ff, d]r]sf]r] /+ue]b hfthftLx?sf] lzIff, ;flxTo, Oltxf;
jx'efiff, jx'nLkL n]lvPsf] k|dfl0ft ;Demg] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ gful/snfO{ dfq /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M cWoIf,
;efktL,pkfWoIf,;lrj, ;b:o sfo{stf{ k|fj{wg x:tfIf/ ul/g] :jLsfo{ ;Dem]sf] xf] .
g]kfn /fli6o /fHosf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq zf;g k|f/De ;Daf]wgLo
5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ /fhlgtLs ;+u7g xf] .
g]kfn /fHosf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M
kl/ro k|df0fkq / /fxt cfly{s hLjgofkg :j?k k|bfg k|:tfjLt ;Daf]wg u/]sf] xf]
.
&=
/fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb kf6L{ ;Dj4 kfngf ;DemLg' dfGo x'g]5 .
*=
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb gful/s g]kfnL cfo{ gful/s ;Ddfg xb ;Dd
;+;f]wgLo /fhtGq ;+/rgfTds ePsf] x'g]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M
s]Gb|Lo ;lrjM
3
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf n]lvPsf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq k":ts tyf /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj e"dLsf
;f;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;Dj]fwg k|:t't u/]sf] xf] .
ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf klxnf @)^* ;fndf bf]>f] ;dzf]wg
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq xf] .
National ligun MarchBaad Bidhan rajtantra of Book, Nepal
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf n]lvPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj e"dLsf zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/]sf] xf] .
;Djt @)^# ;fn / @)^* ;fn k"gM ;+d;f]wg k|:t't u/]sf] xf] . gful/s hgtfx?sf]
cfjZostf ;DjGwL sfo{ ug{ nufpg] / ;Nnfxf ;'emfj cfZj:t k|sf;g, ;dfrf/,
kqsf/ltf If]qaf6 ;xof]u lzIffd"ns JoJ;yfksLo /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M
/fhlgtLs cfly{sj4, wd{j4, :jtGqtf 6]jf tyf ef}tLs ljsf; klxnf] ;dfj]zL k|:6
u/fpg] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M gful/s hg;+Vof Pj+ :yfgLo cfjfh,
ljifoj:t";fdfu|Lx? ;Dkfbg ;Dj4 ljz]iftfx?nfO{ cfj4df x'g] ;dzf]wgk|lt ug'{kg]{
;+j}wfgLs sfg"gL l;4fGtdf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox? ;s|Lotfk"j{s nfulkg'{ cfgf] hLDdfbf/L
egL cu|;/ x'g cfXjfg ub{5f} .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M dxf]Tjfk"0f{ l;4fGt tyf p2]ZoM

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj eP/
jf]Ng, n]Vg, kqsf/Ltf, ;"rgf JolQmTjdf ;dfj]zL x'g]5f} .
wGojfb
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ;xefuLtf ;Dj4,

cfTdf;dk{0fjfbL hLGbfjfb
ldlt @)^# zfnb]vL
3f]if0ff k|ltj4tf
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6
-!_
-@_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^# ;fn ! ut] b]lv lg/Gt/ >L % /fhf lw/fh
g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 ef}uf]nLs cv08tf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pstf
cleofgk|lt /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqk|lt /fhlgtLs ;+u7g klxnf]
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf k|ltgLwLTj eP/} cGo k|hftGq bnx?df b]z 6'qmfpg],
ef}uf]nLs cv08tf / ;fj{ef}d zfxL;Qf Pstf cleofgk|lt ljv08gjfb c/fhstf
tTjwfg, ljBfg / ;j} kf6L{x?sf] ;dnUgtf g]tfx?nfO{ Pp6} dfv];f\nf]df sfg"gL
bfo/eLq /fv]/ ;+j}wflgs ljlwnfO{ sfod u/fpg] 5 . @)^# ;fnsf] lgdL{t
cf}krf/Lstf sfg"gL ljifodf lg0f{o / lgb]{zg :jod >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/
jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 3f]if0ff ul/jS;LPsf] k|ltj4tfk|lt cfb]z adf]lhd k|xl/;]gf
kl/rfng u/fPsf] tTsfn} Joj:yf u/fpg] ljifodfyL sfo{;"rf? ePsf] dfk{mt tdfd
;fxL;]gfk|xl/ kl/rfnLt ePsf]df >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd
zfxb]jjf6 ;Djf]wg ul/jS;]sf] xf] .
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j hLGbfjfb
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ hLGbfjfb
xfd|f] /fhf xfd|f] b]z k|f0f eGbf Kof/f] 5
xfd|f] efiff xfd|f] e]if k|f0f eGbf Kof/L 5
:juL{o /fi6 cWoIf, kLtf >L % j8fdxf/fhf lw/fh qLe"jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]j cDd/
/xf];
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^#!#! ut] kl5Nnf] ;do /fhlgtLs
kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fj; >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 ef}uf]nLs
cv08tf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pstf cleofgk|lt @)^*)^( ;fndf /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqk|lt /fhlgtLs ;+u7g klxnf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df
;Dj4 gfu/Ls k|hfx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg u/fP/ cljnDa eO{ ldlt @)^(!#! ut]sf]
kl/jt{g /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] ;Qf ;fe]mbf/L cGt/Ld ;+ljwfgn] k"0f{tof lbnfpg rf/
jif{ nfUbf ;d]t g;s]sf]df, g]kfn /fHosf] l;\uf] b]z t'nfpg], hgtfx?jLrsf]
d]ndLnfkdfyL /fhstf k}bf u/fpg] / /fli6o ?kLofF vjf}{ jh]6 :jfy{tfdfyL k|of]u
u/]sf], g]kfn /fHosf] k|fs[lts ef}uf]nLs cv08tf dfyL aftfj/0fLo vnn k"ofP/
g]kfnL gful/s hgtfx?sf] ;|f]tx? k|lt lg?T;fxL 36gfqmdn] c:tJo:t kf/]sf] d"Vo
/x:odo /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] tTjwfgx?sf] ljwfgx?sf] kf6L{x?nfO{ ljz]if z'qkftjf6
Joj:yf u/]/ sfg"gL Jofjwfg ePsf]n] tTsfn} ;fxL ;]gf k|xl/ kl/rfnLt ;~rfng
u/]/ ;Djf]wg dfk{mt 3f]if0ff u/L k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ul/Psf] 5 .
5
ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^(@! ut]
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j /fHoclez]if

cleef/f nLOjS;]/ b]z hgtfx?k|lt ef}lts /Iff / ;fj{ef}d;Qf
;f;gnfO{ ;Djf]wg ul/jS;L 3f]if0ff / k|ltj4tf lbOjS;g' x'g
cfpg]5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL !*#! ;fndf /fhlgtLs Oltxf;nfO{ l;4fGtdf
k|j]z ul/jS;L >L % j8f dxf/fh lw/fh k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxb]jaf6 sbd rfnLjS;LPsf]
k|of; ljwfg /fhtGq k|ltgLlwTj / ;fy} ;fj{ef}d;Qf k|ltj4ftf ;Gb]z lbOjS;g]5 . d]/f]
b'Mvn] cfh]{sf] b]z Pp6f /fHo /fhwfgL s]lGb|t eP/ g]kfnL gful/s hgtfx?k|lt ;Djf]wg
ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^(@! ut]b]vL ljut /fhlgtLs bnx?sf]
:jfy{tfsf] c/fhstfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbnfP/ ljb]zjf6 NofPsf] ?kLof ah]6 !) ;f} vj{ /
hgtfx?sf] xft kfv'/f / gu|f lvofP/ ;|f]tx?af6 lt/]sf] /sd z'Nsx?b]lv ;/sf/L ;fwgx?
r9]/ tnj eQf ;'ljwfdf tyf vj{ jh]6 cfgf] :jfy{tf;+u k|of]u ePsf] 5n jh]6 jLj/0f
qmddf ;+:yfx? b]vfO{ n]vLPsf] c:ki6 ePsf]5, b]z / hgtfx?nfO{ of] s'/fxx? yfxf eP
gePklg b'/36\gfdf k'ofpg] ul//x]sf] 5g\ . csf]{tL/ b]zsf] ef}uf]nLs cv08tf ;'/Iff /
hgtfx? ljleGg 7fpx?b]vL cfP/ j;f]jf; ul//x]sf] ul/jLM afWotf / lg?T;fxLt jftfj/0f
;[hgf u/]sf]5 . /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] /fi63ftL cS;/jfb :jfy{tf / c/fhstfn]
;fj{ef}d;QfdfyL 36gf k'ofPsf] k|:t"lt x]l/Gbf / P]ltxfl;s sfg"gL bfo/eLq Joj:yf
;+ljwfg cfjZostf ;DaGwL k|df0fx? Hffx]h agLPsf] 5 .
-!_
ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnb]vL /fhlglts bnx?sf] :jfy{tf df}sf g} ;De]m/
c/fhstf / vj{ah]6df df]hd:tL n'6] . /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] ;Qf ;fe]mbf/L cGtl/d
;/sf/ / ;+ljwfgsf] kmfO{bf p7fP/ juL{ohftLo ;dfhk|lt b'Mv lbO{ cGof]n kf/]sf]
5g\ . zfnLGb} # vj{ &% jif{ j/fj/sf] /fi6jh]6 u[xo'4 /fHo ljv08 k|fb]zLs 6'qmfpg]
36gf /fhlgtLs c/fhstf / ;fdfhLs, wfdL{s, cfyL{s ljsf; sfo{of]hgfk|lt s'g}
sfo{Gjogtf lbOPg / bnx?sf] ;Qfdf]xk|lt k'Ug g]tfx?n] hgtfx?nfO{ slxn] gf/f
h'n'; cfGbf]ng / tf]8kmf]8 ;fj{hlgs ljgf;sf/L 36gf u/fP/ pN6} hgtfx?nfO{
oftfgf, kL8f, / ;8sdf k"ofof] eg] lj:yfkLt / j]ktf ;j{Zjx/0f ;d]t u/]/
hLjg:t/nfO{ d?e"dLsf] bogLo :yfLtLdf ef]Ug afWo u/fPsf] 5 .
-@_
ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] r'gfjL 36gf sl/j
^)! ;ef;bx? lgjf{rg Jofj:yfkLsf sf] ;/sf/ / cGt/Ld ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} :ki6tf
/fxt hgtfx?nfO{ lbg ;s]g . ;+ljwfg;ef ejgdf sxLn] ;Qf ;femLbf/Lsf] nfuL
j}7s j:g], slxn] l;+xb/jf/ k|wfgdGqL sfo{no dGqfnox?sf] efuj08fdf vLrftfgL
6
/ lsrf]nf] ;[hgf{ u/]/ ;/sf/ lj36g / lgdf{0f 36gfb]vL /fhlgtLs Oltxf;sf]

jbgfd / ;fj{ef}d;Qf xTofP/ hgtfx?sf] c;'/Iff ePsf] 5 .
-#_
ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] kf6L{x? lgdf{0f / dw]z, kfxf8, lxdfn e"
efux?dfyL ef}uf]nLs ;|ft] x?b]vL kmfO{bf p7fP/ If0fLs :jfy{ k'ofPsf]df To;
:jfy{;+u} kmfO{bf b]vL bnx?sf] g]tfx? ;/sf/n] hUuf lsg], ejg jf 3/ lgdf{0f u/],
sf/ lsg], j}+sL cj{ ?kLof j/fj/sf] ;Dklt n'6]/ /fv]/ df]h u/] t/ hgtfx?nfO{
s'jfFsf] Eofu'tf] ;/x 7fg]/ g t hgtfx?n] ;/sf/;+u lj/f]w uof] g t PstkmL{
;f]if0f ;/sf/b]vL ePsf] ;DaGwdfyL s'g} sfjf{xL g} uof] .
-$_ ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] P]ltxf;Ls b'/36gfsf] sf/0fj; lglZrt
cjlweLq /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] k|s[ofsfnv08 3]/fjGbLn] b]zsf] 7"nf] hf]lvd p7fpg]5
. Gofof]lrt lg0f{odfyL jf]Ng, Gofokflnsf / ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;d]t jfWo x'g'kg]{5 .
@) jif{sf] nfdf] cjwLdf /fhlglts bnx?n] g]kfn /fHonfO{ ljleGg 36gfqmdjf6
ljjfb:t ;xdltsf] sf/0fj; u'dfpg vf]Hg] k|oTg uof] . hxf lgjf{rg cfof]u,
;+ljwfg ;ef ejg, ;L+xb/jf/ dGqfnox? tyf /fi6klt sfo{no lgjf;, ejg /
pk/fi6klt sfo{no ejg Pp6f ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f vf/]h sfo{kfnLsf ;DaGwL
;dodf b]z / hgtfx?dfyL lj:kmf]6g ;[hgf ul/of] .
-%_
ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] rf/ jif{sf] nfdf] cjlweLq k'/f 5+bf;Dd
g]kfnL gful/s hgtfx?n] cfgf] clwsf/ /Iff ;DaGwL hLljt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]g
;/sf/n], h'g b]z / hgtfx? rfxfGy] g]kfn /fHo Pp6f :jtGq b]z :jfeLdfg
Pstfj4 cleofg / 5q5fofd"gL j;f]jf; u/]sf] hgtfx? juL{o hftLo ;fDk|fbfo
/fhlgtLs ;fdfhLs cfyL{s / wfld{s ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;"zf;gk|lt sb/ ug{ To;sf/0fM
;j} eGbf 7"nf] b]z3ftL 36gfdf kl/0ft eP/ phfu/ / pkxf; ePsf] 5 .
-^_
ldtL @)^# ;fn !$ ut] h]i7, b]z / hgtfx?n] rfx]sf] ;+ljwfg ag]g, b]zsf]
hgtfx?nfO{ cGof]n ;[hgf uof] bnx?sf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] uNtL /fhlgtLs 36gf,
ljleGg :yfgx? e"efux?dfyL ;fgf /fHo ljv08g lj:tf/ s} c/fhstfn] Jofks
cj/f]w u/]/ b]z ljb]zdf g/fd|f] c;/ kfof] .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf n]lbPsf] /fli6o

lnug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGq ;+o"Qm ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf zf;g
Joj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] xf] .
ldtL @)^@)^# ;+zf]wg @)^*)^( ;fnsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg
/fhtGq k|:t"t k':ts xf] .
National Ligunmarch Baad Bidhan of Nepal
cWoIfM
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf n]vLPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljwfg /fhtGqsf] /fhlgtLs ;+o'Qm ;+u7gx?sf] e'dLsf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg
/fhtGq / gful/s j0f{ju{hfthftL ofSy"Djf zfxb]j gfu/L efiffnLkL ;fxLTo Oltxf;
lzIff ljsf; ?kj4 g]kfnL gful/s ofSy"Djf zfx, lnDj", /fO{, u'?, du/, tfdf, g]jf/,
z]kf{, nfdf, yf?, lwdfn, bg'jf/, ;'g'jf/, ysfnL, d]r] sf]r], dNn 7s"/L, /f0ff bnLt, cfo{ /
/uhftL wd{ ;fDk|fbox?nfO{ Pstfj4 cleofg ;'qdf cljnDjg /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{
@)^*)^( ;fn ;D;f]wg of] ljwfg /fhtGq jg]sf] xf] .
-!_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn tTsfn} n]lvPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljwfg /fhtGq ;+o"Qm ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb gfu/Ls zfx ;Gtfg
b]jgful/ efiffnLkL sfuhL nLvLt ;Dj4 @))& ;fnb]vL /fhltgLs Oltxf;nfO{
hLjLt lbnfO jS;g ;kmn sbd rfnLjS;Lg' ePsf] x'g] >L % j8f dxf/fh wL/fh
qLe"jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 /fHo clez]if clef/f /fHo/f]x0f ul2l;g ;fj{ef}d;Qf
;f;g s]Gb|Lo gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/ / j;Gtk"/ /fh b/jf/af6 zflGt ;'/Iff Pjd
ljsf; k|f/De ul/jS;LGg' eof] .
-@_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGq ;+o"Qm ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb gful/s ofSy"Djf zfx nLDj' /fi6 efiffnLkL Pjd c+u|]hL ;fxLTo Oltxf;
lzIff ljsf; k|f/De ePsf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ k|ltkfbg ul/jS;LPsf] ;D;f]wgLo klxnf] k":ts xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ ;+o"Qm ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf g]kfnL gfu/Ls j0f{, ju{ hft
hftLx?sf] jx'efiff, jx'nLkLj4, jx'wd{ ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; xf;Ln k|:t't
;+;f]wlgo ;Djf]wg u/]sf] /fhltgL ;+u7g ;Demg'k5{ . ;Djt ldtL @)^@)^# /
;+;f]wg @)^*)^( ;fnsf] of] klxnf] ljwfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ag]sf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfbL kf6L{ xf] . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] /fli6o nLug
8
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsf] /fhlgtL ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s k"gM;+/rgfdfyL

e"dLsfk|lt /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb Jojyf x"g cfpg] gful/ssf] ef}tLs ;'/Iff
;f;gaf6 zfGtL pGgtL k|ultsf] Pp6f c;n k|0ffnL x'g'kg]{5 . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd
;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq c;"n
/fhlgtL ;+u7gsf] e"dLsf lgjf{x /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb Joj:yf;+u} gful/s :jtGq
k|ltlgwLTjnfO{ cfly{s ljsf; r/0fj4 u/fpg cfj4 u/]sf] of] ljBfg /fhtGq nLvLt
k":ts k|:t't xf] . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGqsf] /fhlgtL ;+u7gx? ePsf] k|ltgLwLTj ;+o"Qm ;/sf/
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / vf/]hL jf ;d;f]wgLo k|s[ofdfyL ljrf/ ul/g] lgod ePsf] e"dLsf
gfu/Ls tyf ;+j}wflgs ljwfg /fhtGq Pp6} rfxfgfaf6 k|efjsf/L ;+/rgf lxtdf
;DkGg ef}tLs ljsf;jfb x'g]5g\ . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnnfO{
;+;f]wgLo ;Djf]wgnfO{ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf;
l;4fGt hLjLt lbnfpg] ;+u7gx?sf] dxf]Tj e"dLsflk|t sfg"gL lgtL ;DaGwL s'/fx?
:ki6 kf/L n]lvPsf] k|:6tf xf] .
!=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ n]lvPsf]

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGq / /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtk|lt
kl/roM
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf n]lvPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL e"dLsf ;+u7gx?sf] gfu/Ls sfg"gL lgtL ;DjGwL s'/fx?
c;n p2]Zo sfd l;4fGt lgodsf] cfjZostf dx;'; lbnfO{ k|ltkfbg u/]sf] xf] .
g]kfn /fHosf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtdfyL
cfwf/Lt ePsf] Jofjfxfl/s / j}rf/Ls dfWodf/f Jojxf/df nfu' x'g] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq nLvLt sfuhL sfg"gL gLtL;/x dfgLG5 t/ ;+;f/df pTs[i6
k|hftfGqLs d"n's dfgLg] a]nfot klg nLvLt ;+ljwfg ePsf] b]z xf] . To:t} ;+;f/df
o:tf klg /fi6 5g h:sf] /fi6df nLvLt ;+ljwfg g} 5}g . ;+;f/df klxnf] nLvLt
;+ljwfg j]nfotfdf lyof] . ;+;f/df klxnf] ;+j}wfgLs /fhlgtL k|0ffnL hfkfg /fHosf]
Pp6f b]zdf ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL ePsf] ;DkGg d'n's elgG5 . g]kfn /fHosf]
ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ ljwfg /fhtGq ;do k/Dk/fjf6 g}
Jojxf/f/f ;+rfnLt ePklg /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf;
l;4fGtk|lt hLjLt lbnfpg / gfu/Ls ;+u7gx?sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / ;/sf/ tyf
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;~rfnLt / ;+ljwfg vf/]hL ;+;f]wgLo ;Djf]wgdfyL b]xojdf]hLd
gfu/Ls j0f{ hfthftLx? jx'efiff, ax'nLkL, jx'wd{ cleefHo cv08 e"uf]n /
/fli6otf Pjd ljBfg /fhtGq e"dLsf] k|ltsfo{nfO{ ;Djf]wg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fHosf]
ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL
Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ ;+u7gx?n] ;do k/Dk/f b]lvg} ;+rnLt ePklg /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL k|f/Desfndf ;~rfng ug]{
9
;Djf]wg k|:t't xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf]
;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lte"dLsf ljz]if nLvLt sfuh ;Ifd ;+;bLo zf;g
k|0ffnL ePsf] g]kfn /fi6 xf] .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtdfyL k|ltkfbg ePsf] ;+u7gx?sf] ;do k/Dk/f
b]vLg} ;+rfng eP/ @^M@@ pQ/L cfIff; #)M@& ;Dd b]zfGt/ *)M$ k"jL{o b]zfGt/
**M!@ k"jL{o b]zfGt/;Dd If]qkmn ePsf] !$&!*! ju{ ls=dL= lxdfn, kxf8, ;dtn
e"efux? e"uf]nv08x? dWo] lxdfn **$* ls=dL= k|zf;lgs ljefhgnfO{ #
k|b]zx?sf] ljsf;If]qx?sf] gd"df !$ c~rn &% hLNnf /x]sf] dxf gu/kfnLsf
sf7df08f} !, pkdxfgu/kfnLsf nnLtk"/, lj/f6gu/, lj/u~h, kf]v/f, $ gu/kfnLsf
%$ uf=lj=;= #(!# k"j{kZrLd cf};t nDjfO **% ls=dL pQ/ blIf0f cf};t rf}8fO
!(# ls=ld= hg;+Vof kf}g] $ s/f]8 dWo] k'?if / dlxnf 5g\ . ;Djt @0^@ ;fnb]vL
@)^* / @)^( ;fnsf] hg3gTjfdf ;d;f]wg ePsf] 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ hLljt lbnfO ;+u7gx?sf] rfxfgfk|lt
:jtGq /fhlgtL tyf j}1flgs ljsf; k/Dk/fjf6 ;dfhjfb, k"hLjfb, ;fDojfb
cfyL{s lgtLx?nfO{ /rgf qmd cfsf+Iff k"/f ug]{5 .
"Miltre Government Laborites on the year of Nepal"
;fxL ;}lgs ;/sf/ k":tsfno jif{ ePsf] g]kfn
"Multy Government Laborites on the year of Nepal "
;+o"Qm ;+ljwfg k":tsfno ePsf] ;/sf/ sfo{ jif{ g]kfn
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] k":ts /fhb08f, em08f, zL/df, >Ld]r, c:qx?,
zf:qx? nufpg] /Ifs, >L % j8f dxf/fhflw/fh qLe"jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jjf6
;Gtfgx?n] gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/eLq /fHo clez]if cleef/f tyf /fHo/f]x0f
;Qf;Lg ;f;g / ;fj{ef}d;Qk|lt dfgkbjL zfx/fh;+:yf / zfx/fh kl/ifb ePsf]
k|ltljDj k|:t't 5g\ . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7x?sf]
e"dLsf gftL >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 gfu/L efiffnLkL wd{
10
e]ife'iff k/Dk/fut ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; tyf ;f;g Joj:yf k|f/De x'g]5 .
@_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt @)^@ ;fndf n]lvPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] k|:tfjgf x'g]ul/ jg]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL dfgj ;dfhsf] nfuL Hofb} dxf]Tjfk"j{s :jtGqtf ;dfgtf / eft[Tjsf] efjfgf
/fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf gful/s
k|ltlglwTj lzIff ljsf; tyf ;f;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ub{5 . /fli6o lnug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] cg"?kdf x'g] ;dtfsf :jtGqtf /
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf]
e"ldsf ;|f]tx? Gfful/s hgtfx? g} xf] eGg] tYonfO{ x[boud ul/ g]kfnL
k|ltgLlw;Dd cg"s"n zf;g ldnfP/ ;~rfng ug]{ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?df x'g] gful/s hgtfx?n] s]lx ;docl3 ePsf]
hgcGbf]ngsf] dfWodaf6 ;+j}wflgs rfxfgf d"n?kdf cleJoQm u/]sf]n] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] gful/s hgtfx? cg';f/ lr/sfn
k|fKt /fhlgtL :jtGqtf jfs :jtGqtf, k|]; :jtGqtf, cfly{s :jtGqtf, ;fDk|bfo
:jtGqtf, wfld{s :jtGqtf / lx88'n :jtGqtf qmd x'g] ef}tLs k"hLjfb, ;dfhjfb
cfWofdLs o"u ljsf; k'ofpg] s'6lgtL k|f]T;fxg ;befj /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] ;+/rgf k|fKt x'g ;sf]; .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] c;n p2]Zoaf6
clek|]l/t eO{ cfj4 k|To]s gul/ssf] cfwf/o"Qm g]kfnL dfgj clwsf/ ;'/lIft Pjd
Pstf sfod /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] cg"?k
x'g]5 . afnLs dQfclwsf/, ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL, Joj:yfkg, ;'b[l9s/0f ljsf;,
:jtGqtf / ;Ifd /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf]
cg'?kdf x'g] gful/ssf] Gofo k|0ffnL Joj:yf ul/ sfg"gL cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;/sf/df
cfj4 x'g Jofks hgtfx?sf] ;xefuLtfaf6 3f]lift ul/ ;~rfng ug{ jfR5lgo
ePsf]n] ;+u7gx? cg'?kdf x'g] gful/s rfxfgf cg';f/sf] k|f/De ePkl5 g]kfn
/fHosf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] ;do
k/Dk/fb]lvg} ;fj{ef}d;Qf clwsf/ jdf]hLddf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtL ;+u7gx?nfO{ k|ltlglwTj cg"?kdf x'g] gful/s ;Nnfx / ;xdlt cg';f/
s'g} lglZrt ;dodf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ l;\uf] zlQmdf k"g /rgf / ;~rfng x'g]5 .
#_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL ePsf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL e"dLsf ;+u7gx?k|lt gful/s ljsf; tyf
;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnL ljz]iftfx? x'g]u/L :jtGqtf ;dfgtf / eft[Tjsf]
efjfgfnfO{ k|ltgLlwTj ul/ k|ltj4tf k|:t't ub{5 .
11
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf gful/s

dfgjclwsf/ lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf :jtGq tyf ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnL cfwf/e"t ;'/Iff
;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnL ljBfg /fhtGq ;+o"Qm ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg sfg"gL l;4fGt, s';n
Joj:yflksf, hg pQ/boL -sfo{kfnLsf_ sfo{sf/L0fL kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] cg'?kdf x'g] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf]
Joj:yf ePsf] ;\sf/ tLg clwsf/ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs
;+u7gx?sf] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ / ;+u7gx?sf] rl/q tyf ;+;f]wgLo cGo ljz]iftfx?
cfwfl/t s'g} lglZrt ;docl3af6 /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs
;+u7gx?sf] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg cg'?kdf x'g] ePsf] k"g{/u7g ul/ /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{ k"g lgdf{0fsfn k|f/De ePsf] x'G5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL :jtGq GofokfnLsf cfwf/e"t
g]kfnL dfgjclwsf/ afnLs dtclwsf/ ljlwsf] zf;g /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ / ;+u7gx?sf] cg'zf;g cg'?kdf x'g]
gful/s ;fj{ef}d;Qf s'/fx? ljBfg /fhtGqfTds ;+u7gx?sf] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ /
;+ljBfg lgdf{0f vf/]hL zf;g Joj:yf cfwf/e"tzlQm ;+/rgfx? k|:t't x'g\ .
$_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?df d"n sfg"g xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg;+u} x'g] Gofosfg"g jg]sf]
x'g]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx? / ;+o"Qm ;/sf/
tyf ;+ljwfg ;fy} ;+u7gx?;+u afemLPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] kfngf ug'{ gful/s hgtfx?sf]
st{Jo xf] .
%_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL ;+;f]wglo /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] cg'?kdf x'g] ;dtfsf] rf/ j0f{, ju{ hft
hftLx? efiffnLkLx? wd{ e]ife'iffx? k/Dk/f ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; zlQmsf]
cy{tGq c;dfgtf ?kdf k|fKt u/]sf] x'g]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] Joj:yfkg /rgf
cljefHo e"ldsf] :jtGqtf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnL cfwf/e"t clwsf/ x'g]
;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL sfg"gL l;4fGtdf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
12
/fhlgtLs ;+u7gx? x'g] gful/s hgtfx? x'g]5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn tTsfn} ;d;f]wgLo >L %
/fhf lw/fh g/jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 sbd rfnL n]lvPsf] sfuhL
k":ts /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{
k|ltkfbg u/LjS;]sf] xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; lz4fGtdf zfx/fhf ofSy'Djf
zfx /fh;+:yf zfx/fhf kl/jf/ kl/ifb ;b:ox? gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/df cfgf]
/fHoclez]if cleef/f Joj:yfdf /fhul2;Lg /fHo/f]x0f tyf ;jf]{;Qf zf;g Joj:yf
;~rfng ul/jS;LPsf] x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtL e"dLsf /fhg]tfx?, /fhsfo{stf{x? / k|hfx? ;+u7gx?sf] ;dy{gdf h'6\g]5g\
. /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL k|ltgLlwTj rogsf] nfuL /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf g]t[TjzLn k|efjsf/L zlQm lng / /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] n]vLPsf] s'/fx? k|:t't x'g . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsf] ;+u7gx?sf] cfTd;dk{0fjfbL k|ltsx? 5g\ .
13
!_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn tTsfn} >L % /fhf lw/fh g/
jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 n]lvjS;Lg'ePsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t k|ltkfbg ul/jS;LPsf]
xf], h'g /fli6o nLug dfr{Jfbg kf6L{ / /fhlgtLs k':ts k|:t't
ul/aS;LPsf] 5 .
-!_
-@_
-#_
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j

>Lk]r, /fhb08, ljBfg /fhtGq k":ts cZqzf:qj:qx? tyf /fli6o em08f,
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M em08f,
gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/df /fHoclez]if cleef/f /fHo/f]x0f /fhul2l;g
;fj{ef}d;Qf zf;g lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng ;dfnL jS;Lg]5 .
>L % /fgL lbns'df/L /fHonIdL zfxb]jL

>L % o"jf/fhf lw/fh ljZj/fh jL/ljqmd zfxb]j
>L % o"jf/fgL ;\df /fHonIdL zfxb]j
-s_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn ;+;f]wlgo >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/
jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 n]lvaS;Lg'ePsf] /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsf]
/fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ lhljt lbnfO{ aS;g' x/k|of; sbd rflnPsf] k":ts
eGg] zAbn] ;dfg dfgkb\jL >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6
ofsy'Djf zfxb]j nLDj' gful/ efiffnLkL j0f{ ju{ hfthftLx? wd{ e]ife"iff k/Dk/f
;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; tyf zflGt ;'/Iff ;+u} pGglt k|ult ul/aS;g]5 . >L %
/fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/df /fHoclez]if
cleef/ /fHo/f]x0f /fhul2;Lg ;fj{ef}d;Qf zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ul/jS;Lg]5 .
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 6fkL /fhb08f, em08f >Lk]r,
k":ts, c:qz:qx?j:qx? ljz]iftfx?sf] k|lts rLGxx? x'g\ . >L % /fhf lw/fh g/
14
-v_
jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 zfx/fh;+:yf, ofsy"Djf zfx /fhkl/jf/x?sf] kl/ifb

;b:ox? cfgf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df k|ltlglwTj rog /fhg]tfx? tyf
/fhsfo{stf{x? / ;+u7gx?sf] ;Djf]wg ul/jS;]sf] ;Demg'kb{5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]lv gL/Gt/ >L % /fhf lw/fh g/
jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs
;+u7gx?nfO{ gful/s ;Eotfsf] k|lts x'g]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGqdf /fhlgtLs cg'zf;gj4 eO{ /fhg]tfx? /fhsfo{stf{x? gful/s
hgtfx?sf] ;+u7gx? cg'?kdf x'g] ljlzi6 VoftL k|fKtsfo{ ;dfg cleofg Pjd
clego uxg clwsf/ kb{5 .
-u_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL ;Djf]lwt /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"ldsf /fhg]tfx? /fhsfo{stf{x? k|d"v /xG5 . /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] gfu/Ls k|ltgLlwTjsf] ;jf]{Qd
lxt / ;dpGgltsf] nfuL kfngf / ;+/If0f ;j}af6 ug'{kg]{5 .
@_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs zlQmsf] sfg"gL lnlvt tof/L >L % /fhf lw/fh
g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 ul/jS;]sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;j{dfGo o;
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{M Joj:yfnfO{ ;Demg'kb{5 .
-s_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] cg';f/ x'g] n]lvPsf]
gful/s hgtfx?sf] ;j} s'/fx?n] :jtGq Gofok|0ffnL /fhtGq Joj;yfdf x'g] e'ldsf
qmdl/t / k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;Ddflgt of] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtLdf x'g cfpg] ;+u7gx?sf] ;fdfGo?kdf cj;/ ldnfOPsf] ;Demg'kg]{ 5 .
-v_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"ldsf :jtGq zlQmsf] ?kdf
gful/s k|ltgLwLTjsf] nfuL sfg"g agfpg clwsf/ ;DjGwL z+;f]wlgo ug]{ / vf/]h
ug]{ clwsf/ of] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf dfq /xg]5g\ . s'g} vf;
lglZrt ;doaf6 ;+ljwgdf nfu" ul/ Joj:yf ul/jS;g]5 .
#_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf ;Djf]wg /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"ldsf gful/s efiffnLkLx? lzIff
ljsf; tyf ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL g]kfnL dfgjclwsf/ z'lglZrt sfod
ul/Psf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M k"g/u7g gful/s ;+u7gx?sf] nLvLt k":ts kqklqsf
15
sfo{no Joj:yf cfjZos cfly{s ?kfGt/ n]lvP . ljj/0f sfg"g ag]sf] ;do;dodf
;DjGwaf6 k'/:sf/ k|bfg :jLof vr{ / ;"ljwf k|jGw ul/g] d'n cfwf/ ag]sf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gful/s ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf ljz]if
If]q clwsf/Ltf k|ltlglwTj g]t[TjzLn zlQ4f/f lgwf{/Lt ePsf] gful/s ef}lts ljsf;
;do x'g] ;+;f]wgLo agfOg] nIodf ljifoj:t'x?nfO{ ;Dj4 u/fpg] 5 .
$_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gful/sx?sf] e"dLsf :jtGq?kn]

k|bfg ul/Psf] / gful/s /fhlgtL If]qb]lv clwsf/ ;DkGg x'g]ul/ ljleGg :t/x?
cfpg ;Sg]5g . d"n gful/s j0f{ ju{ hfthftLx?sf] cfgf] ljz]iftfx? eg] emNs]sf]
kl/rofTds efiffnLkLx? plts} nLlvt lzIffljsf; g} x'g]ul/ ;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnLdf
cfwf/Lt sfg"gL ;+j}wflgs ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] b]x ePsf] b]z
elgG5 .
-%_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtk|lt k|ltgLwLTj sfod u/fpb}
gful/s hgtfx?jLrsf] ;+j}wfgLs ;|f]tx? ;fwg ljifo j:t'x?df cfly{s
:jfdLTj lbnfO{/fVg]5 .
-s_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gful/s ;+u7gx?sf] e'ldsf dfyL
:jtGq /fhlgtL k|0ffnL ePsf] / nLlvt k|0ffnL cfwfl/t s'g} s'/fn] clw/fHo qmd
/Ltn] k/Dk/fnfO{ dfGo u/fpg] k|ltj4tf nLPsf] 5 .
-v_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gfu/Ls ;+u7gx?sf] efjfgfTds

:j:tGqtfnfO{ k|ToIf dfu{bz{g ?kdf k|:t't u/fpb} Nofpg] p2]Zon] e"dLsf
/fli6otfsf] nfuL gful/s hgtfx?sf] Pstf k|lts x'g] / ;jf}{Qd lxt x'g]
;dpGgltnfO{ :jfeLdfgn] :jLsfg'{ kg]{5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs / gfu/Ls hgtfx? e"ldsfs]f nfuL
nLlvt gfd ePsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] clwsf/ dfgkb\sf] ;DjGwL s'/fx?
sfg"gL ?kdf olx ljBfg sfo{ / clwgdf ug]{ clwsf/ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df
ePsf] dfqn] k|ltlgwLTj sfod ul/Psf] x'g'kg]{5 .
^_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL tTsfn} /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf k|ltlgwLTjsf] nfuL ;Ifd lnlvt gfd
gofF /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] cWoIftfdf sfo{d x'g] ul/g] ;DjGwL sfo{no
;~rfng tyf Joj:yf vr{ / k|fjLlws ;"ljbfhgs sfg"gf/f lgwf{l/t ePadf]lhd
x'g]ul/g] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq e"dLsfsf] nfuL ;Ifd /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] cfd / lghL sfo{no, ;+:yfut, ;|f]tx?af6 ;fwgx?b]vL cfly{s
ef}lts lj1fg lzIff ljsf; ul/Psf] s'g} sfdsf] ;DjGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpbf
16
Joj:yf x'g]ul/Psf] ;DaGwdf k|i6 kfg]{5 .

&= -s_ g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] e"ldsf k|ltlgwLTj nLlvt ePcg';f/sf] cfo
;+:yfut ljj/0f ;DjGwL sfo{no lghL ;Dkltsf] ?k z'Ns c? s'g} /sd nfUg]
sfg"gL ;+;f]wlgo Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-v_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] e"ldsf /fh elQmx?n]
/fhg]tfx? eP/ k|ltgLwLTj lgjf{x ug]{ / gful/s hgtfx?sf] lxtdf pGglt qmd nIo
;dfj]z ul/g]5 .
*_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] gful/s lxtdf s'g}
sfdsf] ;DjGwdf e"ldsf s'g} c2fntdf k|Zg p7fpg] 5}g t/ o; wf/fsf] s'g} sfdn]
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsf] cg'?kdf x'g] ePsf] l;uf] p7fP
/fHoe"ldsf] nfuL ;/sf/sf] s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] lj?4 sf/jfxL rnfpg kfpg] sfg"gL
clwsf/nfO{ ;Demg] 5 .
(_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt @)^@ ;fn tTsfnLg >L % /fhf lw/fh g/
jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 n]lvaS;g' ePsf] /fli6o nlug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ul/jS;]sf] xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq/fhgLlt k|0ffnL ?kdf algg] /fli6o nLug
df{jfb kf6L{M k"g/u7g k|ltlglwkl/ifbsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf]5 . ;+j}wflgs c+ux?sf]
?kdf ;~rfnLt x'g]5 . Joj:yflksf, sfo{kfnLsf, GofokfnLsf ;Ifd ePsf] tyf >L
% j8f dxf/fh lw/fh cf; jxfb'/ u'?zfxb]jHo"M zfx/fhfkl/jf/xsf] kl/ifb
;b:ox?sf] zfx/fhf /fh;+:yf /xg]ul/ ePsf] /fHoclez]if cleef/f tyf /fHo/f]x0f
/fhul4l;g ;fj{ef}d;Qf zf;g Joj:yf gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/:yLtaf6 / k|wfg
;]gfklt, k|wfg Gofolwz, k|wfgdGqL k|ltlgwL ;efsf] ;efd"v, & hgfaf6 algPsf]
/fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"ldsf k|ltlglw ;+u7gx?n]
/fhg]tfx? /fhsfo{stf{x?sf] Pstfj4 cleofg ;Djgwdf ;+;bLo Jofj:yfkLsf
ePsf] @$% ;b:o ;f+;bx?sf] lgjf{rg Joj:yf cGtu{t NofO{g] sfo{kfnLsf
GofokfnLsf ;Ifd ePsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df x'g] k7fOg] ePsf] /fli6o
hLjgsf] VoftLk|fKt JolStTjx?af6 lgo'St k|ltlgwL kl/ifb ;xfos / :yfgLo ;dLtL
x'g]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|ltlgwLTj gful/s ;+u7gx?sf]
e"dLsf cg'?kdf x'g] ePsf] :yfoL ;dLltx?n] ;+j}wflgs k|zf;lgs sfg"gL lxtdf /
cj:yfdf rflxPsf] ;do ;dodf x'g] ePsf] o; /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] ;j};DaGwL dfGo x'g]5 .
17
!)_-s_ g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf /fli6o nLun dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtls k|ltlgwL e"ldsf gful/szlQm dfgj clwsf/sf] jfs :jtGqtf,
lx88"n :jtGqtf, k|f]; :jtGqtf, /fhlgtLs ;fy} s'6lglts k|f]T;fxg :jtGqtf, tyf
cy{tGq?kdf Aojl:yt ;dfgtfdf xf;Ln ofsy'Djf zfx nLDj", /fO{, du/, u'? g]jf/,
tdf, z]kf{, nfdf, lwdfn, yf?, r]kf, d]r]sf]r], cfo{ d":nLd, blnt, sfnfhftL
/+ue]bsf ofbj, /fhj+zL, bg'jf/, d08n, p?/fd, d8jf/L, cGo cfbL . rf/j0f{ 5lt;
hfthftLx?sf] /fli6o efiffnLkL zfxb]j gfu/L wd{ ;lxi0f"tf e]ife'iff k/Dk/fut
;fDk|fbonfO{ ;d]6\g] p2]Zo nLP/ ag]sf] /fli6o nLg dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] k|:t't ePsf] cg"ofoL /fhtGqjfbnfO{ ;do ;dodf ;j{dfGo
;d;f]wlgof agfOPsf]5 .
-v_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs l;\uf] /fHoe"ldsf] k|fs[lts

ef}uf]nLs cv08tf e"efux?e"k]l/j]:6Lt;dtnx?sf] e"uf]n ljefhg /]vf lsNnf
gS;fnfO{ g]kfn b]z elgG5 . hf] oxfF g]kfnL gful/s rf/ j0f{ juL{o hftLo
efiffnLkLx? wd{ e]ife"iff k/Dk/fut ;fxLTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; / /fli6olxtdfyL
:jfanDaL jgfOg] k|ltgLwLTjnfO{ k|ltj4tf ;lDemg]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq ;??sfnb]vL g} k/Dk/faf6 ;do ;dodf ;+zf]wgLo cfwfl/tsf] 5 /fli6otf
.
!!_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs l;4fGtsf] e"ldsfdfyL ljrf/zLn

b[li6sf]0faf6 :yfoLTj lbg;Sg] k|oTgnfO{ ;dfj]zL hgjfb ;dfhjfb k"hLjfb,
;fDojfb ;j}sf] Pp6f rfxfgf cy{tGq ef}tLs ;dfgtf g} xf] . /fhtGq ljBfgdf
ljz]ifk|sf/ cy{tGq ef}tLs ;DkGgtf sfod u/fpb} /fhlgtLs l;4fGt k|efjsf/L
Joj:yfaf6 ;'/lIft kfl/Psf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq k|:t't ePsf]
xf] .
!@_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs l;uf] /fHoe"dLdf x'g] ;j{dfGo
;dfgtfsf] ;+j}wflgs a'4fx? dfyL cWoog ;Djfb sIf ;ldIff ljifodf k|df0fLs
n]vg c+ux? a'4fx?sf] ?kdf ;+;f]wlgo ;Djf]wLt x'g' kg]{5 .
!#_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf k|ltlgwLx?sf]

7"nf] efun] cf]uf]6]sf] x'G5 / gful/s hgtfx?sf] cfwf/df cy{tGq ;Ddfg clego
;d]6\g] pQ/bfoLTj Joj:yf ;DalGw uxg x'g] k|lta4tf k|i6 sfg"gL cfwLsf/Lt ePsf]
x'G5 jf ul/Psf] 5 .
!$_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] ljleGg If]qx?dfyL

ljz]if e"dLsf ;dtfsf] gfu/Ls ;'/Iff k|Tofe"ltsf] k|fs[lts ef}uf]nLs agf]6 /
e"k]l/j]l:6t juL{s/0f ;dtn e"efux? tyf kxf8 lxdfn cljefHo l;dflsNnf
/]vf+sg Joj:yf dfyL ;+/If0f ;fy} qmdLs ljsf; nx/ k|i6 k|:t't ul/g]5 .
18
!%_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL e"dLsf Pp6} ;dtfsf] ;+j}wflgs
;+;f]wlgo kl/jt{g If]qljefhg :jtGq cleefHo k|ltgLwLTj jftfj/0fLo cg"s'n
gful/s hg;+Vof k|Tofl;Qm lx;fjsf] ;j} juL{o tTjwfgx?;+u} /fhtGq :yfoLTjnfO{
pNn]lvt sbd rfnLPsf] p2]Zoaf6 k|fefjsf/L x'g]5 .
!^_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] k|ltlglwTj e"dLsf]

gful/s hgtfx?sf] ;+VofTds ;+nUgtf ljsf;sfo{nfO{ /fhtGq j}wtf gf/fsf] ?kdf
gofF cfly{s hgcfGbf]ng :jefj clego k|f/De ul/g] tTsfn} /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{df cfXjfg x'g] cfj4nfO{ /rgfTds cfwf/ ag]sf] dfgLg]5 .
!&_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj e"ldsf] If]qx?sf] ;ldltx?sf]

e"dLsf :yfgLo 7fpx?b]vL ;fdfGo ?kdf nLvLt efiffnLkLx?df x:tfGt/0f cfly{s
:jtGq ljsf;sf] ?kdf k'/f ul/g] elg of] /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] k|d'v g]t[Tj
jg]sf] 5 .
!*_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Pp6f l;uf] /fHosf] /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf]
e"dLsf] nfuL gful/s hgtfx?sf] ;dy{gdf k"g{/u7g /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n]
3f]if0ff ;DaGwL Joj:yf tof/ ul/ k|:t't u/]sf]df of] laBfg /fhtGq / /fhlgtLs
k":ts ;do ;dodf dfGo ePsf] a'emLg]5 .
!(_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, ;+j}wfgLs ljz]iftfx?sf] /fhlgtLs k|ltlgwLTj

eO ljleGg If]qx?sf] 7fpx?df :yfoL gful/s rf/ j0f{ juL{o hftLox?sf] jx'efiff
jx'nLkL wdf{nDjL ;flxi0f'tf cg'ofoL ;fDk|fbfo ;dnUg eO{ cfj4 u/fp5 .
@)_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLdf gful/s ;dfg ?kdf hgwg
lzIff st{Jo k|lzIf0f jfs :jtGqtf k|Tofe"lt k|d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x x'g] p2]ZodfyL
:jod k|rf/k|;f/ k|j]z :jtGqtf dfWod kqLsf, lx88"n :jtGqtf, /fhlgtLs tyf
s"6lglts :jtGqtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxgaf6 lj:t[t lj:tf/ lgtLnfO{ cufj} k|ltlgwTj ul/g]
k|ltj4tf k|i6 ePsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb cj:yfdfyL x'g] d"n cfwf/ xb;Dd
Gofof]lrt ul/g]5 .
@!_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s e"dLsf
gful/s hgtfx?df lglxt hg;+Vofsf] s]Gb|df /xg] ljleGg If]qx? / 7fpx?;+u
k|ltlgwLx?n] Pstfj4zlQmdf pQ/bfloTjk|lt lg0f{o tyf lgb]{zg Jofjxfl/s ef}tLs
cy{tGq /rgf zf;g :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d;tf sfod u/fpg o; ljBfgdf x'g cfpg]
;+;f]wlgo s'/fnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg]5 .
@@_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, e"dLsf gful/s hgtfx? lxt ;Ifd
Gofok|0ffnL cfwf/e"t sfg"gL dfGotf /fhtGq :ki6 k|:t"t ePsf] dfgLg]5 . g]kfn
/fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq,
19
;+u7gx?sf] ljleGg :yfg / zlQm dfgLg] cfyL{s ;fdflhs qmd k"/f u/fpg] rfxfg
nLP/ of] ljBfg /fhtGq a4 cleofg tof/L ePsf] xf] .
@#_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, e"dLsf gful/s hgtfsf] :jtGq dfgjclwsf/
;DjGwL ;ldIff ;+jfb tyf sIf k|aGwg Joj:yfsf] ;'/Iff lglZrt sfg"gL Joj:yf
k|bfg ul/ ;+/If0f ePsf] p2]Zo;+u ;d]6\g]5 .
@$_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGt e"dLsf hLjLt
;dtfsf cwf/df k/Dk/faf6 cnu} k|ltgLwLx?sf] Joj:yf ePsf] ;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnL
Joj:yf rfxfgfnfO{ ;bg s]lGb|t zlQm tyf ;+;bLo k|ltlgwL kl/ifb ;bg ;lxtsf]
;+;bsfo{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .
@%_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLdfyL sfg"gL

l;4fGt ;'/Iff jg]sf] of] ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] ;+j}wflgs sfg"g
xb;Dd Gofo k'ofPsf] ;Demg'k5{ .
@^_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLx?df ePsf] ;+;bLo

zf;gk|0ffnL Joj:yf x'g]u/L eLq d"ncy{ ag]sf] 5 .
@&_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLx? / :yfgLo e"dLsf] If]q
7fpx?df x'g] tdfd gful/s hgtfx?sf] pQ/bfoL juL{o c;dfgtfx?jLrsf]
efjfgfx?nfO{ ljleGg :t/x?jf6 cfpg] efifLs nLkLj4 s'nLg kfb/L, dWod lgDg
ju{ hftLox?sf] ;fdfGo cfjZostf ;+u ;j{xf/f zf]zLt pTkL8Lt bjLP/ /x]sf] To;
ju{hftLx? ;d]t /fhtGq ljBfgsf] /fhlgtLs k/Dk/fjf6 k|efjsf/L p2]Zo lgjf{xsf]
nfuL agLg] ;/sf/ s]Gb|Lt / ;+ljwgsf] ljBfosx?dfyL Pp6f /fhtGq ljBfgsf]
;j{dfGo ;Demg'k5{ .
@*_
/fhtGq, /fhlgtLs e"dLsf gful/s juL{o hftLo efiffnLkLdfyL p7]sf] pQ/bfoL
sfo{qmdk|lt jg]sf] cy{tGq gof o"u :jtGq b]z g]kfn x'g]5 .
@(_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, of] /fhlgtLs Joj:yf ePsf] gful/s hftLo
ljsf; ef}tLs lzIff k|of]ufTds cy{tGq hf]8Lg] ;fy} ;+j}wfgLs k|ltgLlw kl/ifbsf]
Joj:yfn] jf]s]sf] l;f] /fHosf] cljefHo ;Dj4 ;f;g;+u} ef}tLs pGgltk|lt k'ofpg]
u/L of] /fhtGq ljBfg /fhlgtLs k|0ffnL c;n gof o"u;+u} k|f/Desfn;Dd x'g]5 .
#)_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs p2]Zo / e"dLsf gful/s juL{o
hftLo ;Ifd Jofjxf/Ls tyf ef}tLs cy{tGq ljsf; / ;+j}wfgLs ljBfg /fhtGq
ePsf] efjL ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;d]tsf] d"n"s sfg"gL ;\sf/ tLg k|ltlgwLTj /
Jofj:yfkLsf k|ltgLwL kl/ifb s]Gb|Lo ;bg ;lxt ePsf] ;+;bnfO{ agLg], ;/sf/
20
lxtsf] GofoLs dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+;f]wlgo /rgf l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ljsf;d"vL

cfwf/ x'g] 5g\ .
#!_
/fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs e"dLsf gful/s hgtfx?nfO{

lbnfpg] clwsf/ / ljsf; ;+u lgjf{rg ;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnL Joj:yf Gofok|0ffnL d"n
tyf ;bg k|ltgLwL ;+;b s]Gb|Lo kl/ifb, ;bg dGqL kl/ifb jf dGqL sfo{ef/ s]lGb|t
sfo{kfnLsf, p2]Zojf6 k|i6 dfgLg] ul/ of] ljBfg /fhtGq ag]sf] 5 .
#@_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, l;f] /fHosf] gful/s ju{ ofsy'Daf zfx nLDj"
b]jgful/ efiffnLkL s]Gb|Lo sfuhL n]vLt ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; ;fy} c? ju{
hftLo ax'efiff jx'nLkL ax'wd{ e]if e'iff k/Dk/f gful/s :jtGq GofokfnLsf cg';f/
;fDk|fbo ePsf] gful/s dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL Joj:yfsf] ;'/Iff ul/ of] /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtgqdf n]lvPsf] xf] .
##_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs e"dLsf gful/s hgtfsf] afnLs
dtflwsf/ ;DjGwL k|aGwsf] Joj:yf ul/ ;'/lIft lbnfO{ ;dfg p2]ZonfO{ dfGg' kg]{5 .
#$_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] ;j} gfu/Ls j0f{ ;+u
ePsf] jx'efiff jx'nLkL hftLo ;dtfsf] :jtGq ;dfgtf sfo{qmd clego
k|ltgLwLx?sf] zlQmdf ef}tLs cy{tGq / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;/sf/ jg]sf] ;dokl5 ;DkGg
ePsf] ljwLsf] zf;g Ps ;+j}wfgLs :jtGq b]z / /fHo g]kfn
elgG5 .
#%_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs clwsf/af6 k|fKt ug]{ ;j} Gofo
sfg"g Joj:yfnfO{ gful/s hgtfx?sf] lxt;fyL ;do ;dodf b:tfj]h cg"s"n
;DdfgLt cfwf/df e"dLsf x'g] ;+/rgfx? cfly{s tyf ef}tLsjfbsf] l;4fGt
k'/fu/fpg] gofF ;+j}wfgLs Jofjwfgx? ;lxt o"usf] ;'/Iffk|lt d'n ljsf;d'vL k|df0f
l;4 x'g]5g\ .
#^_
/fhtGq, /fhlgtLs l;4fGtk|lt gful/s k|ltgLwLTj ePsf] ;bg ;+;b k|ltglw
kl/ifbaf6 x'g] sfo{sf/L0fL sfo{kfnLsf cGtu{tsf] ;/sf/ ag]/ ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf
dfkm{t zf;g ;fj{}ef}d;Qf ;dfgtf cy{tGq ePsf] ofsy"Daf zfxb]j gful/s /fli6o
efifnLkL lzIff cfwfl/tdf ;DkGg uf/pg] p2]Zo nLP/ ofsy"Djf zfxnLDj" s]Gb|Lo
/fHoe"dL ;Ldf/]vf lsNnf gSzfnfO{ k|ltj4 ul/ qmdl/tjf6 ;'/Iff jgfpg]
dxf]TjfsfR5f k|ltgLwLTj lnPsf] 3f]if0ff kq ljBfg /fhtGq tof/ ul/ k|ltj4tf k|:6
k|:t't ePsf] xf] .
#&_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, e"dLsf gful/s hgtfdfyL ljZj :jtGqtf
;+u|fd ;dy{g p2]Zo lnP/ /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ k|ltkfbg tof/ u/LPsf] xf] .
21
g]kfnL gful/s hgtfsf] hLjg ef}tLs ;+/rgfnfO{ Jofks kl/jt{g cfpg] cleofgdf
cfj4 u/]sf] ;Demg'k5{ .
#*_
/fhtGq, /fhlgtLs kl/jt{g ePsf] sf/0fn] ;+j}wfgLs ?kdf b]zeStL b]vfpg]x?
:j]OR5fn] :jb]; kmsL{ To;e"dLsf] gful/s hgtfsf] :jtGqtf ;dfgtf / eft[Tjsfo{
cljnDj ;~rfng x'g;Sg] jftfj/0fLo ;do sfg"g lgtLx?sf] dxf]Tjf ePsf] cy{af6
eljio x'g;Sg] kl/jt{gk|lt cGo /fhlgtLs ultljwLjf6 ;/sf/ x'g] / /fhlgtLs
kl/jt{g b]vL 5f]8]/ ;b}jsf] lgDtL hfg]x?sf] hUuf e"ldlxgx?nfO{ ljt/0f ug]{
k|ltj4tf nLPsf] 5 .
#(_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnkl5 ePsf] slyt /fhlgtLs kl/jt{gsf]
;+3f/df k"gM /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs e"dLsfdf efu nLPsf]
gful/s j0f{ ax'efifLs jx'nLkLj4 hfthftLx?sf] ;+/Iffy{ cfwf/e"t bfoLTjnfO{ k"/f
u/fpg] g]kfnL ;fxL;]gfx?sf] cfgf] b]zdf kms]{/ kl5 df6f] / e"dLdf cbe"t ef}tLs
/fhlgtLs ljsf;;+u} k"g{/u7g /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, Oltxf;k|lt
hLjLt lbnfpg rfxfgf x'g]k|lt dxf]TjfnfO{ x[boud\ eP/ juL{o bnx?sf] c/fhstf
cS;/jfb cj;/sf] zf;gnfO{ Tofu ug]{5 .
$)_ g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd :Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf tTsfnLg /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhTGq, /fhlgtLs Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; l;4fGtnfO{ g]kfnL gfu/Ls juL{o
hftLo cfwf/dfyL cjl:yt ePsf] ofSy"Djfzfx b]jgful/ efiffnLkL cGo j0f{ hftLo
jx'efifLs jx'nLkL jx'wdf{nDjL e]ife'iffx?sf] k/Dk/fut oyfl:ytLjfbnfO{ :yfoLTj
lbnfpg] p2]Zok|lt uDeL/ eP/ nLDj", /fO{, du/, u'?, g]jf/, tfdf, z]kf{, nfdf, y?,
lBdfn, ljz]if hftLx?sf] e"dLdf /x]sf] cGo hftLx? cfo{hftLx? bnLt dL;|Lt /+ue]b
hfthftLx? ;dfj]zL clwsf/ k|bfg u/fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug]{5 . /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;fdfhLs cfly{s wfdL{s /rgfTds
k|ultnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/fpg] k|f/De clwsf/ 3f]if0ff kqnfO{ n]vLPsf] k|:t't ePsf]
7fgLG5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs /0flgtLs"6gLtL e"dLsf
gfu/Ls hgtfx?jLrsf] oyfl:ytLjfb k|ltgLwLTj k|0ffnLnfO{ sfod u/fpb}
;j{;Qfjfb zf;g Joj:yfk|lt cfpg] ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfgsf] :jLsf/ ug]{5 .
-s_
g]kfn /fHosf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;"?sfnb]vL c;n
e"dLsf lgjf{x ePsf] k|ltgLwLx/sf] Pp6f ynf] xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLdf gful/s ofSy"Djf zfxb]j gfu/L efiffnLkL / cGo gfu/Ls
jx'eflifs jx'nLkLj4 lzIff ljsf; dfgjclwsf/sf] :jtGqtf ;dfgtf tyf eft[Tj
;+/If0fdfyL 3f]if0ff tof/ k|:t't /fli6o Pstf cleofgk|lt P]ltxf;Ls /fhtGq ljBfg
ag]sf] xf] .
22
-v_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ cufj} kZrfot eP/ cfPsf] /fhlgtLs
kl/jt{gqmdnfO{ cWoog u/]/ x]bf{, lg:sif{df ;+j}wflgs /fhlgtLs cGo /
k|f/Desfnk|lt /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsf gful/s
hgtfx?sf] k|ltgLwLTj If]qclwsf/ :t/nfO{ :yfoLsf] lbnfpg] x]t'n] Jofos kl/jt{g
nx/df c? cfj4 u/fpg] p2]ZonfO{ gofF o"ufGt/;+u} ;d]6\g]ul/ NofPsf] ;+j}wflgs
/fhlgtL ljwLx?sf] k|ltj4tf k|:6 ufl/Psf] xf] .
-u_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs e"dLsf gfu/Ls j0f{ juL{o
hftLx?sf] ;j} cfjZostf dfyL gofF o"u k|f/De ;+u} agLg] ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg
k|of]hgn] ;do ;dodf ;+;f]wlgo ul/dofnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/]sf] x'g]5 .
-3_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn cGTolt/ ePsf] /fhlgtLs kl/jt{Gsf]
;/sf/ / ;+ljwfgk|lt ePsf] ;j}vfnsf] c\s';x?nfO{ kf/u/fpb} Nofpg] /fli6o Pstf
cleofg gfu/Ls k|ltgLwLTj e"dLsf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M sf] ljz]if /fhgLtLs
cleofg ePsf] xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gful/s k|ltsf]
/fli6otf ljsf; lxtdf cfgf] /ut k;Lgfn] NofPsf] :jtGqtf ;fy} k|f/DeLs
gfu/Ls juL{o jftfj/0fLo cy{tGq kl/jt{gsf] o"usf] ;'/Iff ug'{ gful/s st{Jo
;lDemg]5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnkl5 ;+;f]wg ul/Psf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsf ljleGg If]qx?, 7fpx?sf] e"dLdfyL
gful/s ;dGjo cfly{s sfo{kfnLsf lxtdf, ;fdf|fHojfb, k"hLjfb, ;fDojfb /
;dfhjfbnfO{ /fli6o cfly{s qmflGt ?kLof jh]6jf6 ;+qmd0f, ePsf] /fhlgtLs
cfly{s hg;+VofjLrsf] ;DjGwdf ;d]6\g], tyf ljifoj:t'l:ytL juL{o ;dfgtf ul/df
cy{tGq ?kfGt/ lg0f{onfO{ lgb]{zgfno g]t[Tj x'g'kg]{ ;Djf]wg k|:t't of] ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf; k|0ffnL xf] .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn tTsfn ;+zf]wlgo

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Jofj:yfkLsfsfo{kflnsf
GofokfnLsf ePsf] ljifo ;DjlGw k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtL e"dLsf tyf gful/s ofSy"Djf zfxb]j gful/ efiffnLkL ;+u}
juL{o hftLo jx'efifLs jx'nLkLj4 ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; ;Ifd Jofj:yfkLsf
ePsf] s'/fx? tof/df ;DjGwL k/Dk/fjf6 x'g] k|ltgLwL ;ef, k|ltgLwL kl/ifb, ;bg
k|zf;lgs ljsf; sfo{, s]lGb|o ljBfg ;ef /fhtGq ;bg\ ;+;b k|ltgLwL ;xfos
k|ltgLwL kl/ifb ;xfos, /fli6o ;ef gfddf @ ;bg ;lxtsf] ! Jofj:yfkLsf x'g] ul/
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs zfzsLo :j?k zf;g Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g]5 . of] ;bg
23
k|ltgLwL ;b:oaf6 ;+;b egLg]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs
k|ltgLwLx?sf] ;+u7gx?n] ljz]if ljw]os kf/Lt ug]{5 . of] cf}krf/ls ?kdf ;'ljwf
sfg"gLsf] p2]Zo ;/x dfgLg]5 .
$!_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn tTsfn ;+zf]wlgo /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs efu ! sf] wf/f $) ;Ddsf] ;+j}wf/fn] ;do ldtL
@)^@ ;fndf klxnf] ;+zf]wg / @)^* ;fndf bf]>f] ul/ @)^( ;fndf cGtLd
;+zf]wg ePsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs e"dLsf tyf >L %
/fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 ofSy"Djf zfxb]j gful/ efiffnLkL
k|ltgLwLx?;+u} c? gful/s ju{ hfthftLx? ax'efifLs jx'nLkLj4 ax'wdf{jnDjL
e]ife";fx? k/Dk/fut ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; tyf zfGtL;'/Iff ;+u} ;dpGglt
k|ultsf] k|f/De u/]sf] x'g]5 . k|zf;lgs / ;+j}wflgs ljBfg /fhtGq ul/df
k|0ffnLnfO{ hLjLt /fVg]5 .
$@_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsf gful/s hghftL

cfbLjf;Lsf] k|ltgLwLTjdfyL /x]sf] :jfdLTjsf] Tof] efu ! klxnf] lgb]{zg ePsf]5 .
To;kl5 cfpg] cfo{ hftLx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] ul/ bnLt /+ue]b hftLx?sf] ;d]t
k|ltgLwLTj /x]g5 . ;j} wf/faf6 ;d]6\g] ul/ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M df gful/s
juL{o hfthftLx?sf] cfwf/df P]R5Ls clwsf/k|lt k'?if dlxnfjLr ;Djfb ug]{ lxtdf
;DdfgLt clego k|efjsf/L p2]Zo k|:t't ul/g' kg]{ ;Demg'k5{ eGg] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf n]vLPsf] 5 .
$#_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGt lzIffe"dLsf]

ljifoj:t' gful/s ofSy"Djf zfxb]j gfu/L efiffnLkL tyf cGo juL{o hfltx?sf]
jx'efifLs jx'nLkLj4 wd{ ;lxi0f'tf dof{bLt eP/ e]ife'iff k/Dk/fut ;flxTo
lzIffljsf;nfO{ ;dfj]z ePcg';f/ /fli6o em08f / /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf]
em08f kmof{pb} d'gL /x]sf] gful/s lxt k|ltssf] cfwf/ cfgf] sflkdf ;f/]/
ljj]rgfTds cj:yfnfO{ k|i6 ;Djf]wg u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
$$_ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsf ;+u7gx?sf] s'g} j'4fut
d;f}4f k7fpbf tkfO{sf] lzIff ;DjGwdf k|Zg pQ/df ;f/ ldnfO{ /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj gful/s juL{o hfthftLx?sf]
jx'efifLs jx'nLkLj4 jx'wdf{nDjL e]ife'iff k/Dk/fut ljz]iftfx? emNs]g cl:tTj
clwsf/nfO{ ;Djf]wg u/]/ ;dfrf/ agfO{ s'g} b}lgs klqsfdf tyf ;a} :t/b]vL
k7fpg'ePsf] If]q 7fpx?sf] lxt x'g] dfWod ;dfj]z ePsf] ;Demg'k5{ . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq / /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj ePsf] ;+u7gx?sf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{df cfj4 x'g] cfpg] cfXjfg k|ltj4 nLvLt k|:t't ePsf] xf] .
$%_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGq, /fhgLlts /0fgLlt xf] tyf s'6gLlt k|ltgLlwTj
24
;+u7gx?n] e'ldsf lgjf{x ofSy'Djf zfxb]j gful/ efiffnLkL hfthfltx?sf] j0f{, ju{,
wd{, e]ife'iff / k/Dk/fut ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; ToxL bfloTj k|ltgLlw;ef /
/fli6o ;efsf] gfddf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGq :yfoLTj @ -b'O{_
;bg;lxtsf] Ps Joj:yflksf ! x'g]5 . ;+;b elg jf]nfOg] 5 . ;+;be"dL lxtdf x'g]
/fi6sf] nfuL ljw]os kf/Lt ub{5 .
25
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fn tTsfn ;+zf]wlgo

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Jofj:yflksf ePsf]
k|ltlgwLTjsf] ljifo ;DjGwL k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
$^_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq, /fhlgtLs e"dLsf lgjf{x ofSy"Djf zxb]j gful/s efiffnLkL hfthftLx?
j0f{ju{, wd{, e]ife'iff, k/Dk/f, ;fxLTo Oltxf;, lzIff ljsf; c? gful/s j0f{ ju{
hfthftLx? jx'efiff, jx'nLkL, jx'wd{, e]ife'iff, k/Dk/f ;fxLTo / lzIff ljsf; u/fpg]
/fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] k|ltgLwL ;ef ;bg ;+;b kl/ifb ;b:o /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] k|ltgLwL ;/f]sf/jf6 ul/g] k|To]s hLNnfdf
hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df hLNnfjf6 sDtLdf klg Ps k|ltgLwL tLg;Dd ePsf] @$%
lgjf{lrt x'g]ul/ sDtLdf klg !* jif{ k'u]sf] k|To]sn] k|ltgLwL;ef e"dLaf6 @% jif{
k'u]sf] x'g]5 . of] Pp6f ;+j}wflgs Jofj:yfkLsf xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf]
k|ltgLwL;efn] cfgf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] lgDtL ;efd"v pk;efd"vsf] lgjf{rg
ug'{kg]{5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsf gful/s
;+u7gx?sf] k|ltgLwLx? If]q 7fpx?dfyL /fli6o;efsf] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ hDdf ^)
;b:ox? lgjf{rLt x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_
g]kfn /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL e"dLsf ;+u7gx? nufot
k|ltgLwLx? / /fli6o gful/s hLjgsf] ljlzi6 ef]ubfg k'ofpg] VoftL k|fKt dWo] !)
hgf ;b:ox?sf] nfuL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-v_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj e"dLsf gful/s k|ltgLwL
kl/ifb c? juL{o hftLo n}\uLs lje]b ;fDk|fboaf6 ;Ddfgk"0f{ k|ltgLwLTj l;4fGt
cg':ff/ x'g] lgjf{rLt qmd sDtLdf dlxnf % hgfsf] ;fy #% hgf ;b:ox? ul/g]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-u_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs l;f] /fHosf] e"lddf ofSy'Djf
zfxb]j gful/ efiffnLkL lzIffaf6 /fli6o hLjgsf ;DdfgLtj4 c? gful/s j0f{ ju{
hfthftLx? efifLs nLkLj4 lzIff e"dLsfdfyL ;j} ljsf; If]qsf] gu/x? ufpx?
:yfgLo lgsfosf] k|d"vpkk|d"v tyf ;b:o dtbftf ePsf] lgjfr{gf/f ljsf;
If]qjf6 # hgfsf] b/n] ljhodtsf] k|ltgLwL ;b:osf] cfwf/df sfg"gdf Joj:yf
ePsf] lgjf{rLt dgf]gLt -dgf]gog_ !% hgf ;b:o ul/ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-3_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gfu/Ls k|ltgLwLx?sf] e"dLsf

ljz]if k|sf/n] ofSy"Djf zfxb]j gful/ efiffnLkL lzIffaf6 /fli6otf vfnsf] c?
gful/s ju{ juL{o hfthftLx?nfO{ k|ltgLwL ;b:o hLNnf If]qx? :yfgLo lgsfosf]
lgjf{rg geO;s]sf] cj:yfdf klxnf]k6s ;DjlGwt 7fpx?dfyL ljsf; If]qjf6
26
k|ltgLwL;ef lgjf{rLt ;b:ox?sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfod ul/g] /x]sf] 5 .

-_
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsfnfO{ ofSy"Djfzfx b]jgful/

efiffnLkL lzIff /fli6otf k|lts c? gful/s ju{ hftLx?nfO{ :yfgLo 7fpFaf6
;j}gful/s /fli6o;efsf] ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw % jif{sf] x'g]5 . klxnf] k6s /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] /fli6o ;efsf] nfuL k|ltgLwL ;b:ox?sf] sfo{ ubf{ uf]nfxfnL
Ps ltxfO{sf] @ -b'O{_ jif{ csf]{ $ -rf/_ / afFsLsf] % -kfFr_ jif{ sfod ul/Psf] x'G5 .
gful/s k|ltgLwLx?;+usf] ;+u7gx?;+usf] eljiodf gofF ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg agLg],
/fli6o;efsf] ;b:ox?sf] #% jif{ pd]/ k'/f ePsf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ dfGo ul/Psf] 5
.
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn tTsfn} ;+;f]wlgodf ;Djf]wg /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gful/s juL{ohftLo ;fDk|fbfo ;dfhsf]
cfwf/e"t clwsf/nfO{ k|df0fLt ;DemLg]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtLs ;+u7gx? ePsf] eljiodf ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg c;n ag]/ /fli6o ;dpGgtL
qmd ljsf; cleofg k|f/De x'g]5, hf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] ;fdflhs
;befjk"j{s :t/dfyL ;+u7gx?sf] :j?kdf :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0fsfo{nfO{ k"/f
ul/g]5, /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] gful/s j0f{ juL{o hftLox?nfO{
efiffnLkLj4x? lzIff tyf wd{x? e]ife"iff k/Dk/f ;flxTo ljsf;sf] k|f/De ;Demg]5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^# ;fn tTsfn ;+zf]wlgo /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsfo{kflnsf ePsf] ljifo ;DjGwL k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @))& ;fndf >L % j8f dxf/fh lw/fh qLe'jg
jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 5f]/fx?5f]/Lx? Pjd d"df >L % j8fdxf/fgL /fHonIdL
zfxb]jLx? xf]OjS;]sf] tyf >L % j8f dxf/fhf lw/fh cfz jxfb'/ zfxb]j sf]
5f]/f >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jf6 /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs sbd rfnL Pstfj4 cleofgk|lt z4f{ >L % dxf/fgL ;f/bf
/fHonIdL tyf z4f{ zf]ef /fHonIdL zfx]bjL ;fy} >L % dxf/fhf lw/fh k"0f{
jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j :jodjf6 ljjfxLt >LdltHo"x? ofSy"Djf zfxb]j gful/
efiffnLkL wd{ ;fxLi0f'tf e]ife'iff k/Dk/f ;fxLTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; k|ltsf]
;fj{ef}d;Qf zf;gsf] em08f kmof{Psf] ;DemLg'k5{ .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)$& ;fnsf] /fhtGqnfO{ cGTo @)^# ;fndf
ePkl5 /fli6o nLug dfr{fb ljBfg /fhtGqn] /fhlgtL >]onLg] rfxfgfk|lt
/fli6otfsf] k':ts, em08f, >Lk]r, /fhb08f, c:qz:q / j:qx? dfgkbfjL ;DdfgLt
cf]bfx?k|lt ;'/IfLt Joj:yf lbnfP/ /fHoclez]if cleef/f tyf /fHo/f]x0f /fhul2l;g
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;f;g gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/df k"gMsfod ul/g] ;Daf]wg k|:t't ePsf]
27
5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs c;n Jofj:yfkLsf

GofokfnLsf / sfo{kfnLsf ePsf] gful/s j0f{ ju{ wd{ jx'efifLs jx'nLkLj4 sfuhL
nLvLt ;Ifd ;+j}wflgs c+u?kdfyL g]kfnLnfO{ k|f/De u/]sf] ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtL k|0ffnL jg]sf] xf] . g]kfn /fHosf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsf]
cfgf] ofy"Djf zfx/fh;+:yf tyf /fhkl/jf/ kl/ifb ;b:ox? ePsf] 5 . h:n] /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{nfO{ c;n /fhgLtLs k|ltgLwLTj rogsf] nfuL k7fpg] 5 . hf]
b]z / gful/s hgtfx?jLr clwsf/ / ef}tLs ljsf; ult ;fy} /Iff lbnfpg] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt @)^# ;fnb]vL k|fs[lts ef}uf]nLs cv08 e"efux?
e"k]l/j]l:6t e'uf]n ;Ldf lsNnf /]vf gS;f /Iffdf ul//fVg' kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs zlQmjf6 gful/s j0f{ juL{o hftLodfyL
/x]sf] jx'efifLs jx'nLkLj4 lzIff :jtGqtf, jx'wd{nDjL :jtGqtf, /fhlgtLs
:jtGqtf, /fhlgtL s"6gLtL :jtGqtf k|f]T;fxfg dfgjclwsf/ cy{tGq tyf ef}tLs
ljsf; :jtGqtf o"usf] cjwf/f0ff cg'?kdf x'g] ;+j}wfgLs lgtLx?nfO{ ;+;f]wg /
;Djf]wg s]Gb|Lt /fhkqfl\st :j?kdf nfndf]x/ tyf dfgkbjL ;dfg >L % j8f
dxf/fhf lw/fh qLe"jg jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 ul/jS;LPsf] dxf]Tjsf+R5fk|lt cljnDj
eP/ ;j};|f]tx? ;fwgx/sf] ;fDk|fbfo ;dfhnfO{ ;d]6\g] p2]Zo nLP/ /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs /rgfn]lvPsf] xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs gful/s e"dLsf tyf afnlzz' :jf:YolzIff sNof0fsf/L sf]if v8f
ul/Psf] x'g] Joj:yfjf6 ;do ;dojf6 /fli6o hLjg;+u ljlzi6 sfo{qmdaf6 of]ubfg
k|:t't g/gf/Ldf clego Pjd ?kdf lbnfpg] /fli6o hLjgsf] dfgkbjLaf6
;DdfgLt Joj:yf ldnfpg] of] ljBfg /fhtGq / /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] k|ltgLwL
ag]sf] xf] .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fn tTsfn ;+zf]wlgo /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Gofokflns ljifo ;DjGwL k|:t't ul/Psf] 5
.
$&=
/fhtGqdf >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 ofSy"Djf zfxb]jgful/
efiffnLkL j0f{ nL wd{ s]Gb|;|f]t ofSy"Djf zfx/fh;+:yf kl/ifb kl/jf/ ;b:ox? x'g\,
gful/s ofSy"Djfzfx, /fO{, du/, u'?, g]jf/, tfdf, z]kf{, nfdf, yf? ysfnL
d]r]sf]r], wLdfn, r]kf, cfo{ bnLt, /+ue]b hfthftLx? ;fDk|fbfo ;d]tsf] ;+;lbo
Joj:yf tyf GofokfnLsf, sfo{kfnLsf Jofj:yfkLsf ;Ifd ePsf] ;+j}wfgLs k|0fnL,
eljiodf ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sfg"gL lgtLaf6 cljnDj x'g]ul/ g]kfnLnfO{
;Djf]wg k|:t't ePsf] ljBfg /fhtGq, n]lvPsf] xf] .
-s_
28
/fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf gful/s clwsf/ ;DjGwL efifLsnLkLj4 wd{

gL/k]If lgsfox?df GofokfnLsf ;jf]{Rr c2fnt sfg"gL lgtLx? ;'/lIft tyf
GofolBz k"g, Joj:yf x'g] jf k|ltgLwL;efjf6 kf/Lt ;jf]{kl/ lg0f{o sfod ;lDemg] 5
.
-v_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq, k|ltgLwLTj gfu/Ls j0f{ ju{ nL\u wd{ efiffnLkL ;flxTo lzIff k/Dk/f
ljsf; sfo{ tyf cy{tGq d'n's ;j{wflgs ljefu /fhtGq ePsf] s'/f k|i6 xf] .
-u_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf eP/ cfPsf] ;/sf/ bnx?sf]
k|ltlglwTjdfyL /fh:jz'Ns cfly{s ;+sng jh]6 gful/sn] lt/]sf] cfly{s jif{x?df
ljsf; kl/of]hgf ;DaGwL 5fgaLg Joj:yf ug]{5 . gful/s tyf kl/of]hgf cfly{s
jif{x? jh]6sf] cy{Joo ;DaGwL /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] ljrf/ ug]{5 .
-3_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGqn] gful/s lxt x'g] cfPsf] s'g}klg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL cy{ jh]6 ;DaGwL cGo
jh]6x?df ljsf; k|f/De x'g]5 .
-_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /flhtgLts ;+u7gsf] gful/s k|ltlgwLx?n] Gofokflnsf, Joj:yfkLsf
sfo{kfnLsf ;+j}wflgs c+ux?;/x ;d]tsf] cfly{s jh]6x?df ;dodf k6s k6s
cg's'n kl/of]hgf ;+sNk ljsf; sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf gful/s j0f{, ju{ hft
hftLx? EfflifsnLkLj4 jx'wd{ k]zf e]iffe'iff k/Dk/f, ;flxTo, lzIff
ljsf; tyf zf;g ;~rfng k|:t't x'g] ljz]iftfx? lgDg x'g .
$*_!_ g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fn cuf8L xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs /fhlgtLs
kl/jt{gaf6 ePsf] s'/fk|lt c:ki6 bnx? x'Fbf, /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] gful/se"dL If]qx? 7fpFx?df ljleGg :t/df lglxt
;fj{ef}d;Qf :jtGq Pjd\ ;Ifd Gofok|0ffnL cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] ;'/Iff, ;+;lbo
zf;g lgdf{0f sfg"g l;4fGt ;Ifd Joj:yfkLsf sfo{kfnLsf GofokfnLsf hg
pQ/bfoL sfo{sfl/0fL ;+j}wfgLs kl/ifbsf] lgdf{0f ;+sf/ tLg clwsf/ /fli6o lnug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLdf ;+;f]wgLo rl/q tyf d"Vo ljz]iftfx? x'g\ .
@_
/fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf gful/s lxtdf
ljsf; pGd'vt tyf /fhtGq ;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnL :jtGq GofokfnLsf cfwf/e"t
dfgjclwsf/ aflns dtfclwsf/ ljwLsf] zf;g gful/s lgxLt ;fj{ef}d;Qf s'/fx?
eljio ;+ljwfgsf] ?kdf ;+j}wflgs c+ux?sf] ljz]iftfx? cfwf/e"t /rgfTds x'g\ .
29
#_
/fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs lgtLdf gfu/Ls j0f{, ju{ hft
hftLx?sf] jx'eflifs, jx'nLkLj4, ;flxTo lzIff ljsf; tyf ef}tLs cy{tGq o'usf]
;'ljwfghgs k|f/De x'g] ;DjGw k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
$_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnsf] /fhgLtLs kl/jt{g / /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj gful/s j0f{, ju{ hfthftLx?sf]
jx'eflifs jx'nLkLj4 wd{ e]ife"iff k/Dk/f ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIffljsf; tyf
ef}ltsljsf; k|To]s gful/ssf] sDKo"6/ pks/0f k|ljlws oGqdfWod 1fg k|of]ufTds
ljsf; ul/ b]lvg] l6eL b'/bz{g oGqx? lgz'Ns lzIff 5fqj[l4 ;DjGwdf lgdf{0f ePsf]
x'g]5 .
-%_
/fhtGq /fhgLlts e"dLdfyL k|ltgwLTjsf] kl/jt{g eP/ j}sNkLs l;4fGtk|lt
gful/s hgtfx?dfyL jfR5lgo x'g'kg]{ u[x ;'ljwfhgs cfly{s jh]6 ef}lts k|bfg
;DjGwL k|To]s gful/s g/gf/L k|fljlws sDKo"6/ pks/0f oGq 6L=eL= /]8Lof]
Pkm=Pd= df]jfOn b"/bz{g tyf cfyL{s vf4kbf{y j:t'x?sf] b}lgs k|bfg lgdf{0f x'g]
ljsf; k|f/De ul/g]5 .
-^_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt @)^# ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhgLtLs e"dLsf gful/s g/gf/L ;Ddfg tyf c;dfg:t/sf] If]qb]vL v]ns'b
ljsf; If]q ;Ifd k|:t't x'g]ul/ j[l4 ul/g]5, gful/s cfwf/e"t s'/fx?k|lt g/gf/Lsf]
:jf:Yo l;4 x'g]5 .
-&_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] g/gf/Lx?sf] ;jf/L;fwg dfu{ tyf xjfO{dfu{
;'ljwfdfu{ p8fg ;]jf x'g] Joj:yf ;DaGwL 1fg / ljsf; k|wfg k|:t't ul/g]5 .
-*_
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs gful/s efiffnLkLsf] g/gf/Lsf] ;fxL;]gf ;]jfj[l4 cfly{s k|jGw
;'ljwf sDKo"6/ pks/0f oGq k|fljlws1fg, /]8Lof] Pkm=Pd, 6LeL df]jfO{n cfsfzjf0fL
eljiojf0fL, ;kgfbzL{ ;DjGwL ltg} b}jLsdfu{bz{gk|lt :yfkgf ul/ jf :yn hnjfo"
:yfoLTj ljsf; / ;z:q ljdfg jfxs hfxfhx? kmfO6/ h]6 x]nLsf]K6/ xfjfOhfxfh
kfgLhfxfh kfG8"nLkL /s]6 :ynlgdf{0f If]Kof:q lgdf{0f c8\8f cGtl/Ifofg lgdf{0f
ljsf; k|of]ufTds c8\8fx? agfOg]5 . o;} ;DjGwdf lgdf{0f ul/g] / k|fof]u sIf
c8\8fx?df v8f ul/g] k|:t't of]hgfx? x'g]5g\ .
-(_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf /fl6io nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsf hLjLtk|0ffnL gful/s hgtfx?df lzIffljsf; tyf g/
gfl/sf] cfly{s ljwLjf6 u[x ;'ljwf k|To]s gful/snfO{ b}lgs /fxt k|bfg ul/g] cnu
k|sf/sf] lgtLx?df ;'wf/ cfpg] eljiosf] of]hgf jlgg] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq ljsf; pGd'vt k|f/De x'g]5 .
-!)_ g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ /fli6o nLug
30
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL gful/s ofSy"Djf zfxb]jgfu/L efiffnLkL

/fli6o ;fxLTo Oltxf; /Iff >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd
zfxb]jjf6 dfgjbjL ;|f]t tyf ;fj{ef}d;Qf 3f]if0ffkq tof/ ul/Psf]
;dojf6 b]zJofkL /fhlgtLs e"dLsfsf] cleofg nfu" x'g]5 egL gful/s
k|ltgLwLx?nfO{ :yfgLo If]qx? 7fpx?dfyL lgjf{x eO{ cfj4 x'g tyf
cfXjfg ul/jS;]sf] 5 .
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj e"dLsf gful/s jx'efifLs jx'nLkLj4 ;flxTo Oltxf;
lzIffljsf; tyf ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;+u|fd ;xfo Gofok|0ffnL cfwf/e"t ;'/Iff ;+;bLo
zf;g sfg"gL l;4fGt s';n Joj:yfkLsf hgpQ/bfoL sfo{sf/L0fL kl/ifbsf] lgdf{0f
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] cg'?kdf x'g] ;+j}wflgs
kl/ifbsf] lgdf{0f cfPsf] ;+sf/ tLg clwsf/ /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] ljrf/ rl/qdf ;+;f]wgLo tyf cGo ljz]iftfx?
x'g\ .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs If]qx? 7fpx?sf] e"dLsf k|ltgLwL
gful/s j0f{, ju{ / hfthftLx? / jx'eflifs jx'nLkLj4 wd{ e]ife'iff k/Dk/f ;flxTo
Oltxf; lzIffljsf; tyf ;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnL :jtGq GofokfnLsf cfwf/e"t
dfgjclwsf/ jflns dtfclwsf/ ljlwsf] zf;g lgdf{0f gful/s lxtdf lglxt
;fj{ef}d;Qf ofsy"Djfzfx, /fO{, du/, u'?, tfdf, g]jf/, z]kf{, nfdf, yf?, lwdfn
sf]r]d]r], ysfnL, cy{blnt /+ue]b hfthftLx? ;d]tsf] Pstf cleofg eGg] s'/fx?df
;f+j}wflgs /fhlgtLs c+ux? ljz]iftfx? cfwf/e"t /rgf dflgg]5 .
/fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj cleef/f ofSy"Djf zfxb]j gful/ efiffnLkL wd{
e]ife'iff k/Dkf/ ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; tyf c? gfu/Ls j0f{ ju{ hfthftLx?
jx'efifLs jx'nLkLj4 jx'wd{ e]ife'iff cfPsf] k/Dk/f ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff
ljs;Lt;fy c+u|]hL efiffnLkL g]kfnL / hftLox?sf] lnvLtsfuh ;DjGwL ePsf
/fO{, du/, u'?, g]jf/, tfdf, yf?, z]kf{, nfdf, lwdfn cflbjf;L hghftLx? ePsf]
tyf cfo{ blnt /+ue]b hftLx? ;d]6\g] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;+;f/sf] zlQm;fnL /fi6x?
5g\ . ;+;f/sf] zlQm;fnL w"/L/fi6 tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] j8fkqdf pNn]lvt j'4fx?df
/x]/ cGt/f{li6o dfGotfnfO{ j'em]/ cfkm\gf] lj:tf/jfb cy{tGq ef}ltsjfbsf] /Iff u/]sf]
x'g]5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs zf;g
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/]sf] xf] .
ldtL @)^# ;fndf klxnf] ;+;f]wg@)^* ;fndf bf]>f] ;+;f]wg @)^*)^( ;fnsf]
31
of] ljBfg of] /fhtGq xf] . National Ligun marchbaad Bidhan Rajtantra of
Nepal.
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf b'O{ k6s ;+;f]wg @)^*!! ut]
;+;f]wg :juL{o /fi6o cWoIf kLtf >L % j8f dxf/fhf lw/fh lqe"jg jL/ ljqmd
zfxb]jjf6 ljwfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf; k|ltjfbg ul/jS;g' eP jdf]lhdsf] x'g]
gftL >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 sbd rfnL /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs klxnf] k|:t'tL xf] .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL @)^*!! ;+;f]wg ;dof]hstfdf
j'jf >L % j8f dxf/fh lw/fh cfz jxfb'/ zfxb]jjf6 pkl:ytL ofsy"Djf zfx/fhf
kl/jf/sf] kl/ifb ;b:ox?M
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/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtls Oltxxf; l;4fGt sfg"gL
GofokfnLsf c;n ;fj{ef}d;Qf zf;gk|0ffnL ul/jS;g' x'g] cleef/df k|ltlgwLTj
/fhg]tfx?, /fhsfo{stf{x? /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] gful/s hgtfx?sf] :t/;Dd
k'ofO{ e"dLsf lgjf{x lbnfpg] dxf]Tjfk"0f{ p2]Zok|lt ;+j}wflgs sbd rnLPsf] 5 .
;+;f/sf] /fi6x?sf] zlQmzfnL /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGt ;'/Iffk|0ffnL ckgfpb}
ljsf; pGd'v ePsf] 5 . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# zfndf /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ /Iff ul/Psf] xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf; k|0ffnL tyf Jofj:yfkLsf,
sfo{kfnLsf, GofokfnLsf, cfWoflTds o"u ef}tLsjfbo"u ef}tLsjfb, k"hLjfb,
;dfhjfb, ;fDojfb, /fhtGq ;DkGgtf eft[Tj, ;befj ;fdgtf ;}4fGtLs j}rf/Ls
Jofjxf/Ls l;4fGtdf jf dxf]Tjk"0f{ g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fndf
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] gful/s hgtfx?sf]
oyf:yLtLjfb ;|f]tx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGqdf /Iff k|fs[lts ef}uf]nLs cv08 e"k]/Lj]l:6t e"efux?sf] ;|f]tx?
;fwgx?k|lt oyf:yLtL l;df/]vf lsNnf gS;f ef}tLs /rgfTds ;+/If0f Pjd k|jGwsf]
nfuL ;Nnfxf cfZjfzg k|sf;g / ;drf/kq kqLsf If]qjf6 ;xof]u lzIffd'n's
Jofj:yfkLsf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M /fhlgtLs Oltxf;sf] ljsf; klxnf]
;dfj]zL g]kfn k[i7e"ldsf] l;+uf] /fHosf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] gful/s
hg;+Vof Pjd :yfgLo cfjfho"4 /0flgtL ljifoj:t' ;fdfu|Lx? ;Djfb sfo{df cfj4
32
eO{ ;do ;dodf ;+;f]wg ug'{kg]{5, egL ;Dk"0f{ k|ltgLwLx? cu|;/ x'g cfjZos 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M ;+j}wflgs ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGt
k|0ffnL dxf]Tjk"0f{ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf eljiodfg jlgg] ;/sf/ /
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f vf/]h ;+;f]wg k|lt;Djf]wg ePsf] sfg"gL l;4fGt k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5,
/fhlgtL k|ltgLwLTjsf] gful/sn] ;fdflhs cfly{s wfld{s g]tT[ jsf] nflu Joj:yfkLsf
sfo{kfnLsf, GofokfnLsf, k|ltlgwLTj, ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf jf]Ng] n]Vg] ;Dk|I] f0f kqkqLsf
;"rgf ;j} ;fj{ef}d;Qf JolQmTj cleJolQmTj cfTd;dk{0fjfb lgltx? j'bfut
cfwf/e"t k|lt:yfkgf ?kdf sfg"gL ;/x ;dfj]z x'g] g]kfnL gful/s j0f{ juL{o
hftLo jx'eflifs, jx'nLkLj4, jx'wd{nDjL, e]ife'iff k/Dk/f, ;flxTo Oltxf;, lzIff
ljsf; tyf zflGt ;'/Iff ;fy} pGgtL k|ultnfO{ ;Djf]wg ul/Psf]
5.
33
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf /fli6o nLug

dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf]
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] k':ts
clgjfo{ kfngf ug'{kg]{5 .
34
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf

/fli6uo nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg/fhtGq, /fhlgtLs
;+u7gx?sf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] k":ts
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^@ ;fndf

n]lvPsf]
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGqdf x'g]
kf6L{sf] ljifo j:t' ;"rLM
s=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf /fli6uo nLug

dfr{jfb ljBfg/fhtGq, /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] k":ts clgjfo{ kfngf ug'{kg]{5 .
v=
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{M
u=
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j lhGbfjfb /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfbf kf6L{M lhGbfjfb hLGbfjfb hLGbfjfb
3=
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M n] hgcfGbf]ng ;xefULtf cfXjfg
tyf cfj4 u/fpg] 3f]if0ff kq tyf gfdfjnL ul/Psf] xf] s
=
>L % /fhflw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j
r=
/fhlgtLs jf k|hftfGqLs cj:yfM
5=
h=
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ hLGbfjfb

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf n]vLPsf] /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsf] /fhlgtLs /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{Msf] k':ts bf]>f] k|:t't 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ xf]
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j xf]OjS;g' x'g]5 .
em=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# zf;ndf b]lvPsf] /fli6o

nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{M sf] k":ts bf];|f] k|:t't 5 .
`=
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] k|rf/k|;f/ k":ts xf] . kqklqsf,

kf]i6/, em08f, ;Dk|]zg lj1KtL, 3f]if0ffkq ;drf/kqx? cGo /xG5
. gful/s hgtfx?n] j'em\g ;Sg] ls;Ldn] ;/n efiffx?df n]lvP/
dgtg dg:yLtL eLq Wofg /xg / k9\g ;Sg], j'em\g ;Sg], jf]Ng
;Sg], ;fdfGo cy{df ;'rgfsf] ?kdf Psgful/sx?jf6 bf];|f]
gful/sx? ;Dd s"/fx? :ki6 u/fpg] cfTd;y{gg ;xefuLtf bf];|f]
n]vg k":ts elgG5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf wfdL{s tTjwfgx?dfyL ljz]if k|sf/sf]
ljwLx? k|df0fwLg :tDe k|ltnDjg kfnfg u/]sf] 5 .
6=
!=

/fli6uo nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg/fhtGq, /fhlgtLs
;+u7gx?sf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] k":ts
/fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb ljBfg /fhtgq /fhlgtLs

k|ltgLwLTj e"dLsf /fhg]tfx? /fhsfo{stf{x? ;fy}gufl/s
;+u7gx?sf] tdfd hgtfx?k|lt ePsf] ;jfnnfO{ sfod
u/fpg]5 . gful/s j0f{ ju{ hfthftLx? Jx'efifLs
jx'nLkLj4 jx'wd{ e]ife";f ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf;
;fy} zfGtL ;"/Iff ;+u} ;dpGglt k|:t't ePsf] x'g]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gful/s
;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf tyf k|ltgLwLx?n] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] k":ts k|:t't ePs]f xf] . g]kfn /fHosf]
ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf ;dzf]wg /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgLs k|ltgLwLx?sf] e"dLsf
/fhg]tfx? /fhsfo{stf{x? / gful/s ju{hflto hgtfx?sf]
Jofks ?kdf ;xefuLtfdf k|d"v ;dof]hstfdf lgjf{x x'g]
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ sf] e"dLsf If]qx? lj:tf/
;~rfng ;DjlGwL sfg"g lgtLut cfwf/zLntf lgdf{0f of]
k':ts g} d"Vo k|ltj4 ePsf] xf], /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq, gful/s j0f{ ju{ hfthftLx? jx'efifLs
jx'nLkLj4 jx"wd{ e]ife'iff k/Dk/f ;fxLTo Oltxf; lzIff
ljsf; tyf /fhlgtLs cg'zf;g ;Eotf lzn cy{tGq
ef}tLs o"usf] sfo{ ug]{5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf >L % /fhf

lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 n]lvjS;g' ePsf]
3
;fxLto Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; c? gful/s j0f{ ju{

hfthftLx? ofSy'Djfzfx, nLDj", /fO{, du/, u"?, g]jf/,
tfdf, z]kf{, nfdf, yf? lwdfn, ysfnL, bg'jf/, d]r]sf]r],
cfo{blnt /+u e]bhfthftLx? jx'efifLs jx"nLkLj4 jx"wd{
e]ife"iff k/Dk/f ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; ;+u} zfGtL
;"/Iff ;d]tsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGgtf dxf]TjsfR5f k|ltj4
;+jf]wg k|:t't nLvLt k|d"v b]g /rgfTds cleofg k|lts
;Dem]sf] xf] . gful/s hgtfx?sf] olx s'/fx?nfO{ cu|;/tf
lbnfpb} /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf cfj4 x'g] u/L
cfXjfg u/]sf] xf] .
cWoIfM >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf
nLvLt s'/fx?;+u /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] em08f
d'gL/x]/ ;+j}wfgLs sfg"gL /fhlgtLs cg";f;g / rl/qjfg
eP/ ;+u7g?sf] Pstfj4tf clek|of;k|lt cleofg k|f/De
ul/Psf] ;Dj4{ ;do :yfg :t/k|lt k':ts c? k|lts
jfR5gLo lrGxx? k|ltj4 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . gful/s j0f{
ju{ hfthftLx? jx'efifL jx'nLkLj4 jx'wd{ e]if e'iff
k/Dk/f ;fxLTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; pGd"v d"n"ssf] ?kdf
dxf]TjfsfGIff k|lts uxg ;Demg' k5{ .
g]kfn /fHosf] k|fs[lts ef}uf]nLs cv08e"efux?
e"k]/Lj]li6t e"uf]n l;df/]vf+sg lhNnf gS;fsf] /Iff ;fy}
ljefhLt ljsf; If]qx?;+u ;DjGwL gful/s hgtfx?sf]
cfjZostf / ;Dkgtf k"/f u/fpg] 5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL e"dLsf gful/Ls
hgtfx?sf] ;+u7g x"g] / lgjf{rg ug{ kfpg] ;dnUgtf
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M lgdf{0f / cg";f;g ;DjGwL
k|To]s JolQmsf] lxtdf clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] k|ltj4tf
;Demg'kb{5 .
!=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt @)^@ ;fndf /fli6o nLug

dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ofSy"Djf zfxb]j
gful/s efiffnLkL j0f{ ju{ hfthftLx? wd{ e]ife"iff k/Dk/f
5
@=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o

nLug dfr{jfb ljBg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsf /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb gful/s j0f{ juL{o hfthftLox?nfO{
jx"efifLs jx'nLkLj4 jx'wd{ e]ife"iff k/Dk/f ;flxTo
Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; ;ldtLdf x'g' kg]{ c;n cg'zf;g
lgjf{x ePsf] k|ltj4tf k|:t't o; nLvLt /rgfTds
k|ltgLwLTj u|x0f ul/ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] ;DemLg'k5{ .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf ;dzf];g
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|0ffnL
cg'?kdfyL /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M e"dLsf
gful/sx?n] k|ltj4 sfo{ lgdf{0f ;DjGwL cfwf/e"t
;Dkfbg ;':d lgZrLt ljwLx?jf6 n]lvPsf] k':ts,
kqkqLsf, k|];sfo{no, cfjZos sfg"g l;4fGt tyf
/fli6otff/f lgwf{/Lt ePsf] j]nf gufl/shgtfx? jx'sfo{
lzIffjf6 ljs;Lt ;Dej x'g] d"n"s k|i6 ePsf] 5 .
6
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnsf] /fli6o

nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M e"dLsf gful/s hgtfx?jf6 cfgf]
cfgf] If]qx? 7fpFx?b]vL Pjd+ ljzLi6 dfgkbjLaf6
of]ubfg lbP/ ;DdfgLt eO{ g/gf/Ldf clego c;dfgtf
?kdf /fli6o hLjgsf] dfgk4jLaf6 k|:t't ePsf]
p2]ZonfO{ ;dfg'kftLs b[li6sf]0f ldnfP/ cu|;/ lbnfpb}
Nofpg' k5{ eGg] dxf]TjnfO{ nLvLt /fhlgtL l;4fGtb]vL
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ jg]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
#=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/

/fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ljsf;
tyf cu|;/tf k|ltzIf0f sfo{nfO{ ljeLGg If]qx?df
7fpFx?df k|ltgLwLx?nfO{ bfoLTj lbg nufpg] /fli6o
cleofg k|ltgLwL e]nf jf k|ltgLwL;ef klxnf] /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{dfM k|ltgLwL e]nf k|ltgLwL;ef ;DjGwL
hgcfGbf]ng ;docg"s"n @)^@ ;fn ;d;f]wg
@)^*)^( ;fnsf] efu jf klxnf] r/0fsf] ;xefuLtf
;Dd]ng ug]{5 . ;dzf]wg @)^*)^( ;fnsf] efu !
klxnf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs
sfg"gL l;4fGt cfwf/Lt /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{
gful/s hgtfx?df x'g'kg]{ h:tf s'/fx?dfyL k"g/u7g ul/
gful/s e]nf ;fy} /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df cfj4
eP/ Jofks hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd :j?kdf k|ltj4
u/fpg @)^*)^( ;fndf ;do cg"s"n aftfj/0fLo
;xefuLtfdf tdfd gful/s ofSy'Djfzfx nLDj", /fO{, du/,
u"?, g]jf/, tfdf, z]kf{, nfdf, yf? lwdfn, ysfnL,
d]r]sf]r] ;j} hfthftLx? hfg cfXjfg tyf cfo{bnLt /+u
7
e]b hfthftLx? ;d]tsf] e"dLsf /xg] k|ltgLwLTjsf] nfuL

k|ltgLwL e]nf ;j] k|ltgLwL;ef / ;xdtL k|ltgLwL kl/ifb
;xfos, k|ltgLwL;efsf] ;efd"v x'g]ul/Psf] hgcfgbf]ngn]
Nofpg] kl/jt{gsf] kl/0ffdd"ns kl5sf] 3f]if0ffkq tof/
ul/Psf] x'g]5 elg /fli6 nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mof] ;dosf]
;j{dfGo k|:t't dfgLPsf] x'g]5 .
cWoIfM >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j lhGbfjfb
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfbf kf6L{M lhGbfjfb

hLGbfjfb hLGbfjfb
$= g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf /fhlgtL gful/s
hgtfx?sf] ;+u7gx?sf] x'g] ;+j}wfgLs ljsf; ;DjGwL
lgdf{0f x'g] ul/ o; j'4fx? n]vg cWoog ;fy} ;Dkfbg
sIf ;dLIff ljifodf k|df0fLs c+ux? Sfg"gL l;4fGt lxtsf]
d"ne"t cleofg cuf8L a9fpb} n}hfg / Nofpg] k|:t't
/fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb kf6L{ sfo{no ;Dd cfO{k"Ug] s'g}
kqkqLsf /fli6o b}lgs ;Dkfbg ;drf/x? ul/ k9fpg'kg]{
cfjZos k|jGw;+u} s]lGb|o /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M sf]
clwsf/ / ;+/If0f p2]Zo x'g'kg]{ h:tf] hLDjfbf/Lx?
uxgk"j{s /x]sf] 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M gful/s
hgtfx?n] ;zSt ;xefultf jf k|rf/k|;f/ cleofg
u/fpg] ofSy'Djfzfx nLDj", /fO{, /fO{, du/, u'?, g]jf/,
tfdf, z]kf{, nfdf, yf?, lwdfn, ysfnL, d]r]sf]r] cGo
cfo{bnLt /+u e]bhftLx? ;j} j0f{ ju{ efiffnLkL wd{
;fDk|fbfon] @)^( ;fnsf] s'g} klxnf] lbg hgcfGbf]ng
8
b]zJofkL u/fpg] k|ltj4tf hLDdfbf/L nlP/ cfPsf] xf] .

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] cfgf] k|ltgLwLx? / gful/s
hgtfx?nfO{ o; hgcfGbf]ng k|s[ofdf x'g;Sg] ;j}
k|sf/sf] ;fdgfk|lt pGd"vt u/fpb} sfo{ ;~rfng lgdf{0f
;DjGwL GofokfnLsf Jofj:yflksf, sfo{kfnLsf dfyL x'g]
eljio k|lt cu|Ld g]kfnLx? dd{xftnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/]/
Jofkstf lgb]{zg lbPsf] xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M n] hgcfGbf]ng

;xefULtf cfXjfg tyf cfj4 u/fpg]
3f]if0ff kq tyf gfdfjnL ul/Psf] xf]
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M k"g/u7g ul/g]5 / gful/s
hgtfx?nfO x'g] ;+u7gx?sf] clwsf/ ;+u hg cfGbf]ng
;xefuLtf cfXjfg tyf cfj4 u/fpg] 3f]if0ffkq k|sf;Lt
hg cfb]z k|:t't ug]{5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldTL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsf gful/s
hgtfx?;+u} zf;Stf cleofg yfNg]5 . gful/s rf/ j0f{
juL{otf ;+u} hfhftLx? jx"eflifs, jx'nLkLj4, ax'wd{
e]ife'iff k/Dk/fut ;fxLTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; k|lt
cljnDj uf/pg] Pstfj4 cleofgnfO{ /fhsLo ;Tsf/,
;fj{ef}d;Qf clwsf/ jdf]hLd k|of]u x"g]ul/ ;+j}wfgLs
csf] ?kdf ljleGg If]qx? 7fpFx?b]vL ;Nnfxf ;xdlt
cg";f/ s'g} lg:rLt ;DjGwdf of] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{n] ;~rfnLt ePsf] k|ltgLwL e]nf ;efdf k|f/De x'g]5
elg >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6
3f]if0ffkq tof/ ul/jS;L cfd gful/s hgtfx?nfO{
9
;Djf]wg ul/jS;g] k|ltj4tfnfO{ x'g]ul/ nfu" ePsf]

;lDemg]5 .
%=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o

nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhgLlts e'ldsf
k/Dk/fb]lv g]kfnL :jfeLdfg gful/stf k|bfg u/fP/ klxnf]
clwsf/ k|df0f lbPsf] 5 . of] eljiosf] s'/fx? k"g lgdf{0f
x'g] cj;/ ldnfOg]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq e"dLsf ;Djt )^@)^* ;fnkl5 @)^( ;fndf
cufj} zStLzfnL g]kfnL gful/s hgtfx?sf] hg;+Vofsf]
pGgtL ljsf; tyf g]kfn l;df/]vf lsNnf gS;f zfGtL
;'/Iff k|d"v /fli6o hLjgdf x'g] dfgkb\jL ;DdfgLt
ljlzi6 VoftL / of]ubfg b]g 7fgLG5 . g]kfn /fHosf]
ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGqdf g]kfnL gful/stf k|df0fkqnfO{ lbnfP/
gful/s kfl/;s]kl5 g]kfnL e"dLdfyL /fhlgtLssf] ;+Vofdf
gfddfyL clwsf/ xTofP/ zf;s jGg] df}sf dLnfpg]
k|j[l4sf] cGTo cfjZos 5 h"g To;sf] nfuL /fhlgtLs
k|0ffnL jGg' klxnf] cfwf/e"t xltof/ 7fgLG5 / /fhlgtLs
b:tf;+u} k":tf clgjfo{ sfnLg kb{5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs clwsf/
e"dLsf gful/s j0f{ ju{ hfthftLx? jx'efifLs jx'nLkLj4
jx'wd{ e]ife"iff k/Dk/fut ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf;
tyf ofSy"Djfzfx nLDj", /fO{, du/, u'?, g]jf/, tfdf,
z]kf{, nfdf, yf?, lwdfn, dfemL, ysfnL, d]r]sf]r] Pj+d
;|f]ts]Gb|ljGb" ?kdf /fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb kf6L{n]
10
k|ltgLwLx? r"Gg] cj;/ ;+u} cfo{bnLt /+ue]bhftLx? ;|f]t

x'g]5 .
>L % /fhflw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j
^=
g]kfn /Hosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf >L %

/fhflw/fh, g/jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGt tyf
;fdflhs cfly{s wfdL{s cfwf/e"t cj:yfdf oL j}rf/Ls /
j}sNkLt Jofjxf/Ls p2]Zodf nfu' u/fpg ljz]if k|sf/sf]
e"dLsf lgjf{x ul/jS;fpg] k|ltj4tf nLPsf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M JolQmTjfjfb ;IfdzlQm jf
;+u7gfTdsjfb ;IfdzlQm /fhlgtLs lgtLx? lnvLt
cljnDjg x'g cfjZos 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df
;fdfGo efiffdf :ki6 ul/Gbf k|fs[lts ef}uf]lns cv08 e"
efux? ;dtn / e"k]l/j]li6t e"uf]n cj:yLt l;df/]vf
lsNnf gS;f Pj= gful/s j0f{ ju{ hfthftLx? efiffnLkL
wd{ e]if e'iff k/Dkf ;fxLTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; lgdf{0f
tyf ef}lts ;'vzfGtL ;'/Iff ;+u} ;dpGglt dfu{bz{g
nIodf k"ofpg] ;dfxLt lgZrLt ;dosfndf sfo{Tjogtf
;dTjogk|lt k|;:t jf Hofb} gofkl/jt{gzLn ;+/rgfTds
ultljwLsf] d"Nojfg :yfgk|ltgLwLTj /fhtGq ljBfg
s";n ;fj{ef}dzf;g;Qf / lgdf{0fwLg sfod u/]/ b]vfpb5
. gful/s hLjgdf dfgj clwsf/ cfwf/e"t sfo{zLntf
k|df0fk|lt lgb[li6sf]0fsaf6 j}rf/Lstfjfb, j}sNkLt
phf{jfb, ef}ltsjfb / Jofjxfl/sjfb l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]/
;f]lx ultljwLdf k|lt:yfkg ;/n ?kdf lgb]{zg u/fpg
11
rfxfG5 . s'g} JolQmzlQm rl/qdfyL :jfefjLs s'g}

t/Lsfn] cfgf] jzdf sfo{s';ntf ef}lts ljho lg/Gt/
xfl;n sfod u/fO{/fVb5 jf s'g} tl/sfn] v/fj
tTjwfgx?sf] lgtLx?sf] cGTo u/fpg' jfWo x'G5 eg]
b'j}kIf ljkIfdf if8\oGq e"dLsf k|ltgLwLTjzlQm k|bz{g
k|:t't ub{5g\ . b]z /fHo / gful/s hgtfx? ljrsf]
c;dfgtfs]f /]vfnfO{ clt cfjZos k"j{s dxf]Tj dfgLg]
ef}tLs ;+/rgfTds rfxfgfnfO{ of]hgfj4 ;kmn g]t[Tjlzn
sfo{ k|:t't u/fpg ;Sg' xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn]
/fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGt b'j} :t/nfO{ ;+u} :t/nfO{ ;+}
j'l4 zlQm jf snd / t/jf/df k|ltgLwLTjdf Pp6}
s]Gb|ljGb' Pstfj4 cleofg u/]sf] 5 . /fhlgtLs Pp6f
hLljt ef}tLs rn k|0ffnL l;4fGtdf ;kmn k|ltgLwLTj
e"dLsf lgefpb5, h'g hLljt jf lghL{jLt ef}tLs rn
k|0ffnL l;4fGtdf Oltxf;sf] dxf]Tj k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] gLtLx? jf l;4fGt eg]sf]
oxL k|i6 x'G5 sL, b]z /fHo / gful/s ef}tLs /Iff tyf
;dj[l4sfdo u/fpb5 . b]zsf] cfGt/Ls dfd]nf
;DjlGwjfjh"b ;dfwfg / ;fdgf ug]{ tTko{tfdf h:tf];'s}
;dodfyL wfjf jf]Ng] / ;"/Iff lgtLx?sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf]
x'G5, b]z /fHo / gful/sjLrsf] Tolx q[mofsnfk k|lt
lgdf{0f x'g] Oltxf;sf] Pp6f k":tf sfod ub{5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] lgdf{0fwLg ;docjlwsfn
;'?jfbdf cfpg] ;j}s'/fx?k|lt /fhlgtLs k|0ffnLdf s]lGb|t
eP/ clwsf/ / ;Dkgtfsf] vf8n ;Dofpg] lgtLx? g} k|i6
Nofpg] eljiot ;+j}wflgs k|ult x'g\ . g]kfn /fHosf] Pp6f
12
b]z / gful/sjLrsf] c;dfgtf jf ljleGg :yfgx?If]qx?

7fpFx? jftfj/0fLo e"uf]n jf k|s[lt /rgfTds s[ltd
k|oTgdf ;Dej x'g ;Sg]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf]
;dnUgtf jGg] eljiosf] /0flgtL s"6lgtLs ;+3if{ ;ldlt
tyf o"jfb:tfsf] lgdf{0f ;+u} ef}tLs /Iffdf k|of]u x'g]
phf{zlQm g} 7flgg]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M lj?4
cfpg] JolQm jf ;+u7lgs l;4fGtnfO{ cGTo ug]{5 . juL{o
c;dfgtf, kfb/Lju{, s"nLg ju{, k"hLkltju{, dWodju{
lgDgju{ jf ju{lxg hfthftLx? /x]sf] gLtLx?dfly
/fhlgtLs e"dLsf x'g\, kfb/L ju{ cfWofTdLs bz{g o"usf]
cGTotL/ ePsf] wd{ cljnDj lgtLx? ;+s'rLt
ljrf/wf/fdfyL c:ki6 ePsf] sf/0fj+z Tof] lgtLx?sf] Tofu
u/]/ gof wd{ ljrf/dfyL k"g?kn] lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . wd{nfO{
s]Gb|ljGb"zlQmsf] ?kdf dfgj kl/jt{g / ;Eotfsf] r/0fdf
ljsf; x'g;Sg] ;DeJotf hgfPklg Tof] c;Dej g} /x]sf]5
. ;+;f/df dfgjlxt :jfy{tf wd{ lgtLx?df km:6fP/
df]6fpg] / sdhf]/ hf]8Lsf] hLjg syfdf k|df0fLt ePsf]
If0f t 5b}5 . k"?if / dlxnf u/Ljtf eO{/xg]5 . j'l4 wd{
lzIffsf] cfjZosk|lt sf]xL 5g t sf]xL 5b}5}gg\
o;sf/0fM ef}tLs o'usf] k"j{yfngL ;+Wofsfndf kl/jt{g
cfp5 jf cfpb}g .
s'nLg ju{ jf k"hLkltju{M k|fs[lts ;[li6sf] ;dob]vL To;
e"efux?dfyL Psflwsf/ clwg:t ;fd|fHo b]z jf s'g}
>f]t;fwgx?
jf
;+:yfg,
JolQmTjjflbzlQm,
;+u7gfTdszlQm ePsf] k|ltgLwLTjn] ef}tLso"u;+u sfo{
ub{5 . e"ldklt hldGbf/Lx? / s"nLg k"hLklt ju{
13
hftLx?sf] k|e"Tj klg 5 . dWodju{ lgDgju{x?sf] l:ylt

;fdfGo k|ltgLwLTjsf] xsbf/ x'g Jofj;folxtdf cfj4
eP/ u"hf/f ul//x]sf] dhb'/>d k]zfut gLtLx?sf] cf8df
afr]sf] 5g\ . h'g ju{lxg hfthfltx? 5g\ tLgLx?
hLjg:t/sf] s'/fx?dfyL ljrf/fwLg /fVg] xf] eg] t
sfNklgs hLjgsf] ;'?jfb g} x'G5 . d'n'sdf s'g}klg
clwsf/ g} 5b}5}g, hxfF hLpg]] jfWotf ;fw";Gof; ul/jL
clzIff cj:yfdf kLn;LPsf] x'G5 . j}sNkLt s'g} pkfo
/Rg jfWo ePsf] ju{lxg hfthftLx?sf] k|ltgLwLTjdf klg
5'} lgtLx? Nofpg] k|ltj4tfnfO{ cu|;/tf lbnfpg] l;4fGt
nLPsf]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] /fhlgtls /0fgLtL
s'6lgtLs j}rf/Ls l;4fGt ckgfpb} e"dLsfdfyL
k|ltgLwlTj hLDdfbf/L jxg u/fpb} cfpg] gful/s
hgtfx?k|lt k|ltj4tf ;dk{0fjfb lbnfpg]5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{sf JolQm jf ;+u7gx?sf] /fhlgtLs
k|ltgLwLTjdf ;xefuLtf lbnfpb} Nofpg]5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{n] /fhlgtLs cGo bnx?sf] jftf/j/0f v/fj
ePs} sf/0f cGTo ug'{k5{ / /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf]
/fhlgtLs :jtGqtf k|Toe"lt sfod u/fO/fVg]5 .
;fDk|fbfo, juL{o bnx?sf] /fhlgtLs kl/l:yltnfO{
jfWoudg k}bf uof] . gful/s hgtfx?sf] rog ;d]t
u'dfpg kl5 k/]gg\ .
/fhlgtLs jf k|hftfGqLs cj:yfM

14
!c/fhstfjfb lgtLutM eGgfn] cGofo cTofrf/ jf cj}wfgLs

s[ofsnfk cg'zf;g ;j} vfnsf] ljwL
b]lvG5g\ .
@ ljv08gtfjfb lgtLutM j0f{ juL{o hftLo If]qLo n]\uLstf,
efiffnLkLx? lzIff jf /fhlgtLs
s[ofsnfk;+u c;dfgtf ePsf] x'G5 .
If]qx? 7fpFx? e"efux? e"uf]ndfyL
ljv08gtf rfxfG5 .
# ;fDk|fbfojfb lgtLutM j0f{ hftLo efiffnLkLx? juL{o n]\uLs
e]ife"iff /+ue]b hfthftLx? wd{
;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf;sf]
cfwf/dfyL p7\g] cGo lx+:;f
b+ufkm;fb, cdfgjLo tyf b]z /fHo /
gful/s e"uf]n clwsf/ xgg\ ;DjGwL
ljifo j:t"x? kfOG5 .
$ /fhlgtLjfb lgtLM
g]kfn /fHosf] :jfwLgtf / k|fs[lts

ef}uf]nLs agf]6k|lt /Iff ;+u}
;jf]{Rrtf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljwfg /fhtGq / /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{ k"g ;+/rgfTds ljwLx?
cGo ef}tLsjfbsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fk|lt
cfwf/df cljnDj /fVb5 h"g j0f{
hftL efiffnLkLx? juL{o If]qLo
n]\uLs wd{ e]ife'iff k/Dk/f ;flxTo
Oltxf; lzIff ljsf;sf] lgb]{zg
15
u/fpb} Nofpg] 1fg xf], h"g /fhlgtL

elgG5 . ;+j}wfgLs Gofo cGtu{t
hLjLt c+ux?k|lt if8\oGq e"dLsf]
;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f / lg0f{o nLg]
;+u7gLs /fhlgtL k|0ffnLdf x'G5 .
! hftLo /fHo ljv08gtfjfbL tTjwfgx? ;j} vf/]h ug]{ / Pp6f

/fHo k"g ;+/rgfTds e"dLsf] :jfeLdfgtf sfod u/fpg]
p2]Zo nLP/ tdfd hgtfx?nfO{ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf
nfUg ;Djf]wg u/]sf] 5 t/ hftLo efiffnLkLx?sf] /Iff tyf
lzIff ljsf; ug]{5 .
! k|hftGq eGg]efjgf b]vfP/M dgf]dfgL c/fhstf bnx?sf]
tTjwfgx? cS;/jfb ePsf]df hftLo lx:;f b+ukm;fb h:tf]
bfpk]r if8\oGqnfO{ cGTo u/]/ gful/sx? e"dLsf] ;Ddfg
clwsf/ / d]rL dxfsfnL cj:yLtL bfloTj /xG5 .
! bnx?n] /fhlgtL ug{, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] nfuL / ;Ddfghg
sfg"g ;+/rgfTds k|lt efjfgfTds x'g]5 .
! jh]6/fhZj s/M /fi6j}+ssf] jfifL{{s tLg vj{ krQ/ cj{ s"n
rfn' vr{ / nfutvr{ ^,^ dlxgf b'O{k6s u/]/ tLgvj{ krQ/
cj{ jh]6 ;f]xL ;dodf ;/sf/n] sfo{Gjog eg]/ jf
:jfy{k"lt{sf] nfuL lsg]/ /fv]/ ;Dklt hf]8]/ ;j} ;Dklt dfyL
5fgljg u/]/ To;JolQmnfO{ sfg"gL ;hfo / To:tf] ;Dkltx?
16
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL yLtL sfnb]vL /fhlgtL

kl/jt{g /fhtGq ljBfg / k|hftGq bnx?sf] ljBfgx? ;Qf
;fem]bf/L zf;g / ;/sf/ eP/ ef}lts /Iff ;fy} df}nLs
clwsf/k|lt Joj:yf u/] . t/ ef}uf]lns cv08tf agf]6;+u
j0f{ juL{o hft hftLx?sf] cfcfgf] klxrfgsf] sf/0f
efiffnLkLx? k/Dkf/fut ;/sf/ wd{ ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff
ljsf; lgdf{0f k|lt nfUg clenDj eP/ To;sf/0f /fhtGq
/ k|hftGq b'j} /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGtk|lt kl/jt{g
eO/x]sf] klg 5 . k|hftGq ljv08gjfb c/fhstf tTjwfg
ePsf] /fhtGq ;dfKt eof] . olxsf/0f gful/s
hgtfx?k|lt rfxfgf jdf]hLdsf] cy{tGq ljlgod /fxtaf6
aGrLt u/]sf] hg;Qf ;fem]bf/L zf;g ;/sf/n] 7"nf] :jfy{
e/kf]if0fdf vr{ / pkef]u lx:;]bf/L jGof] / /fhlgtLs
cj:yfdfyL hLjLt eP/ :jod gful/s hgtfx?
bf;Tjd"St geP xTof ckx/0f hjh{:tL sf/0f vnn,
ef}tLs clwsf/k|lt hkmt j/vLnfk cg}lts ;+:sf/ xf};nf
Gb hglab|f]x u[xo"4 h:tf] kl/0ffd cf]u6\of] . ;+j}wflgs
Gofo sfg"g / ;+ljwfgk|lt lvnfk uof]] s;}k|lt nufpg] /
gnufpg] e|i6rf/ if8\oGqsf] pGd"ng u/fpb} ;dfKt
kfg{k|lt /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb /fhtGq ljBfgsf] /fhlgtL
Oltxf; l;4fGtsf] cfjZostfk|lt k"gjnf]sg /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{n] uDeL/ eP/ sbd rfnL aS;]sf] xf] .
;fj{hlgs ;Dkltdf /fVg] p2]Zo nLP/ cfPsf] h:t]f dxf]Tj xf]

.
! /fhlgtLs sf/0fjf6 hgljb|f]x u[xo"4df ef}tLs hf]vLd ePsf]
JolQmx?nfO{ jrfpg] /fxt k|ltuDeL/ eP/ nfUg] / u/Ljx?nfO{
jh]6 Joj:yf u/]/ Joj;fodf ;dnUg eO hLpg] cfwf/dfyL
sfo{ ug]{5 jf ePsf] /fxt Joj:yfx?k|lt Go"gtd jf x]/]/ k|bfg
ul/g]5 .
! ;lxb kl/jf/x?nfO{ /fxt jf ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ tyf g]kfn
/fHosf] sfo{dfyL ;DjGwLt ;dnUg u/fpg] p2]Zo nLP/
Oltxf; sfnv08sf] cGTo ul/g]5 .
! g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL ltyL kmfu'g Ps ut]
hgcfGbf]ng lbj; jf kmfu'g & ut]nfO{ /fhtGq / k|hftGq
/fhlgtLs bnx?sf] ;Demgf lbj; dgfpg] Oltxf; /fhlgtLs
l;4fGt k|ltj4 eP/ nfUg jf h"6\g ;Djf]wg u/]/ cfXjfg
ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ cfj4 ul/g]5, /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{Mdf ;j} cfpg / em08f cflb em'sfP/ z"esfdgf cleJolQm
cfbgk|bfg ul/g]5 .
&=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@!@! ut] tTsfn

n]lvPsf] k':ts >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd
zfxb]jaf6 /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb /fhtGq ljBfg Oltxf;
/fhlgtL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ul/aS;]sf] klxnf] xf] . /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb /fhtGq ljBfgsf] /fhlgtLs /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb /fhtGq ljBfgsf] /fhlgtLs /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{ b]vL k|f/De sfn;Dd u/]g k|ltj4tf /
3f]if0ff nLPsf] xf] .
17
*=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@@@ ut]

n]lvPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb /fhtGq ljBfg Oltxf;
/fhlgtL l;4fGt k|ltjfbg >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/
jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 ;Djf]wg tdfd gful/sx?sf] ef}tLs
18
/Iff / df}nLs clwsf/ :jtGqtf k|bfg ug{ sbd rfnL

jS;]sf] xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfgn] /fhtGq g]kfn
Pp6f b]z /fHo tyf /fhwfgL Pj+d ef}uf]lns cv08tf
agf]6 jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g cg"sn
' cfwf/e"t sfod /fVb5
/ g]kfn Pp6f b]z /fHosf] /fhwfgL sf7df08f}+ Pj+d
ef}uf]nLs cv08tf jgf]6 /]vfrLq l;dflsNnf gS;fs+g
tyf ef}tLs /Iff / df}nLs k|jb{g sfod /fVb5 .
g]kfn Pp6f b]z /fHo /fhwfgL sf7df08f} s]Gb|Lo /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfgdf /fhtGq ef}uf]nLs cv08tf
clwsf/ :jtGqtf k|bfg ug{ tyf Oltxf; lzIff /fhlgtL
l;4fGtk|lt cljnDjg x'g] Pstfj4 /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq nLvLt k":ts xf], ;+j}wflgs Gofo sfg"g
lgtLut j'4f cjwf/0ff k"gM lgdf{0f cjnf]sg cWoogk|lt
e"dLsf] lgjf{x ;Iod k|ltj4 x'g /fhlgtL /fhg]tfx?nfO{
k|ltgLwLTj x'gnfO{ cfXjfg tyf cfj4 u/]sf] 5 . /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqaf6 PsLs/0f cleofg
Oltxf; k|fs[lts /fhlgtL ;dsfnLg sfnv08 l;4fGt
k|lta4tf / 3f]if0ff nLPsf] xf] .
g]kfn Pp6f b]z, /fHo Pp6f /fhwflg gf/fo0f lx6L s]Gb|Lo
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6
;j{;Qfjfb ;fzgk|lt ;+j}wflgs /rgf /Iff ul/ jS;g]5
elg /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq u/f}jdo
Oltxf; k|fs[lts /fhlglts l;4fGtk|lt dxf]Tj lzIff
k|0ffnL hLjLt u/fpb5 . >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/
ljqmd zfx dfgk4lt cleef/f ;";lht Joj:yf x'G5 jf
19
/fhf zfxf kl/jf/x? ;b:ok|lt lglxt tyf cleef/fx?

qmlds /x]sf] x'G5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf ;fj{ef}d;Qf jf
zf;g ;+rfngk|lt ;/sf/ lgdf{0fsf] Joj:yf ub{5 . To;df
cfTd;dk{0fjfb eP/ cfd /fhg]tfx? / sfo{stf{x?
;+nUgtf gful/sx? /xG5 . hf] cfgf] hjfkmb]xLk|lt
st{Joaf]B e"dLsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{df lzlIft ;do k|rf/
k|;f/ clenDj /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df cfXjfg
cfj4 x'g ;Djf]wg bfos cleJoQm tyf cfTd cfnf]rgfsf
/ j}rfl/s ;dy{g jgfpg' klxnf] sfo{ st{Jo Joj:yf
elgG5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq eg]sf] ljz]iftfx?
af]s]sf] rf/ j0f{, 5lQ; hfthfltx?nfO{ Pp6f 5q 5fofF
b]lv ;'/lIft gful/sx? ef}ltsjfb /rgf kl/k"lt{ ePsf]
x'g]5 . gful/s j0f{, juL{o hfthftLx? efiffnLkLx?
e]ife'iff e]b wd{ k|fs[lts ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf;
ul/;s]sf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf gful/sx?sf]
ef}ltsjfbx? eg]sf] ?lkofFk|fljlws 1fg ljlgdo tyf
cWofTdLs j}rfl/stf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfnfO{ k"ofpb}
ef}uf]nLs cv08tf jgf]6sf] ;+/rgf / ljsf; lgdf{0f
ul/g]5 . gful/s juL{ohftLo n}ls ljj]w wd{ /fhlgtL
c;dfgtf ;dfhsf] bf;TjjfbnfO{ ;/ntf k"j{s gful/s
hgtfx?df /fxt cy{tGq Joj:yfk|lt uDeL/ sfo{lgb]{zgsf]
;+/rgfTds ljlwsf] cy{ Joj:yf jf snfl;t sf}zn lj1fg
20
;~rfngdf cGo ;xsfo{/tjfbsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f xf];

eGgsf] nfuL /fhlgtLs bnx?k|lt cfjfh p7fpb}
jf]nfpb5 .
k|fljlws ;|f]tx? ;fwg ;+:yfg ;fy cGo Jofj;foLs

lgdf{0f / ljsf; pGd'Vt /x]sf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq df kl/jt{glzn
/fhgLtL Oltxf; l;4fGt klxnf] xf], bnx? ;Dd]nLt
/fhlgts tyf cy{tGq sfo{Gjog tyf ljsf; lgdf{0f
Nofpg lge{/tf sfod /fVg ;Sg' d"n?k x'g'k5{ eGg]
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf x'g] l;4fGt xf]
elgG5 . olx /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df x'g cfpg]
lnlvt cjwf/0ff l;4fGt k':ts klg elgG5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq ;+j}wflgs lgtLx?
jf ;j} /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGt cg'jfb k|ltkfbg ePsf]
xf], h"g k"hLjfb ;dojfb, ;dfhjfb jf juL{o /fhlgtL /
l;4fGt cg'jfb ePsf] ;j} /fhlgtL j}rf/Ls tyf /fhlgtL
l;4fGt ;Dkfbg x'g\ eGg] cWoogaf6 cj sfo{Gjog cy{
ef}tLs l;4fGt ljsf; lgdf{0f k|f/Desfn k|j]z agfpg
;+/rgfTds ;Eotfjf]w eP/ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n]
k"0f{ ;+/rgfTds ;+;f]wg j'4fut ;dfj]zL afpg k|:t't
7fpx?n] ;Djf]wg /fVb5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq ;+j}wfgLs lgtLaf6
x'g] jf cfpg] ;}+4flGts l;4fGt sfo{Gjogdf ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f u5{, hf] /fhlgtL e"dLsf] ;+:yf ;DjGwLt ;xsfl/tf
lgefpb5 / g]kfn Pp6} /fHosf] e"dLdfyL /fhlgtL /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf PsLs/0f cleofg tyf
cw"/f] ;kgf b'j} j}rf/Ls l;4fGt ;+u cg'ofoLjfbsf] ljsf;
lzIff clenDj cleef/f dxf]Tj k|]/0ffbfos ;f;g
21
(=
g]kfn Pp6f b]z, /fHo, /fhwfgL s]lGb|o sf7df08f}

kZrfot PsLs/0f cleofg ;'?jfb qmddf cfw'lgs xft
k|ltof/x? ljb]zjf6 tflnd Pjd :jb]zdf NofO{ ;lx;]gf
z;:q tfnLd k|fKt lbnfO{ ef}lts /Iffsf] ;fdgf >L %
j8f dxf/fhf lw/fh k[YjL gf/o0f zfxb]jjf6 s]Gb|Lo zf;g
;~rfng ul/jS;]sf] xf], /fhtGq Joj:yf cDd/ /xf];
h:tf] cfjfh 3GsLGb} dxf]Tjf l;4fGt ePsf] lyof] .
To;sf/0f /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Oltxf;
/fhlgtL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] xf] h"g gful/sx?
ef}lts /Iff / df}nLs clwsf/ lbnfpg ;sf]; eGg]
dxf]Tjfk"j{s /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Pp6f
/fhlglt Oltxf; l;4fGt ePsf] 7flgG5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn] oxL dxf]Tjfk"j{s
/fhlgtL l;4fGtnfO{ Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; ;DemLg kb{5 .
:jb]z dfd]nf ;DjGwL /Iffy{ ;+u7gdf cfj4 eP/ ;j} /Iff
lgsfonfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg lbnfpg ;sf]; / cu|;/tf
nLOjS;Lof]; eGg] efjgfTds cy{ ePsf] j'em\g'kb{5 .
:jb]z dfd]nfnfO{ cg"s'n jftfj/0fLo ldnfO{ /fvf]; tyf
jfXo ljb]z x:tIf]k / pkgLj]z ;fdfhjfbsf] ;fdgfk|lt
k|ltsf/ u/f]; eGg] dxf]Tj jbL{jfbsf] l;4fGt ePsf] xf] .
;/n dfgj hLjgaf6 gful/s eP/ jfRg kfpg] cfwf/e"t
l;4fGt lgtLjf6 ef}lts /Iff ;Dd hLjLt lbnfO{ /fVb5 .
hf] gful/sx? lge{/ eP/ clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ cfjZos
22
7fGb5, kmn:j?k cfh jt{dfg ef}tLs ljsf; lgdf{0f /

lzIff nDs]g gful/s hgtfx? g} d"Nojfg ;doqmd >d
bfos ;|f]tx? x'g hf] :jod 7fGb5g\ .
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j .
!)=
g]kfn /fHosf] /fli6o nLug dfr{fb ljBfg /fhtGq

/fhlgtL lj:tf/ tdfd gful/sx? :jod cljnDj eP/}
Psn ;"qdf h'6]sf] 5f} . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n]
dxf]Tjf cfwf/e"t e"ldsf] g} cy{tGq ;DkGgtf sfod
jgfpg" xf] . gful/s ef}tLsjfbsf] /Ifs df}nLs
clwsf/df lgxLt x'g rfxfg] cfod ePsf]n] d"Vo cfd
hgtfx?ljr hjfkmb]xL eP/ k|ltgLwLTj gfdsf] lgjf{rg
Jofj:yfkLsf, GofokfnLsf tyf sfo{nfkLsf ;+j}wfgLs
Gofo sfg"g Joj:yfsf] ;'/IfLt k|jw{g u/]/ gful/s
pGgltk|lt /]vfrLq ;[hgf ub{5 . /fli6o nLug dfrjfb
ljBfg /fhtgq k":tssf] cWoog l;4fGt k|ltkfbg jg]sf]
/fli6o nLug dfr{fb ljBfg /fhtGqn] gful/sx?df
Gofo/Iff tyf ef}tLsjfb ljwLsf] ;+j}wflgs c+ux?sf] ?kdf
;Ifd cy{tGq ;[hgf / ljsf; ultnfO{ cufj} lbnfpb}
cfpg] klxnf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
/fhlgtL l;4fGt xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGqsf] dxf]Tjf cfjZos ePsf]n] PsLs/0f cleofgb]vL
nLP/ k|yd ;+;f/ o'4 / bf];|f] ;+;f/o'4 ;fdgfnfO{ /fhlgtL
l;4fGtdf cleef/f nLP/ g]kfn /fHo ;+j}wfgLs k|fs[lts
ef}uf]nLs /Iff pGgtLsf] ljsf; uof] . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsf] /fhlgtL l;4fGtn] bnx?sf]
c;dfgtfsf] n8fO{ tyf ck|fhftfGqLs ljv08gtf
23
c/fhstfjfbx? ljBfg tTjwfgx? ;dfj]znfO{ ;'wfb}{

;dfg u/fpg' xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df cfpg jf
nfUg] j}rf/Ls dtx?sf] Jofks 7fp lnP/ g} k"g{/ u7g ug]{
tof/L eP tTsfn} /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] em08f
kmof{pg] gLtL gf/fx? 3Gsfpg] k|ltj4tf nLP/ ;dodf
pq]sf] xf] . /li6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsf] ;Djfb
;dy{gdfyL u|fdL0f If]q gu/kfnLsf s]Gb|Lo sfo{Gjog
lg/Gt/ gful/ssf] x'g] /fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb kf6L{n] ;j}
sfo{ x'g\ . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn]
k"j{kZrLd / pQ/blIf0fdf k|fs[lts ef}uf]nLs 7fpx?dfly
/x]sf] gful/s hgtfx?sf] Joj;flos dfu{bz{g nLg cy{
lgdf{0f ljsf; u/fpg]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb kf6L{n]
/fhlgtLs cjwf/0ffsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]/dfq nfu]sf]
xf] . hf] cfd gful/s / hgtfx? ;Dd eO/xg' eGg]
rfxfG5' .
g]kfn /fHo ;fgf] vf];f{gL jf/L Pp6f b]z :6]6 xf] /fHo tyf
;g\ !&&( ;fnb]vL !*#! df z'ek|f/Desfnb]vL jt{dfg
@)^* ;fn ;dsfnLg /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg
/fhtGq l;4fGt elgG5 . tdfd x[bob]vL j"em\b5, hf]
g]kfnL gful/s xf] / klxrfg ljz]iftfx? ;lDemG5g\ .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Oltxf; /fhlgtL
l;4fGt jf]s]sf] lnlvtsf] cWoog h'g cd/ algG5 . ;j}
g]kfnLx?sf] cfvfeLq /fVbf gljhfpg] Kof/f] /f]zgL Hjfnf
;"o{tfkdfg zlQm k|jfx g]kfn /fHosf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljbfg /fhtGqn] af]s]sf] Oltxf; /fhlgtL l;4fGt
k|ltkfbgjf6 /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ k"g n]lvof] / >L
24
% j8f dxf/fh lw/fh k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxb]jfaf6

dxf]TjfsfR5f ;kgf cw"/f] hf]ufO{ /Iff k"/f u/fpg' >L %
/fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqm zfxb]jjf6 sbd rfnL
jS;LPsf] xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn]
/fhlgtLs k|Zgdf cfpg] ljz]ifj:t' 1fg n]vg ;Djfb
tfsL{s hgtf jf efif0f z;:q ;+3if{/t e"dLsf] k|tL
k|jfxLt, ;+j}wflgs /Iff Gofo sfg"g ;/x dfgLg] k":tsdf
/fHoclez]if cleef/f tyf ;Qf ;f;gsf] ;/sf/, lgdf{0f
u5{ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn] /fhlgtL
;+j}wflgs ef}tLsjfb ;+/rgfsfn zf;g hf] ;j} s'/fx?
k':ts cWoog lzIffn] b[i6Lut cleJoSt ug{ cEof;
u/fpb}5 jf /x:odo sf/0fkl5 /fhlgtL k|0ffnL 7fGb5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn] olx l;4fGt nfu"
u/fpg' k|ltj4 eP/ cuf8L j8\of} jf nDsf} eGg] gf/fx?
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ b]vL ljhf/f]k0f g} dfxfg xf]
eGg] cfd gful/s x[boaf6 cleJoQm eP/ ;Djb /
;dy{gdf h"6f} /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] jf]s]sf]
/x:odo sf/0f Oltxf;s} klxnf] /fhlgtL l;4fGt j"em\g"k5{
hl6n ;fdfgf / /Iffk|lt af]Ng b[li6ut sbd lg/Gt/
j9fpb} ;kmntf nLg] dxf]Tj p2]Zo xf]
!!=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn n]lvPsf]

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf Oltxf; /fhlgtL
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ul/js;]sf] xf], /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd
zfxb]jjf6 n]lvPsf] k":ts xf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGqdf /fhfzfx ;+:yfg /fhzfxkl/jf/ ;b:ox?
25
cfgf] clez]if cleef/f Joj:yf ;Demg'kb{5 gf/fo0fxL6L

/fhb/jf/ ;jf]{;Qf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ /fhlgtLs
k|ltgLwLTj g]t[Tj lgjf{x ug]{5g\ . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{ agfpg ;Ifd g]t[Tj nLg ljgd| cfu|x ub{5' .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn] >L % /fhf lw/fh
g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j xf]OjS;LG5, /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] em08f, /fhb08, 6f]k|L, cz:q z:q / a:q
tyf dfgkbjL ;DdfgLt ;jf]{;Qfl;g /fHo/f]x0f /fhul4
l;+x;fg zf;g Joj:yf ;Djf]wg ul/aS;g]5 . /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq xf] . /fhlgtLs /fli6o
nLug dfr{Jfb kf6L{ xf] h"g /fhg]tfx? /fhsfo{stf{x?
tyf k|hfx? x'G5g\ .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ /fhg]tfx? /fhsfo{stf{x?
gful/s k|hfx? /fhlgtLs k|ltgLlwTj g]t[Tj nLP/ ;Iod
eP/ h"6\g hfg]5g\ eg] ef}uf]nLs cv08tf agf]6df
e"uf]nsf] cfwf/dfyL cfcfgf] 7fpx?jf6 cfTd;dk{0fjfbL
eP/ Psh"6 eP/ Pp6} z"q cfjfhx?df cfj4 x'g ;Djf]wg
ub{5' . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] /fhlgtLs Joj:yf
;DjGwLt ef}nLs /Iff / :jfeLdfgtf ;Ddfgsf] d"Nojfg
dxf]Tjfk|lt k"gM Pp6} /ysf] b'O{ kf\u|f eP/ cuf8L j9\g
cfXjfg ub{5' . g]kfn /fHosf] ef}tLs /Iff tyf
:jfeLdfgtf ;Ddfgk|lt dxf]Tj sfod /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{df cfpg] cfo gful/s ;dfhsf] cu'jfx?nfO{
/fhlgtL k|ltgLwLTj g]t[Tj rog ug]{ cu|;/ k|fKt ePsf]
7fGb5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] u/]sf] k|rf/ k|;f/
k|ltj4tf / 3f]if0ff k':ts tyf kqklqsf ljlzi6 ;j}
26
gful/sx?n] cfTd ;dk{0fjfb eP/ nfUg / Psh'6g]

cfXjfg Pjd cfj4 x"ghfg cfh cleJoQm ub}{ ;j}
gful/sx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ub{5' . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{
Pp6} gofF Oltxf; /fhlgtL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg cWoog
lzIffj4 x'b} ;f] gful/sx? ;d]6]/ Nofpg] tyf Pp6} z'qdf
h"6\g ;S5g\ eGg] ;}4fGtLs ljjfbk|lt ;dnUgtf cfjZos
k5{ eGg' kb{5 jf 7fGg'k5{ . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df
;j} vfnsf] kl/efiffdfyLsf] ;+;f]wgLs c+ux?sf] ?kdf jf
Gofo sfg"g k|:t"tnfO{ ;+j}wflgs c+ux?sf] ?kdf jf Gofo
sfg"g Joj:yf agfpg / vf/]h ug{ cfjZos k/]dfyL of]
;dzf]wgLo clwsf/jfb :ki6 ePsf] / ;+ljwfgeLq ;lsg]
Joj:yf ePsf] klg 5 . gful/s ljifoj:t' dfyL ljz]if
;do lg0f{o nLg ;fdfgx? jf n]vLt d;f}4f gofF ug]{5 /
cg"s"n jftfj/0fLo kl/:yLtLdf k/fdz{ ub{5 .
!@=
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{

hLGbfjfb
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnaf6 ;+;f]wg
n]lvt /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf /fhlgtLs
k|ltgLwLTj /fheSt b]zeSt /fhg]tfx?/fhsfo{stf{x?
gful/sx? Pstfj4 eP/ nfUg ;Djf]wg u/]sf] 5 . /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df cfd gful/sx?sf] ;xefuLtf :j?k
lgjf{rg Joj:yf lbnfO{ clwsf/ ;DjGwL jf ljsf; lgdf0f
k|f/De jf ;DkGg u/fpg] k|ltj4tf / 3f]if0ff nLPsf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] /fhlgtLs ubf{ JolQmsf]
PsfTds zf;g k4lt l;4fGtdf /fhlgtLs /0flgtL e"dLsf
27
lgjf{x ub{5 . gful/sx?sf] cj:yLtL cj:yf tyf cfjZos

rfxfgk|tL Joj:yf ug]{ p2]Zox? lnP/ ;dfwfg u/fpg]5 .
;8s vfg]kfgL ljB"tcfk"lt{ O{Gwg vgLh kbfy{ j:t'x?
vfw pkof]u lj1fg k|fljwLs lzIff cWoog ;fgf] 7"nf]
pBf]u Joj:yf xl/of] jg g]kfnsf] wg lzIff :j:y :jR5
ef}tLs Jojxf/k|lt k|frLg snf s[lt lzk, ;docg"s"n >d
tyf d'Nojfg bIotf lgdf{0f ug]{ h:tf] k|ltj4tf lnPsf] 5
. /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] /fhlgtLs /+0flgtL s"6gLtL
if8\oGq e"dLsf lg/Gt/ eO{ ug]{5 . ul/jtf, jfWotf
sfnv08 cj:yfdfyL ;dosfn /fxt j}+sLaf6 pknJw
u/fpb} hLjg:t/ psf:g] dfWod lbOg]5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] /fhlgts /0flgtL;+u} s'6gLtL bjfj ;d]t
lbP/ k|efjsf/L cg';f;g g}ltsjfg JoltTj gful/sx?
;Eo ;dfhdf jfRg l;sfpg] cfGt/bfoLTj lng]5
;DdfgdfyL k|efjsf k|xf/ eO/x]/ lj;+utLM b[li6sf]0f k"gM
jbn]/ hftLo cj:yf lgwf{/0f ul/ eljio pHjn agfpg]
k|ltj4tf lnPsf] 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn]
;dfhdfyL k|xf/ ePsf] k|ToIf ck|ToIf j}rfl/s dgtg
ljrf/ b[li6sf]0f l;4fGtx?sf] cfjfh jf]Ng zAb z}nL tyf
n]vg snf k|lteflzn of]Uotf k|lt cljnDj u/fpb} P}R5Ls
JolQmTjjfbsf] ljsf; u/]/ ;dfhLs Joj:yfnfO{ ;'rgfsf/L
To; :yfg ynf] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfbMn] ef}uf]nLs cv08 cfwf/df
ljefhLt eP/ cy{tGq jf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{k|lt ljlgdo
ljgLof]hgtf NofOg] pNn]vLt ?kfGt/0f jh]6x? lgZrLt
u/]/ ;dtn e"efux?, kfxf8 If]qx? xLdfnL If]qx? ljsf;
28
If]qx? cGtu{t x]/km]/ x'g]ul/ cfjZos Joj:yf gful/s

hLjg / ;dfhdf ljsf; ug]{5, /fli6o nLug dfr{jfbMn]
g]kfn /fHosf] k|fs[lts ef}uf]nLs cv08tf jgf]6dfyL
ePsf] rf/}lt/sf] lg/Gt/ ug]{ gful/sx?sf] df}nLs
cj:yfdf x'g] hlt ;fwgx? k|of]ufTds ljgLdo cEof;
cWoogk|lt ;fWo eP/ ;jf]{;Qfj4 zf;gk4lt ;~rfng
u/fpg] k|ltgLwLTjnfO{ cu|;/ u/fpg] / lg0f{o lgb]{zgno
s]Gb|Lo /xg]5 .
!#=
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] rf/j0f{ 5lt;

hfthftLx?jf6 :j:y gf} hjfg gful/s elt{k|lt ;f]r
ljrf/ kl/jt{gzLn vfrf]dfyL Nofpg] j}sNkLt k|;:t 5g\
t/ jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ lgofn]/ x]bf sfo{ultdf k"g/{jfxfnL
ePsf] cg"udgnfO{ hfRbf Pp6f c:tJo:t s7LgfO{x?n]
lk/f]nLPsf] kfO{G5 jf dtjfnL cflbjf;L hftLx?jf6 b]z
/Ifs ;fxL;]gf bhf{x? k|d"v jf k|xl/ k|d'vdf x'g] bIotf
jf]wjf6 rfxg] eO/x]sf]n] Joj:yf ug]{ p2]Zo nLPsf] 5,
h"g dtjfnL cflbjf;L hftLx? cfgf] ;fxL;]gf k|d"v
bhf{x? x'g]5 Joj:yf lg/Gt/ dfgkbjL ljlzi6 cleef/x?
k|fKt ug]{5 / k|xl/ k|d'v bhf{x? lg/Gt/ Joj:yf dfgkbjL
;DdfgLt ljlzi6 k|fKt ug]{5 . cnu ef}tLs ;"Joj:yf
lbnfpg] k|of]hgjf6 Pp6f pRrl;t ;dof]hgtf :jfeLdfg
k|lts lgzfgf k"/f u/fpg]5 . hxfF ;+;f/ el/ g]kfnL /Ifs
;fxL;]gfk|xl/ h:tf ;Ddfg ljhoxf;Ln ug]{5 . csf]{tL/
eg] dtjfnL cfbLjf;L hftLo gful/sx?sf] ;dfhdfyL
cg"zf;gj4 /fhlgtLs /0flgtL s"6lgtL ;" Joj:yf
eO{/xf]; . dtjfnL cfbLjf;L hftLo gful/sx?sf]
29
;dfhsf] /xg;xg jftfj/0fLo cg"d"n cj:yf ;/n

hLjgofkgaf6 ljs;Lt x'g kfpg / dtjfnL cfbLjf;L
hftLox?sf] cy{tGq Joj:yf k|ultzLn ef}ltsjfb r/0fdf
pkef]uLofcg"s"n wd{lzIff ;fxLTo Oltxf; cfWofTdLsjfb
eGbf ljns"n km/s ef}tLs o"usf] cj:yf lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
dtjfnL cfbLjf;L hftLo gful/sx?sf] df6f], xfjfkfgL,
vlgh kbfy{ j:t"x? ;|f]tx? tyf pkef]uLo e"dLx?sf]
:jfdLTj :joddf g} ;+/IfLt lbnfpg ;Sg'klg xf], dtjfnL
cfbLjf;L
hftLo gful/sx/sf] hg;+Vof tYof\s
ljefux?jf6 lnPsf] bf]Jj/ d pGglt / :j:y kl/sNkgf
;"lgZrLt kfg]{ Joj:yf / p2]Zo jg]sf] x'g]5, dtjfnL
cfbLjf;L hftLo gful/sx/sf] /fhlgtL, ;fdflhs, cfly{s,
wfld{s Joj:yf kl/sNkgfeGbf ef}tLsjfb cg'jfbdf rf8f]
pHjn eljiodf kl/0ft ePsf] b]Vg] ;kgf k"/f xf]; .
dtjfnL cfbLjf;L hftLo gful/sx?sf] ;+j}wfgLs c+ux?
eg] Gofosfg"g Joj;yf /fHo ePsf] ;+ljwfg g} :jtGq
;/sf/sf] rogn] JolQm gful/sjLrsf] kl/k"/s dfWod
jg]sf] x'g]5 h;n] GofokfnLsf, Joj:yfkLsf,
sfo{kfnLsf;+u cfjZos clwsf/sf] k|lt:yfkg u/fpg]
lgsfox? eg]sf] 7fgLG5 . h] eg]klg dtjfnL cfbLjf;L
hftLo gful/sx?sf] :jfdLTj e"dLsf] ;xefuLtf Pp6f
s]Gb|Lo zf;g;Qf g} x'g]5\g .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] cfo{hftLo gful/sx/sf]
;jfndfyL ;dfwfgsf] pkfo cGtu{t /fhlgtLs ultjf6
lbnfpg] clwsf/ ;fdfGo lxtdfyL k|Tofe"lt lbnfPsf] efj
/ /Iffsf] Pp6f ;+u7lgo cfo{hftLox?sf] nfuLM ;fxL;]gf
30
k|d'v dfgkbjLjf6 lbOg] Pp6f lx:;f /xG5, t/ s]Gb|Lo

Joj:yfn] cg'df]bg ug]{5, h"g;fxL ;]gf k|d"v dfgkbjLx?
;DdfgLt ljlzi6 cj;/ /xG5, t]:t} k|xl/ k|d"v
dfgkbjLx?jf6 Pp6f lx:;f /xG5 t/ s]Gb|Lo Joj:yfn]
;Djf]wg ub{5 h"g k|xl/ k|d"v dfgkbjLx? ;DdfgLt
ljlzi6 j;/ /xG5, cfo{hftLox?sf] ;dfh gful/sx?sf]
:j:Yo hLjgofkg ;+u ;DjGw /fVg ;sf]; eGg] rfxfG5,
h"g cnu Pp6f cfo{hftLox? gful/sx? cy{tGq Joj:yf
>f]tx? ;fwgx? pkof]uLo x"g\ . k|fs[lts wd{ ;flxTo lzIff
ljsf;sf] cWoogzLnultn] eljiodf pGgltk|ult hLjg
z}nLdf kl/jt{g u/f]; . ;fdfhLs /fhlgtL cfly{s wfld{s
hLjgdf ef]ufO;+u k"/s ultzLnt nLof]; .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] bnLt hftLo gful/sx?sf]
cfjZostf pGh]sf] cy{ lgsfo ;+u7Lt /fhlgtL ;dfhsf]
cfly{s, wfld{s cg"jGbLt Joj:yfk|lt cljnDj u/fpg]
p2]Zo /x]sf]5 . bnLt hftLo gful/sx?k|lt ef}tLsjfbsf]
l;4fGtk|yf /Iff df}nLs lzIff:j:Yo cWoogjf6 ljsf;
lgdf{0f jf ;fxL;]gf k|d"v dfgkbjLaf6 lbOg] Joj:yf eP/
/ cj;/ k|fKt 5 eg] k|xl/ k|d"v dfgkbjL lbOg] Joj:yf
s]Gb|Lo Joj:yfjf6 x'G5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] dw]z hftLo gful/sx?nfO{
cfk|fjf;L ;dfhsf] /+ue]b ;"rLdfyL lgwf{/0f jf/]df uDeL/
eP/ ;f]Rg"kg]{ cj:yf ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;"/Iff Joj:yf
clto"lQmeGbf km/s vfn 5}g eGg ;lsg] ul/ s]Gb|Lo
Joj:yfjf6 cg'df]bg ul/ Pp6f lx:;f eg] df6f] / ljsf;
lgdf{0fdf ufeLg]5, h"g dw]z hftLo gful/sx?sf] /+ue]
h:tf] s7Lg j}rf/Lstfjfb b[li6sf]0fsf] k]m/f] kfO{G5
To;sf/0f kl5Nnf] /fhlgtLs /x:odo sf/0fk|lt cfpg]
31
;dod} ;dfwfgx? hl6n ?kdf jgfpg] ;f]r ljrf/ /

;+/rgfTds efjn] pTk|]/Lt 5}g eGg ;sLg .
!$=
g]kfnsf] /fhlgtLs @)$& ;fnb]vL /fhlgtLs bnx?sf]

sdLsdhf]/L sf/0fx? /x:odo ljj/0f;"rLs|Lt ;du|xdf
tyf @)^@ zfnsf] ck|hftfGqLs dgf]dfgL c/fhstf
bnx?sf] b]z3flt 36gf cGTo x'g}k5{ eGg] cfjfhx?n]
b]zJofkL?kdf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq xf]
eg] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ /fhlgtLs ;+u7g
xf]
gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/eLq /fhul4df eg] if8\oGq bfpk]r
hfn;fIfLsf] rnv]n gsfjwf/L d"sG" 8f]wf/Lx?sf] Ps
sfnv08 Oltxf; cGTo uof] .
g]kfn /fHosf] lgdf{0f >L % j8f dxf/fhflw/fh k[YjL
gf/fo0f zfxb]jaf6 /fhtGq ljBfg hLjLt agfpg
zfx/fhkl/jf/ ;b:ox?n] nLg ;s]gg\ t/ klg zfxfz
nLP/ >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq b]vL /fhlgtLs
Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ hLjLt ul/jS;g] p2]Zo nLOjS;]sf] xf]
.
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn] g]kfn Pp6f b]z
/fHo ePsf] /fhwfgL s]Gb|Lo gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/df
/fHoclez]if cleef/f >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/
ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 /fHo/f]x0f /fhul4l;g l;+x;fg ;jf]{;Qf
zf;g Joj:yf zfx/fhfkl/jf/ ;b:ox? cfgf] k|f/Desfn
32
rfnLjS;LPsf] xf] . g]kfn Pp6f b]z / /fHo xf], s]Gb|Lo

/fhwfgL d"6" elgG5 eg] k"j{kZrLd tyf pQ/blIf0f
;Ldf/]vf+sg lsNnf gS;f /]vfrLq ePsf] cj:yLt k|fs[lts
ef}uf]nLs e"kl/j]i7Lt cv08tf jgf]6 ePsf] df]6fe"efux?
xfjfkfgL hLjLt k|f0fLx? xl/of] jg glb gfnfx?, vlgh
kbfy{ j:t'x? ;|f]tx? tyf vfwtTjx? pkef]uLo ef}tLs
;+/rgf ;'/lIft sfod ul/jS;g' klg dxf]Tj 7flgG5
o;sf/0f >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd
zfxb]jjf6 n]lvP0 /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn]
:jfeLdfgtf cleJoQm /Iff tyf kf/u/L b]jgfu/Ls
efiffnLkL e]ife"iffj'4 wd{sf] cg'jfb ul/Psf] lxGb" wd{,
;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; lbuf] ;kgf k"/f sfod
ul/jS;g rfx]sf] x'G5 . zfx/fhfkl/jf/ ;b:ox/sf] cfgf]
:jfeLdfg dfg kbjL ;DdfgLtljlzi6 dxf]TjfnfO{
cyf:yLtLjfb Oltxf;df cWoog u/fpb} n}hfg" xf] .
caM t;y{, olxF /x:odo sf/0fkl5 lg/Gt/ /fl6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq klxnf] xf] jf /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf cfj4 x'g tdfd gful/sx?nfO{ cfXjfg
tyf k|ltj4tf / 3f]if0ff ul/jS;]sf] x" . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf gfu/Lsx?sf] ef}nls hLpHofg tyf
;Dklt /Iff ;DjlGw JolQmTjjfb g}lts cg"zf;g k|Tofe"lt
lbnfpb} /fhlgtLs k|ult cljnDj sfod u/fpg]5 .
gful/sx?n] j}wfgLs ;LdfIf]qeLq s"g} sfd k|f/De jf
;Dkfbg ;+/rgfk|lt cjnDjg u/fpg] k|ltj4tf nLO /fVg
;Sg"kb{5 . g]kfn /fHosf] df6f]dfyL pleP/ g]kfnL
gful/sx?n] :jfefjLs /fhlgtLs cg"zf;gsf] kf7 l;s]/
33
cy{tGq ;|f]tx?sf] pTkfbg / ljgLdo j:t"x?df kl/0ft ug{

rfx] jdf]hLdsf] pGglt dfu{bz{g xf;Ln k|fKt ul/OjS;Gg
xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf Joj:yf x'g cfpg]
cy{tGq;+u ;DjlGwt ljsf; lgdf{0fk|lt sfo{lg/Gt/
lbnfpb} :jod gful/s JolQmTjjfb ;dfhsf] lgwf{/0f
ul/jS;g"kb{5 eGg] xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn]
eljiodf pk|hftfGqLs c/fhstf hftLo ljv08gtfjfb
l;4fGtnfO{ ljwLx? k"j{s ;dfKt ub}{ Pstfj4 z"qdf
gful/sx? nfUg h"6\g tyf ;dy{g jgfpg] k|ltj4tf
nLPsf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn] p2]Zo / dxf]Tj
k|d"v e"dLsf] g]kfn /fHo Pp6f :6]6 ePsf] b]z xf], s]Gb|Lo
/fhwfgL d"6' gf/fo0fxL6L /fhb/jf/jf6 /fHoclez]if
cleef/f Pjd /fHo/f]x0f >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/
ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 l;+x;fg tyf ;jf]{;Qf zf;gJoj:yf jf
k|fs[lts ef}uf]nLs e"kl/j]i7Lt cv08tf jgf]6 e"efux?
Dff6f], xfjf, kfgL hLjLt k|f0fLx? xl/of] jg glbgfnfx?,
vlgh kbfy{ j:t"x?, vfwtTjx? ;fy} ;|f]tx? ;fwgx?sf]
pkof]uLtf cj:yLtL l;df /]vf+sg sLNnf gS;f /]vfrLq
;"/IfLt zfGtLk|utL eP/ gful/sx?n] cfgf] lzIffsf]
cfwf/df nLP/ ;Iod bIotf ;docg"sn jftfj/0fLo
cj:yfk|lt >d s|ozlQm cy{tGq ;|f]tx? h"6fP/ ;fwgx?
pkef]uLotf ljsf; lgdf{0f u/]/ ;DkGg d'n's jgfpg
dxf]Tj 7fgLG5 . of] s'/fx? k"/f u/fpg /fhg]tfx?
sfo{stf{x? gful/sx?sf] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf Jofks :j?kaf6
ljleGg k|ltgLwLTjdf ;dnUg ePsf] If]qx?b]vL ;DjlGwt
34
:yfgx?df Pstfj4 cfjfhx?;+u} ;du|xdf Joj:yLt

x"g"kb{5, /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M x'gcfjZos ePsf]df
:jod /fhg]tfx? sfo{stf{x? gful/sx? ;dnUg eP/
;dzf];g u/]/ ljleGg ljsf; If]qx? cGtu{t ;dfhsf]
;+/rgfnfO{ ;/n ;"ljwfhg k"/f u/fpg ;Sg" d"Vo p2]Zo
xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb kf6L{df cfpg'xf]; e]nf x'g'xf];
/ Psh"6 eP/ gful/sx? Pp6} 5q5fofFdf xfdL cj:yLt
x"g ;sf} xfd|f] cfjZos rfxfgf cy{tGq ef}tLsjfb
lgtLut l;4fGt nLof}M /fli6o cleofg Pstfj4 z'qdf
h'6f}, h:tf dxf]Tj / p2]ZonfO{ k"/fu/fpg ;Iod xf} .
gful/sx?sf] lbuf] eljio lgdf{0f u/f}, k"vf{n] jnLbfg lbP/
jg]sf] b]z/fHosf] /Iffy{ xf] . olx dfxfg Tofu / alnbfgsf]
:jfeLdfgn] :jfut u/f}
/fli6o nLug dfrjfb kf6L{Mn] cfjZos /fhlgtLs Joj:yf
ePjdf]hLd hGd ;+u|x u/fpg k|ltj4 eP/ gful/sx?
;Iod ;Nnfxf ;"emfj lbP/ xfdL cfTdf;fy k|ltgLlwTjsf]
g]t[Tj u/fpg nfUg] 5f} . xfd|f] Pp6} p2]Zo jf nIo /
dxf]Tj ePsf] sf/0fx?k|lt d"Nofjfg ;do lbg]5f} To;sf]
jbnfdf cfgf] kl/jt{gzLnutL eg] xfd|f] cfjZo
rfxfg;+u ;dnUg aGb} b]zsf] :jfledfg k|fKtL k|lt h"6f}
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] JolQmut jf ef}tLs gful/s
eP/ ;dfhk|lt Pp6f b]zsf] xLtdf sfo{cGtu{t ;j}vfnsf]
pGglt k|utL u/fpg] p2]Zo nLPsf] xf] . /fhlgtLs
hLjgdf kl/jt{g cfpg] oxL dfxfgk|lt pGdvt eP/
nDsg] 5f} eGg] ;Gb]z / pkb]z lbP/ jf nLP/ ePklg
35
xfd|f] :jfeLdfgtfnfO{ hf]ufpg ;sf} .

/fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf rf]8 lg/Gt/tf / ;+qmLotf eP/ cfcfgf]
7fpFx?dfly k|ltgLwLTj lbnfpg cfjZos Joj;yfk|fKt
u/fpb} eljiok|lt cfXjfg u/fpg] pP6f kl/sNkgf jgf]; .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq xf], Oltxf; /fhlgtL
l;4fGt xf], /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M /fhlgtLs
k|ltgLwLTj clwsf/k|lt g]t[Tj u5{ . ;/nM efiffdf eGg] xf]
eg], /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBdfg /fhtGq xf], g]kfn
/fHosf] k|fs[lts df6f] xfjfkfgL vlgh kbfy{:tx? xl/of]jg
glbgfnfx? ;u/dfyfl;v/x? ePsf] :jfeLdfg ;Ldf
/]vf+sg lsNnf gS;f ;"/lIft tyf >L % /fhf lw/fh
g/jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/
/fHoclez]if cleef/f ;jf]{Rr ;f;g Joj;yf
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M gful/sx?n] clwsf/ /Iff tyf
ef}tLs ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ k"/f u/fpg] ;+/rgfTds xf] . zfx
b]jgfu/Ls efiffnLkL e]ife"iff eO{ wd{ lxGb", ;flxTo Oltxf;
lzIff ljsf; Pjd zfGtL ;"/Iff / pGgtLk|ult lbnfpg
/fhlgtLs elgG5 t/ ;fdflhs, cfyL{s, wfld{s l;4fGt
j}1fgLs ?kfGt/0f ultdf kl/jt{g u/Lg]5 . /fhlgtLs
/0flgtLs s"6lgtLs if8\oGq sf/0f /x:odo e"dL
cl:tTjdfyL zf;g Joj:yf ub{5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{Mn] Jofks ?kdf e"dLsf lj:tf/ u/]/ ljsf; lgdf{0f
tyf kTof/Lnf] sfo{ ub{5, /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn]
;sf/fTds /fhlgtLs l;4fGtnfO{ lj:tf/ u/]/ gsf/fTds
/fhlgtLs l;4fGtnfO{ TofUg nufpg] p2]Zo lnP/ j}wflgs
l;4fGt ;j} j}rf/Ls n]lv tTjwfgx? jf ljBfgx?sf]
36
u'7jGbLx? ;+u7gsf] kf6L{x?nfO{ cGTo u/fpg] kxn u/fpb}

hflgG5 . JolQmTjjfbsf] ljsf; cGtu{t ;Iod hLjgz}nL
cg'zf;g g}tLstfjfbsf] lgwf{/0f u/fpb} JolQm
JolQmx?jLrsf] ;DjGw ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf zf;g zfGtL
;"/Iff k|Toe"lt lbnfpg] ;flx ;]gf d"Vofno tyf
k|xl/k|wfgsfo{no ;DjGwLt Pp6f zlQm k|of]hgnfO{
;+rfng x'g jfWo x'G5, sLgsL g]kfn /fHosf] k|fs[lts
ef}uf]nLs e"kl/j]i7Lt cv08tf agf]6 tyf df6f] xfjfkfgL
xl/of]jg vlghkbfy{j:t"x? vfwtTj Pj+d /fli6o zfx/fhf
b]jgful/s efiffnLkL ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff tyf hftLo
efiffnLkL cWoog nDsGg cljnDj ub{5 .
!%= g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf

n]vLPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsf]
/fhlgtLs /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] k':ts
bf]>f] k|:t't 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ xf]
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j
xf]OjS;g' x'g]5 .
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/axfb'/ zfxb]j lhGbfjfb lhGbfjfb
xfd|f] /fhf xfd|f] b]z k|f0f eGbf Kof/f] 5
xfd|f] efiff xfd|f] e]if k|f0f eGbf Kof/f] 5
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ lhGbfjfb lhGbfjfb
/fli6o Pstf cleofg xfd|f] cfjfhx? :jfeLdfgL agfpm
agfpm
37

ck|hftfGqLs c/fhstf hftLo ljv08gtf tTjwfg
ljwfgx? Vf/]h u/f} vf/]h u/f}
b]z 6'qmfpg /fhlgtLs bnx?nfO sfjf{xL ug]{5f} sfjf{xL
ug]{5f}
/fi6 3ftL /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] cGTo ug]{5f} cGTo
ug]{5f}
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ Pstfsf] k|ltsdf h"6f}, h"6f},
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ /fli6o cleofg Pstf
zfGtL ;"/Iffsf] k|]/0ff jgfpm agfpm
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j hLGbfjfb
rL/f{o" /xg' /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ sf] dfxfg
gf/fx? cfjfhx? ceLJoQmLx? ;fy} cfdh"n';, cfd
cfGbf]ng tdfd gful/sx? Pstf z'qdf h'6f} rfx]sf]
v08df hGd, ;+u|x lgjf{rg Joj:yf gfu/Lsx?jLr
hg;dy{gx? cfTd;fy h'6fpb} cuf8L a9f} egL tdfd
d]/f] /fhg]tfx? ;fy} sfo{stf{x? Ps9LSsf eP/
gful/sx?nfO{ hg;dy{g cfTdf;fy lng eGg] ;Djf]wg
ul/jS;]sf] x'F /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ df
gful/sx?sf] k|efjzLn g]t[Tj cfjZos x'g] ePsf] /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] d"No r'sfpg] df}sf klg lbnfPsf] xf]
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb /fhtGq ljBfg xf] Oltxf;
/fhlgtL hLjLt lbnfpg] 5f} /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
38
kf6L{df j}rf/Ls l;4fGtn] dgtgljrf/ b[li6sf]0f / ;/n

efiff zAb jf]ln cfbfg k|bfg cfjfhx?df cfTdf;fyL eP/
guf/Lsx? Ps ag]/ nDs"g /fhlgtLs efjgf dfq
;+u7gLo ;dfwfg pkfox? dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s ;qmLotf
lg/Gt/ ;kmntfsf] k|lts x'g]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{ ;+u7gLs ;dfhsf] pkfox? n]lvt jf k|of]ufTds
z}nLj4 cEof;;+u lg/Gt/ n8L/xG5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] /fhlgtLs Joj:yf k|f/Desfnb]vL n]lvt
jf k|of]ufTds z}nLdf gful/s ;+u7gLs ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ub}{
d"Nojfg ;do cj:yfk|lt k|ltgLwLTj rog u/fpg klxnf]
l;4fGt xf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M df jgLg] ;j}
if8\oGq cuLsf/s :j?kdfyL /fhlgtLs e"dLsf /0flgtL
tyf s"6lglts ;+3if{ ;dLlt jf o"jf b:tfx?sf] k|efjzLn
g} tTj jxg ub}{ x/]sIf0f Tofu / alnbfg r'sfpg c;n
kf7 l;s'g\ . gful/s :jtGq eg]sf] ck|hftfGqLs
c/fhstf hftLo ljv08gtf lgtL xf]Og, b]z3ftL
tTjwfgx?;+u} ljBfgx? b]z 6'qmfpg] efjgf xf] o:tf]
dgf]dfgL :jtGq aGg ;Sb}g, To;sf/0f xfdL g]kfn
/fHoe"dLsf] :jfeLdfgL gful/skSs} aGg]5}gf} . / xfd|f]
cl:tTj / JolQTjjfbn] kl/jt{g xf]Og, cGwfsf/o"usf]
sNkgf u/fp5 . cfWofTdLs o"usf] Tof] jgh+un j;f]jf;
tyf k"/fTjjfb ?l8jfbL cGwljZjf; j0f{dfnf efiffnLkL
cWoog g} rfxfg] xf] . h"g g]kfn df6f] / gful/s hLjg;+u
lgs6td ;DaGw /fVb5 . ;"v zfGtL ;"/Iff Pp6f e"uf]n
jGg /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] h;/L cleofg k|f/De
ub}{ a8g / ;kmntf xf;Ln ug{;Sg] eljio g} x] . /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ ag"g / ;kmntf gful/sx?sf]
39
pGgltk|ultzLn dfu{zb{g;+u} nDsg ;s"g eGg]

cleJolQmnfO{ ;Djf]wg ub{5' .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ kxLn] t Pp6f ;Iod
JolQmTjjfb lgtL j'4fut nLg] /fhlgtLs xf] /fhg]tfx?
sfo{stf{x? /fhb"tx? eP/ ljlegk|sf/sf] ultljwLx?nfO{
Ps7fpFdf h'6fpg ;Sg] cfbfd zfxfz ePsf] sfo{stf{
?kdf k|:t"t x'g] k|ltgLwLTj stf{ x'g] 5g\ eg] o;sf]
;xkf7L gful/sx? s';n Joj:yfnfO{ rfxfg] x'g]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ aGg] Pp6f p2]Zo / dxf]Tjdf
jfNg' ePsf] tdfd j'l4hLjL ju{x? ljzLi6 dfgkbjL
;DdfgLt cf]bfdf jfxfn ePsf] / lzIff :j:Yo
lj1fgk|ljwLs k|lti7fg JolQmTj gful/sx?k|lt cu|Ld
clejfbg lbnfpg]5 / ljleGg Joj;fox? ;dnUg ;j}
;|f]tx? ;+u7g ;+3 Jofj;foLs ;dfhsf] k|lti7Lt JolQmTj
gful/sx? /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M cfTdf;dk{0f;fy
cuf8L nDsg] c7f]6 nLP/ cfPsf] xf] hg;d'bfo ;dnUgtf
lj:tf/sf] ljhf/f]k0f cfdkl/jt{g o"uk|lt pGd"vt x'g
cfXjfg ub{5' . olx hgjuL{o ;d'bfo ;dfhsf] k"/s k|lt
g]t[Tj ug]{5 eGg] Pp6f o"ufGt/ hGdsf] /fhlgtLs ynf]
aGg ;s]sf] lj:tf/ Pj+d ;Totf hg;r]t cleJolQm
k|i6jfb{ 5' .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf cfpg'; nfUg'; h'6\g';
tkfOx?nfO{ 9f]sf vf]nLlbPsf] /fhlgtLs cu|;/tf
;Ddfg lxtdfyL jf]Nb5 . tkfO{ gful/sx?sf] ljljw
;d:ofx? tof/L ;dfwfgx?k|lt Psh"6 eP/ ;Nnfxf
;"emfjsf] Pp6f lnvLt k|ltj]bg kl/of]hgf x'g;Snf <
40
o;sf/0f d oxfF pk:yLtLdf kfNg x'g] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;j}

gful/sx?k|lt xfbL{s s[t1f clejfbg ;'lDkG5' .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M ;/n / dxf]Tj jf]s]/ gfu/Ls
hLjg;+usf] gof kl/jtt{g cfodk|lt ykk'li6 ug]5
{ g of]
sfd / s"/f Tolt ;hLnf] gxf]nf << t/ cjZo xfdLnfO{
yfxf ePsf] / /fhlgtLssf] 9f]sf vf]nLlbPsf]df s]xL
ug{;Sg] v]bx?k|lt ;fRr} jlnbfgn] lt/]sf] d"Nojfg
dfGotfk|lt cfef; xf]nf eGg] l;4fGt h:tf] csf]{
Oltxf;sf] ;kgf j}1fgLs /fhlgtLs lzIffdf kl/0ft eP/
hLjLt gful/sx?k|lt cfwf/ /]vfrLq lbuf] x'g5
] , To;sf/0f
d d]/f] k|Lo cg'pk:yLtL hgcfGbf]ng / ;efbo
cleJolQmTj efif0f gf/fh'n';x? cg]s k|lqmof ;dfNg'
ePsf] Py]:6 ju{x?k|lt ;Ddfghgs zfxf;L ufyfsf]
;Djf]wg ub}{, cGsf8 cWof/f], sfxfnL nfUbf] kfxf8
lxdlzv/ Jo:ttf 5f]8]/ b'Mv kL8 ysfO cfbL cf]/fNb}
cfpg' ePsf]df b'MvL 5' .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] c;n s'/fx?k|lt sfo{
;sf/fTds gLltut dt nLP/ wlg / u/LjjLrsf]
vfN6f]nfO{ k"/f u/fpg ;dy{ qmdzlQm, ;Iod bIotf
k|of]hg cy{tGq gfu/Ls ju{x? :jod ;|f]t eGg]
pGd"QmLnfO{ enf] u/fpg ;Sg' xf] . k|fs[lts e"uf]n
ef}uf]nLs tyf e"k]l/j]i7Lt cv08tf e"efux? ;dtn df6f],
xfjf, kfgL, xl/of] jg, vlghkbfy{ j:t"x? glbgfnfx? tyf
vfB tTjx? h:tf lj1fgk|fjLwLs pkfox?nfO{ j}1fgLs
o"udf k|j]z u/fpb} Nofpg] /fli6o efiffnLkL h:tf] e"ldsf
lgefpg]5 . ljleGg l;df/]vf, lsNnf, gS;f cfwf/Lt
41
7fpFx? If]qx/ gu/x? tyf oL hLNnfx?, c~rnx? Pp6f

/fHo b]z g]kfn eGg] klxrfgk|lt /fhlgtLs ub{5 .
gful/sx?sf] jfWotf clgjfo{ hLpg kfpg] df}nLs
clwsf/dfq geP/ Jojl:yt hLjgz}nLdf kl/0ft u/fpg
xf] h'g lx:;f ?kLofdf ah]6n] sfo{;Djfbg ;|f]t;fwgx/
;d]6\b5 . To;sf/0f /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf
/fhlgtLs c;n / :jfefj cfjZos 5 . olx P]ltxfl;s
/fhlgtLs l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;fy lnP/ cuf8L a9\g
;Lsfpg]5 egL cfWofTdLs o"u Pp6f k|f/DeLssfn elgG5
eg] cfw"lgs j}1fgLs ef}lts o"u ;Dkfbg jf ;dfh o"usf]
cGTo dflgG5 . h'g hLjg / vfrf] ;+u cy{ / ;fWo x'g]5 .
hftLo efiffnLkLx?, /Lltl/jfh, ;+:sf/, e]ife"iff /ue]b
wd{lg/k]If ;flxTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; ;dnUgtf /fVb5 .
hftLo ;befj, eft[Tjjfb ;dfhsf] ceL c+u h:t}
;DjGwLt 5 . olx dfxfg sfo{ ;kmntf nLg s7f]/ ;+3if{df
n8\g ;Sg'k5{ . h] hlt dfgjLo kl/jt{g eP ;j}
dfgjxLt s} nfuL dfgLG5 . olxsf/0f /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] eljio Nofpg] kl/jt{g g} olx 7fgLG5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M ;fDk|fbfo gLtLut j}rf/Lstf
cg';f/ /fhlgtLs GofoLs cg'zf;g Joj;yf k|lt:yfkgf
u/fpg]5 . hftLo :ynx? :yfgLo ;|f]tx? pkef]uLtf
cy{tGq xf]; . dt Jofj:yfkLsf lgjf{rg xf]8jfhLsf] qmd
rqmdfyL Psn] k|ltgLwLTj rog u/f]; jf sfo{Gjog
dfu{bz{g pknJwL k|fKt ug{ ;s'g . sfo{:t/tf eg]
sfo{kfnLsf ;fj{hgLs lxtdf sfo{ ub{5, h"g ;/sf/ /
;+ljwfg c;n jgf]; jf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb /fhtGq
ljBfgn] /fhlgtLs cfwf/e"t z}nLdf /fli6o nLug
42
dfr{jfb kf6L{n] k"0f{tf jf lgdf{0f ub{5 . /fli6o nLug

dfr{jfb kf6L{n] bnx?sf] cg]s u'7jGbLx?k|lt gsf/fTds
sfo{x? jf utLljwLsf] vf/]hL jf cGTo ug]{5 . /fhlgtLs
sf/0faf6 lj:yfkLt ePsf] jf cGofo cTorf/ -zf]ifLt
pTkL8Lt ;j{xf/f ju{x?k|lt ;dfhsf] oxL bdg/lxt v/fj
c\s"znfO{ 5Lrf]n]/ kf/ nufpg] ;fwgx? jf dfWodx?
/fhlgtL xf] bnx?sf] /fhlgtLs c/fhstf g}ck|hftfGqLs
g]t[Tj/ JolQmTj cj:yfsf] d"nsf/0f ePsf] kfOG5 .
bnx/sf] ljBfgx? lgdf{0f tTjwfgx?sf] dgf]dfgL j'4fut
cjwf/0ff pNn]vLt ;dfj]znfO{ NofP/ cfk"m v'zL
/fhlgtLs hdfpg] k|j[l4 tyf gfu/Lsx?n] lbPsf] /sd
kf6L{ sfo{non] / ljleGg k|rf/jfhL tgfj lgDtfPsf]
;dsfnLg ;fy} /fhlgtls rl/q gufP/ cfgf] ;jf]{Rr
b]vfpg] kmf];|f] cf]sfnftL/ cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . gful/s
hgtfx?nfO{ ;efsfo{df s'/fx?n] kmf];|f] cleJoQm lbP/
cfgf] ;dy{gdf xfpefpm Nofpg] cfvfdf 5f/f] nufP/
:jfy{ k"/fu/L s]xL d"7\7Le/sf] /jfkm lbPsf] 5 .
cGt/fli6o ljBfgx? To;df /x]sf] cldNbf tTjwfgx?sf]
j'4fut n]lvt ;dfj]z jf juL{o c;dfgtf vf8nnfO{
kmf];|f] hTyf h:tf] b]vfP/ ;dfhsf] Psk\tLnfO{ pkxf; jf
abgfdL ;[hgf u/fP/ ck|hftfGqLs cGTo u/fPsf] 5 .
k"hLjfb bnx? tyf ;dfhjfb kf6L{M ;fy} ;fDojfb
tTjwfgx?sf] l;4fGt /fhlgtLs sf/sjf6 b]vf;]vL
kx"rdfyL ;qmLo cljnDj x'G5 .
!^=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# zf;ndf

b]lvPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
43
/fhlgtLs /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M sf] k":ts

bf];|f] k|:t't 5 .
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 g]kfn
/fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn tTsfnLg
/fhlgtLs kl/jt{g Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ lbuf] efljio
ljsf; lgdf0f{ ul/jS;g' x'g]5 egL n]lvPsf] ;+j}wflgs
/fhlgtLs /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb /fhtGq ljBfg xf]
tyfkL
===============================================================================
===============================================================================
============================================================
Zffx/fhf kl/jf/x?sf] ;b:ox?n] cfgf] zfx/fh;+:yf tyf
zfx/fhf kl/jf/ ;b:ox? cfgf] dfgkbjL ;DdfgLt
ljlzi6 gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/ /fHo clez]if cleef/f
;jf]{;Qf /fHo/f]x0f ;L+x;fg zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng
ul/jS;g' x'g'ePsf] tyf zfGtL ;'/Iff k|Tofe"lt lbO{
jS;LPsf] 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mxf] .
g]kfn /fHosf] tTsfnLg /fhlgtLs kl/jt{g cj:yf Hofb}
sdhf]/ eP/ uof], h"g gful/s hgtfx?sf] b"Mvb 36gf
44
k"ofpg] tyf cfTdc;"/Iff ef}tLs ;Dkltk|lt zfGtL ;'/Iff

k|jGw gx'g] ;d:ofx? ef]Ug' jfWo eP . bnx?sf] ;j}eGbf
7"nf] sdhf]/L bnx? cfgf] :jfy{sf] nfuL /fhlgtLs /
s'lz{ df]xnfO{ dxf]Tj 7fg]/ nfu] . /fi6 j}+s rf/ vj{ ?kLofF
jh]6 zfnLGb} cgfjZos s"/fx?df vrL{P/ ;do /
j]OdfgLsf] /fhlgtLs n8fO u/] . h"g e|i6rf/ if8\oGq
rnv]nljuljuL a9\of] o;nfO{ /f]syfd ug'{ cfjZos
;+u7gLs zlQmsf] Joj:yf tof/L ug'{kof], gful/s
hgtfx?n] lt/]sf] ;du|x s/z'Ns ?kLof v/af} ah]6
;d]t tnj eQf ;'ljwf / kmut vr{ / bnx? ;Qf df]xdf
km;] -;/sf/ jf ;Qf ;fdm]bf/L cGtl/d ;/sf/ km]/jbn
k|lqmofx?n] /fi6j}+ssf] jh]6 vr]{/ hUuf uf8L sLg], 3/
jgfP /fi6js
}+ sf] ?kLof jh]6 cfgf] vftfdf kf/]/ # bzs
nfdf] ;docjlwsf] /fli6o ;|f]tx?nfO{ hu]{gf u/]/ /fv]sf]
/fi6j}+ssf] ?kLo b;f} jif{ tL bnx?n] n'6] . ckmzf]r
;+ljwfg jg]g, hftLo ljv08gjfb c/fhstf jf
k|hftfGqLs /fhlgtLs b'/bzf lgDtfpg] v]n v]n], lx+:;f
bu+fkm;fb /fhlgtLs sf/0fx? 7"nf] tgfj s[ofx?n]
b]zk|lt 36gf k"ofof] . ;fDk|fbfo df]8 e]8sf] v]tL
/fhlgtLs ljhf/f]k0f k}mnfP/ uof] . To;sf/0f g]kfn
/fHosf] pkxf; jbgfd u/fP / clt cfjZos zfGtL ;'/Iff
tTsfn g} zfxL;]gf ;}lgs zlQm sfjf{xL tof/L u/]/ b]z
/fHok|lt gful/s hgtfx?nfO{ pGd"vQL lbnfO{ jS;g'' x'g]5
. bnx?sf] ljBfgx? tTjwfgx? j'4fut ;d:ofx? jf
b]z3ftL cleJolQm ;+s]t ug{ kl5 k/]g jf ck|hftfGqLs
c/fhstf hftLo ljv08gjfb /fhlgtLs b'/36gfsf] cGTo
ul/jS;g' x'g]5 . kmntM /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn]
45
klxn] t, u|fdL0f If]q cGtu{t j;f]jf; ul//x]sf] gful/s

hgtfx?nfO{ cy{tGqs} 7"nf] /fxt ljlgof]hg sfo{ Nofpg] /
To;} sfo{x?df nufgL u/fpg] h:tf] dxf]Tjk|lt g]t[Tj ub{5
. u|fdL0f If]qx?;+u /x]sf] 7fpFx?dfyL cljsl;t sfo{x?
;Dj4{g nufot lgdf{0f sfo{x?sf] k|jGwg ug]{ / cfjZos
Joj:yf lbnfpg] 5 . ;8sx?, ljB'tx?, vfg]kfgLM pTkfbg
;|f]tx? s[lif Joj:yf ;'b[l9s/0f jf cf}wf]uLs k|jGwg lzIff
:jf:Yo, 3/]n" ;fgf 7"nf Joj;fo pBf]ux? ;|f]tx?
;fwgx?, sDklgx? Joj:yf cGtu{t Nofpg] /f]huf/
Joj:yf / >d ;do qmozlQm, k|ltkmn lgod pRrtd
hLjg :t/df kl/jt{gzLn pGglt pGd"vt ult lg/Gt/
ul//xg] g]t[Tj rog x'g\ .
kmn:j?kM
olx kl/jt{gn] pknJwL Joj:yf Nofpg] dxf]Tj jf
sfo{;+u u|fdL0f If]q / ju{ hftLox?n] klg kmfO{bf hgs
Jofj;fodfyL ;3fp k"ofpb} hLjg:t/df kl/jt{g
Nofpg]5 . cfGt/Ls pTkfbg ;|f]tx? ;fwgx? h]hlt
pknJwL ;/n;'ljwfjf6 lnP/ gful/s hgtfx?sf] e/kbf]{
sfo{ / ;Dklt lgwf{/0f u/fp5, eg] cG/fli6o d'n'saf6
ef}lts vfrfx?k|lt lg/Gt/ Joj:yf ;xh u/fP/ c? gofF
vfnsf] hLjg kl/jt{g k|s[lt jf s[ltd pTk|]/Lt /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df x'g cfpg] d'Vo cfwf/e"t
cjwf/0ffx? x'g\ .
!&=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^@ ;fnsf] tTsfnLg

P]ltxf;Ls /fhlgtLs kl/jt{gzLn l;4fGt n]vL /fli6o
46
nLug dfr{jfb /fhtGq ljBfg xf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb

kf6L{ ;+j}wflgs lgtLx?dfyL gful/sx?s} lxtdf ljljw
/fxt cy{tGq pknJwL sfo{ Nofpg] k|ltj4 u/]sf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ jgLg] s'/fx?df Wofg lbP/
cfXjfg u/fpg tyf gful/s hgtfx?sf] cu|Ld ;qmLotf
tyf ;xefuLtf lbg ;}4fGtLs ljrf/x? lng'kb{5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ jg]sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] xf] < eGg]
k|ZgdfyL k|i6 kfg{ ;Sg ;j}eGbf /x:odo /fhlgtLs
Oltxf;n] k|df0f u/fpg] ;jfnx? cuf8L k|:t't ePsf]
dfgLG5 . /fhlgtLs vf]h s} ;To tYo ljwfgx?sf] j'4fut
tTjwfgx? g} c;n l;4fGt ePsf] dfgLG5 t/ bnx?sf]
ljBfgx?sf] j'4fut tTjwfgx?sf] ljjfb:t eP/ 7"nf]
/fhlgtLs 36gfdf k|j]z u/fpg] klxnf] lgot ePsf] lyof]
. h'g ljBfgx? j'4fut tTjwfgx? eGbf juL{otf ;dfgtf
hftLo ljv08tf c/fhstf tyf ck|fhftfGqLs /fhlgtLs
P]ltxfl;s 36gf jGof] . bnx/sf] sdLsdhf]/L / cfgf]
/fhlgtLs :jfy{ h:tf] PsfwLsf/jfbn] df]6fP/ 7"nf]
/fHosf] wg/f;LdfyL vrf{P/, ltgbzs nfdf] /fhlgtLs
e'dLsfsf] gfu/Lsx?dfyL /Stkft / k"j{u|fx x/0f ;fy}
lj:yfkLt u/fP / czfGtL c;'/Iff k'ofP . To;sf/0f
olx ck|hftfGqLs lgtLx?n] km:6fP/ dgf]dfgL ljBfgx?sf]
j'4fut tTjwfgx? sf/0fx?sf] cfjZos vf/]hL / ;dfKt
u/fpg lyof] . To;sf/0f /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb kf6L{ jlgg]
d"No Pp6f l;4fGt jf /fhlgtLs ;du|xtf nLP/ cfPsf] xf]
.
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df ;xefuLtf x'g cfpg' kg]{

olx Pp6f z'q /fhlgtLs k|utL e"dLsf] dxf]Tj lyof] .
Gfful/sx? eP/ jfRg] clwsf/sf] ;+j}wflgs ;jfnx?k|lt
jf]Ng n]Vg /fhlgtLs Pp6f ;+u7g ynf] xf] . gful/s
hgtfx?sf] ljleGg kl/rfnLt If]q Jofkstf lj:tf/x?dfyL
eO/x]sf] sldzg 3";k]6 s/M z'Ns Joj:yfkg h:tf]
p2]ZodfyL 5fljg ug]{5 . Joj;fox? tyf >d ;do
nufgLx? qmozQmL af8kmf8x?sf] lx:;fdfyL p7fpg]
zf]if0f tyf bf;Tjjfb >dLstfjfbnfO{ ;/n ;'ljwfhgs
lgtLx? k|ltkfbg u/]/ k|i6 lbnfpg]5 . of] Pp6f /fHosf]
cy{tGq ;lj:tf/x?sf] geO{ gx'g] cfjZos l;4fgt
/fhlgtLs sbd elgG5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf ;xefuLtf x'g cfpg] Pp6f
z'q /fhlgtLs jf ;+u7g elgG5 .
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6
;Djf]wg d]/f] Kof/f] b]z / /fHosf] ef}tLsjfb ;+/rgf
/fhlgtLs kl/jt{gdfyL x'g cfpg] zfGtL ;'/Iffjfb
lgtLx?nfO{ s8f ;+j}wfgLs zf;g elgG5 egLjS;]sf]
ljz]iftf /fli6o lnug dfr{jfb kf6L{df x'g Pp6} b[li6sf]0f
dfu{bz{g /fhlgtL Oltxf;sf] dxf]Tj jf]s]sf] l;4fGt
;DemLg k5{ jf lbuf] ;kgf x'g'k5{ . Pp6} kIfdfyL plePsf]
;jf]{;Qf / :jfeLdfg ;j} g]kfnLx?dfyL hNbf] jNbf] pGgtL
eGbf Hofb} dxf]Tjbo x'g] lgtLx?sf] pknJwL xf;Ln x'g]5
!*= ! /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] k|rf/k|;f/ k":ts xf]
. kqklqsf, kf]i6/, em08f, ;Dk|]zg lj1KtL,

47
48
3f]if0ffkq ;drf/kqx? cGo /xG5 . gful/s

hgtfx?n] j'em\g ;Sg] ls;Ldn] ;/n efiffx?df
n]lvP/ dgtg dg:yLtL eLq Wofg /xg / k9\g
;Sg], j'em\g ;Sg], jf]Ng ;Sg], ;fdfGo cy{df
;'rgfsf] ?kdf Psgful/sx?jf6 bf];|f] gful/sx?
;Dd s"/fx? :ki6 u/fpg] cfTd;y{gg ;xefuLtf
bf];|f] n]vg k":ts elgG5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ ;Dk|]zg jf ;Dkfbg qmddf
Wofg lbP/ cfgf] sfo{:yfg ;do jf gful/s hgtfx?nfO{
/fli6o Pstfj4 z'qdf Nofpg ;xefuLtf ug'{ kb{5 ;fy}
p4f/ efjfgf x'g cfjZos b]vfpg ;lqmotf x'g' kb{5 .
To; sf/0fM cfgf] JolQmut rl/q;+u hLjgsfn;Dd
/fli6o lnug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] em08f km/kmfofO{
cfTd;dk{0fjfbL e"dLsf lgjf{x ug]{5 . g]tfx? tyf
sfo{stfx?sf] ;xefuLtf / ;xof]u gful/s hgtfx?sf]
ljlwt rfxfgf;+u ;DjGw /fVb5 eg] To;nfO{ jf]Ng] jf
sfo{ k"/f u/fpg] st{Jo klg x'G5 . k|]z :jtGqtf jf
df}nLs :jtGqtf;+u p7]sf] j}wfgL clwsf/k|lt g]t[Tjjfbsf]
k|ltgLwLTjdf g]tfx? tyf sfo{stf{x?n] rog ug]{5 .
;fdfhLs hLjgsf] oyf:yLtLjfbnfO{ :yfoLTj ;+/rgf lgtL
j'4fut lx:;fnfO{ ljgLdo u/fpg] cy{tGqsf] cfjZos 5 .
!(= @ g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnb]lv lg/gt/
sbd rfln >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd
;fxb]jaf6 Pstfj4 cleofgsf] ;'?jft ul/jlS;g' ePsf]
ldtL !*)) ;fn eO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf / zf;gsf] /fhlgtLs
49
Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ k|ltkfbg u/]/ ;'/Iff k|Tofe"dL lbnfO{

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs
k|ltlglwTj sfod ul/jS;g]5 t/ ldtL @)$^ ;fnsf]
;+ljwfgsf] cj;/b]lv :jfy{tfdfly zf;g uof] . To;sf/0f
j4tfdf @)^@ k"g Pp6f sfnv08 Oltxf;sf] /fhlgtLs
cGTo eof], t/ csf]{ ldtL @)^* ;fn;Dd rn]sf] /fhlgtL
Tof] eGbf syLt lyPg . oxL 7"nf] 36gfk|lt pT;fpg]
tTjBfgx?sf] cGTo eP/ oyfy{ :yLtLjfb /fhlgtLs
Oltxf;nfO{ hLjLt lbnfpg] k|of;dfyL /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Mk"g/u7g eP/ k|ltlgwLTj e"dLsf lgef{x
u/fpg] :ki6df Pp6f 3f]if0ffkq lnlvt k|ltj4tf k|:t't
ul/jS;]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL
@)^()&) ;fn cuf8L /fhwfgL s]Gb|Lo gf/fo0flx6L
/fhb/jf/ ;j{ef}d;QfdfyL >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/
jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 ul/jS;]sf] x'g]5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf; sfod
ul/;Sg]5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)$& ;fnb]lv
/fhlgtLsf] gfddf ljrf/sf] tTwfgx?sf] k|hftGqdfyL h]
eg] n]lvPklg x'G5 eg] sfo{ hftLo ;fDk|bfo ljBfgx/sf]
c/fhstf bnx?sf] dfq dgf]dfgL ;fgf /hf}6] efuj08fx?
/fHo ljv08 k|fb]zLs v08g / b]z 6'qmfpg] l;h{gf u/] .
bnx?sf] g]tfsf] ;dy{g h'6fpg s] u/]gg\ eGg ;lsGg,
JolQm gful/s / hgtfx? eg]/ ;Djf]wg u/], To;kl5
x'nhft kmf}hbf/L / ;fj{hlgs 36gf ck/fw ;DjGwL 7"nf]
cS;/jfb / cj;/b]vL kmfO{bf p7fpg a9L k/]gg\, t/
50
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)$& ;fnb]vL cGt/Ld

;+ljwfg lg/Gt/ @)^@ ;fnsf] jbnfdf km]/Lof] / @)^*
;fn cGt/Ld ;+ljwfg Tolx ultljwLx?df bnx?sf] qmdx?
a9L/Xof] . To;kl5 ljqmd ;Djt @)^( ;fndf k"gM
bnx?sf] Psnf}6L dgf]dfgLsf] ;dob]vL ;+ljwfgdf
cS;/jfb / cj;/sf] kmfO{bf n"6\g] df}sf ldNof] .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/
/fhlgltsf] jbnfdf of] c/fhstf bnx?sf] sfnf] jfbneLq
df]8f/LPsf] cfwLx'/L rNof] . bnx?sf] sf/0f g} 36gfsf]
c:tJo:t eofgs 88]nf]sf] Hjfnf ps"; d"s"; eP/
d"vjf6 cf]sNg vf]Hg] zAbx?sf] cfjfhx?;+u} t'x]sf] nf;
h:tf] ;+ljwfg Nofpg] rfxfg]x?sf] 8/nfUbf] v8]/L k|s6
ePsf] 5 . bnx?sf] c/fhstfb]vL t"x]sf] nf; x]g]{
cj;/jfbL ;+ljwfgsf] ?k/]vf Nofpg] k|s[ofx? k}bf eof] .
o;sf/0f cj /fhlgtLs xf]Og bnx?sf] of] c/fhstfjfb
n]Vg] jf]Ng] ljBfgx?sf] k|s[ofx?sf] cS;/jfb cj;/sf]
cGTo x'g cfjZos ;do lgZrLt u/]/ bnx?sf] ;j}
ck/fw 36gfsf] 3]/fjGbL / x]/Lg] Pp6f s}b lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5
.
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] tTsfnLg
Pp6f /fhwfgL s]lGb|t gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/ >L %
j8fdxf/fhf lw/fh qLe"jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jjf6
;fj{ef}d;Qf / zf;gsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . t/
bnx?sf] /fhlgtLs sf/0fj+z ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / vf]hL
k|s[ofx?sf] ;donfO{ /fhlgtL k6sk6s cGTo ePsf]
5.
51
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @))& ;fnb]vL >L %

j8f dxffhflw/fh qLe"jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 ljBfg
/fhtGq / k|hftGq /fhlgtL bnx?sf] Oltxf; l;4fGt
k|ltjfbgnfO{ sfod ul/jS;g' eof] . sf7df08f}+ ;fgf /hf}6]
efu j08fx? tTjwfgx?sf] ljBfgx? n]lvPsf] c/fhstf
cS;/jfb o'4 tgfjsf] cGTo eof] . ldtL @)^@ ;fndf
gofF /fhlgtL k|of;df sbd rfnL >L % /fhf lw/fh g/
jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 n]lvPsf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|ltgLlwTj xf], ;j}
g]kfnLx?nfO{ k|]/0ffbo Oltxf; l;4fGtk|lt clenDj efjL
;fj{ef}d;Qf / zf;gjf6 g]kfnL hgtfx?sf] ef}tLs /Iff /
pGglt k|ultnfO{ kmnbfo t"Nofpg]5 . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd
;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf o; sbd rfnL /fhlgtLs
efjfgfk|lt /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] k|ltgLlwTj
e"dLsfsf] x/k|of;dfyL hgtfx?nfO{ ;fy lbg]5 . olx
b'j}kIfsf] Pstfj4 cleofg alnof] /fhlgtLs :tDe lgdf{0f
7flgG5 . b]zsf] rf/}tL/b]vL cfOkg]{ if8\oGqnfO{ k|i6 kfg{
wfjf jf]Ng] zlQmsf] ;+u7g xf] . ldtL @)&) ;fn
k|f/Desfndf gf/o0flx6L /fhb/jf/nfO{ hLjLt lbnfpg]
k|of;nfO{ k"gM >L % /fhf lw/fh g/jfxfb"/ jL/ljqmd
zfxb]jjf6 lg/Gt/ n]Vg] jf]Ng] Pp6f ;+u7gx?df /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{nM] ;j};+j}wfgLs cfTdf ;dk{0f
c+ux?df :jrfnLt ef}tLs /fhlgtLs ul/jS;g]5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf wfdL{s
52
tTjwfgx?dfyL ljz]if k|sf/sf] ljwLx? k|df0fwLg

:tDe k|ltnDjg kfnfg u/]sf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M wfdL{s ljwLx?sf]
lgodx?dfyL c;n / v/fj tyf wd{lg/k]If ;flx:0f'tf
ePsf] wd{:jtGqtfsf] ;+/rgf x'g]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M @)^( ;fndf k'g{/ u7g
ePkl5 wfdL{s ljwLx?sf] lgod cjnDjg / kfnfgf c;n
v/fj wd{sd{ k|s[ofx?nfO{ ;d;f]wgjfbL lgdf{0f / ;dfKt
h:tf] k|ltgLwLTjdfyL ljz]if e'dLsf lgefp5 . g]kfn
/fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL !&((
zfndf g} b]zdf ePsf] a'4wd{sf] !*)) ;fn kl5 cg'jfb
lxGb"wd{df ?kfGt/0f ul/b} cfPsf] xf] . j'4 wd{df
ofSy"Djfzfx j0f{ hfthftLx?sf] rLgf/L ePsf] /fhlgtL
Oltxf; l;\uf] cWoog kfpg ;lsG5 . /fO{, u'?, du/,
g]jf/, tfdf, ;]kf{ / yf? h:tf cGo dtjfnLx? ljz]if
efifLs nLkLj4 kfO{G5g . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGqdf /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj e"dLsfk|lt cljnDj
sfod lbnfpg p2]Zo nLPsf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] g]kfnL gfu/Ls dfgj
a'l4i6 wdf{jnDjL cg'jfbLt lxGb"wd{df ?kfGt/0f ePkl5
;dfhdf dfgj j'l4i6 wd{ / lxGb"wd{ c;n cg'ofoLx?sf]
rf/ cj:yfnfO{ ljz]ifk|sf/n] lzIff lbIffdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
;dfhsf] dfgjj'l4i6 wd{nfO{ lzIfflbIff / cfwf/Lt
53
cj:yfdf ePsf] a'l4i6 -!_ lzz" cj:yf jf hGd cj:yfdf

g} ljz]if gfds/0f ;Gtfgk|lt eljiodfyL cg"s"n ef}tLs
hLjgsf] /fxt k|bfg ul/g] cfjZosk|lt cljnDj sfod
lbnfpg] 5 .
-@_ afn cj:yf jf,
-#_ ljjfx cj:yf jf of}jg cj:yf,
-$_ j[4f cj:yf jf d[To" cj:yf
wfdL{s ljlwx?sf] :ynx?sf] kf6L kf}jf, d7dGbL/, u'Djfx? r}Tox?
dfgj j'l4i6x?sf] d"n cfwf/lzn j'4wd{ :yn ynf] elgG5 .
cfheGbf kRrL; ;ojif{cl3 cg'dfg % xhf/jif{ ePsf] k'li6j'l4i6
wdf{nDjL j0f{ hfthftLx?sf] Pl;of dxfb]z hGd / d[To":yn ynf]
ePsf] Oltxf; k|dfl0ft 5b}5 . eujfg j'4 dfgj j'l4i6 wd{
hfthftLx?sf] zfGtL / ;d[l4df nDsg] rDsg] k|ltefzfnL
lj/ufyf uf}/jdo Oltxf;sf] cWoog hLjLt kfg{ ;j}sf] st{Jo wd{
xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df nfUg / nfuL kg{ k|ltgLwLTj
e"dLsf lgefpg cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 / ;j}nfO{ Pp6} 7fpdfyL
pEofpg k|ltgLwLTjsf] cleofgnfO{ cfj4 u/]sf] 5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{n] jf]s]sf] ;+j}wflgs /fhlgtL hLjLt k|ltlgwLTj
g]kfnL gful/s hfthftLx?jLrdfyL ;Dks{ k/fdz{ sfod lbnfpb}
Pstfj4 cleofgdf c6fpg] k|ltj4tf ePsf] 5 .
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq k":ts n]lvPsf] ;dosfnd} /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{n] cjnDjg / lxGb"wd{ kfngfdf b]lvPsf] / e]6LPsf]
ljwLx?ut k|df0f :j?k c;n / v/fj tTjwfgx? ljz]ifk|sf/n]
54
e"dLsf lgefpg] k|ltj4tf lnPsf] 5 . tdfd g]kfnL gful/s

hfthftLx?sf] lxGb'wd{ cjnDjg kfnfgfdf ljwLx?ut
lgodx?dfyL ljz]ife"dLsf kl/jt{g ;+/rgfTds k|f/Desfnsf]
;'?jfbtL/ cljnDj ePsf] x'G5 . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt
ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] klg /fhlgtLs
kl/jt{g cg"s"ndf s'g} b]zsf] gful/s hfthftLx?sf] Pp6f wd{
jf csf]{ wd{ kl/jt{g ug'{k/]df clgjfo{ ?kdf ;f] tx ;dfKt x'g] /
k|f/De x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] wd{sf] Tofu jf lqmofsd{sf08 u/]/
Pp6f wd{df k|f/De k|j]zsfnsf] ;"?jfb wd{lg/k]If ;lx:0f'tf
;dfhsf] cj:yf 5 .
dfr{jfb kf6L{n] dfgjLo wd{cg';f;g ;dosfndfyL s'g j0f{
hfthftLx?sf] c;n sd{ u/] ;dfh ljs;Lt 5 jf s'g j0f{
hfthftLx?sf] v/fj sd{ ul//x]sf]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{n] klxnf] gful/s j0f{ / hfthftLx?sf] klxrfg cGtu{t
v"nf;f lbnfpg lxGb'wd{ cjnDjg / kfnfgfdf b]vLPsf] e]l6Psf]
;j} sd{sf08x?sf] ljlwx?ut tTjwfgx?dfyL c;n cljnDj
kfnfgf 5 eg] v/fj rfxL cGToug'{ cfjZos 5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{n] o;sf] ljlwk"j{s ;+/rgfTds 9+un] lgdf{0f ug]{
nIo lnPsf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] wfdL{s ljwLx?sf] Pp6f
cfo{hfthftLx?dfyL lxGb'wd{df sd{ ;DjGwL klxnf] c;n /
v/fjsf] cGTo ljlwut 9+un] ug]{5 . cfo{ hfthftLx?sf]
;dfhdfyL /lxcfPsf] v/fj wd{sd{df ! Gjf/fgdf sfo{ ul/g]
ljlwx?sf] d"qkL;fj t/n d'ts
] f] srf}/fdf yfk]/ ux'd't lbP/ vfg]
v'jfpg] / 5s{g] ljlwut ePsf] sf/0fn] ljlwut 9+un] ;+/rgfTs
55
lgdf{0f ug'{ clgjfo{ 5 . cfo{hfthftLx?sf] klxrfg lxGb' wd{ddf

v'nf;f ul/lbPsf] cljnDj kfnfgf hGd / d[To"sfn cj:yfsf]
dWogh/ u/]/ x]bf{ k"gM ;+/rgfTds ljlwx?sf] cfjZos ug'{k5{ .
cfk|fjf;L hfthftLx?nfO{ klxrfg v'nf;f lbnfpg] lxGb'wd{ Pp6}
cfwf/ ePsf] dfWod ckgfpg cfjZos b]lvG5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] ;dfhsf] wd{sd{k|lt j0f{
hfthftLdf x'g;Sg]j0f{hftljhftL eP/ s'g} u'7jGbL
;+u7gx?df b]lvP/ phfu/ r/Lqjfgsf] k}bfnfO{ cfjZos?kdf
s'g} ljz]if 9+un] ;dfKt ug{ jfWo u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] ;fDk|fbfo j0f{hfthftLx?dfyL
/lx/x]sf] cfcfgf] wd{ sd{sf] /Iff cfjZos 5, t/ cfcfgf] wd{
sd{sf] If]qeLq /x]/ kfnfgf ug'{kg]{ ;DemL, Vofn gu/L pNn+3g
ePsf] b]lvPdf jf e]l6Psf] :yfgdf pNn+3g dfgjnfO{ jL;jif]{
sfg"gL ;hfo eGbf s8f sfjf{xL lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf Nofpg]5 .
h:tf] dtjfnL hft hftLx?n] pTkfbg ;|f]t k]zf /S;L hf8
wd{sd{df eO{cfPsf] 5 . t/ /S;L hf8 / ;"+u"/ j"+u"/ rfxL cfo{
hfthftLx? lxGb' wd{ ePsf] d":nLdsf] dgfxL . hf] /S;L hf8 /
;"+u"/ j'+u"/ vfg 5'g gx'g] dfgjhftLx?n] ;]jg / vfPsf] b]vLPdf
e]6LPsf] :yfgdf pNn+3g dfgjnfO{ jL;jif]{ ;hfoeGbf s8f
sfo{jfxL lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] olx dxf]Tj / l;4fGtk|lt ;hstf
ckgfpg ;r]t gful/sx?sf] wd{ st{Jo xf] .
56
k|rf/ k|;f/ k':ts
k|rf/ k|;f/ k':ts
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]lv tTsfn}

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] lj:tf/jfb lgtLx?dfyL e"dLsfM
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@

;fnb]lv tTsfn} /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf]
lj:tf/jfb lgtLx?dfyL e"dLsfsf] ljifo ;'lrM
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]lv tTsfn} /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] lj:tf/jfb lgtLx?dfyL e"dLsfM
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn tTsfn /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] lj:tf/jfb ldtLx?M dfyL e"dLsfM
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 ljqmd ;Djt ldtL
@)^@ ;fn jf @) jif{ nfdf] ;docjlwsf] /fhlgtLs 36gfqmdnfO{
kl/jt{g u/fpg cjZos dxf]Tj 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs e"dLsf / k|ltgLwLTjsf] nfuL k|rf/k|;f/
jfhLsf] k":ts k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @))& ;fnsf] /fhlgtL Oltxf;sf]
kl/sNkgfdf ePsf] @)^@ ;fn 36]sf] ;f+IfLKt @)^* ;fn n]lvPsf]
5.
g]kfn/fHosf] lqmd ;Djt ldtL @)$% ;fn lbnfPsf] k|hftGq b]vL ag]sf]
@)$& ;fn cGt/Ld ;+ljwfgb]vL gL/Gt/ @)%* ;fn / @)^@ ;fnkl5
@)^( Pp6f ;"rgf / ;hstf lbnfPsf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)$& I;fnsf] /fhlgtL / Oltxf;
l;4fGt dfly ljrf/k|lt c:ki6tf ePsf] kfO{G5 .
j}rf/Ls wfdL{s l;4fGt c;n x'g" cfjZos dfq eP/ dfgj, j0f{, k"?if
nL, dxLnf nL hfthftL /ut gftf / ;Gtfgk|lt dfof df]x clgjfo{
k|fs[lts k|0ffnL xf] . >L % /fhflw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j
o; s'/fnfO{ k|i6 kfbf{=====================================
2
k|rf/ k|;f/ k':ts

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]lv tTsfn}
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] lj:tf/jfb lgtLx?dfyL e"dLsfM

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M ;+u7gsf] Pp6f ;+;yf xf] . lgjf{rg
Joj:yf tyf /fhtGq ;fy} /fhlgtLs, bnx?nfO{ k|hftfGqLs Joj:yf
;+u} ;Qf ;fem]bf/L cfGt/Ld ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]/ zfGtL ;'/Iff Pj+
hgtfx?sf] pGgltk|utL sfod u/fpb} Nofpg] k|ltj4tf nLPsf] xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf x'g hfg] d"Vo sf/0f /fhlgtLs l;4fGt
g} xf], JolQm jf ;dfhk|lt dgzfo j}rf/Ls dt l;4fGtnfO{ ;/n
efiffdf n]Vg] jf j'em\g ;Sg] lsl;dn] cleJoQm /fhlgtLs ;+u7gn]
:ki6Ls/0f u/fpb} clwsf/ ;DkGgjfbsf]] kf7 ;Lsfpg] ul/G5 . gful/s
hgtfx?nfO{ ef}tLs ;'/Iff k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] b[li6sf]0f jf]s]/ nLPsf]
/fhlgtLs k|ltlglwTj g]t[Tj e'dLsfx? lgjf{x u/fpg' u/fpb} Pstfj4
eO{ /fhtGq tyf k|hftGq /fhlgtLs bnx?n] df]n]/ hgdt ;+u|x
lgjf{rg ;kmn u/fpg] l;4fG nLP/ cGo vf/]hL tTjwfgx?nfO{ cGTo
u/fpg'k5{ eGg] p2]Zo klg xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M /fhtGq
/fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj g]t[Tj nLPsf] l;4fGt;+u} k|hftGq /fhlgtLs
bnx? k|ltgLwLTj g]t[Tj nLP/ ;xdltsf] /fhlgtLs Joj:yf sfod
/fVg'k5{ . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] olx dxf]Tj nLP/ /fhlgtLs
u/]/ gful/s hgtfx?jLrsf] c;dfgtf /]vfx?nfO{ d]ndLnfk
/fhlgtLs ynf]dfyL pEofP/ clwsf/ ;'/IfLt u/fpb} lbuf] eljio
lgdf{0f u/fpg]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs
k|ltgLwLTj lgwf{/0f u/]/ cGo /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] ultljwLx?
3
cGtu{t lg/fs/0f ug'{ tyf cToGt cfjZosk|lt /fhlgtLs ultaf6}

hgdt ;+u|x jf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLb]vL ;+ljwfg;ef, gofF ;/sf/ Pj+
;+ljwfgsf] nfuL Pstfj4 cleofg ug'{kb{5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs lgjf{rg k|0ffnLb]vL ;+ljwfg;ef, gofF ;/sf/
Pj+d ;+ljwgsf] nfuL Pstfj4 cleofg u/]sf] 5 . /fhlgtLs bnx?sf]
juL{o tTjx?sf] d}bfgsf] xf]8afhL k|lt:kwL{ ultljwLx?df gful/s
hgtfx? slxn} zfGtLsf] ;f; km]g{ kfPgg\ eg] b]zn] lgsf; kfpg
;s]g . b]zsf] pkxf; / jbgfdL u/fPsf] 5g\ . :jfeLdfgtf /
;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] /Iffdf sbd rfNg jfWo u/fPsf]df /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] gofF lj:tf/ 7"nf 7fpFx? cf]u6\g df}sf kfPsf] 5 .
;fDk|fbfo ;dfhsf] /fhlgtLs 36gfk"j{s ckx]ngf JolQmTjdfyL bfu
nufpg] if8\oGqsf/ v/fj ultljwLx? ;[hgf u/fP . JolQm JolQmjLr
;ef efif0fsf] :yLtL k}bf u/fof] ;+u7gx?sf] /fhlgtLs k|0ffnLdfyL
c;+j}wfgLs s[ofsnfk cg}tLs cg'zf;gsf] :yfgn] 9fSof] . h'g g]kfn
/fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnsf] /fhgLtL k|0ffnLsf] pkxf; /
jbgfdL dfq eP/ b]z/fHo / gful/s hgtfx?jLrsf] c:ki6 ePsf] 5
. csf]{tL/ cfyL{s phf{ef}tLs ultdf Go"gtd eP/ hLjg:t/df zf]ifLt
pTkL8Lt ju{/]vfdf l;dLt ePsf] kfO{G5 . kmn:j?kM wfdL{s dfgjLo
cg"zf;gsf] s'/} ePg h:n] hu]0ff{ 36gf / 7"nf] gf]S;fg j]xf]g'{ kg]{
afWotf cfPsf]5 .
-!_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn tTsfn /fli6o

nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] lj:tf/jfb ldtLx?M dfyL e"dLsfM
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M Pp6f JolQmb]vL ;'? eP/ ;dfhsf]
l;f] /fHok|lt zz:q e"dLsf lgjf{x u/fP/ /fhlgtLs ;+u7gdf
cfpg ;S5, hf] gful/s hgtfx?sf] ;/f]sf/ ;DjGwL ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f tyf gofF ;/sf/ agfpg] / ;Qf ;dembf/L zf;g
4
l;4fGt Pp6} p2]Zok|lt dfu{bz{g n]vLt Oltxf;sf] k|f/De

sfnnfO{ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb /fhtGq ljBfgsf] /fhlgtLs
e"dLsf cljnDj k|ltgLwLTj g]t[TjzLn eP/ nfUg] k|ltj4tf
nLP/ cfPsf] 7fgLG5 . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)@@
;fnb]vL /fhlgtLs Oltxf;dfyL if8\oGqsf/L ul4l;g jf
/fHo/f]x0f clez]if bfpk]r rnv]n lg/Gt/ eO{/x]sf] sf/0f
@)%* ;fndf gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/eLq uf]nLsf08af6
xTofsf08n] Oltxf;sf] sfnv08 l;l4Pklg csf]{ Oltxf;sf]
if8\oGqsf/L bfpk]r rnv]n /fhlgtL @)^@ ;fndf sfnv08sf]
k"/f ?kn] cGTo ePsf] 7fgLG5 . gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/ eLq
jfxL/ bfpk]r if8\oGqsf/L rnv]n xTof/f tyf xTof/sf] ;+1f
lbP/ ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)%* ;fnb]vL Oltxf;dfyL
if8\oGqsf/L /fhul2l;gdf /fHo/f]x0f clez]if, bfpk]r rnv]n
lg/Gt/ eO{/x]sf] To; /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf;sf] sfnv08sf]
cGTo ePsf] dflgG5 t/ csf]{ tTsfn} /fhlgtL 36gf eO{/x]sf]
a]nfdf @)%* ;fnb]vL ;'? ePsf] Oltxf; /fhlgtL bfpk]r
rnv]n /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf;sf] sfnv08 ;dfKt ePsf]
7flgG5 . o;/L g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)%*
;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ eO{/x]sf] /fhul2;Lg /fHo/f]x0f clez]ifdfyL
gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/eLq %& jif{;Dd Oltxf; /fhlgtLs tyf
>L % j8fdxf/fhf lw/fhfzfxb]j / >L % j8fdxf/fgL
/fHonIdLzfxb]jL, /fhtGqsf] 7"nf] sfnv08sf] cGTo ePsf]
lbgnfO{ Oltxf; s} 7"nf] sfn/fqL if8\oGqsf/L bfpk]r / rnv]n
uf]nLsf08 xTofsf08sf] ;dfKt ePsf] dfgLG5 .
Joj:yf;+u} cuf8L x'g] zfGtL ;'/Iff k|Tofe"lt lbnfP/ hgdt

lgjf{rgsf] Joj:yf ub{5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] dxf]Tj
/ p2]Zo eg]sf] /fhlgtLs c;n zf;g ug'{k5{ eGg] l;4fGtk|lt
cljnDj;qmLo lbnfpg] ;+u7gn] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M
hLjLt k|0ffnL xf] . JolQm jf l;f] ;dfhnfO{ /fHodf hLjLt
lbnfpg Pp6f /fhlgtLs l;4fGt cfjZos x'G5, To;sf/0f
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M /fh ;+u7g k|0ffnL jg]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ ;DemLg'k5{ . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] n]Vg]
qmd ultzLn ?kdf cuf8L a9]sf] cj:yf To;sf] cWoog efjL
nIo g} gful/s hgtfx?k|lt r'gf}tL ePsf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHodfyL ldtL @)^@ df eO/x]sf] /fhlgtLs kf6L{x?sf]
zz:q o"4 ljb|f]x tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds l;4fGtsf] cfnf]rgf jf
;dfnf]rgf ;sf/fTds k|lt:yfkg eP/ Nofpg] / gsf/fTds
phf{sf] ;dfKt h:tf] dxf]Tjfk"j{s kl/jt{g rfxgfn] 36]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ hLjLt lbnfO{ /fVg]5 . gful/s hgtfx?n] cfgf]
kgn] lgjf{x ug]{ ef}tLs nIo ;Iodtf ;+u} eO/x]sf] ;f]emf];Lwf
cy{sf] ;|f]tx?k|lt :jfdLTj k|bfg ul/lbg] / zf]if0f cTofrf/
bdgsf/L lgtLx?nfO{ vf/]hL ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] ;Djf]wgk|lt
k|ltj4tf nLP/ cfPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] cfXjfg
xf] .
-!_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)%* ;fnb]vL @)^@ ;fnsf]

/fhlgtLs Oltxf; kl/jtg{ tyf gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/df ePsf]
/x:odo sf/0fM bfpk]r sfnv08sf] cGTo ePsf] 5 . g]kfn
/fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vLsf] P]ltxfl;s
if8\oGqsf/L bfpk]r /fhtGqsf] sfnv08 cj:yfsf] cGTo ePsf]
5 . ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] /fhlgtL k"g/;+/rgfTds efjgfnfO{
5
-!_
>L % /fhf lw/fh g/jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 ljqmd

;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn jf @) jif{ nfdf] ;docjlwsf]
6
vf]hLdf nfu]/ tL k5f}6] auL{o hftLsf] cnu} aGbf]j:t u/]/

/flvGb} lyof], t/ /fhlgtLs u/]/ k|ltgLwLTj ;jfndf clwsf/
sfod u/fpb} cfPsf]5 . ;o sfn};Dd To; juL{o hftLosf]
clen]v / Oltxf; /x]sf] 5}g To;sf/0fM jt{dfg /fhlgtLs
Oltxf;df n]Vg / ;+ljwfgdf nfu" u/fpg] tTjwfgx?df n]lvPsf]
ljBfgx?sf] kf6L{x?sf] g]tfx? nfuLk/]sf] 5g\ . g]kfn /fHosf]
/fhlgtLs Oltxf;dfyL k6sk6s o:tf] cfqmd0fsf] 7"nf] 36gf
eP/ ;fgfltgf /fhf}6] efuj08fx?sf] l;sf/ ePsf] ;fjLt 5 .
/fhtGq / k|hftfGqLs /fhlgtLs df}sf 5f]k]/ ag]sf] bnx?sf]
c/fhstf, ljv08g, /fHo k|b]z, /rgf ljwf]nLPsf] tTjwfgx?sf]
ljBfgx?b]vL jgLg] ;+ljwfg nufot ;/sf/sf] dgf]dfgLsf] cGTo
cfjZos 5 .
/fhlgtLs 36gfqmdnfO{ kl/jt{g u/fpg cjZos dxf]Tj

5.
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf >L % /fhf
lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 n]vLPsf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;'/Iff ;fy} k|fs[lts
ef}uf]nLs cv08tf e"uf]ndf cj:yLt /rgfnfO{ g]kfnL
hgtfx?jLr hxfFb]vL cfP/ j;f]af; ug{ rfx]sf] 5g\ ltgLx?sf]
cj:yf Jo:yLt ljsf; lgdf{0f uf/fpg]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{n] nLPsf] ;}4fGtLs l;4fGt / Jofjxf/ls dxf]Tjk|lt nfUg
k|To]s g]kfnL gful/sx?sf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnsf] 36\gf
/fhlgtLs xf]Og bnx?sf] c/fhstf g} ePsf] / n]lvPsf]
/fHoljv08gtfjfb tyf k|b]z 6'qmfpg] h:tf] 7"nf] juL{o hftLo
;fDk|fbfo e]b ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . /fhlgtLs u/]sf] xf]Og bnx?sf]
k"j{u|x ;fgf /hf}6] efuj08fx? @) jif]{ cGt/fn sfnv08
Oltxf; aGb}5 . cfsfzdf sfnf] afbn d8f/LP/ cfwL x'l/sf]
eofgs e"sDk / kflg, jiff{, af8L klx/f] h:tf] c:tJo:t v8]/L
ef]sdf/L /f]uJofw ePsf] d?e"dL g]kfnL hgtfx?sf] b;f ePsf]
5.
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnsf] !$ ut] h]i7
g]kfn /fHosf] /fhlgtL Oltxf;nfO{ sfnf] kfgf eg{ c/fhstf
bnx?sf] 7"nf] abdf;L / ;+ljwfg ?k /]vf lyof] . ljut\ @)^#
;fnb]vL /fhlgtLs 36gf bnx?sf] ;dodf ljTb} cfof] . b]zeLq
jf ljb]zjf6 lx8\b} cfPsf] tL hftLx?sf] sfd u/Lvfg] b[li6sf]0f
lyof] . kl5 kl5 h"g sfd / k]zfdf nfu]/ sfd ub}{ j;f]jf;sf]
7
t;y{M g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# cuf8L kl5

ePsf] /fhlgtLssf] gfddf a]OdfgLsf] v]tL nfpg] bnx?sf]
k|s[ofx? :jfy{tf eg]sf] kmfO{bf n'6\g' / e"efux?sf] dfnLs
aGg rfx]sf] lyP .
-!_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fnb]vL /fli6o nLug

dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs e"dLsf / k|ltgLwLTjsf]
nfuL k|rf/k|;f/ jfhLsf] k":ts k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnsf] tTsfnLg
/fhlgtLs ug's
{ f] abnfdf bnx?sf] ;+u7gb]vL p7fPsf] Pp6f
c/fhstf k}bf u/fpb} /fHoljv08g, k|fb]z ljv08g, b]z
6'qmfpg], ;fgf /hf}6] efuj08fx?sf] yfngL ePsf Jofks
gf/fx? h'n';x? cfGbf]ngn] u/]sf] 7"nf] tf]8kmf]8 / ef}tLs
c;'/Iff eP/ ljleGg ;|f]tx? ;~rfng Jofj;foxx?sf]
8
cfDbfgLdfyL 36gfk"j{s k|df0fLs/0f b:tfsf] afjh't, ;+ljwfgdf

pNn]vLt sf/0fx? g} :ki6 ePsf]n] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtls k|ltgLwLTjdf Pstf cleofgk|lt
g]t[Tj ;befj sfod u/fpg / cv08 e"uf]nk|lt ;'/Iff / zfGtL
k|Toe"lt lbnfpg] l;4fGt nLPsf] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ xf]
.
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL k|hftGqsf] /
/fhgLs gfddf bnx?sf] tTjwfgx?df n]lvPsf] ljBfgx?,
kf6L{x? / g]tfx?sf] /fhO ljv08g k|fb]zLv08g b]z 6'qmfpg]
c/fhstf Jofks hghLjg :t/dfyL pS;fpg] :jfy{ lnpsf] 5 .
hgtfx?nfO{ pS;fP/ gf/fx? h'n';x? cfGbf]ngdf Ifltk"j{s
36gfdf lx8fpg] / jf]Ng nufP/ bnx?sf] ;:tf] k|s[ofk|lt
jGb]hsf] cfjZos 5 .
k|hftGq / /fhlgtls gfddf bnx?sf] g]tfx?sf] e"dLsf
hgtfx?df ljleGg kmf];|f] cfZjfzg lbP/ r"gfjL k|s[ofx?
jx"dt nLP/ ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfgdfyL, :jfy{tfsf] kf]N6f]sf] kmfO{bf
nLg' ePsf] xf]Og, hgtfx?sf] cfDbfgL ;|f]tx?b]vL p7fP/
/fhlgtLs xf]Og 3LgnfUbf] v]n v]n]sf] 5g\ . k|hftGq /
/fhlgtLs gfddf h] ubf{ eGbf x'g] c/fhstf dg;fob]vL
Jo"ptfP/ ;fgf /hf}6] efuj08fx?dfyL ;+ljwfg jgfpg] ;xdlt
;fRr} g} bnx?sf] c/fhstf ;fjLt ePsf]df cjsf] /fhlgtL /
bnx?sf] tTjwfgx?sf] ljBfgx?sf] To; k|s[ofk|lt k|Zgjfrs
lrGx p7\g' kg]{ jfWo cfPsf]n] /fli6io nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf]
Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ ;'/Iff;+u} ;Qf / ;f;gk|lt cfpg] /fhlgtLs
k|ltlgwLTjnfO{ cu|;/ u/fpg Nofpg]5 .
9
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnkl5 /fhlgtLs

gfddf cfpg] k|hftGqdf n]Vg] jf]Ng] k|s[ofx?sf] ;DjGwdfyL w]/}
k6s if8\oGqsf/L c/fhstf bnx?sf] cGTo ePsf] Oltxf; 5 .
To;sf/0fM /fhlgtLs gfddf k|hftGqdf pS;g] ljljw ;+ljwfg
k|s[of eLqLP/ ;s] cfgf] :jfy{x? To;sf] cfos/af6 Pp6f
e/kf]if0f lbnfpg] :yLtLdf gfh's ePsf] 5 . o;sf/0fj;
pkxf; u/fpb} ;+ljwfgeLq n]lvPsf] 7"nf] 36gf ePsf] 5 .
g]kfn h:tf] ;fgf] Pstf /fHodfyL ePsf] k|fs[lts ef}tLs
cv08 e"uf]n juL{o hftLo tyf cflbjf;L hghfgLx?sf]
:jfdLTjnfO{ xTofpg cfpg cfk|fjf;Lx?sf] Pp6f /fhlgtLs
gfddf k|hftGqdf h] ubf{ eGbf x'g] dg;fo kfn]/ tTsfn}
;+ljwfgdf pNn]vLt clwsf/ -k|df0f ;fjLt h"6fpg] nfuLk/]sf
5g\ . t/ of] /fhlgtLs / k|hftGq xf]Og . of] Pp6f b]znfO{
6'qmfP/ ljv08g u/fpb} :jfy{tf sfod u/fpg bnx?sf]
cS;/jfbL rnv]n lyof] . olxsf/0fM ldtL @)^# ;fndf
/fhlgtLs / k|hftGqsf] gfddf c/fhstfsf] kmfObf p7fP/
bnx?sf] lgjf{rg Jofj:yfkLsfdf ^)! k|ltgLwLx/sf] rog
u/fP/ Gofokflnsf / sfo{kfnLsfsf] efuj08faf6 /fi6 jh]6 !)
vj{ :jfy{ / gf]S;fgdf k|of]u ePsf] 5 .
bnx?sf] cS;/jfbL :jfy{ / ;do lg/Gt/ ljtL/x]sf] lgjf{rg
cfof]u sfo{no / ;+ljwfg;ef ejg, /fi6klt pk/fi6klt
sfo{no ;fy} l;+xb/jf/eLq ePsf] dGqfnox?sf] ;b'kof]udf
n'6\g / if8\oGqsf/L /fi6j}+s / /fi6klbo k|0fnL ei6frf/ ePsf]
tyf hgtfx?sf] ef}lts ;'wf/k|lt h:tf]sf] t]:tf] eP/ /x]sf] 5 .
olx sf/0fM /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] /fhlgtL ult /
k|ltgLwLTjdf Go'ptfpg' kg]{ dxf]Tjk"j{s /x:o lyof] . g]kfn
10
/fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# zfndf ofSy"Djfzfx

b]jgfu/L efiffnLkL j0f{ ju{ wd{, e]if e';f, k/Dk/f ;fxLTo
Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; pGd"vt u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn /fHosf]
ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# zfnb]vL /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg
/fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ lzIfLt ;+u7g xf] . /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6LMn] k|ltlgwLTj sfod u/fpg] k|ltj9'jf
nLPsf] dxf]Tjf 5 . g]kfn /fHosf] k|fs[lts ef}uf]nLs cv08tf
e"uf]ndfyL ljleGg 7fpFx? jf ljb]zb]vL cfP/klg j;f]jf; ug{
kfP / gful/s j0f{ ju{ hftLx? wd{, e]if e';f, k/Dk/f, lzIff
ljsf; u/fpg nfu]sf] 5 .
t/ g]kfn /fHosf] e"uf]ndfyL ljleGg 7fpFx?b]vL cfP/ gful/s
juL{o
hftLox?nfO{
@)^@
;fndf
/fhgLtLsf]
gfddfk|hftGqsf] pkef]udfyL h] eGg / n]Vbf c;/ x'G5 eg]
ljrf/nfO{ lnP/ gful/s juL{o hftLox?nfO{ clwsf/ z'
lgZrLt u/fpg] ljleGg cleJolQmx? cfjfhx? jf]n]/ x'nhft,
kmf}hbf/L ;fj{hlgs 7"nf] /fi636gf ck/fw / :jfwLgtfk|lt
:jfeLdfgsf] c;'/lIft tyf czfGtL e"uf]n ePsf] 5 .
To;sf/0fMbnx?sf] o:n] h jf]Ng] / n]Vg] tTjwfg?sf]
ljwfgx?sf] g]tfx?sf] ck|hftGq / /fhlgtL gfddf jbgfd tyf
pkxf; u/fpb} g]kfn /fHosf] / ef}tLs /IffdfyL 7"nf] Iflt
k"ofPsf] 5 .
bnx?sf] dgf]dfgL o:tf] h] jf]Ng] / n]Vg] tTjwfgx?sf]
ljBfgx?sf] g]tfx?sf] c/fhstf /fHoljv08g, k|fb]zljv08g
tyf b]z 6'qmfpg] /fhlgtL ck|hftGq cS;/jfb cj;/b]vL
s'7/fwft lbnfPsf] 5 . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^(
;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs o'4
11
tyf /fhlgtL /0flgtL jf /fhlgtL ljqmd gful/s clwsf/ eGbf

jlx/sf] ;j} c;j}wfgLs lgtLx?sf] k|ltj4 :jtGq ef}tLs
;DkGgtf ub{5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs o'4b]vL
k|fs[lts ef}uf]lns cv08 e"efux? e"k]l/j]l:6t e"uf]nsf]
e"dLdfyL ljleGg k|xf/df ;fd|fHojfb cS;/jfb lgtLx?df ;Qf
/ sJhf h:tf] sfo{x? ;[hgf uof] . gful/s juL{o c;dfgtf
e]bn] pAhfPsf] /fhlgtLo'4n] klxnf] cS;/jfb e"dLsf lgjf{x
uof] . k"hLklt ;j{x/f cGtu{t tTjwfgx?df n]lvPsf]
ljBfgx?sf] g]tfx?sf] /fhlgtLs bnx? cfkm\gf] :jfy{k"lt{df k'u],
sf+u|]; sDo"lgi6 ;dfhjfb /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] olx cS;/fjfbL
lgtLx?b]lv c;Gt'li6 eP/ gful/s :jtGq ;dfh ======= gful/s
:jtGqtf ;dfhdfyL ljjfbLt d'2feGbf km/s ef]Ug afWo ePgg\
. ljleGg sf/0f gful/s pTkL8g tyf lj:yfkLtsf] :yLtLdf
56kl6/x]sf]5 .
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/dfyL k|ltjfbg u/]sf] 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGqsf] ;j}eGbf dxf]Tj /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGt xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf ;jf]{Rr ;Qfaf6
;fj{ef}d clwsf/ axg u/]/ gful/s hgtf?sf] Joj:yf /
ef}uf]nLs tyf df};d cg"s'n jftfj/0fLo sfod /fVg]5 . /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df jt{dfg ultljwLdfyL cfnf]rgf ePsf]
ljz]if s'/fx?nfO{ ;dfnf]rgf k|fydLstf lbnfpb} g]kfnL gfu/Ls
hgtfx?sf] ;+j}wflgs dfGotfx?sf] cfTdf;'/Iff ef}lts phf{
;dGjok|lt sfo{Gjog x'g]5 elg >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/
12
jL/ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 n]lvaS;Lg' ePsf] 5 . /fli6o nLug

dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqdf /fhlgtLs kl/jt{g eO{ cfpg] ;do
;dodfyL ljrf/ u/]/ ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ ef}lts cfw'lgs xltof/x?
/ pks/0fx? phf{zlQm k|of]hg tof/ ul/ o'4 /0flgtLaf6 k|i6
ul/ :jfeLdfg Psftfj4 sfod ug'{k5{ . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{df /fhlgtL tfls{sultn] ;dfhsf] cjwf/0ff tyf ;dfhsf]
ljj]saf6 x'g;Sg] k|of]hg snf sf};n pBf]u lgdf{0f h:tf
cfjZosLo pTkfbg pkef]unfO{ :t/ lbnfP/ cljnDj sfod
/fVg'k5{ . ;dfhsf] juL{o l;df /]vfrLq nfO{ P}r5Ls
ljifoj:t"sf] cWoogdf efifLnLkLj4 d'n's k|ltlzIfLt x'g
;Sg]5 . ;dfhdfyL /xg] ;fDk|fbo efjfgfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
gfu/Ls hgtfx?df ePsf] b'/ Jojxf/k|lt Wofg cfsif{0f u/fpb}
cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx?df tTsfnLg ;LdLt juL{o hftLo
pkef]u sfod ePsf] jf ul/lj /]vf d"glsf] gful/s hgtfx?df]
k"j{wf/ ;'lgZrLt ul/ lbnfpg'kg]{ h:tf] dxf]TjdfyL e"ldsf
lgefpg] 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ olx s'/fdf cljnDj
k|ltj4tfsf] cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL /fhlgtLs
bnx?sf] dgf]dfgL zf;sLo?kdf cjwf/0ff g]tfx?sf] k|ltgLlwTj
rogdf ;+;bLo lgjf{rLt ;f+;bx? tyf dGqLx? ;dnUg
k|wfgdGqL pkk|wfgdGqL Pj+ /fi6klt zf;gk|lt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
;+zf]wg k|s[ofx? lg/Gt/ ePsf] 5 . @)^( ;fnsf] /fhlgtLs
bnx?sf] cGtLd sfdrnfpm ;/sf/sf] hLDdfbf/L eg]sf] c:ki6
juL{o gful/sx?sf] pkef]uLo ;|f]tx? ;fwgx? nufot d~h'/
>ddfyL zf]if0f ePsf] 5 . @)^@ ;fnsf] s/ljwfosnfO{
;dzf]wg ;+ljwfgdf nfu" ul/ pTkfbLt j:t'x?dfyL d"Noj[l4
13
ul/of] . To;sf] k|ltzt d"gfkm lx:;fdf ;fjfJofh e|i6rf/

if8\oGqsf/L lgtLx?k|lt tTsfn ;/sf/n] pkef]u uof] gfu/Ls
hgtfx?sf] clwgdf /xg] ;"Id sfo{x?dfyL p7fPsf]
/utkl;gfsf] ;|f]t zfwgx?af6 nLg] s/lx:;fdf pkef]u zfs
;/sf/n] n'6\of] .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^( ;fnb]vL /fhlgtLs
bnx?sf] sfd rnfp ;/sf/ agfpg] lj36g u/fpg] ;/sf/
lgdf{0f h:tf] sfdaf6 g]kfn /fi6 j}+ssf] vjf}{ ah]6 efuj08f
ljlgof]hg dflg ;/sf/n] zf]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . hUuf vl/b u/]/
dxn jf ejg agfP, sf/hLk sLg], cfgf] ;Dkltsf] gfddf
cj{vj{ jh]6 /fVg] vfg] u/] t/ To; /fhlgtLs bnx?sf]
sfdrnfp ;/sf/nfO{ 3'; vfg] / 3'; lbg] nLg] b]zsf] 7"nf] zq'
x'g\ eg]/ To; ;/sf/dfyL j8f sfg"gL dfkb08 / ;hfo lgdf{0f
cgf}krf/Ls ?kdf nfu" uof] / To; ;Dklt dfyL k|ltj4 ul/Pg
. @)^@ ;fnsf] /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] ;j}eGbf ck|hftfGqLs
c/fhstf tyf g]kfn /fi6j}+snfO{ e|i6rf/ if8\oGq u/L/x]sf] 5g\
. oxL cj:yfsf] ;/sf/;+u ;f+7uf+7 dLn]/ wg;DktL ?kLof
ah]6 /fvL :jfy{ k"/fpg] sfo{dfq u/] . To;sf] ;f/f
wg;Dkltdfly /fi6j}+sn] u/]sf] s'Voft e|i6rf/Ltf hf]l8Psf]
vr{ ?kLof jh]6 cg'dfgsf] hfoh]yf ;Dklt pkef]u u/]sf]
;fj{hlgs ;Dkltdf NofOg] sfo{ ldnfpg' k5{ . gful/s
:jfdLTjsf] e"dL tyf ;DkltdfyL vf];fOg] if8\oGqsf/L
/fhlgtLs rnv]n To;sf] zf;s ;/sf/ jg]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f
/fhlgtLs o'4sf/gj; xTofPsf] jf hkmt ul/Psf] ef}lts
;Dkltdf kl/0ft eof] . To;kl5 :jfdLTjdfyLsf] e"dL tyf
;Dklt k|bfg ePg . cem ;fdLTrdfyL e"dLsf gfu/Lsx?nfO{
14
bdg u/Lof] . olx sf/0fn] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df

/fhlgtLs k|ltlgwLTj sfod u/fpg] klxnf] /fhlgtLs :jtGq
clwsf/ xf] . /fi6 tyf cGt/fi6af6 /fhlgtLs o'4af6 vf];LPsf]
clwsf/dfyL k"g :JfdLTjdf gful/s e"dLsf dfnLs dfgLPsf]
k|i6 ePg t/ :jfdLTjdf /x]sf] e"dL tyf ;Dkltsf] /Iff eg]
pkef]uLo lx:;fdf ;'/Iff lgdf{0f ul/of] . zf;sx? ag]/ ;f/f
;DkltdfyL cfgf] :jfy{ / ef]u u/] . To; ju{ hftLsf]
/fhlgtLs tTjwfgdf sJhf ul/Psf] lgdf{0fnfO{ ;dfKt ul/g]5 .
zf;sx?n] ljsf;sf] ;fd|fHojfb pklgj]z lj:tf/jfb lgtLx?n]
ljb]zL tTjwfgx?df cfPsf] ljleGg :t/sf] ultljwLx?;+u jf
/fhlgtL ultljwL jf o'4 u/] . kmn:j?k Ps /fhtGq tyf
/fhlgtLs o'4 /0flgtLx?b]vL clwsf/ vf];LPsf] dfq geP/
Pp6f /fhtGq /fhlgtLssf] cGTo ePsf] 5 . gful/s ju{ juL{o
hftLo efifLsnLkLj4 jx'wd{ cljnDj lzIff tyf ef}tLs
ljsf;lgdf{0fsf] :jfdLTj e"dLaf6 jGrLt ePsf] Pp6f
ultljwLsf] kl/jt{g xf] . olx s'/fx?k|lt dxf]TjfsfR5f
/fhlgtLs l;4fGt nLP/ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{df cfXjfg
u/]/ Pstfj4 x'g cfu|x u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @))& ;fnsf] /fhlgtL

Oltxf;sf] kl/sNkgfdf ePsf] @)^@ ;fn 36]sf]
;f+IfLKt @)^* ;fn n]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @))& ;fndf >L % j8f
dxf/fh lw/fh qLe"jg jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 ljwfg /fhtGq
tyf k|hftGq bnx?sf] /fhlgtLs Oltxf; kljt{g ul/
zfx/fh;+:yfut ul/jS;Lof] / /fHo clez]if cleef/f /fHo/f]x0f
/fhul4l;g zf;g ;Qf ;dfnL jfu8f]/ >L % j8f dxf/fhf
lw/fh qLe"jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 3f]if0ff tyf lgdf{0f
ul/jS;]sf] kfO{G5 . >L % j8f dxf/fhf lw/fh qLe"jg jL/
ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 gofF /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
lzIff d'n's k|:tfjLt :jtGqtf hgtfx?n] kfP/ >L %
j8fdxf/fhf lw/fh qLe"jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 hgtfx?sf]
rfxfgf d"tfjLs zf;g lgdf{0f ul/jS;Lof] . >L % j8fdxf/fhf
lw/fh qLejg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]j s';n /fhlgtLs xf]OjS;LGYof]
. pxfFjf6 cfly{s ;fdflhs wfdL{s tyf lgtLx? hgtfx?k|lt
:jtGq ?kn] kfngf / ;Dj[l4 ;fy} ;'/IfLt ef}uf]nLs /Iff
ul/jS;Lof] . wlg ul/jjLrsf] c;dfgtf ;Ldf/]vfdfyL x'g] bdg
zf]if0f c/fhstfnfO{ cGTo u/]/ hgtfx?sf] cfjZostf
d"n?kdf x'g] df}nLsk|jGb lbuf] u/fpg ;/sf/k|lt 3f]if0ff
ul/jS;Lof] . d"nM lzIff lbIff :j:Yo tyf cfly{s k|jGw ;|f]tx?
h'6fpb} ljsf; pGd"vt cleofgnfO{ sbd rfnLaS;Lof] .
g]kfn /fHosf] cfGt/Ls snx ;d]6\b} jfXo zlQmnfO{ cg's'n
kf/LjS;Lof] . g]kfn /fHosf] ef}uf]nLs lxdfn kxf8 ;dtn e"
efux?dfyL df};d hnjfo" cg's'n jftfj/0fLo ;do sfod
15
16
ul/jS;Lof] . ;Djt ldtL @)!& ;fndf cfs;dLs /fhlgtLs

ultdfyL kl/jt{g x'b} uof] . gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/jf/df /fhul4df
j:g] if8\oGqsf/L bfpk]r @)@! ;fnsf] cGTotL/ k|df0fLt lyof]
. gfd / dfgkbjLdfyL 7"nf] /fHo n'6kf6 ;'? x'b} uof] . gful/s
bf;Tj jf]s]sf] juL{o hftLo cfjZostf tyf pkef]u u/] .
t/klg d'n'sdfyL /fhlgtLs r]tgf eg] hgtfx?n] kfPsf] lyPg
. g]kfn /fHosf] /fhlgtLs ultn] @)#^ ;fndf /fhul4 /
zf;g ;QfdfyL if8\oGqsf/L h]i7fg dfgk4tL xTofpg] k|of;
qmdn] >L % zfx/fh;+:yf kl/ifb kl/jf/x?sf] /fhsfhdf
j}dg:otf /fhtGq kf6L{sf] ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]/ j|fXd0f
n"6 dRofof] . ef}uf]nLs v08x?dfyL clwsf/ ug]{ zf;g nfb\of]
. ef}uf]nLs v08x?dfyL hftLo :jfdLTjn] clwsf/ xft kfof] .
df6f] h+un vlgh kbfy{ j:t'x? glbx? hLjhGt'x? tyf k|frLg
k|d'v n]lvt k|df0f h'6fpFb} :jfdLTj sfod u/fof] . kmn:j?k,
;Djt ldlt @)$% ;fndf k"g lgb{nLo / jx'bnLojLr
/fhlgtLs hgcfGbf]ngdf kl/0ft eof] . k|hftGq k"g{/ jxfnL
cfXjfg ul/of] . d"nt /fhtGq / k|hftGq /fhlgtLs @)$&
;fndf cGtLd ;Qf ;fem]bf/L tyf cGt/Ld ;+ljwfgdf zf;g
u/fpb} cfof] t/ g]kfnL hgtfx?sf] clwsf/ :jtGq ?kdf kfpg
;s]gg\ . /fhlgtLs df]x tyf ;Qf nLPsf] sf/0fj; kl/jt{g
eof] . ;/sf/ km]/abn eO{/xg] h:tf sfodaf6 hgtfx/n]
;'vzfGtL kfPg . lg/Gt/ /fhlgtLs c;dfgtf ultljwLx?n]
eofgs if8\oGq rnv]n gL/Gt/ u/fof] . d'n'sdfyL abnfsf]
k|lt;f]wdf /fhlgtLs 36gf k|j]z uof] . g]kfn /fgHosf] ldlt
@)^) zfn nfUb} sfo{ hftLo :jfdLTj dfyLsf] clwsf/ qmdLs
?kn] vf]l;Gb} uof] . olx sf/0fj; cj g]kfn /fHodfyLsf]
/fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGtdfyL k|ltkfbg u/]/ gofF /fli6o
17
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs k':ts n]lvP/ /fli6o

nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] k|ltgLwLTj nLg] k|ltj4tf u/]sf] xf] .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLsjLr :jtGq
;+u|fd lbnfpg] juL{o hftLo :jfdLTj e"dLsf] clwsf/
k|ltgLwLTjdfyL zf;g ;~rfng lgdf{0f Nofpg] 5 . e"tsfndf
k|j]z u/]sf] cfk|faf;L juL{o hftLo bf;Tj jf]s]sf] 7"nf] kl/0ffd
cf]u6]sf] e"dL / clwsf/k|lt zf;sLo zf]if0fsf] cGTo u/fpg]5
. /fhlgtLs lgtLx?af6 Nofpg' kg]{ :jLsfo{ ;Demg'kb{5 .
hg;+Vof :jod cfgf] k|b]zsf] hgtfx? lkmtf{ x'g]5 . /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] ;qmLotf e"dLsf ljjfx ug'{kg]{5 . g]kfn
/fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGqsf] /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ dfGo lbP/
zf;g ;~rfng ug]{5 . k[i7e"dLsf cfbLsfn j0f{ juL{o hftLo
efiffnLkLx?sf] ;fxLTo Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; :jfdLTjdf
k|ltgLwLTj ug'{kg]{5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mdf g]tfx?
;qmLotf e"dLsf eOnfUg] h'6\g] cfXjfg ePsf] k|ltj4tf 3f]if0ff
ul/Psf] xf] .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fl6o nLug
dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn] /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTjdfyL Oltxf;
l;4fGt :jtGq e"dLsf] gfu/Ls :jfdLTj ;+u|fd eGg] a'em\g' ;Sg]
efiff xf] . cfbLsfnb]vL gful/s /fhlgtLs c/fhstf sf/0fj;
jfXo cfqmd0f k|yd ;+;f/sf] o'4n] kfpg g;s]sf] ;kmntf bf]>f]
;+;f/ o'4df kl/0ft cflbsfnsf] gful/s e"dL:jfdLTj :jtGq
;+u|fd k"/f x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . rf/}lt/ /fhlgtL hftLo :jtGq
;+u|fddf abnLg ;Sg] l;4fGtk|lt cfpg rfx]sf] kfO{G5 . sfg"g
Gofosf] lgdf{0f, dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;+o"Qm /fi6;+3 cGt/fli6o
18
;GwLadf]lhd kfngf u/fpg]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf]

oxL dxf]TjfcfsfR5L /fhlgtLs e"dLsfaf6 k|efjsf/L k|df0f
dfgLG5 .
-s_
cfbLsfnLg gful/s juL{o hftLo :jfdLTj e"dLsf]

clwsf/ k|ltgLwLTj dfyL /fhlgtLs ug]{ ;+j}wfgLs
sfg"gL :jtGqtf ePsf] clwgdf ug]{5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{df jg]sf] oxL dxf]Tjf l;4fGt ePsf] a'em\g'
;lsG5 .
-v_
cfk|fjf;L juL{o hftLo gful/sk|lt /fhlgtLs :jtGq

clwsf/b]lv kfpbf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ sfg"gL
lgtLx?af6 k"g axfnL u/fpg]5 . olx b'j} gful/s juL{o
hftLo /fhlgtLs k|so[ fk|lt /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{n] k|i6 kfg]{ 5 .

dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTjn] bnx?sf]
/fi6klto / ;/sf/df ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sfo{ ;fy} /fHosf]
oyfl:ytLjfbdfyL ;'lgZrLttf sfod u/fpg' kg]{ afWotf nLP/
lgb]{zg zlQmsf] k"g{/ u7gdf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf]
rfxfgf;+u} :jfdLTje"dLsf] gful/s k|ltgLwLTjdf g]t[TjzLnk|lt
cfXjfg ub{5 .
bnx?sf] /fhlgtLs k|ltzf]ws c/fhstf tyf /fi6j}+ssf] jh]6
clgof]otf :jfy{df pkef]u ;Dklt ljj/0f k|df0fsf] cfwf/dfyL
bnx?nfO{ sfg"gL bfo/eLq ;hfoe"StfgL lbg cjfZos klxnf]
/fi6ktL kbLonfO{ vf/]h / ;+o"Qm if8\oGqdf x'g] /fhlgtLs
kl/jt{g >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 x'g]
19
k|ltj4tf 3f]if0ffkq k|:t't lj1fKtL hfx]/ ul/jS;]sf]5 .

klxnf] /fhlgtLs k|ltj]bg d;f}4f! ;d]tsf] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] 3f]if0ffkq k|:t't ul/Psf] jdf]lhd /fli6klt
kbnfO{ x6fpg] / ;Dklt ljj/0f cfwf/dfyL sfg""gLbfo/eLq
;hfo e"StfgL lbg] / /fhlgtLs Jofj:yfkLsf ^)! ;+;bLo
;b:o Joj:yf ;d]t vf/]h ul/g] ;fy} @$% Jofj:yfkLsf
/fhlgtLs kl/jt{gdf >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd
zfxb]jaf6 ljBfg /fhtGq ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fk|lt
/fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTjdf g]tfx?nfO{ hfg gful/s hgtfx?nfO{
cfXjfg ub{5f} .
!=
bnx?sf] /fhlgtLs c/fhstfjfb lgtLx?df ePsf] dgf]dfgL

rl/q / cS;/jfb cj;/b]vL hgtfx?b]vL kmfO{bf n'6\g] :jfy{tf
h:tf] eofgs ;fDk|fbfoLs juL{o c;dfgtfnfO{ cGof]n kf/]sf]
5g\ . /fi6ktL kbnfO{ x6fpg] k|d"v sf/0fx?k|lt ^)! ;+;bLo
;b:ox?sf] Joj:yflksf vf/]h ul/g] / gofF @$% Jofj:yfkLsf
;+;bLo ;b:ox? /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwL >L % /fhf lw/fh g/
jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 pb\3f]if0ff ul/jS;]sf] /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M /fhlgtLs ;8\oGqdf x'g cfpg]
Pstfj4tf hgtfx?k|ltsf] k|ltgLwLTj g]t[Tjdf cfXjfg u/]sf
5f} .
/fi6ktLo kbnfO{ x6fpgkg]{ /fhlgtLs sf/0fx?jf6 p7]sf]
tgfj gful/s hgtfx?k|ltsf] hjfkmb]o k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf]
oyfl:ytLjfb cy{tGq w/f;fo qmdd"NozlQm cg's'n gePsf]
sf/0f hfltk|lt kmn a9\bf] ;fdfGtqmLof /fxt gx'g]klg xf],
ljb]zL knfogjfb ePsf] d"Vo cfwf/x? x'g\ . /fHok|lt ef}tLs
20
hgtfx?k|ltj4 u/fOaS;Lg' x'GYof] . afXo zlQmk|lt ;'/Iff

ul/jS;L cfGtl/s dfd]nfk|lt Joj:yLt ul/jS;Gb} ;dfwfg
ul/jS;LPsf] kfO{G5 . oLg} dxf]Tjfk'j{s k|]/0ff /fhlgtLs Oltxf;
l;4fGtk|lt ;Ddfghgs tdfd g]kfnL gful/s /fhlgtLs
k|0ffnLk|lt lzIff kfPsf] dfgLG5 .
ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df eO{/x]sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf x'g g;Sg'

xf] .
/fi6ktL kbnfO{ x6fpg'kg]{ /fhlgtL ljBfgx?dWo] d"Vo tnj
;'ljwfg Pstf nufot ljb]z e|d0f cgfjZos /fi6 / :jfy{
pkef]udf rog ul/g ;j} lgtLx?sf] vf/]hL ug'{kg]{ cfjZos
ePsf]n] tdfd gful/s hgtfx?n] cfXjfg ug'{kb{5 . /fhlgtLs
;+;bLo Jofj:yfkLsf ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg k"/f x'gg;s]sf] /
gful/s hgtfx?k|lt rfxfgf ePcg'?k /fxt k|bfg gx'g' g}
d"Nosf/0f x'g\ . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs juL{o bnx?sf]
c;dfgtfdf ;dfj]z ;Djf]wg u/LPsf] 5 . t;y{ k"gM /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ tyf /fhlgtLs hgcfGbf]ng cfXjfg /
cfj4 3f]if0ff k|ltj4tf k|:t't ul/psf] x'g5
] .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @))& ;fndf
/f0fzf;gsfnsf] cGTo >L % j8f dxf/fhf lw/fh qLe"jg jL/
ljqmd zfxb]jjf6 ul/ ljBfg /fhtGq zfx/fhf ;+:yf / zfx/fhf
;+:yfks ;ldtL tyf k|hftGq bnx?sf] /fhlgtLs Joj:yfk|lt
zf;g ul/jS;Lof] . >L % j8f dxf/fhf lw/fh qLe"jg jL/
ljqmd zfxb]j /fhlgtL1 lj4fg /fi6 cWoIf / /fi6kLtf
xf]OaS;Lg'x'GYof] . pxfFaf6 /fhtGq / k|hftGq b'j} /fhlgtLs
Oltxf; klxnf] b]g xf]OjS;LG5 . >L % j8fdxf/fhf lw/fh
qLe"jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jfaf6 hftLo juL{o rfxfgf cg"?k
:jtGqtf k|bfg ul/jS;L juL{otfdfyLsf] :jfdLTj sfod
ul/jS;Lg /fhtGq / k|hftGq b'j}kIfnfO{ /fhlgtLs s;/tdf
nfuL jS;Lof] . ;fdflhs Joj:yf cy{tGqsf] k|jGw wfdL{s
lgtLx?af6 cg"zf;Lt /fhlgtL k|ltlgwLx?sf] /fHosf] gful/s
21
g]kfn /fHosf] ;do ;dodf oLg} /fhlgtLs Oltxf;sf] kl/jt{g

eO{/xg] qmd x'g] ePsf]n] @)^( ;fndf /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs kl/jt{g s'g} ultn] :yfg nLg jfWo
u/fPsf]5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ gofF /fhlgtLs Oltxf;
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ul/jS;LPsf] kfO{G5 .
;do ;dodf ePsf] /fhlgtL sf/0faf6 juL{o hftLo l;df b]vf
r/Lqk|lt e"dL e"efux?sf] :jfdLTjdf gufl/s hgtfx?nfO{
:jtGqtf ul/jS;LG5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] k|rf/
k|;f/ kqsf/Ltf k":ts k|:t't /fhlgtLs hgcfGbf]ng Jofks
Pstfj4tfdf tdfd gful/s hgtfx? nfuLkl/ nfUg h'6\g
;Nnfxf ;'emfj / cfXjfg ul/jS;LPsf] 5 . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] Jofks :j?knfO{ hLjLt u/fpb} /fhg]tfx?sf]
k|ltgLwLTj e"dLsf / lgjf{xdf rog g]t[Tjdf b]zeQm, /fheQm
eO{ h'6\g k|To]s gful/s st{Jo ;DemLGg'k5{ .
-s_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] cGTotL/

tTsfn} gof /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGtnfO{ pbodfg sfod
u/fpb} lg/Gt/ n]lvPsf] k":tssf] cfwf/zLnf cEof;sf]
cWookgnfO{ cu|;/tf lbnfpb} cfO/x]g /fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq Pp6f k|i6e"dLsfk|lt cljnmDj 5 . g]kfn
/fHosf] ljqd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] ;fDk|fbfoLs
22
lg/Gt/tf lbnfPsf] 5 . bnx?sf] Psnf}6L dgf]dfgL dg;fon]

pJhfPsf] ;j} if8\oGqsf] lgd"{n kfb}{ / Pstfj4tf cj;/sf]
fljsf;df gful/s j'l4hLjL ju{x?nfO{ rog u/fpg]5
efjfgfTds j}rfl/s /fhlgtL ;+u} v]Ng] ;j}/fhlgtLs k|s[ofx?n]
k|ltgLwLTj / eljiodfyL ;+efjLt /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGq pbodfg x'g\ .
tTjwfgx?dfyL n]lvPsf] juL{O hftLo ljbfgx?sf] /fhlgtLs

/]vf+sgk|lt cjnf]sg ub}{ lglZrt sfo{ / ;dodf eO/xg]
lg0f{ok|lt lgb]{zg k|:t't u/fPsf] 5 . ;fDk|fbfoLs
tTjwfgx?dfyL n]lvPsf] juL{o hftLo ljBfgx? u/fPsf] 5 .
;fDk|fbfoLs tTjwfgx?dfyL n]lvPsf] juL{o hftLo ljBfgx?sf]
/fhlgtLs v]njf8 eg] ;fgf ltgf /hf}6] efuj08fx? G} jfws /
3ft :ki6 7flgPsf] 5 . /fhlgtLs v]njf8n] b]z /
hgtfx?dfyL 7"nf] cS;/jfbL ckdfgsf] vLnfkdf k|:t't ePsf]
;fob eGg' kb}{g xf]nf . /fhlgtLs pkxf; ;+1f lbnfpg] xf] eg]
/fhlgtLssf] cfjZos g} kb}{g, bnx?sf] rl/qsf] cGTo
cfjZos ePsf] x'G5, To;;dodf To;sf/0f olx ckjfbsf]
l;4fGt / dxf]TjdfyL /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq
Pstfj4 cleofg g} cfjZos dfGg]x?n] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{M df cfj4 x'g;Sg] ;Dk"0f{ cj;/ k|Tofe"lt lbnfP/
;j}gful/s j'l4hLjLsfx?k|lt cfXjfg u/]sf] x'F .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] Psnf}6L

dgf]dfgL dg;fon] knfPsf] /fhlgtL bnx?sf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf]
sfo{x?k|lt ljjfb :t ?kdf x'g;Sg] k|of;dfyL g} /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . @)^@ ;fnb]lv Psnf}6L
dgf]dfgL dg;fosf] /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] lg/Gt/ eO @)^(
;fnsf] cj:yfsf] 7"nf] eljiodfyL v]njf8 uof] / 36gfk|lt
If]tL ;xg u/fPsf] 5 . cfyL{s ;+s6 / gful/s hgtfx?sf] ;j}
xn x'g;Sg] k|of; ;+u} ljsf; qmd /f]lsPsf] 5 / ef}lts lgdf{0f
;d]t x'gg;s]sf] cj:yfsf] sf/0f xf] . g]kfn ul/jL d'n'ssf]
l;df/]vfd"gL ePsf] ;"lrs/0fb]lv k|efjLt ePs]f b]z /
hgtfx?sf] ;donfO{ jf]w u/fpb} To; ;"rLs/0f cleofgk|lt
;j} nfUg cfXjfg ub{5 .
G]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] /fhlgtL

xf]8jfhLsf] qmddfyL ;DefjLt ;j}k|sf/sf] cj;/k|lt
;fdgtfsf] cEof;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbnfpb} / b]zsf] ef}uf]nLs
e"uf]nsf] l;df/]vf+sg gS;f /Iff tyf gful/s hgefjgfnfO{
oyf:yLtL sfod u/fpg /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] sfo{
dfq geP/ /fli6o ljsf; / lgdf{0fk|lt uDeL/bfoLTj nLP/
cfPsf] 5. To;kl5 /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] Nofpg]
eljiok|lt gofF ;+/rgfTds sfo{x? x'g]5g\ .
/fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb ljBfg /fhtGq Pp6f /fhlgtLs
;+u7gjf6 k|ltgLwLTj lbnfpb} eljiodf c;n sfo{ lgdf{0f ub{5
eGg] l;4fGt / dxf]Tjf klxnf] dxz"; u/fpb} Nofpg] nIo;Dd
23
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfbn] nLPsf] Pstfj4tf cleofg / ljsf;

lgdf{0f b'j} uDeL/ ljifoj:t"x?sf] ;=/rgfTds nIo xf] . o;
cy{df cfpg ;Sg] ;j}vfnsf] cfox?k|lt xfdL 5f} .
cfTdf;dk{0fjfbL k|ltgLwLTjdf nfUg ;j} j'l4hLjL ju{x?nfO{
cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 .
-v_
sf+u;
|] sDO"lgi6 cGo bnx? kmGbf k/]sf] sf/0f c;kmnM g]kfn
/fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf km]/L /fhlgtLs gfddf
24
;fgfltgf /'hf}6] efuj08fsf] tTjwfgx|?df ljwfgx? ;fDk|fbfoL

c/fhstf bnx?sf] cS;s/jfbL 36gfxz?sf] ;[h{gf uof] .
g]kfn /fHosf] l;\uf] l;df/]vf lsNnf gS;fdf e"efux?
6'qmfpg] n8fO{x? v]njf8sf] 7"nf] b"3{6gf ;+s]tx?df ljjfbLt
eP . b]z / hgtfx?jLrsf] Pstfj4tf lgtLx?jf6 /fhlgtL
ul/g"kg]{ cfjZostf nLP/ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg
/fhtGqsf] /fhlgtLs cleofg x'g yfNof] . @)^@ ;fnsf]
cGtotL/b]vL /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqn] /fhlgtL
ultnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP/ cfgf] sbd rfNb} n]Vg]jf]Ng] j}rfl/s
/0flgtL s'6gLtL k|i6 kfb}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{Msf] lj:tf/ ;"?jfb klxnf] cfjZostf lyof] . /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6LM ;fdfGoto sf7df8f}+ / cGo ;"g;/Lb]lv hu
j;fpb} Jofks ?kdf cu|;/tf cfGbf]ng ug]{ qmdx?dfyL
lglZrt ;do :yfgdf nfuL u/]sf] 5 .
G]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnsf] cGto / @)^(
;fnsf] ;docjlwjLrsf] /fhlgtL gfddf ;fgfltgf /hf}6]
efuj08fx? gS;f+sg rLqdf rl/qtfsf] km]/L dgf]dfgL hGdnLof]
. ;fDk|fbfoLs tTjwfg?df n]lvPsf] ljBfgx?sf] g]tfx?sf]
bnx? Dgf]dfgL dg;fon] /fhlgtLs c/fhstfjfbL u"7jGbLsf]
cS;/jfbL cfGbf]ngx? Ub}{ cfP . juL{o hftLo ;fDkfbfodf
k}mnLGb} uPsf] c/fhstfjfbL tTjwfgx?sf] bnx?sf] g]tfx?sf]
dgf]dfgL t cfjZos cS;/jfb /fhlgtLs 36gf ?kdf cGto
ug'{ kg]{ g} lyf] t/ klxnf] /fhlgtLs cfjZostf eg] /fli6o
nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq g} lgdf{0f ug'{ jfWotf u/fof]
/fhlgtL /x:odo sf/0fx?kl5 nfu]sf] c/fhstfjfbL
;fDk|fbfoLs tTjwfgx/sf] lgtLx? / bnx?sf] g]tfx?nfO{ klxn]
25
g} cS;/jfbL lgtLx?b]lv j~rLt u/fpg s]xL cfjZos

sbdx?k|lt ;s|Lo eP/ /fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb kf6L{M sf] Pp6f
cleofgdfyL /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj cfjfhx?df ;fd]n eP/
nfuL kg]{ k|ltj4tf lnPsf] 5 .
-u_
sDo"lgi6 u7jGwgx?df ePsf] c/fhstfjfb / sf+u;

|] k"hLjfbL
x}sdjfb, cGo hgjfb ;dfhjfbL egfpbf tTjwfgx?sf]
bnx?sf] g]tfx?sf] g};uL{s rl/qnfO{ phfu/ kf/]sf] k|i6 5 .
/fhlgLs v]njf8n] pS;fPsf] ;St b"3{6gfdf k"ofPsf] lyof] .
/fhlgtLs Oltxf;sf] sfnf] kfgf b'/ultn] n]lvPsf] ;fDk\fbfoLs
/fhlgtLs b"Gbo'4df pNem]sf] pkxf; ePsf] 5 . o:tf]
/fhlgtLs Oltxf;sf] sfnv08x? k6sk6s cGTo ePsf]
Oltxf;df hLjLt} 5b}5 .
To;sf/0fM /fhlgtLs v]njf8sf] s"g}klg tTjwfgx? bnx?sf]
g]tfx?sf] eO/x]sf] /fhlgtLs 7"nf] 36gfk|lt sf/0f ePsf] 5,
sf]xL klg gnfUg hgr]tgf k|rf/jfhL / cfjfhx? k"ofPsf] 5
/ tdfd gful/s hgtfx?n] TofUg" kg]{ cfjZos lyof] .
sDo"lgi6 u7jGwgx/sf] c/fhstfjfbL ;fgftLgf /hf}6]
efuj08fx?k|lt /fhlgtL v]njf8 u/]/ tdfd gful/s
hgtfx?nfO{ wf]sf lbg] rfnjfhL cS;/jfbL k|ltsf/df nfUg /
TofUg ;xefuLtf / s"/fx? g;'Gg ;Nnfxf lbof] . sf+u;
|] k"hLjfbL
x}sdjfb vf]s|f] cS;/jfbLsf] /fhlgtLs v]njf8;+u gnfUg /
Tofug ;xefuLtf/ s"/fx? D;'Gg ;Nnfxf lbb} cfof] . sf+u]|;
k"hLjfbL x}sdjfb vf]s|f] cS;/jfbsf] /fhlgtLs sf/0f eg]sf]
bdgsf/L ;f;sx?sf] ;f]if0fk"j{s lgtLx?b]vL ;f]if0f / cTofrf/
ef]Ug jfWo u/fpg] >d qmdzlQm dfkgnfO{ Psnf}6L
26
gfsfk|ltkmn lx:;fdfyL /utkl;gln lt/]sf] /sd z'Ns jh]6

df]hd:tL ug]{ cj;/n] c? n'6\g] cS;/jfblgtLx?sf] cGTo g}
cfjZos ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 . cGo dgf]dfgL dfg;Lstfn] pJh]sf]
;fDk|fbfo tTjwfgx?sf] lgtLx? g]tfx?sf] bnx?sf] ePsf]
/fhlgtLs v]njf8 :jfy{tf cS;/jfb 36gf ef]Ug jfWo u/]s]f 5
. oxL sf/0fM g]kfnL gful/s hgtfx? Pstfj4 eP/ b]zsf]
:jf0fL{d eljiotL/ nfUg cjsf] cleofgdfyL /fli6o nLug
dfr{Jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs SPstfj4 cleofgnfO{
k|ltgLwLTj lbnfpb} tdfd gful/s hgtfx?sf] ;+uj}wflgs
hLjLtx?k|lt uDeL/ hLDdfbf/L clef/f nLP/ g]t[Tj rogdf
k|ltj4 eO{nfUg cfTdf;dk{0fjfbL lgtLx? cjnDjg u/fPsf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M /fhlgtLs Pstfj4 cleofg
k|ltgLwLTjdf ;fd]n x'g tdfd gful/s j'l4hLjL ju{x?nfO{
cfXjfg tyf cj;/ ;+u} ;Nnfxf ;"rgf k|;f/Lt u/fPsf]
cleJoQm k|ltj4tf / 3f]if0ff k|i6 ul/Psf] 5 . sf+u|];sf]
/fhlgtLs :jfy{tfsf] sf/0f c;kmn x'b}5M
sf+u|]; kf6L{sf] g]tfx? sfo{stf{x? cfgf] :jfy{sf] nfuL
/fhlgtLs u/]sf] 5g\ . sf+u|]; ;f;sLo ;f]if0f k"hLjfb
x}sdjfbsf] v]njf8 ;dfhdf ;f]emf] l;wf / ul/jx?nfO{
em'SofP/ zf]if0f jf /fhlgtLss/0f ;"rLb]vL bjfpg] u/]s]f 5 .
sf+u|]; kf6L{sf] g]tfx? sfo{stf{x? ?lkof p7fP/ jh]6jf6 ;"ljwf
eQf nLg] k|of]udf vr{ u/]/ sf+u|]; kf6L{ eLq zf]if0f ePsf] 5 .
sf+u|]; kf6L{ wlg x"g rfxg] t/ k"hLkltju{x?sf] ;+u7gx?b]lv
cj;/sf] df}sf c;"Ng] /fhlgtLs s/0f lj:tf/ cuf8L j9fPsf]
klg 5 . sf+u|];kf6L{n] /fhlgtLs / lgjfr{g Joj:yfdf u/]sf]
cS;/jfb / wlgul/j jLrsf] c;dfgtf oyfjt g} /xg] xf] eg]
27
juL{o ;dfh dfyL ljsf; s;/L xf]nf eGg] k|Zg p7]sf] 5 .

t;y{M sf+u]|; kf6L{sf] lgxt c;n 5}g /fhlgtLs cS;/jfbL x'g\
. wlgul/j jLrsf] c;dfg vfnnfO{ pT;fxLt t"Nofpg] / wlgn]
ul/jnfO{ bdg zf]if0fx?s]f cfwf/e"tk|ltzt lx:;fdf sd]zgbf/L
cy{tGq e|i6frf/ u/fpg] xf] eg], g]kfn /fHosf] cfly{s cj:yf
g} e|i6 kf/]sf] 5g sf+u|]; kf6L{n] e|i6rf/ u/]sf] ;Dkltb]lv wlg
jf /fhlgtLs if8\oGq ePsf] 5 . olx ljz]ifs"/fx?sf] sfd
Jofjxf/ls c;dfgtfn]pJhfPsf] snx ;dfhdf wf]sfk"0f{ ;fjLt
ePsf]
5.
sf+u]|; kf6L{sf] /fhlgtLs if8\oGqdf jGg] lgjf{rg Joj:yf /
lgjf{rLt k|ltgLwLTj ;f;bx?n] kl5Nnf] ;dosf] ;/sf/ /
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;d;f]wgdfyL hgjuL{o hftLo ;dfhljrsf]
?k/]vfdf wf/fjfxLs j'4fx?df lgtLx? lgod jgfpb} cfPsf] 5g\
. o;sf/0fM sf+u;
|] kf6L{sf] wlg jf /fhlgtLs rnv]n r/Lqsf
s"/fx? j'lem;s]sf] 5g\ . juL{o hftLo ;dfgtf rfxfg] Pstfj4
cleofgk|lt gful/s hgtfx?sf] gh/ nfUg] ;befjgf ;dfhsf]
pRrtd ;Ddfg dof{lbt hLjgz}nLdf ;dfj]z x'g]5 .
sf+u|]; k"hLjfb ;+u7g?sf] Pp6f u7jGwg eP/ kf6L{ jg]sf] 5,
;dfhsf] juL{o c;dfgtfnfO{ /fhlgtLss/0f b]vL gful/s
hgtfx?nfO{ b'v lbP/ zf]if0f ;/sf/sf] lgtLx?df ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f ;dzf]wg tyf vf/]h j'4fx?sf] cS;/jfb 5b}5 . sf+u|];
k"hLklt lgtLx?sf] /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTjdf c:nLntf rl/qjfb
el/Psf]5 . :jfy{tf, if8\oGq rnv]nsf] e"dLsf k|i6 ePs]f 5.
juL{o hftLo gful/s hgtfx? bf;Tj jf]s]sf] ul/jL /]vfd"gL
bljfP/ /x]sf] 5 . sf+u|]; k"hLjfbL x}sdjfb kmf];|f]jfbsf] ljleGg
28
ef}lts ;DkltdfyL ;fd|fHojfbL clwsgfosjfb lgtLx?sf]

cg"jfb l;sfP/ gful/s hgtfx?nfO{ ljefhLt ?kdf /fVb5
sf+u|]; wlgul/j ljrsf] vf8n ;Dofpg grfxfg] t/ u/Lj
gful/s hgtfx?b]vL p7fpg] ef}tLs sfg"gL lgtLx? lgodsf]
jGb]hdf jh]6 hDdf ug]{ / sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] kmfO{bf lnP/
cfgf] :jfy{ eg]{ u/]sf] 5 . sf+u|]; k"hLjfb JolQmTj l;4fGtdfyL
sfo{ ub{5 eg] snsf/vfgf cf}wf]uLs If]q, pwf]u Jofj;fosf]
dfnLs x'G5 t/ dHb'/ >d Hofnfbf/L k|yfsf] prLt sb/ ePsf]
5}g . tdfd dHb"/ >d Hofnfbf/L d"Nok|lt zf]if0f ug]{ k|j[l4
ePsf]n] sf+u|]; TofUg" jfWotf xf] . sf+u|];sf] /fhlgtLs rnv]n
if8\oGq tyf ;f]if0f /lxt ;Qf nfUg] ;fd|fHojfb lj:tf/jfb
lgtLx? Nofpg] ePsf] sf/0fb]vL ;\f]t ;fwgx?k|lt d"Nolgwf{/0f
l;4ftsf] sd]zg p7fP/ kmfO{bf n'6\g] e|i6rf/sf] cGTo ug'{k5{ .
sf+u|]; k"hLjfb juL{otfs]f :t/df ljsf; gx'g] t/ ul/jLx?sf]
:t/gfh"s ePsf]n] ;dfhjfb cGTo u/Lg"k5{ . sf+u|]; k"hLjfbn]
ljb]zLjfb k"hLjfbsf] 7"nf] if8\oGq eLqfP/ e"efux?dfyL
clwsf/ hdfPsf] k|f]T;fxgnfO{ gful/s hgtfx?n] cf]u6]sf] 7"nf]
e"efux?nfO{ cfgf] clwsf/dfyL k|fKt ug'{ cu|;/tf k|ltgLwLTj
ljsf; tyf cfly{s Joj:yfsf] vfrf] xf] .
-3_
/fhlgtLssf] gfddf dgf]dfgL tTjwfgx? n]v]/ g]tfx?sf] bnx?

;/sf/sf] Psnf}6L c/fhstfjfbsf] df]8e]8 snd / uf]nLsf]
rnv]nsf] cGTo cfjZos k5{ sL kb]{g eGg] k|Zgjfrs p7]sf]df
Tof] sfd /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] ug]{ k|ltj4tf klxnf]
nLPsf] 5 . /fhlgtLs sf] gfddf ef8 d}nf] dRofpg] tTjwfgx?
eLqfP/ b]z / hgtfx?dfyL v]njf8 u/fpg] rfnjfhLsf]
cfjZos cGTo ug]{ k|ltj4tf nLP/ cfpg]5 . bnx?sf] ef8d}nf]
29
v]n 3LgnfUbf] ePsf]n] cGTo ug'{k5{ . olx s'/fx?nfO{ l;4fGtdf

k|ltj4 /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M /fhlgtLs Oltxf; sf] sbd
xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Msf] klxnf] k|ltgLwLTjdf lnPsf]
sbddfyL k|ltj4tf / 3f]if0ff u/]sf] xf] .
/fhlgtLs gfddf bnx?sf] g]tfx?sf] cfgf] dgf]dfgL
c/fhstfjfb k|lt lgwLTj / bnx?sf] cS;/jfbL cj;/b]vL
hgtfx?sf] Psdtn] p7fPsf] bnx?sf] wf]sfk"0f{ k|s[ofx?
hgtfx?sf] /utk;Lgfs]f sdfOdfyL df]hd:tL u/fpg] /
bnx?sf] g]tfx?sf] :jfy{k"lt{ ;/sf/sf] lgxt ePsf] x'bF f cj
bnx?sf] s'g} klg ultljwLx? cfjZos ;dfKt x"g"k5{ .
To;sf/0fM bnx?sf] g]tfx?nfO{ Pp6} sfg"gL lgb]{zg ljwLx?jf6
;hstf ;dfj]zL ckgfpg / bnx?sf] g]tfx?n] sJhf /
eLqfPsf] ;/sf/sf] cj:yf;Ddsf] ;Dkltx?dfyL k|ltjGb nufP/
;fj{hlgs ;Dkltsf] bfo/df ;dnUg ul/Psf]5 . olx
k|df0fLs/0f cfwf/n] klg bnx?sf] ;/sf/ ePsf] g]tfx?sf]
dgf]dfgL c/fhstfjfb /fhlgtL cS;/jfbL cj;/b]vL /fli6o
j}+sL jf /fi6j}+s / /fli6o jh]6 vjf}{ e|i6rf/ ePsf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] olx /fhlgtLs c/fhstfjfbsf]
lgd"{n u/fpg nfUg] k|ltgLwLTj lbnfpg]5 . bnx?sf] g]tfx?sf]
hUufx? dfyL xft xfNg] n'6\g] hkmt ug]{ jf ;Dklt sJhf jf
hkmt ul/ vfg] gLxtsf] s'g}klg tTjwfgx? ljBfgx? ePsf]
bnx?sf] g]tfx?n] cfjZos If]tL lbnfpg nufpg] /fli6o nLug
dfr{jfb kf6L{M sf] k|ltgLwLTjdf h] ug{ k|ltj4 eP/ nfUg]5 .
/fhlgtLssf] gfddf sf+u|]; k"hLjfb ;+u7gx?sf] vf]s|f] x}sdjfbL
bnfnx? k|ltgLwLTj sd]zgbf/L if8\oGqb]vL e|i6rf/ u/]/
hgtfx?df >d / qmdzlQm ;dosf] zf]if0f u/]sf] 5 . sf+u|];
30
n]lvPsf] ljBfgx? sDo"lg:6 u7jGwgx?, sf+u|];, dfcf] cGo

hftLo lje]b ;dfhjfb dw]zjfbL ;dnUg k6L{x?nfO{ kqmfp
u/]/ h]n rnfgL k"ofO{ y"lg/fVg] sfjf{xL ug{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5 .
k"hLjfbL ;+u7gx?sf] vf]s|f] x}sdjfb bnfnx? /fhlgtLs

if8\oGq eg] k|ltgLwLTj / sd}zgbf/l zf]if0f u/]/ :jfy{k"lt{ ug]{
cS;/jfbL ;/sf/sf] e/kf]z0fdf tnjeQf / ;"ljwfdf e|i6rf/
ePsf] 5 . sf+u|]; g]tfx?n] s/f]8f}, cjf}{ ?kLof j/fj/sf]
hUufx?, 3/x?, sf/x? j}+sL l8kf]hL6 u/] / ;|f]tx?
;fwgx?sf] Joj;yf ;d]tsf] h"uk"Ug] ;Dklt cfgf] gfddf
kf;ul/ lnPsf] btf{ gfd ljefudf k|i6 b]lvG5 . sf+u|];
g]tfx?sf] kf6L{sf] if8\oGqsf/L cS;/jfbLlgtLx?sf] cj;/ b]vL
:jfy{k"lt{ u/]sf] 5 . csf]{tL/ sDo"lgi6 u7jGwgx? g]tfx?sf]
kf6L{x?sf] tLj| /fhlgtL k|ltgLwLTjjfb /0flgltsf] j}rf/Ls
Jofjxf/Ls ;fdfGo k|ltZkwf{Tds /fhlgtLs e"dLsf lgjf{x u/]g
;dok|lt ePsf] csf]{ 36gf If]tL ePsf] 5 .
-!_
g]kfn /fHo Pp6f /fhwfgLdf s]Gb|Lt eP/ b]zsf] ef}uf]lns

cv08tfdf ePsf] ;Dkbfsf] ;"/Iff ;fy} hgtfx?sf] ljsf;
lgdf{0f u/]/ Pstfj4 z'qjf6 lg/Gt/ h'6\g /fli6o bnx?nfO{
;"emfj ub{5' . /fli6o nlug dfr{jfbf ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs
k|ltgLwLTj lgjf{x ug]{ /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] nLPsf]
l;4fGt g} /fli6o cv08tf ju{ hftLo lje]b / ;fj{ef}d ;Qf
c;n k|zf;lso lgtLx?sf] clenDj ;/sf/k|lt ;+ljwfg
lgdf[0fjf6 pGd"vt sfod lbnfpg xf] . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb
kf6L{n] ;j} /fhlgtLs bnx?sf] Pp6f 7fpeg]sf] b]z /
hgtfx?sf] ;fd" p7]/ c/fhstf tTjwfgxsf] s'g}klg ug]{
cj}wflgs u'7jGbL df]rf{jlGbdf cfj4 ePsf] ljwfgx? sDo"lg:6
dfcf], sf+u|]; hftLo lje]b ;dfhjfb kf6L{x?sf] ;+u7gx?nfO{
;d]t sfjf{xL u/]/ ;fj{hlgs x]t[sf] bfoLTj k"g u/fpg] p2]Zo
nLP/ nfUg" xf] . /fli6o Pstf, :jfeLdfgtfsf] /Iff ef}uf]nLs
cv08tfx?sf]_ k|of]ufTds p7\g] k|lt, kl/jt{gzLn sfo{Gjogtf
ug]{ cfxjfgug'{k5{ .
g]kfn/fHosf] lqmd ;Djt ldtL @)$% ;fn lbnfPsf] k|hftGq

b]vL ag]sf] @)$& ;fn cGt/Ld ;+ljwfgb]vL gL/Gt/ @)%*
;fn / @)^@ ;fnkl5 @)^( Pp6f ;"rgf / ;hstf lbnfPsf]
5.
ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^(!#) ut] /fhstf
Jofks?kdf ePsf]n] e"k]l/j]li6t cv08tf, /fHo ljv08tf
k|fb]zLs / b]z 6'qmfpg] tTjwfgx?df n]lvPsf] ljbfgx? ;+u}
;xdlt hdfpg] sDo"lg:6 u7gwfg, dfcf], sf+u|];, cGo hftLo
le]b ;dfhjfb dw]zLjfbL ;dnUg kf6L{x?sf] cGTo u/]/ g]kfn
/fHosf] e"k]l/j]:6Lt cv08tfsf] /Iff ;fy] :jfeLdfgtfnfO{
Pstfj4 lbnfO{ /fVg' k5{ egg'sf] nfuL ;Nnfxf lbPsf] 5' .
g]kfn /fHosf] @)$% ;fnb]vL k|hftfGqLs z/fhstf ef}uf]nls
v08tf, /fHolj: /xg', k|fb]zLs / b]z 6'qmfpg] tTjwfgx?df
31
-!_
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)$& ;fnsf] /fhlgtL /

Oltxf; l;4fGt dfly ljrf/k|lt c:ki6tf ePsf] kfO{G5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)$& ;fnb]vL /fhlgtLs
bnx?sf] cGtl/d ;Tsf/sf] ;+ljwfgk|lt bnx?n] 36fPsf] /fi6 /
hgtfx?jLrsf] u[xo'4 lx+;f xTofsf08sf] sfnv08 Oltxf;
kgfx?sf] dgdf]6fj emu8f dgf]dfggL c/fhstf tTjwfgx?df
32
n]lvPsf] ljBfgx?sf] k|ltgLwLTj g]tfx?sf] kf6L{x?nfO{ Pp6}

If]qdf pEofP/ b]zs]f ef}uf]nLs cv08tfk|lt /Iff / hgtfx?sf]
k"g d]ndLnfk jf6fj/0fLo sfod u/fpb} Pp6f /fHo s]Gb|Lt
eP/ ;+u7g jf bnx?nfO{ cfXjfg ub{5' . /fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb
ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTjjft /fhlgtLssf] ;j}
sf/0fx?s]f /x:odo ljGb"df s]Gb|Lt eP/ b[li6sf]0ffTds
efifgfnfO{ dfu{bz{gk|lt clenDjg k|ltj4tf jgfpb} 3f]if0ff
ub{5" . g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;nb]vL lg/Gt/
n]lv/x]sf] j}rf/Lstf /fhlgtLs l;4fGtk|lt dgtg cleJoQmL
s'/fx?nfO{ /fhlgtLs k|ltj4tf / 3f]if0ffdf :ki6tf lbnfpb}
cfpg] /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fli6o nLug
dfr{fjfb kf6L{Mn] g]kfn /fHo lgdf{0f P]ltxfl;s lzIff n]Vg jf]Ng
/ sfo{Gjogtfk|lt cu|;/ ljsf; u/fpg] k|efjsf/L g]t[Tj
lbPsf] 5 .
!=
j}rf/Ls wfdL{s l;4fGt c;n x'g" cfjZos dfq eP/

dfgj, j0f{, k"?if nL, dxLnf nL hfthftL /ut gftf
/ ;Gtfgk|lt dfof df]x clgjfo{ k|fs[lts k|0ffnL xf] . >L
% /fhflw/fh g/ jxfb"/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j o;
s'/fnfO{ k|i6 kfbf{=====================================
g]kfn /fHosf] s]xL jif{otf dfgj j0f{ k"?if nL / dxLnf nLL
hft hftLdfyL OHht Odfg k|lti7f ;Ddfg s"n, 3/fgsf]
phfu/ jgfPsf] 5 . cfgf] j0f{ k"?if nL / dxLnf nLL
hfthftLsf] s"n3/fgsf] OHht Odfg k|lti7fdfyL j}dfgLsf] v]n
v]n]sf] 5 g /utsf] ;DjGw gt gftf ;f]em} rLGg" g hfGg'
3r]l8 dfUg", s:sf] 5f]/f, s:sf] 5f]/L, sGof dfUg] lbg] k|yf /
33
n7\7} kf/]/, hf]8L jgfOlbg], sfd -k"/]t Hof]tLifL_ jgfP/, sn+s

k}mnfpg] u/], efiffx? nLkLj4 n]Vg] k9\g]x?sf] csf{sf] 5f]/f
5f]/L;+u n7\7} kf/]/, hf]8L jgfP/ csf{sf] ;Gtfg hGdfpg
nufpg sfd rfxL s'n3/fgsf] 7"nf] j]Oh]tL xf], xfdL ;j}n]
j'em\g'k5{ sL oxfF, c?sf] ;Gtfg hGdfOlbg nufpg k|yfsf]
lj/f]w ug'{k5{ . cfgf] ;Gtfgsf] hGdl;4 u/fpg nufpg' /fd|f]
xf] . Pp6} zJbdf eGg] xf] eg], Pp6} j0f{ k"?if nL a"jfsf]
;Gtfg b'O{hgf 5f]/fx? jf Pshghf 5f]/f Pshgf 5f]/LjLr /ut
gftfsf] 3lgi6 ;DjGw ;Gtfgk|lt dfof df]x / s"n3/fgsf]
OHht Odfg k|lti7f ;Ddfg sfod x'g] Joj:yf c;n l;4fGt xf]
.
Pp6} j0f{ k"?if nL jfj"sf] ;Gtfg b'O{ hgfjLr /utgftf 3lgi6
;DjGwdf ;Gtfgk|lt dfof df]x / s"n3/fgsf] OHht Odfg
k|lti7f ;Ddfg ;+u} wg bf}nt, ;Dkltsf] Psfclwsf/jfb lxtdf
;"/IfLt hLjgz}nLsf] Joj:yf u/fpb} sfod /fVg' /fd|f] xf] .
dfgj j0f{ k"?if nL dxLnf nLL hfthftL b'j} ;j{>]i7
r]tgzLn k|f0fL xf] . dfgj j0f{ k"?if nL csf]{ dxLnf nLLjLr
zfl/l/s ;+ef]u sfod clgjfo{ ?kn] u/]kl5 ljhsf] ue{wf/0ff
x'G5 . dlxnf nLLsf] kf7]3/df z'qm ljh j;]kl5 l;z'jRrf
lg/Gt/ k9\b} bzdxLgfsf] ;doghLsdf k}bf lzz'jRrf hGdG5 .
lzz' jRrf hGdL ;s]kl5 lb;f ;do jf]w / gfd / ;fOt jf
hGd s"GbnL ;fOtsf] cfwf/df sd{ k|lt c;n v/fj eljiot
bf]iff/f]k0f nufpg yfN5 . gjhGdhft lzz"jRrf bf]ifL dLYof
/f]k0f k|lt v/fj ;+1f sd{ lbOg] d]if, t'nf, ss{6, dLg, j[if,
sGof, wg", j[lZrs, ds/, s'De, dLy"g, l;x+, hGt hgjf/ hLj
b]vfP/ elj:otdfyL vfN6f]df xfNg] b'Mv kL8f ;+s6 kfg]{ if8\oGq
34
bzf u|x b]vfpg] ub{5 .
g]kfn /fHosf] ldtL @)$& ;fnsf] cGt/Ld ;+ljwfgn] gful/s

;Gtfgsf] j0f{ g/ gf/L hfthftLsf] efiffx? nLkLj4 n]Vg] k9\g]
qmddf k"gM -k'/]t Hof]tLifL_ tTjwfg jgfP/ hGd s"Gbln
eLqjfxL/ lbzf ;do ;fO{tsf] gj hGdhft lzz"jRrfnfO{ ldYof
bf]iff/f]k0f nufpg] hLpb} vfN6f]df xfNg] if8\oGq bzfu|x x]g{
nufpg lbof]. ;fgf ;fgf jfnjRrfx?dfyL To; k|sf/sf] ldYof
bf]iff/f]k0f nufpg rfxL 7"nf] dfG5]sf] ljj]slxgtf d"v{tf xf] .
;Gtfgsf] gjhGd hft lzz"jRrfsf] Gjf/fg u/fpg nfUg] k|yfsf]

v/fj x6fpg cfjZos 5 . ;Gtfgsf] gjhGd hft lzz" jRrf
5f]/fsf] ltglbgdf Gjf/fg u/fpg] / ;Gtfgsf] gjhft lzz"
jRrf 5f]/Lsf] rf/lbgdf Gjf/fg u/fpg nufpg] hGd s"GbnL
;fO{t lbzf ;dojf]w cfwf/df gfd / sd{k|lt bf]iff/f]k0f dLYof
nufpg' d"v{tf xf] . dfgj j0f{ k"?if nL dxLnf nLL hfthftL
dfyL cwdL{ ljlwsx? n]v]/ ul/ b]vfpg] JolQrfxL bf]ifL xL;f
/xLt x'G5 .
k|f0fL hLjhGt" hgfjf/ hGd]sf] cy{;+u ;fjLt u/fpg rfx]df
syLt nHhLt xf] . dfgj j0f{ k"?if nL dxLnf nLL
hfthftLjf6 x'g] hGd s"GbnL lbzf ;do jf]w ;fO{t gfd / sd{
eljiot c;n ug'{ xf] . t/ dfgj j0f{ k"?if dxLnf nLL
hfthftL b'j}nfO{ ldYof bf]iff/f]k0f nufP/ hLpb} vfN6f]df xfNg]
dfg;Ls kL8f zfl/l/s b'Mv ef}tLs ;+s6 kfg'{ if8\oGq bzfu|x
nufpg] ;fjLt ePsf] 5 . cwdL{ ;+1fsf] sd{ 7fgLG5 . of] sfd
ug{ nufpg rfxL Pp6f k"?if nL hftn] k"/]t Hof]tLifL jgfOof]
. c;n / v/fj sd{ 36\ofP/ dfgj j0f{ k"?if nL dxLnf nLL
hfthftL k|lt hGd s"Gbln ;fO{t x]g{ nufpg /fd|f] rfxL xf]Og,
of] sfd rfxL ;dL{Gbf 7fgLG5 . hGd s'GbnL x]g'{ eg]sf] t
ue{klt dxLnf nLLbf]lif hGdfPsf] gj hGdhft lzz'jRrf /
cfdf b'j} x]g'{ xf] . gj hGdhft lzz" jRrfsf] hGd s"GbnL
;fO{t jgfpg cfjZos rfxL /fd|f] x'b}g .
;fdfGotoM ;Gtfgsf] gj hGdhft lzz"jRrf hGd s"GbnL
rf/lbzf ;dodf hGd]/ ;f] tkm{ ;do, b]vL gfd /fVg' sd{
;fob ldYof bf]iff/f]k0f nufpg kmnbfo xf]nf h:tf] rfxL cjZo
nfUb}g . gfd dfq} /fVg] sltn] cg]s z+sf pkz+sfdfyL cwdL{
sd{tL/ nufpg] u/]sf] 5 .
35
dfgj j0f{ k"?if dlxnf hfthftLnfO{ bf]iff/f]k0f nufpg] csf]{

7"nf] if8\oGq ePsf] 5 . sGof dfUg] lbg] k|yfM csf{sf] 5f]/f /
csf]{ 5f]/L sGof dfGg] lbg] k|yfn] b'j}nfO{ zfl/l/s ;+ef]u sfd
dLnfof] . csf{sf] 5f]/f / csf{sf] 5f]/L sGof dfGg] lbg] k|yf
;+ef]u sfod xf]Og ;Gtfg nu]/ lx8fpg] j]OhtL u/fof] . of]
sfd k'/]t Hof]tLifLnfO{ u/fpg dLnfOlbg nufOof] . cfGt/Ls
dfd]nf jfXo k"?if dlxnfjLr ;sf pkz+sf hGdfof] . snx,
df/kL6, bzfu|x nufof] . of] sfd / s'/fsf] jxL:sf/ u/]/
k|yfx?sf] cfjZos cGTo ug'{k5{ .

!=
g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;djt @)^( ;fn $ dxLgf % ut]

;dosfn /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] wfdL{s sfnv08
k|f]ku08f]n s[ofsnfk eO{/x]sf] dWo] ;j} eGbf l3g nfUbf]
phfu/ gfd kz"klt gfy dGbL/ kl/;/ eLq jfxL/sf] ljQ lrq
cwoog lxGb} cfpg] hfg] dfgjn] x]bf{ kz"klt gfy dlGb/sf]
zfJbLs cy{ eg]sf] kz"sf] klt jf kz"sf] ;f9] elgG5 hxfF
/fvLPsf] ;f9]uf]? Hgfj/ d"lt{ xf] .
36
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{n] wfdL{s b[li6sf]0fdf dfuLnfg]vfg]

jf 7uL em'f] lzIff ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;f9] uf]?sf] u'Ktf gf\uf]
zl// d"lt{df kz"klt j[lQ ;+1fsf] ?k lbP/ dfgjdfyL lx+;f 7fgL
lxGb} ;+:sf/ cGtu{t wd{sf] gfddf cTof; k"0f{ sd{sf08 elgG5
.
k|yfsf] dfuL nfg] vfg] 7uL / em'f] lzIffsf] b}lgs k|rf/jfhL

eO{/x]sf] t/ k|s[ofsf] cfjZos lgtLjf6 cGTo u/]/} 5f8\g]
k|ltj4tf nLP/ b]zJofkL ?kdf cleofg ;z:q k|ltjGb u/fpg]
5 . ljleGg 7fpx? ;do sfnv08sf] ;dfKt x'g]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M df dfgj gfu/LsnfO{ o:tf]

s[osnfksf] d"n cleof]u nufPsf] 5 . csf]{ s"/f, hLj hGt' /
hgfj/ k|f0fLx?sf] cnf\sf/Ls, b;f u[x, u/fpg] k"/]t jf
Hof]ltifL kfqsf] dfuL nfg] vfg] tyf 7uL vfg] em'f] lzIff
if8\oGqsf] rfn v]Ng] ;j} k|s[ofx?nfO{ lgdL6g kfg]{ k|ltj4tf
nLPsf] 5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L[sf] dfu{ bz{g wfld{s l;4fGt
;hLjtf ef}tLs kf/bz{g xf], o;sf/0fM dfUg] lbg] jf sgofbfg
k|yfMn] ;gtfg / k/ ;GtfgnfO{ jf7f] nufOlbg] if8\oGqsf/L
ck/fw;Dd ul/g" l7s xf]Og, kmn:j?k ;Gtfg j[l4sf] wd{df
k/;GtfgnfO{ lbg] s"/fsf] k|yf x6fpg] cGTo cfjZos 7fgL
cuLj9]sf]5 .
/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M n] cfo{ hft hftLsf] lx:;fTds
kz"klt gfysf] kz"j[lQsf] k|s[of ux"d"tn] jf ufO{sf] jf5Lsf] d'q
nLP/ rf]vLg] / ux"d"t vfg] / ltyLdLtL ;do lbzf gj hGd
hft lzz" jRrfsf] tLg rf/ lbgdf Gjf/fg s[of snfkdf k"gM
gfdsfd cfhLjg u/fof] . gj hGdhft lzz" jRrf cgfxsdf
cleof]u /flzkmn hLjhGt" / hgfj/sf] cGwsf/ eljiossf]
sd{df rLqfl\st efj cgy{ nufpb} hLjge/ ljleGg
if8\oGqsf/L rnv]n lxGb} sd{sf08 sfnv08 syfj:t'sf]
b;fu|x, ug]{ cGTo u/Lof], /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{Mn] o;
37
38

G) KFN /fhosf) LJQMD DJT LDLT @) @ FNDF N) LVPSF) /fli6 O Nlug DFR (JFB LJWFG /FHTGQDF X'G) Ljifo "RLM

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G) KFN /fhosf) LJQMD DJT LDLT @) @ FNDF N) LVPSF) /fli6 O Nlug DFR (JFB LJWFG /FHTGQDF X'G) Ljifo "RLM

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g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^@ ;fndf n]lvPsf]

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljwfg /fhtGqdf x'g] ljifo ;"rLM

/fhtGq /fhlgtL Oltxf; l;4fGtk|lt k|ltgLwLTj sfod u/fpb} gful/s

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M dxf]Tjfk"0f{ l;4fGt tyf p2]ZoM

s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ;xefuLtf ;Dj4,

ldlt @)^# zfnb]vL

ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^(@! ut]

>L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j /fHoclez]if

/ lsrf]nf] ;[hgf{ u/]/ ;/sf/ lj36g / lgdf{0f 36gfb]vL /fhlgtLs Oltxf;sf]

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf n]lbPsf] /fli6o

dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGqsf] /fhlgtL ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s k"gM;+/rgfdfyL

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]vL lg/Gt/ n]lvPsf]

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf gful/s

/fhlgtLs ;+u7gx? x'g] gful/s hgtfx? x'g]5 .

>L % /fhf lw/fh g/jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j

>L % /fgL lbns'df/L /fHonIdL zfxb]jL

jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 zfx/fh;+:yf, ofsy"Djf zfx /fhkl/jf/x?sf] kl/ifb

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gful/sx?sf] e"dLsf :jtGq?kn]

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gfu/Ls ;+u7gx?sf] efjfgfTds

Joj:yf x'g]ul/Psf] ;DaGwdf k|i6 kfg]{5 .

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs l;\uf] /fHoe"ldsf] k|fs[lts

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs l;4fGtsf] e"ldsfdfyL ljrf/zLn

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf k|ltlgwLx?sf]

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] ljleGg If]qx?dfyL

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] k|ltlglwTj e"dLsf]

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLTj e"ldsf] If]qx?sf] ;ldltx?sf]

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, ;+j}wfgLs ljz]iftfx?sf] /fhlgtLs k|ltlgwLTj

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLdfyL sfg"gL

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs k|ltgLwLx?df ePsf] ;+;bLo

lxtsf] GofoLs dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+;f]wlgo /rgf l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ljsf;d"vL

/fli6o lnug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq, /fhlgtLs e"dLsf gful/s hgtfx?nfO{

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fn tTsfn ;+zf]wlgo

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsf gful/s hghftL

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs Oltxf; l;4fGt lzIffe"dLsf]

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# ;fn tTsfn ;+zf]wlgo

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs gfu/Ls k|ltgLwLx?sf] e"dLsf

k|ltgLwL;ef lgjf{rLt ;b:ox?sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfod ul/g] /x]sf] 5 .

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs e"dLsfnfO{ ofSy"Djfzfx b]jgful/

5 . /fli6o nLug dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtLs c;n Jofj:yfkLsf

/fhtGq /fhlgtL ;+u7gx?sf] e"dLsf gful/s clwsf/ ;DjGwL efifLsnLkLj4 wd{

dfr{jfb ljBfg /fhtGq /fhlgtL gful/s ofSy"Djf zfxb]jgfu/L efiffnLkL

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf /fli6o nLug

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldlt @)^@ ;fndf

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf /fli6uo nLug

/fhlgtLs jf k|hftfGqLs cj:yfM

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{ hLGbfjfb

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^# zf;ndf b]lvPsf] /fli6o

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{sf] k|rf/k|;f/ k":ts xf] . kqklqsf,

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf

/fli6o nLug dfr{Jfb ljBfg /fhtgq /fhlgtLs

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^@ ;fndf >L % /fhf

;fxLto Oltxf; lzIff ljsf; c? gful/s j0f{ ju{

cWoIfM >L % /fhf lw/fh g/ jxfb'/ jL/ljqmd zfxb]j

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt @)^@ ;fndf /fli6o nLug

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fndf /fli6o

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;Djt ldtL @)^( ;fnsf] /fli6o

g]kfn /fHosf] ljqmd ;djt ldtL @)^@ ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/

e]b hfthftLx? ;d]tsf] e"dLsf /xg] k|ltgLwLTjsf] nfuL

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfbf kf6L{M lhGbfjfb

b]zJofkL u/fpg] k|ltj4tf hLDdfbf/L nlP/ cfPsf] xf] .

/fli6o nLug dfr{jfb kf6L{M n] hgcfGbf]ng