NghienCuuChuanKetNoiKhongDay ZIGBEE

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.
4

I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Ng Quang Anh

Tn ti
NGHIN CU CHUN KT NI KHNG DY
ZIGBEE/IEEE 802.15.4

KHA LUN TT NGHIP H I HC CHNH QUI
Ngnh : in T Vin Thng

Cn b hng dn : GS.TSKH Phan Anh
Cn b ng hng dn: CN. Trn Anh Tun

H NI 2005

Created by Ngo Quang Anh

0
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

Li cm n

u tin, em xin php c gi
li cm n su sc n tt c cc thy c
gio trong trng du dt em trong
sut bn nm hc i hc. c bit em
xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti
GS.TSKH Phan Anh, thy to cho em
ng lc rt ln hon thnh bn lun
vn ny.
Em cng xin cm n anh Trn
Anh Tun, cc anh ch trn trung tm,
gia nh v bn b ht lng hng
dn, ch bo v lun to mi iu kin
tt nht cho em trong sut thi gian qua.

Sinh vin

Ng Quang Anh


1

Tm tt ni dung kha lun

Hin nay cng ngh ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 ang c coi l
hng gii quyt hiu qu cho vn lin lc trong di bng tn
eo hp v liu php s dng chung knh tn s gia cc thit b.
Cng ngh ZigBee hot ng bng tn 868/915 MHz Chu u
v 2.4 GHz M v Nht, c p dng cho nhng h thng iu
khin c tc truyn tin thp v chu k hot ng lu di. Cng
ngh ny t ra u vit hn Bluetooth mc tiu hao nng lng
thp, tr truyn tin nh, d dng m rng, gi thnh thp. Trong
khun kh ca ti ny, em kho cu v cng ngh ZigBee v
m phng thnh cng qu trnh nh tuyn trong mng mesh ca
ZigBee. Chng trnh m phng c vit bng ngn ng Visual C
v chy m phng trn MatLab.


2

MC LC

Li ni u............................................................................................................................5
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V MNG WPAN................................................................6
1.1 Khi nim mng WPAN.................................................................................. 6
1.2 S pht trin ca mng WPAN....................................................................... 6
1.3 Phn loi cc chun mng WPAN................................................................... 7
1.4 Khi qut v ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4............................................................. 7
1.4.1 Khi nim.................................................................................................. 7
1.4.2 c im.................................................................................................... 7
1.4.3 u im ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 vi Bluetooth/IEEE802.15.1........... 8
1.4 Mng ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN. ..................................................... 9
1.4.2 Thnh phn ca mng LR-WPAN............................................................ 9
1.4.3 Kin trc lin kt mng ........................................................................... 10
1.5.2.1 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh sao (Star) .................................................. 11
1.5.2.2 Cu trc lin kt mng mt li (mesh) ................................................ 11
1.5.2.3 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh cy (cluster-tree)................................. 12
CHNG 2 CHUN ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4. .................................................................14
2.1 M hnh giao thc ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 .............................................. 14
2.2 Tng vt l ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 ............................................................... 15
2.2.1 M hnh iu ch tn hiu ca tng vt l. ............................................. 17
2.2.1.1 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di s 2.4 GHz......................... 17
2.2.1.1.1 S iu ch.............................................................................. 17
2.2.1.1.2 B chuyn bit thnh k t :.......................................................... 17
2.2.1.1.3 B chuyn k t thnh chip: ........................................................ 17
2.2.1.1.4 B iu ch O-QPSK :................................................................. 19
2.2.1.2 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di tn 868/915MHz ............... 20
2.2.1.2.1 S iu ch.............................................................................. 20
2.2.1.2.2 B ma ha vi phn ....................................................................... 20
2.2.1.2.3 B nh x bit thnh chip. ............................................................. 21
2.2.1.2.4 B iu ch kha dch pha nh phn BPSK................................. 21
2.2.2 Cc thng s k thut trng tng vt l ca IEEE 802.15.4 ................... 21
2.2.2.1 Ch s ED (energy detection)........................................................... 21
2.2.2.2 Ch s cht lng ng truyn (LQI) ............................................ 22
2.2.2.3 Ch s nh gi knh truyn (CCA)................................................. 22
2.2.3 nh dng khung tin PPDU..................................................................... 22
2.3 Tng iu khin d liu ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 MAC................................. 23
2.3.1 Cu trc siu khung. ................................................................................ 23
2.3.1.1 Khung CAP...................................................................................... 25


3

2.3.1.2 Khung CFP....................................................................................... 25
2.3.1.3 Khong cch gia hai khung (IFS) .................................................. 25
2.3.2 Thut ton trnh xung t a truy cp s dng cm bin sng mang
CSMA-CA. ............................................................................................................ 26
2.3.3 Cc m hnh truyn d liu. .................................................................... 29
2.3.4 Pht thng tin bo hiu beacon ............................................................... 32
2.3.5 Qun l v phn phi khe thi gian m bo GTS. ................................ 32
2.3.6 nh dng khung tin MAC...................................................................... 34
2.4 Tng mng ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4.......................................................... 35
2.4.1 Dch v mng .......................................................................................... 35
2.4.2 Dch v bo mt ...................................................................................... 35
2.5 Tng ng dng ca ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4................................................... 37
CHNG 3 CC THUT TON NH TUYN CA ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4. ..........39
3.1 Thut ton nh tuyn theo yu cu AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance
Vector) ....................................................................................................................... 39
3.2 Thut ton hnh cy ....................................................................................... 42
3.2.1 Thut tan hnh cy n nhnh ............................................................... 42
3.2.2 Thut ton hnh cy a nhnh. ................................................................ 45
CHNG 4 M phng thut ton nh tuyn trong mng mesh ca
ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 bng phn mm MatLab v Visual C. ...........................................51
4.1 S thut ton. ............................................................................................ 51
4.2 Kt qu v nh gi ...................................................................................... 52
4.3 Kt lun.......................................................................................................... 55
PH LC...........................................................................................................................56
M ngun ca chng trnh:...................................................................................... 56
Ti liu tham kho..................................................................................................... 69


4

Li ni u

Hng ngy chng ta u thy nhng v d mi v cch thc m cng ngh thng tin v
vin thng (ICT) tc ng lm thay i cuc sng ca con ngi trn th gii. T mc
ny hay mc khc, cuc cch mng k thut s lan rng n mi ng ngch
trn ton cu.
Trong mng vin thng ngy ny, con ngi ang qun l, trao i, giao tip tranh
lun, lm chnh tr, mua bn v th nghim ngha l thc hin tt c cc loi hnh
hot ng bng cch thc m ch c ICT mi c th lm c. Mng vin thng to
ra mt cu ni lin kt loi ngi trn khp hnh tinh ca chng ta, v ang m rng
khng ngng, y ha hn, hy vng v khng mt cht b n. Tuy vy, trong mt di
bng tn eo hp vn cn tn ng nhiu thch thc nu mun t c y tim
nng . Cc nh khoa hc trn th gii ngh n vic s dng cc bng tn cao
hn, nhng vic ny ang vp phi nhiu tr ngi v cng ngh in t v ch to cha
theo kp. V vy mt gii php cp bch c a ra l s dng chung knh tn s, mc
d vn cn nhiu vn pht sinh, v d nh l can nhiu ln nhau gia cc thit b
cng tn s, hay l vn xung t gia cc thit b... Mt trong nhng cng ngh mi
hin ang c ng dng trong cc mng lin lc t c hiu qu l cng ngh
ZigBee.
Cng ngh ZigBee l cng ngh c p dng cho cc h thng iu khin v cm
bin c tc truyn tin thp nhng chu k hot ng di. Cng ngh ZigBee hot
ng di tn 868/915 MHz v 2,4 GHz, vi cc u im l tr truyn tin thp, tiu
hao t nng lng, gi thnh thp, t li, d m rng, kh nng tng thch cao. Trong
lun vn ny, em mun trnh by cc kho cu ca em v cng ngh ZigBee v m
phng thut ton nh tuyn ca ZigBee c th hiu r hn v cng ngh ny.
Hy vng thng qua cc vn c cp trong bn lun vn ny, bn c s c c
s nh gi v hiu bit su sc hn v cng ngh ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 v vai tr
cng nh tim nng ca n trong cuc sng.


5

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V MNG WPAN.

1.1 Khi nim mng WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network).
Mng c nhn khng dy c s dng phc v truyn thng tin trong nhng
khong cch tng i ngn. Khng ging nh mng WLAN(mng cc b khng dy),
mng WPAN c th lin lc hiu qu m khng i hi nhiu v c s h tng. Tnh
nng ny cho php c thm cc hng gii quyt r tin, nh gn m vn em li hiu
sut cao trong lin lc nht l trong mt bng tn eo hp.
1.2 S pht trin ca mng WPAN
Trong sut gia th k 20 mng in thoi c dy c d dng rng ri v l
mt nhu cu tt yu cho cuc sng. Tuy nhin mt thc t t ra l khi x hi ngy
cng pht trin, cc nhu cu dch v cng v th m tng theo, trong thng tin lin lc
chi ph cho nhng pht sinh ca mng in thoi c dy cng tng cng thm nhu cu
v tnh c ng trong thng tin lin lc,V mng in thoi t bo ra i chnh l xu
pht trin, m rng tt yu ca mng in thoi c dy. Mng in thoi t bo v bin
php s dng li tn s l phng php duy nht gii quyt vn nhiu ngi
dng c lp trn mt di tn v tuyn hn ch (V d nh cc chun GSM, IS-136, IS-
95).
Trong thi gian gia nhng nm 198x, chun IEEE 802.11 ra i phc v cho
mng WLAN (wireless local area network) nhm tha mn nhu cu ca cc vng t
bo nh hn nhng li c lu lng d liu v mt ngi dng cao. Trong khi m
IEEE 802.11 cp n nhng th nh l tc truyn tin trong Ethernet, chuyn tip
tin, lu lng d liu trong khong cch tng i xa (khong 100m), th WPAN li
tp trung gii quyt vn v iu khin d liu trong nhng khong khng gian nh
hn (bn knh 30m). Tnh nng ca chun mng WPAN l suy hao nng lng nh,
tiu tn t nng lng, vn hnh trong vng khng gian nh, kch thc b. Chnh v
th m n tn dng c tt nht u im ca k thut s dng li knh tn s, l


6

gii quyt c vn hn ch v bng tn nh hin nay. Nhm chun IEEE 802.15 ra
i phc v cho chun WPAN.
1.3 Phn loi cc chun mng WPAN.
IEEE 802.15 c th phn ra lm 3 loi mng WPAN, chng c phn bit thng
qua tc truyn, mc tiu hao nng lng v cht lng dch v (QoS: quality of
service).
WPAN tc cao (chun IEEE 802.15.3) ph hp vi cc ng dng a phng
tin yu cu cht lng dch v cao.
WPAN tc trung bnh (chun IEEE 802.15.1 / Bluetooth) c ng dng
trong cc mng in thoi t bo n my tnh c nhn b ti PDA v c QoS
ph hp cho thng tin thoi.
WPAN tc thp (IEEE 802.15.4 / LR-WPAN) dng trong cc sn phm cng
nghip dng c thi hn, cc ng dng y hc ch i hi mc tiu hao nng
lng thp, khng yu cu cao v tc truyn tin v QoS. Chnh tc truyn
d liu thp cho php LR-WPAN tiu hao t nng lng. Trong chun ny th
cng ngh ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 chnh l mt v d in hnh.
1.4 Khi qut v ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4
1.4.1 Khi nim
Ci tn ZigBee c xut pht t cch m cc con ong mt truyn nhng thng tin
quan trng vi cc thnh vin khc trong t ong. l kiu lin lc Zig-Zag ca loi
ong honeyBee. V nguyn l ZigBee c hnh thnh t vic ghp hai ch ci u
vi nhau. Vic cng ngh ny ra i chnh l s gii quyt cho vn cc thit b tch
ri c th lm vic cng nhau gii quyt mt vn no .
1.4.2 c im
c im ca cng ngh ZigBee l tc truyn tin thp, tiu hao t nng lng,
chi ph thp, v l giao thc mng khng dy hng ti cc ng dng iu khin t xa
v t ng ha.T chc IEEE 802.15.4 bt u lm vic vi chun tc thp c
mt thi gian ngn th tiu ban v ZigBee v t chc IEEE quyt nh st nhp v ly
tn ZigBee t cho cng ngh mi ny. Mc tiu ca cng ngh ZigBee l nhm ti


7

vic truyn tin vi mc tiu hao nng lng nh v cng sut thp cho nhng thit b
ch c thi gian sng t vi thng n vi nm m khng yu cu cao v tc truyn
tin nh Bluetooth. Mt iu ni bt l ZigBee c th dng c trong cc mng mt
li (mesh network) rng hn l s dng cng ngh Bluetooth. Cc thit b khng dy
s dng cng ngh ZigBee c th d dng truyn tin trong khong cch 10-75m ty
thuc v mi trng truyn v mc cng sut pht c yu cu vi mi ng dng,
Tc d liu l 250kbps di tn 2.4GHz (ton cu), 40kbps di tn 915MHz
(M+Nht) v 20kbps di tn 868MHz(Chu u).
Cc nhm nghin cu Zigbee v t chc IEEE lm vic cng nhau ch r ton
b cc khi giao thc ca cng ngh ny. IEEE 802.15.4 tp trung nghin cu vo 2
tng thp ca giao thc (tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu). Zigbee cn thit lp c s
cho nhng tng cao hn trong giao thc (t tng mng n tng ng dng) v bo mt,
d liu, chun pht trin m bo chc chn rng cc khch hang d mua sn phm
t cc hng sn xut khc nhau nhng vn theo mt chun ring lm vic cng nhau
c m khng tng tc ln nhau.
Hin nay th IEEE 802.15.4 tp trung vo cc chi tit k thut ca tng vt l PHY
v tng iu khin truy cp MAC ng vi mi loi mng khc nhau (mng hnh sao,
mng hnh cy, mng mt li). Cc phng php nh tuyn c thit k sao cho
nng lng c bo ton v tr trong truyn tin l mc thp nht c th bng
cch dng cc khe thi gian bo m (GTSs_guaranteed time slots). Tnh nng ni bt
ch c tng mng Zigbee l gim thiu c s hng hc dn n gin on kt ni
ti mt nt mng trong mng mesh. Nhim v c trng ca tng PHY gm c pht
hin cht lng ca ng truyn (LQI) v nng lng truyn (ED), nh gi knh
truyn (CCA), gip nng cao kh nng chung sng vi cc loi mng khng dy khc.
1.4.3 u im ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 vi Bluetooth/IEEE802.15.1
Zigbee cng tng t nh Bluetooth nhng n gin hn, Zigbee c tc
truyn d liu thp hn, tit kim nng lng hn. Mt nt mng trong mng
Zigbee c kh nng hot ng t 6 thng n 2 nm ch vi ngun l hai cqui
AA.
Phm vi hot ng ca Zigbee l 10-75m trong khi ca Bluetooth ch l 10m
(trong trng hp khng c khuch i).


8

Zigbee xp sau Bluetooth v tc truyn d liu. Tc truyn ca Zigbee l
250kbps ti 2.4GHz, 40kbps ti 915MHz v 20kbps ti 868MHz trong khi tc
ny ca Bluetooth l 1Mbps.
Zigbee s dng cu hnh ch-t c bn ph hp vi mng hnh sao tnh trong
cc thit b giao tip vi nhau thng qua cc gi tin nh. Loi mng ny
cho php ti a ti 254 nt mng. Giao thc Bluetooth phc tp hn bi loi
giao thc ny hng ti truyn file, hnh nh, thoi trong cc mng ad hoc (ad
hoc l mt loi mng c trng cho vic t chc t do, tnh cht ca n l b
hn ch v khng gian v thi gian). Cc thit b Bluetooth c th h tr mng
scatternet l tp hp ca nhiu mng piconet khng ng b. N ch cho php
ti a l 8 nt slave trong mt mng ch-t c bn.
Nt mng s dng Zigbee vn hnh tn t nng lng, n c th gi v nhn
cc gi tin trong khong 15msec trong khi thit b Bluetooth ch c th lm vic
ny trong 3sec.
1.4 Mng ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN.
c im chnh ca chun ny l tnh mm do, tiu hao t nng lng, chi ph
nh, v tc truyn d liu thp trong khong khng gian nh, thun tin khi p dng
trong cc khu vc nh nh ring, vn phng....
1.4.2 Thnh phn ca mng LR-WPAN
Mt h thng ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 gm nhiu phn to nn. Phn c bn nht
to nn mt mng l thit b c tn l FFD (full-function device), thit b ny m
nhn tt c cc chc nng trong mng v hot ng nh mt b iu phi mng PAN,
ngoi ra cn c mt s thit b m nhn mt s chc nng hn ch c tn l RFD
(reduced-function device). Mt mng ti thiu phi c 1 thit b FFD, thit b ny hot
ng nh mt b iu phi mng PAN.
FFD c th hot ng trong ba trng thi : l iu phi vin ca ton mng PAN
(personal area network), hay l iu phi vin ca mt mng con, hoc n gin ch l
mt thnh vin trong mng. RFD c dng cho cc ng dng n gin, khng yu
cu gi lng ln d liu. Mt FFD c th lm vic vi nhiu RFD hay nhiu FFD,
trong khi mt RFD ch c th lm vic vi mt FFD.


9

1.4.3 Kin trc lin kt mng
Hin nay Zigbee v t chc chun IEEE a ra mt s cu trc lin kt
mng cho cng ngh Zigbee. Cc node mng trong mt mng Zigbee c th lin kt
vi nhau theo c u trc mng hnh sao (star) cu trc mng hnh li( Mesh) cu trc
b cm hnh cy. S a rng v cu trc mng ny cho php cng ngh Zigbee c
ng dng mt cch rng ri. Hnh 1 cho ta thy ba loi mng m ZigBee cung cp:
tp sao, tp mt li, tp cy.

Hnh1.1 Cu trc lin kt mng


10

1.5.2.1 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh sao (Star)

Hnh1.2 Cu trc mng hnh sao
i vi loi mng ny, mt kt ni c thnh lp bi cc thit b vi mt thit
b iu khin trung tm iu khin c gi l b iu phi mng PAN. Sau khi FFD
c kch hot ln u tin n c th to nn mt mng c lp v tr thnh mt b
iu phi mng PAN. Mi mng hnh sao u phi c mt ch s nhn dng c nhn
ca ring mnh c gi l PAN ID(PAN identifier), n cho php mng ny c th
hot ng mt cch c lp. Khi c FFD v RFD u c th kt ni ti b iu phi
mng PAN. Tt c mng nm trong tm ph sng u phi c mt PAN duy nht,cc
nt trong mng PAN phi kt ni vi (PAN coordinator) b iu phi mng PAN.
1.5.2.2 Cu trc lin kt mng mt li (mesh)

Hnh1.3 Cu trc mng mesh


11

Kiu cu trc mng ny cng c mt b iu phi mng PAN (PAN
coordinator). Thc cht y l kt hp ca 2 kiu cu trc mng hnh sao v mng
ngang hng, cu trc mng ny th mt thit b A c th to kt ni vi bt k thit
no khc min l thit b nm trong phm vi ph sng ca thit b A. Cc ng dng
ca cu trc ny c th p dng trong o lng v iu khin, mng cm bin khng
dy, theo di cnh bo v kim k (cnh bo chy rng.).
1.5.2.3 Cu trc lin kt mng hnh cy (cluster-tree)

Hnh1.4 Cu trc mng hnh cy
Cu trc ny l mt dng c bit ca cu trc mt li, trong a s thit b
l FFDv mt RFD c th kt ni vo mng hnh cy nh mt nt ri rc im cui
ca nhnh cy. Bt k mt FFD no cng c th hot ng nh l mt coordinator v
cung cp tn hiu ng b cho cc thit b v cc coordinator khc v th m cu trc
mng kiu ny c qui m ph sng v kh nng m rng cao.Trong loi cu hnh ny
mc d c th c nhiu coordinator nhng ch c duy nht mt b iu phi mng
PAN (PAN coordinator).
B iu phi mng PAN coordinator ny to ra nhm u tin cch t bu ra
ngi lnh o cho mng ca mnh, v gn cho ngi lnh o mt ch s nhn


12

dng c nhn c bit gi l l CID-0 bng cch t thnh lp CLH (cluster head) bng
CID-0 (cluster identifier), n chn mt PAN identifier ri v pht khung tin qung b
nhn dng ti cc thit b ln cn. Thit b no nhn c khung tin ny c th yu cu
kt ni vo mng vi CLH. Nu b iu phi mng PAN (PAN coordinator) ng
cho thit b kt ni th n s ghi tn thit b vo danh sch. C th thit b mi
kt ni ny li tr thnh CLH ca nhnh cy mi v bt u pht qung b nh k
cc thit b khc c th kt ni vo mng. T c th hnh thnh c cc
CLH1,CLH2,...(nh hnh1.4 ).


13

CHNG 2 CHUN ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4.

2.1 M hnh giao thc ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4
ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 l cng ngh mi pht trin c khong gn mt nm tr li
y. Cng ngh ny xy dng v pht trin cc tng ng dng v tng mng trn nn
tng l hai tng PHY v MAC theo chun IEEE 802.15.4, chnh v th nn n tha
hng c u im ca chun IEEE802.15.4. l tnh tin cy, n gin, tiu hao t
nng lng v kh nng thch ng cao vi cc mi trng mng. Da vo m hnh nh
hnh2.1, cc nh sn xut khc nhau c th ch to ra cc sn phm khc nhau m vn
c th lm vic tng thch cng vi nhau.

Hnh2.1 M hnh giao thc ca ZigBee


14

2.2 Tng vt l ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4
Tng vt l (PHY) cung cp hai dch v l dch v d liu PHY v dch v qun l
PHY, hai dch v ny c giao din vi dch v qun l tng vt l PLME (physical
layer management). Dch v d liu PHY iu khin vic thu v pht ca khi d liu
PPDU (PHY protocol data unit) thng qua knh sng v tuyn vt l.
Cc tnh nng ca tng PHY l s kch hot hoc gim kch hot ca b phn nhn
sng, pht hin nng lng, chn knh, ch s ng truyn, gii phng knh truyn,
thu v pht cc gi d liu qua mi trng truyn.
Chun IEEE 802.15.4 nh ngha ba di tn s khc nhau theo khuyn ngh ca
Chu u, Nht Bn, M.

PHY
(MHz)

Bng tn
(MHz)
Tc
chip
(kchips/s)
iu ch Tc
bit
(kb/s)
Tc k t
(ksymbol/s)
K t
868 868-868.6 300 BPSK 20 20 Nh phn
915 902-928 600 BPSK 40 40 Nh phn
2450 2400-2486.5 2000 O-QPSK 250 62.5 H 16
Bng 2.1 Bng tn v tc d liu.


15

C tt c 27 knh truyn trn cc di tn s khc nhau c m t nh bng di y

Tn s trung
tm (MHz)
S lng knh (N)
Knh

Tn s knh trung tm
(MHz)
868 1 0 868.3
915 10 1 10 906+2(k-1)
2450 16 11 26 2405+5(k-11)
Bng2.2 Knh truyn v tn s

Hnh2.2 Bng tn h thng ca ZigBee


16

2.2.1 M hnh iu ch tn hiu ca tng vt l.
2.2.1.1 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di s 2.4 GHz
Tc truyn d liu ca PHY 2405MHz c th t ti 250 kb/s
2.2.1.1.1 S iu ch
Vic iu ch t bt d liu nh phn sang dng tn hiu trong di tn 2,4GHz
c m t theo s di y. Mt chui s nh phn 0000b c bin i sang
chui di tn c s vi nh dng xung.

Hnh2.3 S iu ch
2.2.1.1.2 B chuyn bit thnh k t :
Theo nh s trn th y l bc u tin m ha tt c d liu trong
PPDU t m nh phn sang dng k t. Mi byte c chia thnh k t v k t c
ngha nh nht c pht u tin. i vi trng a byte th byte c ngha nh nht
c pht u tin ngoi tr trng hp trng byte lin quan n bo mt th trong
trng byte c ngha ln nht s c pht trc.
2.2.1.1.3 B chuyn k t thnh chip:
Theo nh s th y l bc th hai trong qu trnh m ha. Mi k t d
liu c sp xp trong mt chui gi ngu nhin (Pseudo-random) 32-chip. Chui
chip ny c truyn i vi tc 2Mchip/s vi chip c ngha nh nht (c0) c
truyn trc mi k t.


17

K t d liu
(h thp
phn)
Gi tr Chip
( )
0
c
1
c
30
c
31
c
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
4 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
5 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
6 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
7 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
9 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
10 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
11 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
13 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
14 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
15 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Bng2.3 S bin i symbol to chip


18

2.2.1.1.4 B iu ch O-QPSK :
Phng php iu ch c dng y l phng php iu ch kha dch pha
gc c chn gc dch pha ban u O-QPSK (Offset-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
tng ng vi phng php iu ch kha dch pha ti thiu MSK (Minimum Shift
Keying). QPSK l phng php hiu qu i vi di tn hn ch. Mi phn t tn hiu
biu din cho 2 bit. Bng vic s dng dch offset trong O-QPSK, thay i pha
trong tn hiu tng hp ti a l , cng trong trng hp ny m dng QPSK th
lch pha ti a l .
0
90
0
180

Hnh 2.4 Pha ca sng mang
Nh vy O-QPSK cung cp mt phng php tt hn QPSK khi knh truyn c cc
thnh phn khng tuyn tnh.
Biu thc sau y ch ra cch m O-QPSK c th din t:
2 sin
2
1
2 cos
2
1
t f ) Q(t-T t - f I(t) s(t) =
c c c
(1)
: l tn s trung tm.
c
f
c
T : l thi gian m Q tr t ti thay i pha
o
90
Q : sng mang vung pha.
I : sng mang cng pha.
Vic s dng dng xung na sin kh i nhng bin thin bin . Cng thc sau m
t dng xung na sin.
{
c
e
2T t 0 , )
2T
t
( sin
ra ngoi , 0
= p(t)
(2)


19

2.2.1.2 iu ch tn hiu ca tng PHY ti di tn 868/915MHz
Tc truyn d liu ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 PHY ti bng tn 868 MHz c th t
ti 20kb/s, v c th t ti 40 kb/s bng tn 915MHz.
2.2.1.2.1 S iu ch

Hinh2.5 S iu ch
2.2.1.2.2 B ma ha vi phn
M ha vi phn hay cn gi l m ha trc. Khi cho tn hiu nh phn vo b m ha
ny th bit c gi tr 0 s c chuyn tip, c ngha l s c tch l s 1 nu s lin
trc n l s 0 v ngc li. Nu mt s c tch xung sai, li ny s c xu hng
lan truyn i , v loi tr vic ny th Lender ngh vic m ha trc s cc d
liu. C ngh l nu chui s d liu th l th ta s pht i chui s theo qui tc:
n
R
n
E

n
E =
n
R
1 n
E (3)
Trong :
1 1 = 0 0 = 0
0 1 = 1 0 = 1
l chui bit sau khi m ha
n
E
l chui bt th
n
R
l chui bit m ha lin trc
1 n
E


20

2.2.1.2.3 B nh x bit thnh chip.
Mi bt u vo c th nh x sang chui gi ngu nhin (PN) 15-chip theo nh
bng di y. Trong khong thi gian mi symbol th k t c truyn u tin,
k t c truyn sau cng.
0
c
14
c
Bit u vo Gi tr chip
( )
0
c
1
c
14
c
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Bng 2.4 Bin i bit to chip
2.2.1.2.4 B iu ch kha dch pha nh phn BPSK
Chui chip c iu ch trn sng mang s dng phng php iu ch BPSK
c dng xung l xung cosin nng (raised cosine). Tc chip l 300kchip/s trong di
tn 868 MHz v t c 600 kchip/s trong di tn 915MHz. Cng thc sau m t
dng xng ny:
p(t) =
)) 4 ( 1 .(
) cos( ). sin(
2 2
c c
c c
T t T t
T
t
T
t

(4)
2.2.2 Cc thng s k thut trng tng vt l ca IEEE 802.15.4
2.2.2.1 Ch s ED (energy detection)
Ch s ED o c c bi b thu ED. Ch s ny s c tng mng s dng
nh l mt bc trong thut ton chn knh. ED l kt qu ca s c lng cng sut
nng lng ca tn hiu nhn c trong bng thng ca knh trong IEEE 802.15.4. N
khng c vai tr trong vic gii m hay nhn dng tn hiu truyn trong knh ny. Thi
gian pht hin v xl ED tng ng khong thi gian 8 symbol. Kt qu pht hin
nng lng s c thng bo bng 8 bit s nguyn trong khong t 0x00 ti 0xff. Gi
tr nh nht ca ED (=0) khi m cng sut nhn c t hn mc +10dB so vi l


21

thuyt. ln ca khong cng sut nhn c hin th ch s ED ti thiu l 40dB
v sai s l . dB 6
2.2.2.2 Ch s cht lng ng truyn (LQI)
Ch s cht lng ong truyn LQI l c trng cht lng gi tin nhn c.
S o ny c th b sung vo ED thu c, nh gi t s tn trn tp SNR, hoc mt
s kt hp ca nhng phng php ny. Gi tr kt qu LQI c giao cho tng mng
v tng ng dng x l.
2.2.2.3 Ch s nh gi knh truyn (CCA)
CCA c s dng xem xem khi no mt knh truyn c coi l ri hay
bn. C ba phng php thc hin vic kim tra ny:
CCA 1 : Nng lng vt ngng. CCA s thng bo knh truyn bn trong
khi d ra bt k nng lng no vt ngng ED.
CCA 2 : Cm bin sng mang. CCA thng bo knh truyn bn ch khi nhn
ra tn hiu c c tnh tri ph v iu ch ca IEEE802.15.4. Tn hiu ny c
th thp hoc cao hn ngng ED.
CCA 3 : Cm bin sng mang kt hp vi nng lng vt ngng. CCA s
bo knh truyn bn ch khi d ra tn hiu c c tnh tri ph v iu ch ca
IEEE 802.15.4 vi nng lng vt ngng ED.
2.2.3 nh dng khung tin PPDU.
Mi khung tin PPDU bao gm cc trng thng tin.
SHR (synchronization header) : ng b thit b thu v cht chui bit
PHR (PHY header): cha thng tin di khung
PHY payload: cha khung tin ca tng MAC


22

Octets: 4 1 1 variable

u khung
SFD
(bt u phn
nh khung)
di khung
(7 bits)
Phn ginh
ring (1 bit)

PSDU
SHR PHR PHY payload
Bng 2.5 nh dng khung PPDU

2.3 Tng iu khin d liu ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
Tng iu khin mi trng truy cp MAC (media access control) cung cp 2 dch
v l dch v d liu MAC v qun l MAC, n c giao din vi im truy cp dch v
ca thc th qun l tng MAC (MLMESAP). Dch v d liu MAC c nhim v qun
l vic thu pht ca khi MPDU (giao thc d liu MAC) thng qua dch v d liu
PHY.
Nhim v ca tng MAC l qun l vic pht thng tin bo hiu beacon, nh dng
khung tin truyn i trong mng, iu khin truy nhp knh, qun l khe thi gian
GTS, iu khin kt ni v gii phng kt ni, pht khung Ack.
2.3.1 Cu trc siu khung.
LR-WPAN cho php s dng theo nhu cu cu trc siu khung. nh dng ca
siu khung c nh r bi PAN coordinator. Mi siu khung c gii hn bi tng
mng v c chia thnh 16 khe nh nhau. Ct mc bo hiu d ng beacon c
gi i trong khe u tin ca mi siu khung. Nu mt PAN coordinator khng mun
s dng siu khung th n phi dng vic pht mc beacon. Mc ny c nhim ng b
cc thit b nh km, nhn dng PAN v cha ni dung m t cu trc ca siu khung.


23

Hinh2.6 Cu trc siu khung

Siu khung c 2 phn hot ng v ngh. Trong trng thi ngh th PAN
coordinator khng giao tip vi cc thit b trong mng PAN, v lm vic mode cng
sut thp. Phn hot ng gm 2 giai on: giai on tranh chp truy cp (CAP) v
giai on tranh chp t do(CFP), giai on tranh chp trong mng chnh l khong thi
gian tranh chp gia cc trm c c hi dng mt knh truyn hoc ti nguyn trn
mng). Bt k thit b no mun lin lc trong thi gian CAP u phi cnh tranh vi
cc thit b khc bng cch s dng k thut CSMA-CA. Ngc li CFD gm c cc
GTSs, cc khe thi gian GTS ny thng xut hin cui ca siu khung tch cc m
siu khung ny c bt u khe st ngay sau CAP. PAN cooridinator c th nh v
c by trong s cc GTSs, v mi mt GTS chim nhiu hn mt khe thi gian.
Khong thi gian tn ti ca cc phn khc nhau ca siu khung c nh
ngha bi gi tr ca macBeaconOrder v macSuperFrameOrder. macBeaconOrder
m t khong thi gian m b iu phi coordinator truyn khung bo hiu tm ng.
Khong thi gian gia hai mc beacon BI(beacon interval) c quan h ti
macBeaconOrder (BO) theo biu thc sau: BI = aBaseSuperFrameDuration*
symbol, vi 0 BO 14. Lu rng siu khung c b qua nu BO=15.
BO
2


24

Gi tr ca macSuperFrameOrder cho bit di ca phn tch cc ca siu
khung. Khong thi gian siu khung_SD (superframe duration) c quan h
macSuperFrameOrder_ SO theo biu thc sau: SD = aBaseSuperFrameDuration*
symbol. Nu SO=15 th siu khung vn c th phn ngh sau mc beacon ca
khung.
SO
2
Phn tch cc ca mi siu khung c chia thnh 3 phn CAP,CFP v beacon. Mc
beacon c pht vo u khe s 0 m khng cn s dng CSMA.
2.3.1.1 Khung CAP
CAP c pht ngay sau mc beacon v kt thc trc khi pht CFP. Nu
di ca phn CFP = 0 th CAP s kt thc ti cui ca siu khung. CAP s c ti thiu
aMinCAPLength symbols tr trng hp phn khng gian thm vo c dng
iu chnh vic tng di ca khung beacon vn c th duy tr c GTS v iu
chnh linh ng tng hay gim kch thc ca CFP.
Tt c cc khung tin ngoi tr khung Ack v cc khung d liu pht ngay sau
khung Ack trong lnh yu cu, m chng c pht trong CAP s s dng thut ton
CSMA-CA truy nhp knh. Mt thit b pht trong khong thi gian phn CAP kt
thc s khong thi gian IFS trc khi ht phn CAP. Nu khng th kt thc c th
thit b ny s tr hon vic pht cho n khi CAP ca khung tip theo c pht.
Khung cha lnh iu khin MAC s c pht trong phn CAP.
2.3.1.2 Khung CFP
Phn CFP s c pht ngay sau phn CAP v kt thc trc khi pht beacon
ca khung k tip. Nu bt k mt GTSs no c cp pht bi b iu phi mng
PAN , chng s c t bn trong phn CFP v lp y mt lot cc khe lin nhau.
Bi vy nn kch thc ca phn CFP s do tng di cc khe GTSs ny quyt nh.
CFP khng s dng thut ton CSMA-CA truy nhp knh. Mt thit b pht trong
CFP s kt thc trong khong mt IFS trc khi kt thc GTS.
2.3.1.3 Khong cch gia hai khung (IFS)
Khong thi gian IFS l thi gian cn thit tng PHY x l mt gi tin nhn
c. Khung tin c truyn theo ch k IFS, trong di ca chu k IFS ph
thuc vo kch thc ca khung va c truyn i. Khung c di ph thuc vo


25

aMaxSIFSFrameSize s tun theo chu k SIFS (l khong thi gian ti thiu
aMinSIFSPeriod symbols), v cc khung c di ln hn aMaxSIFSFrameSize s
tun theo chu k LIFS(l khong thi gian ti thiu aMinLIFSPeriod symbols).

Hnh2.7

2.3.2 Thut ton trnh xung t a truy cp s dng cm bin sng mang
CSMA-CA.
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access-Collision Avoidance). Phng php
trnh xung t a truy cp nh vo cm bin sng. Thc cht y l phng php truy
cp mng dng cho chun mng khng dy IEEE 802.15.4. Cc thit b trong mng
(cc nt mng) s lin tc lng nghe tn hiu thng bo trc khi truyn. a truy cp
(multiple access) ch ra rng nhiu thit b c th cng kt ni v chia s ti nguyn ca
mt mng ( y l mng khng dy). Tt c cc thit bi u c quyn truy cp nh
nhau khi ng truyn ri. Ngay c khi thit b tm cch nhn bit mng ang s dng
hay khng, vn c kh nng l c hai trm tm cch truy cp mng ng thi. Trn cc
mng ln, thi gian truyn t u cp ny n u kia l mt trm c th truy cp
n cp ngay c khi c mt trm khc va truy cp n. N trnh xung t bng
cch l mi nt s pht tn hiu v yu cu truyn trc ri mi truyn tht s.


26


27

Hnh2.8 Lu thut ton
Thut ton truy nhp knh CSMA-CA c s dng trc khi pht d liu hoc
trc khi pht khung tin MAC trong phn CAP. Thut ton ny s khng s dng
pht khung tin thng bo beacon, khung tin Ack, hoc l khung tin d liu trong phn
CFP. Nu bn tin bo hiu c s dng trong mng PAN th thut ton CSMA-CA
gn khe thi gian c dng, ngc li thut ton CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian
s c s dng. Tuy nhin trong c hai trng hp thut ton u c b xung bng
cch s dng khi thi gian backoff bng vi thi gian ca tham s
aUnitBackoffPeriod. Trong thut ton truy nhp knh CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian,
bin ca khong thi gian backoff ca mi thit b trong mng PAN c sp thng
hng vi bin ca khe siu khung ca thit b iu phi mng PAN. Trong thut tan
ny, mi ln thit b mun truyn d liu trong CAP th n phi xc nh bin thi gian
backoff k tip. Trong thut ton CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian th khong thi
gian backoff ca mt thit b trong mng khng cn phi ng b vi khong thi gian
backoff ca thit b khc.
Mi thit b cha 3 bin s:NB, BW, BE. Trong NB l s ln m thut ton
ny b yu cu rt li trong khi ang c gng truyn. Gi tr ban u ca n l 0 trc
khi truyn. Bin CW l di ca s tranh chp, n cho bit khong thi gian cn thit
lm sch knh truyn trc khi pht, gi tr ban u ca n l 2 trc khi c gng
pht v quay tr li 2 khi knh truy nhp b bn. Bin s CW ch s dng cho thut
ton gn khe thi gian CSMA-CA. Bin s BE (backoff_exponent) cho bit mt thit
b phi ch bao lu c th truy nhp vo mt knh. Cho d b thu ca thit b lm
vic trong sut khong thi gian CAP ca thut tan nhng n vn b qua bt k
khung tin no nhn c trong khong thi gian ny.
Trong thut ton CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian, NB, CW, BE c thit lp
trc, bin ca khong thi gian backoff k tip cng c xc nh trc. Trong thut
ton CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian th NB v BE c thit lp trc (bc 1).
Tng MAC s tr ngu nhin trong phm vi 0 n 2*BE -1(bc2) sau yu cu tng
PHY thc hin nh gi truy knh truy nhp xem l ri hay bn.(bc3). Nu knh
truyn bn(bc4), tng MAC s tng NB v BE ln 1, nhng cng lun m bo rng
gi tr ny nh hn aMaxBE. Trong CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian th vic truyn khung
tin, Ack phi c thc hin trc khi kt thc phn CAP trong siu khung, nu khng


28

s phi ch n CAP ca siu khung k tip, trong thut ton ny th CW c th cng
reset li thnh gi tr 2. Nu gi tr ca NB nh hn hoc bng gi tr tham s
macMaxCSMABackoffs, th s quay li bc2 ng thi thng bo li truy nhp knh.
Nu knh truyn l ri (bc5) , trong CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian, tng MAC
phi gim CW i 1. nu CW 0 quay tr li bc 3. Nu CW=0 th thgn bo truy
nhp knh thnh cng. Cn trong CSMA-CA khng gn khe thi gian th tng MAC
bt u pht ngay nu knh truyn ri.
2.3.3 Cc m hnh truyn d liu.
Da trn cu trc mng WPAN th ta c th phn ra lm ba kiu, ba m hnh
truyn d liu: t thit b iu phi mng PAN coordinator ti thit b thng, t thit
b thng ti thit b iu phi mng PAN coordinator, v gia cc thit b cng loi.
Nhng nhn chung th mi c ch truyn u ph thuc vo vic l kiu mng c h
tr vic pht thng tin thng bo beacon hay khng.
Khi mt thit b mun truyn d liu trong mt mng khng h tr vic pht
beacon, khi th n ch n gin l truyn khung d liu ti thit b iu phi bng
cch s dng thut ton khng gn khe thi gian. Thit b iu phi Coordinator tr li
bng khung Ack nh hnh2.9
.
Hnh 2.9Lin lc trong mng khng h tr beacon
Khi mt thit b mun truyn d liu ti thit b iu phi trong mng c h tr
beacon. Lc u n s ch bo hiu beacon ca mng. Khi thit b nhn c bo hiu
beacon, n s s dng tn hiu ny ng b cc siu khung. ng thi, n cng pht


29

d liu s dng phng php CSMA-CA gn khe thi gian v kt thc qu trnh truyn
tin bng khung tin xc nhn Ack.

Hnh 2.10 lin lc trong mng c h tr beacon.
Cc ng dng truyn d liu c iu khin hon ton bi cc thit b trong
mng PAN hn l c iu khin bi thit b iu phi mng. Chnh kh nng ny
cung cp tnh nng bo ton nng lng trong mng ZigBee. Khi thit b iu phi
mun truyn d liu n mt thit b khc trong loi mng c h tr pht beacon, khi
n s ch th trong thng tin bo hiu beacon l ang truyn d liu. Cc thit b
trong mng lun lun lng nghe cc thng tin bo hiu beacon mt cch nh k, khi
pht hin ra c d liu lin quan ti n ang c truyn, n s pht lnh yu cu d
liu ny, cng vic ny s dng slotted CSMA-CA. Cng vic ny c m t bng
hnh2.11 , trong hnh ny th khung tin Ack ca thit b iu phi cho bit rng gi tin
c truyn thnh cng, vic truyn gi tin s dng k thut gn khe thi gian
CSMA-CA, khung Ack thit b thng tr li l nhn gi tin thnh cng. Vo lc nhn
khung tin Ack t thit b thng th bn tin s c xa khi danh sch bn tin trong
thng tin bo hiu beacon.


30

Hnh2.11Kt ni trong mng h tr beacon
Trong trng hp mng khng h tr pht beacon (hnh2.8)thit b iu phi
mun truyn d liu ti cc thit b khc, n s phi lu tr d liu cho thit b lin
quan c th yu cu v tip xc vi d liu . Thit b c th tip xc c vi d liu
lin quan n n bng cch pht i lnh yu cu d liu ti thit b iu phi, s dng
thut ton khng gn khe thi CSMA-CA. Nu d liu ang c truyn, th thit b
iu phi s pht khung tin bng cch s dng thut ton khng gn khe thi gian
CSMA-CA, nu d liu khng c truyn th thit b iu phi s pht i khung tin
khng c ni dung ch ra rng d liu khng c pht.

Hnh 2.12 kt ni trong mng khng h tr pht beacon
Ni chung trong mng mt li, tt c cc thit b u bnh ng v c kh nng
kt ni n bt k thit b no trong mng min l thit b nm trong bn knh ph


31

sng ca n. C hai cch thc hin vic kt ni. Cch th nht l nt trong mng
lin tc lng nghe v pht d liu ca n i bng cch s dng thut tan khng gn
khe thi gian CSMA-CA. Cch th hai l cc nt t ng b vi cc nt khc c th
tit kim c nng lng.
2.3.4 Pht thng tin bo hiu beacon
Mt thit b FFD hot ng trong ch khng pht thng tin bo hiu hoc c
th pht thng tin bo hiu ging nh l thit b iu phi mng. Mt thit b FFD
khng phi l thit b iu phi mng PAN c th bt u pht thng tin bo hiu
beacon ch khi n kt ni vi thit b iu phi PAN. Cc tham s macBeaconOrder v
macSuperFrameOrder cho bit khong thi gian gia hai thng tin bo hiu v khong
thi gian ca phn hot ng v phn ngh. Thi gian pht bo hiu lin trc c ghi
li trong tham s macBeaconTxTime v c tnh ton gi tr ca tham s ny ging
nh gi tr trong khung thng tin bo hiu beacon.
2.3.5 Qun l v phn phi khe thi gian m bo GTS.
Khe thi gian m bo GTS cho php mt thit b c th hot ng trong mt
knh truyn bn trong mt phn ca siu khung dnh ring cho thit b . Mt thit b
ch c th chim v s dng mt khe thi gian khi m thit b lin quan n thng
tin bo hiu beacon hin thi lc . Thit b iu phi mng PAN c th chim hu
khe thi gian GTS v s dng khe thi gian ny lin lc vi cc thit b khc trong
mng. Mt khe thi gian n c th ko di hn thi gian ca siu khung. Thit b iu
phi mng PAN c th chim hu ti by khe thi gian GTS cng mt lc min l n
c thm quyn trong siu khung.
Mt khe thi gian c th c chim hu trc khi s dng nu c s yu cu
ca thit b iu phi mng PAN. Tt c cc khe thi gian GTS u c t lin nhau
cui ca siu khung sau phn CAP, v hot ng theo c ch FCFS (first-come-first-
serve) n trc dng trc. Mi khe thi gian GTS c th c gii phng nu khng
c yu cu no, v mt khe thi gian GTS c th c gii phng vo bt k lc no
khi thit b chim hu n khng dng na.


32

Ch duy nht thit b iu phi PAN mi c quyn qun l y khe thi gian.
qun l y mi khe thi gian m bo, thit b iu phi c th lu tr khe bt u, di,
phng hng (thu hay pht) v a ch thit b kt ni.
Mi thit b trong mng c th yu cu mt khe thi gian pht hay mt khe thi
gian thu. chim hu c mt khe thi gian th thit b phi lu tr thng tin khe
bt u, di v phng hng. Nu mt thit b c cp pht mt khe thi gian
GTS thu, n s c ton quyn s dng trn vn khe thi gian nhn d liu.
Tng t nh vy thit b iu phi mng PAN cng c th c ton quyn s dng trn
vn khe thi gian nhn liu khi c mt thit b khc chim khe thi gian pht.
Mt thit b yu cu chim hu khe thi gian mi thng qua lnh yu cu GTS
vi cc tnh cht ( di, thu hay pht?,) thit lp theo yu cu ng dng. xc
nhn lnh ny th thit b iu phi s gi mt khung tin Ack. Sau khi pht khung tin
Ack th thit b iu phi s kim tra kh nng hin thi ca siu khung da trn di
ca phn CAP v di khe thi gian GTS c yu cu. Siu khung s sn sng nu
di khe thi gian GTS khng lm gim di ca phn CAP i qu di nh nht
ca CAP c qui inh trong tham s aMinCAPLength. Thit b iu phi mng PAN
thc hin quyt nh ca n bn trong siu khung aGTSDescPersistenceTime. Trong
khi xc nhn gi tin Ack t thit b iu phi th thit b ny vn tip tc theo di thng
tin bo hiu v ch siu khung aGTSDescPersistenceTime. Khi thit b iu phi quyt
nh xem xem n c sn sng cho yu cu GTS khng, n s pht i m t v GTS vi
chi tit yu cu v on ngn a ch ca thit b yu cu. N s ch ra di v khe
GTS u tin trong siu khung ri thng bo cho tng trn v vic cp pht khe GTS
mi ny. Nu sau khi kim tra m thy kh nng ca siu khung l khng cp
pht theo yu cu v GTS, th khe u tin s c nh s 0 ti di khe GTS ln
nht c th cung cp c hin thi. Nhng m t v GTS s c gi trong khung tin
bo hiu beacon cho aGTSPersistenceTime. Trong khi xc nhn khung tin bo hiu
beacon, thit b s x ly v thng bo ln tng trn.
Tng t nh khi yu cu cp pht GTS, mt thit b cho bit n yu cu c
gii phng s chim hu GTS thng qua lnh yu cu gii phng vi cc thng s ca
GTS ang tn ti. Sau th khe thi gian ny s c t do. Thit b iu phi PAN
phi m bo rng khng c khong trng no xut hin trong CFP khi gii phng khe


33

thi gian GTS, di maximum CAP nh th m c tng ln ( tng ng bng
di ca khe thi gian oc gii phng).
Thc th qun l tng MAC (MLME) ca thit b iu phi mng PAN c nhim v
pht hin khi mt thit b dng s dng khe thi gian GTS. Cng vic thc hin
bng nguyn tc sau. i vi khe GTS pht, MLME s cng nhn mt khe thi gian
GTS c gii phng nu khung d liu khng c nhn trong ti thiu 2*n siu
khung. i vi khe GTS thu, MLME s cng nhn thit b khng cn s dng GTS
na nu khung tin xc nhn Ack khng c nhn trong ti thiu 2*n siu khung.
n= , nu 0 macBeaconOrder 8;
rder macBeaconO 8
2
n= 1 , nu 9 macBeaconOrder 14;

2.3.6 nh dng khung tin MAC.
Mi khung bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
u khung MHR(MAC header): gm cc trng thng tin v iu khin khung
tin, s chui, v trng a ch
Ti trng khung (MAC payload) : cha cc thng tin chi tit v kiu khung.
Khung tin ca bn tin xc nhn Ack khng c phn ny.
Cui khung MFR(MAC footer) cha chui kim tra khung FCS (frame check
sequence)

Bng2.6 nh dng khung MAC


34

2.4 Tng mng ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4
2.4.1 Dch v mng
Tng vt l trong m hnh ca giao thc ZigBee c xy dng trn nn ca tng iu
khin d liu, nh nhng c im ca tng MAC m tng vt l c th ko di vic
a tin, c th m rng c qui m mng d dng, mt mng c th hot ng cng
cc mng khc hoc ring bit. Tng vt l phi m nhn cc chc nng nh l:
Thit lp mt mng mi.
Tham gia lm thnh vin ca mt mng ang hot hoc l tch ra khi mng
khi ang l thnh vin ca mt mng no .
Cu hnh thit b mi nh h thng yu cu, gn a ch cho thit b mi
tham gia vo mng.
ng b ha cc thit b trong mng c th truyn tin m khng b tranh
chp, n thc hin ng b ha ny bng gi tin thng bo beacon.
Bo mt: gn cc thng tin bo mt vo gi tin v gi xung tng di
nh tuyn, gip gi tin c th n c ng ch mong mun. C th ni
rng thut ton ca ZigBee l thut ton nh tuyn phn cp s dng bng
nh tuyn phn cp ti u c p dng tng trng hp thch hp.
2.4.2 Dch v bo mt
Khi khung tin tng MAC cn c bo mt, th ZigBee s dng dch v bo mt
ca tng MAC bo v cc khung lnh MAC, cc thng tin bo hiu beacon, v cc
khung tin xc nhn Ack. i vi cc bn tin ch phi chuyn qua mt bc nhy n,
tc l truyn trc tip t nt mng ny n nt mng ln cn ca n, th ZigBee ch cn
s dng khung tin bo mt MAC m ha bo v thng tin. Nhng i vi cc bn
tin phi chuyn gin tip qua nhiu nt mng mi ti c ch th n cn phi nh vo
tng mng lm cng vic bo mt ny. Tng iu khin d liu MAC s dng thut
tan AES (chun m ha cao cp). Ni chung th tng MAC l mt qu trnh m ha,
nhng cng vic thit lp cc kha key, ch ra mc bo mt, v iu khin qu trnh
m ha th li thuc v cc tng trn. Khi tng MAC pht hoc nhn mt khung tin no
c bo mt, u tin n s kim tra a ch ch hoc ngun ca khung tin , tm


35

ra ci kha kt hp vi a ch ch hoc a ch ngun, sau s dng ci kha ny
x l khung tin theo qui trnh bo mt m ci kha qui nh. Mi kha key c kt
hp vi mt qui trnh bo mt n l. u mi khung tin ca MAC lun c 1 bit
ch r khung tin ny c c bo mt hay khng.
Khi pht mt khung tin, m khung tin ny yu cu cn c bo ton nguyn
vn. Khi phn u khung v phn ti trng khung MAC s tnh tan cn nhc to
ra mt trng m ha tin nguyn vn (MIC- Message Integrity) ph hp, MIC gm
khong 4,8 hoc 16 octets. MIC s c gn thm vo bn phi phn ti trng ca
MAC.

Hnh2.13Khung tin m ha tng MAC
Khi khung tin pht i i hi phi c tin cy cao, th bin php c s dng
m ha thng tin l s chui v s khung s c gn thm vo bn tri phn ti
trng khung tin MAC. Trong khi nhn gi tin, nu pht hin thy MIC th lp tc n s
kim tra xem khung tin no b m ha gii m. C mi khi c mt bn tin gi i th
thit b pht s tng s m khung ln v thit b nhn s theo di cn c vo s ny.
Nh vy nu nh c mt bn tin no c s m khung tin b nhn dng mt ln th
thit b nhn s bt c bo li bo mt. B m ha ca tng MAC da trn ba trng thi
ca h thng.
bo m tnh nguyn vn: M ha s dng AES vi b m CTR
bo m tnh tinh cy : M ha s dng AES vi chui khi m CBC-
MAC
m bo tnh tin cy cng nh nguyn vn ca bn tin th kt hp c hai
trng thi CTR v CBC-MAC trn thnh trng thi CCM.


36

Tng mng cng s dng chun m ha AES. Tuy nhin khc vi tng iu
khin d liu MAC, b m ha ca tng mng lm vic da trn trng thi CCM* ca
h thng. Trng thi ny thc cht l s ci bin t CCM ca tng MAC, n thm vo
chun m ha ny cc chc nng l ch m ha tnh tin cy v ch m ha tnh nguyn
vn. S dng CCM* gip lm n gin ha qu trnh m ha d liu ca tng mng,
cc chui m ha ny c th dng li kha key ca chui m ha khc. Nh vy th
kha key ny khng hon ton cn l ranh gii ca cc chui m ha na. Khi tng
mng pht hoc nhn mt gi tin c m ha theo qui c bi nh cung cp dch v,
n s kim tra a ch ngun hoc ch ca khung tin tm ra kha key lin quan ti
a ch , sau s p dng b m ha ny gii m hoc m ha cho khung tin.
Tng t nh qu trnh m ha tng MAC, vic iu khin qu trnh m ha ny c
thc hin bi cc tng cao hn, cc s m khung v MIC cng c thm vo m
ha khung tin.

Hnh 2.14 Khung tin m ha tng mng

2.5 Tng ng dng ca ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4
Lp ng dng ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 thc cht gm cc ba tng nh hnh v
trn, cc tng ny tng ng vi cc tng phin, trnh din v ng dng trong m
hnh2.1 OSI 7 tng.
Trong ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 th chc nng ca tng Application Framework l:
D tm ra xem c nt hoc thit b no khc ang hot ng trong vng ph
sng ca thit b ang hot ng hay khng.
Duy tr kt ni, chuyn tip thng tin gia cc nt mng.
Chc nng ca tng Application Profiles l:


37

Xc nh vai tr ca cc thit b trong mng. (thit b iu phi mng, hay
thit b u cui, FFD hay RFD.)
Thit lp hoc tr li yu cu kt ni.
Thnh lp cc mi quan h gia cc thit b mng.
Chc nng ca tng Application l thc hin cc chc nng do nh sn xut qui
nh (giao din) b sung thm vo cc chc nng do ZigBee qui nh


38

CHNG 3 CC THUT TON NH TUYN CA ZigBee/IEEE
802.15.4.

Trong ZigBee/ IEEE802.15.4 s dng thut ton chn ng c phn cp nh xt
cc phng n ti u. Khi im ca thut tan nh tuyn ny chnh l thut ton
min cng cng c nghin cu rt k c tn l AODV (Ad hoc On Demand
Distance Vector) dng cho nhng mng c tnh cht t t chc v thut ton hnh cy
ca Motorola.
3.1 Thut ton nh tuyn theo yu cu AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance
Vector)
AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector) n thun ch l thut ton tm
ng theo yu cu trong mng ad hoc (mt mng t t chc). C th hiu nh sau,
nhng nt trong mng khi m khng nm trong tuyn ng truyn tin th khng duy
tr thng tin no v tuyn ng truyn v cng khng tham gia vo qu trnh nh
tuyn theo chu k. Ni k hn na, mt nt mng khng c chc nng t nh tuyn v
lu tr tuyn ng ti mt nt mng khc cho n khi c hai nt mng trn lin lc
vi nhau, tr trng hp nhng nt mng c ngh dich v nh l mt trm chuyn
tip gi lin lc gia hai nt mng khc.
Mc ch u tin ca thut ton l ch pht qung b cc gi tin d ng khi
cn thit hoc khi c yu cu, vic lm ny phn bit gia vic qun l lin lc cc
b vi vic bo qun giao thc lin lc chung v pht qung b thng tin v s thay
i trong lin kt cc b ti nhng nt di ng ln cn (l nhng nt cn thng tin
cp nht). Khi mt nt ngun cn kt ni ti nt khc, m nt ngun khng cha
thng tin v thng tin tuyn ng ti nt , nh vy mt qu trnh tm ng c
thit lp.
thit lp qu trnh tm ng ny th mi nt mng u lu hai b m c
lp: sequence number v broadcast id. bt u qu trnh tm ng, nt ngun s
khi to mt gi tin tm ng (RREQ) v pht qung b gi tin ny ti tt c cc nt
mng ln cn, gi tin RREQ ny cha cc thng tin v a ch ngun (source addr), s
chui ngun(source sequence number), s id qung b (broadcast id), a ch ch
(dest addr), s chui ch (dest sequence number), s m bc truyn (hop cnt).


39

Bi mi khi nt mng ngun pht ra mt gi tn RREQ mi th s id qung b
s tng ln, nn trong mi gi tin RREQ th cp a ch ngun v s id qung b lun
lun l duy nht. Khi nt mng trung gian nhn c mt gi tin RREQ mi, n s
em so snh a ch ngun v s id qung b vi gi tin RREQ trc , nu ging
nhau nt mng trung gian ny s t ng xa RREQ d tha ny v dng vic pht gi
tin ny li. Nhng nu so snh thy khc nhau th nt mng ny s t ng tng s m
bc truyn (hop cnt) ln v tip tc pht qung b gi tin RREQ ny ti cc nt ln
cn tip tc qu trnh tm ng. Trong mi mt nt mng u lu tr cc thng tin
v a ch IP ch, a ch IP ngun, s id qung b, s chui nt ngun, v thi gian
thi gian hn nh cho php gi tin mang thng tin xc nhn c gi tr li ni pht
Khi gi tin RREQ c truyn trn mng t ngun ti ch, n s t ng thit
lp con ng ngc li t cc nt mng ny quay tr li nt ngun. thit lp tuyn
ng ngc chiu, mi nt phi lu gi bng a ch ca cc nt bn cnh m n sao
chp c trong gi tin RREQ u tin. Tuyn ng ngc chiu c lu gi trong
thi gian ti thiu gi tin RREQ ny vt qua mng v tr v ni xut pht ban u.
Khi RREQ ti mt nt no y m c th nt mng ny l ch n ca n, hoc
nt ny nm trn tyn ng truyn t ngun ti ch, nt nhn tin ny u tin s
kim tra xem gi tin RREQ va nhn qua kt ni hai chiu. Nu nt mng ny cha
phi l nt mng ch nhng c lu gi tuyn ng ti nt ch, khi n s quyt
nh xem xem tuyn ng ny c chnh xc khng bng cch so snh s chui ngun
cha bn trong gi tin RREQ ny vi s chui ngun trong bng nh tuyn ca nt
mng . Nu s chui ch ca RREQ ln hn s chui ch trong cc nt trung gian,
th nt trung gian khng khng nm trn tuyn ng truyn ng vi gi tin RREQ
ny.
Nu tuyn ng ny c s chui ch ln hn hoc bng vi s chui ch
trong RREQ nhng c s bc truyn nh hn, th n c th pht mt gi tin RREP
(route reply packet) tr li nt mng pht RREQ cho n. Mt gi tin RREP gm c
cc trng thng tin sau: trng a ch ngun, trng a ch ch, s chui ch, s
m bc truyn v thi gian sng. Khi m gi tin RREP quay tr li c nt ngun,
cc nt mng dc theo tuyn ng ca RREP s thit lp con ch hng ti nt mng
RREP va n, cp nht thng tin timeout (timeout l khong thi gian m mt nt
khng cn hot ng na v nm trong trng thi ch) ca n cho bng nh tuyn


40

ng ti ngun v ch, ng thi sao lu li s chui ch cui ca nt ch cn ti.
Nhng nt mng nm dc theo tuyn ng xc nh bi RREP s cht sau khi ht
thi gian yu cu inh tuyn v con ch o b xa khi chng khng cn nm trn
tuyn ng truyn t ngun ti ch. Thi gian cht ny ph thuc vo kch c ca
mng.

Hnh 3.1 nh dng tuyn ng trong giao thc AODV

Nt ngun c th pht d liu ngay khi n nhn c gi tin RREP u tin,
ng thi cng lun cp nht thng tin v tuyn ng nu pht hin ra tuyn ng
ti u hn.
Mi bng nh tuyn gm cc trng thng tin sau: trng thng tin v ch
n, bc truyn k tip, s bc truyn, s chui ch, nt ln cn tch cc thuc tu
yn ng, thi gian cht cho nhp liu vo bng nh tuyn.
duy tr ng truyn, mi nt mng lun phi c a ch ca cc nt mng
tch cc ln cn (mt nt mng c coi l tch cc nu n c chc nng khi pht
hoc chuyn tip ti thiu mt gi tin n ch trong thi gian cho php). Khi m bc
truyn k tip nm trong tuyn ng t ngun ti ch ny khng thc hin c (tc
l thng tin yu cu khng c nhn trong mt khong thi gian no , thng tin yu
cu ny m bo rng ch c nhng nt mng no lin lc hai chiu mi c coi l nt
mng ln cn). Qu trnh ny c tip din n khi tt c cc nt ngun tch cc c
thng bo. Nh vo vic nhn nhng thng bo v gin on ng truyn, m cc nt


41

ngun c th khi ng li qu trnh tm ng nu chng vn cn mt tuyn ng ti
ch c. Nu nt ngun la chn vic xy dng li tuyn ng mi t ngun ti ch,
n cn phi phn pht mt gi tin RREQ mi vi s chui ch mi ln hn s chui
ch c.

3.2 Thut ton hnh cy
Giao thc hnh cy l giao thc ca tng mng v tng datalink, giao thc ny s
dng gi tin trng thi kt ni nh dng mt mng hnh cy n, cng nh mt
mng hnh cy m rng. Loi mng ny c bn l mt loi mng c tnh cht t t
chc v t h tr hn ch li mng mt mc li cho php, c bit hn do y l
mt loi mng c tnh cht t t chc nn n cng c th t sa cha khi gp s c
mt nt mng no . Cc nt mng chn mt nt lm gc cy v to cc nhnh cy
mt cch t do. Sau cch nhnh cy t pht trin kt ni ti nhng nhnh cy khc
nh vo thit b gc (DD- Designated Deviece).
3.2.1 Thut tan hnh cy n nhnh
Qu trnh hnh thnh nhnh cy bt u bng vic chn gc cy. Sau khi mt nt gc
c chn, n s m rng kt ni vi cc nt khc to thnh mt nhm.
Sau khi mt nt c kch hot n s d tm HELLO message t cc nt khc
(HELLO message tng t nh beacon trong tng MAC theo chun IEEE 802.15.4).
Nu trong mt thi gian nht nh no n khng nhn c bt k mt HELLO
message no, th nt ny s t tr thnh nt gc v li gi HELLO message ti cc nt
ln cn. Nt gc mi ny s ch gi tin yu cu kt ni t cc nt ln cn trong mt
khong thi gian no , nu n vn khng nhn c bt k yu cu kt ni no t
cc nt ln cn th n s tr li thnh mt nt bnh thng v li tip tc d tm
HELLO_MESSAGE. Nt gc cng c th c chn la da trn tham s ca mi nt
mng (v d nh phm vi truyn, cng sut, v tr, kh nng tnh ton ).


42

Hnh 3.2 Qu trnh chn nt gc (CH)
Sau khi tr thnh nt gc, n s pht qung b gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE theo chu
k, gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE ny gm mt phn a ch MAC v a ch ID ca nt
gc. Nhng nt mng nhn c gi tin ny s gi tr li li bng gi tin yu cu kt
ni (REQ) ti nt gc (ni va pht i). Khi nt gc nhn c gi tin yu cu kt ni,
n s ngay lp tc gi tr li gi tin va a ra yu cu bng mt gi tin khc
CONNECTION_RESPONSE., gi tin ny cha a ch ID cho nt thnh vin (nt B),
a ch ID ny do nt gc qui nh. xc nhn thng tin th nt thnh vin B ny s
gi li nt gc gi tin Ack. Qu trnh trao i tin ny oc m t qua hnh3.3


43

Hnh3.3 Thit lp kt ni gia CH v nt thnh vin
Nu tt c cc nt u trong phm vi ph song ca nt gc th kin trc mng l kin
trc hnh sao, tt c cc nt thnh vin s lin lc trc tip vi nt gc qua mt bc
truyn (onehop). Mt nhnh c th pht trin thnh cu trc mng lin lc qua nhiu
bc truyn (multihop).

Hnh 3.4 Qu trnh hnh thnh nhnh nhiu bc


44

Tt nhin nt gc ch c th qun l c mt s hu hn cc nt, v cc nhnh ca
mng cng ch c th vn ti nhng khong cch hn ch chnh v th m c lc
nt mng cng cn phi t chi kt ni ca nhng nt mi. Vic t chi ny c thc
hin nh vo vic ch nh mt ID c bit cho nt ny. Bng danh sch cc nt ln cn
v tuyn ng lun lun c cp nht mi thng qua gi tin HELLO_MESSAGE.
Trong mt thi gian nht nh, nu v mt l do no m mt nt khng c cp
nht cc thng tin trn th n s b loi b.
Tt nhin trong mt mng c tnh cht t do, t t chc nh loi mng ny th
khng th trnh khi vic mt nt mng thuc nhnh ny li nhn c gi tin
HELLO_MESSAGE ca nhnh khc. Vy trong trng hp ny nt mng ny s t
ng thm a ch ID ca nhnh mi ny (CID) vo danh sch cc nt ln cn v gi
n ti nt gc (CH) thng qua gi tin bo co tnh trng ng truyn, t nt gc
(CH) c th bit c nhnh mng no tranh chp x l.
Bn tin bo co tnh trng kt ni cng cha danh sch ID nt ln cn ca nt ,
iu ny gip cho nt gc bit c trn vn cu trc mng c th a ra cu trc
ti u. Khi cu trc mng cn thay i, nt gc (CH) s pht i bn tin cp nht ti cc
nt thnh vin. Nt thnh vin no nhn c bn tin cp nht ny lp tc thay i cc
thng tin v nt gc nh trong bn tin ny, ng thi cng tip tc gi n cc nt
cp thp hn trong nhnh cy ti thi im .
Khi mt nt thnh vin c vn , khng th kt ni c th nt gc phi nh
dng li tuyn ng. Thng qua bn tin bo co tnh trng ng truyn c gi
theo chu k th nt gc c th bit c vn ca nt mng . Nhng khi nt gc
gp phi vn trong lin lc th vic pht bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE theo chu k s
b gin on, khi cc nt thnh vin s mt i nt gc, v nhnh s phi t nh
dng li t u theo cch tng t nh qu trnh nh dng nhnh cy
3.2.2 Thut ton hnh cy a nhnh.
to nh dng ln loi mng ny th cn phi s dng thit b gc (DD). Thit
b ny c trch nhim gn a ch ID nhm (a ch ny l duy nht) cho cc nt
gc(CH). a ch ID nhm ny kt hp vi a ch ID nt (l a ch NID m nt gc
gn cho cc nt thnh vin trong nhnh ca mnh) to ra a ch logic v c s dng


45

trong cc gi tin tm ng. Mt vai tr quan trng na ca thit b gc DD l tnh ton
qung ng ngn nht t nhnh mng ti DD v thng bo n ti tt c cc nt mng.

Hnh3.5 Gn a ch nhm trc tip
Khi thit b gc DD tham gia vo mng, n s hot ng nh mt nt gc ca
nhnh s 0 (CID 0) v bt u pht qung b HELLO_MESSAGE ti cc nt ln cn.
Nu mt nt gc (CH) nhn c bn tin ny, n s gi bn tin yu cu kt ni ti DD
tham gia vo CID 0, sau nt gc ny s yu cu DD gn cho n mt ID nhnh
(CID). Nh vy th nt gc ny c hai a ch logic, mt l thnh vin ca CID 0, th
hai l a ch ca nt gc. Khi nt gc to ra mt nhnh mi, (mt CID mi), n s
thng bo n cc nt thnh vin ca n bng bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE.


46

Hnh3.6 Gn a ch nhm qua nt trung gian
Khi mt thnh vin nhn c bn tin HELLO_MESSAGE t thit b DD, n s
thm a ch ID ca CID 0 vo danh sch thnh vin ri thng bo cho nt gc. Nt
gc c thng bo ny s chn nt thnh vin ny nh l mt nt trung gian gia n
vi nt gc ca n, ri gi bn tin yu cu kt ni mng ti cc nt thnh vin thit
lp kt ni vi thit b DD. Nt trung gian ny yu cu mt kt ni v tham gia vo
thnh vin ca nhm s 0. Sau n s gi bn tin yu cu CID ti thit b DD. n
khi nhn c p ng CID, nt trung gian ny gi bn tin p ng lin kt mng ny
ti nt CH, bn tin ny cha cc thng tin v a ch ID nhnh mi cho nt gc CH.
Sau khi nt gc c c CID mi, th cch thnh vin trong nhnh ca nt gc cng s
nhn c thng qua HELLO_MESSAGE


47

Hnh 3.7 Gn a ch nhm qua nt gc

Hnh3.8 Gn a ch nhm qua nt gc v nt trung gian


48

Trong mng ny th vic t t chc mng l mt tnh cht kh mnh m, v
mm do. C nhnh mng lin trc s c nhim v gn CID cho nhnh mng sau.
Qu trnh ny c m t r nt hn hnh 3.5,3.6,3.7,3.8.
Mi mt nt thnh vin ca nhnh phi ghi li thng tin v nhnh gc v cc
nhnh con ca n, hoc c ID ca nt trung gian nu c. Thit b gc phi c trch
nhim lu gi ton b thng tin v cu trc cy mng ca cc nhnh.
Cng ging nh cc nt thnh vin ca nhnh th cc nt gc CH cng l thnh
vin ca thit b gc v nh vy chng cng phi c trch nhim thng bo tnh trng
ng truyn n DD. thc hin th nt gc phi gi nh k bn tin thng bo tnh
trng ng truyn trong mng ti DD, bn tin ny cha danh sch CID ln cn. DD
sau khi x l thng tin s tnh ton, chn la ra ng truyn ti u nht ri thng bo
nh k ti cc nhnh ca n thng qua bn tin cp nht.
Nh trn ta c th thy vai tr ca thit b gc ny l rt quan trng, chnh v th
lun cn c nhng thit b gc d phng (BDD) sn sang thay th thit b chnh khi gp
s c.
Hnh 3.9 m t vic lin lc trong nhnh. Cc nt trung gian va lin kt cc
nhnh mng, va chuyn tip cc gi tin gia cc nhnh mng. Khi nt trung gian nhn
c mt gi tin, n s kim tra a ch ch ca gi tin , sau s chuyn ti a ch
ch ca n nu a ch ch nm trong nhnh ny hoc l chuyn tip ti nt trung
gian tip theo ca nhnh lin k nu a ch ch khng nm trong nhnh ca n.


49

Hnh3.9Mng cy a nhnh v cc nt trung gian
Ch duy nht thit b gc mi c th gi bn tin ti tt c cc nt trong mng, bn
tin ny c chuyn dc theo tuyn ng ca cc nhnh. Cc nt trung gian th
chuyn tip cc gi tin qung b t nhnh gc n cc nhnh con.


50

CHNG 4 M phng thut ton nh tuyn trong mng mesh ca
ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 bng phn mm MatLab v Visual C.

c th hiu c r thut ton nh tuyn Zigbee, em xy dng mt chng trinh
phm mm m phng qu trnh nh tyn a ra mt bn nh tuyn ca mt
node trong mng n tt c cc nt khc trong mng ca n. Chng trnh ny da
trn thut ton tm ng ADOV v thut ton b cm hnh cy ca Motorola.
thun tin cho vic xy dng c chng trnh, u tin em tin hnh xy dng mt
l thut ton cho chng trnh nh hnh 4.1. Lu ny c c th ho bng
mt chng trnh vit bng ngn ng Visual C x l qu trnh tnh ton, kt qu
ca chng trnh c xut ra file c nh dng MatLab chy m phng.
4.1 S thut ton.

Hnh4.1 S chc nng ca chng trnh.
Chng trnh chnh main() gm c cc chng trnh con nh hnh4.1 thc hin qu
trnh tnh ton v x l.
Chng trnh con randGaussian() c tc dng to ra cc bin ngu nhin Gauss
vi tham s u vo t hm rand(). Kt qu ca hm ny cho ra mt s nt ( y l 30
v 100) c phn b ngu nhin trn mt vng hnh qut t mt nt cho trc.. T


51

ta c th s dng hm distant() tnh khong cch gia cc nt bt k vi nhau trong
vng hnh qut ny.
Chng trnh con pathloss() c nhn tham s u vo l kt qu ca hm
distant(), v nng lng gia cc nt ln cn tch cc trong mng. Hm ny s da vo
kt qu ca hm tnh khong cch tnh ra nng lng nhiu c ch gia cc nt ln
cn vi nhau, gi tr nng lng ny ch c tnh khi gi tri khong cch vi nt ln
cn nm trong mt khong xc nh [dmin, dmax]. Sau s a ra gi tr nng lng
tht m mt nt nhn c bng vic cng cc gi tr nng lng ny vi nhau.
Chng trnh con routing() l hm nhn tham s u vo l khong cch v
nng lng (nng lng ca mt nt nhn c tnh thng qua nng lng truyn t
nt ngun ti v nng lng nhiu c ch nhn c t cc nt ln cn) sp xp theo
thut ton bt x phng v thut ton sp xp Dijkstra chn ra tuyn ng ti u
nht (ngn nht v nng lng truyn tin nh nht) t mt nt ti tt c cc nt cn li.
C sau mi ln lp, kt qu s c lu v b nh cho n khi n c ch cn n.
Chng trnh con filedump() hm ny nhn tham s u vo l cc kt qu ca
hm routing() v b nh t v ng t nt ngun ti nt ch vo file c nh
dng MatLab.
4.2 Kt qu v nh gi
Sau khi xy dng chng trnh t cc chng trnh con em thu c kt qu nh
hnh 4.2. v 4.3. Chng trnh ny c th m rng x l qu trnh nh tuyn cho
trn 100 nt mng m khng nh hng n kt qu. Theo kt qu nh hnh 4.2 ta c
th lp ra c mt bng nh tuyn t nt ngun n nt ch nh bng 4.1.


52

Nt gc Bc truyn th 2 Bc truyn th 3
1 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 8, 16,
17, 5, 18, 20, 11 ,
14, 15, 22, 24
23, 21, 13, 28, 29,
30, 6, 27, 25, 7, 19,
12, 26
Bng 4.1 Bng nh tuyn

Hinh4.2 Kt qu vi 30 nt mng.


53

Hnh4.3Kt qu vi 100 nt mng.

T kt qu m phng ca chong trnh nh c thy hnh 4.2 v 4.3, em thy rng
kt qu ny l t c mc tiu ca thut ton nh tuyn ca tng mng Zigbee
ra l xy dng c mt bng nh tuyn cho mt thnh vin bt k trong
mng. Chng trnh m phng ch xin php a ra mt v d tm ng ti u cho
mt nt c th trong mng n tt c cc thnh vin khc trong mng, v tnh ton
c nhiu xuyn knh gia cc thnh vin ln cn. Vic tm ng ti u l mt yu
cu rt quan trng trong cng ngh Zigbee v n gii quyt c vn hiu qu nng
lng trong truyn tin v vn chng xung t ca mng. Thi gian thc ca chng
trnh kh nhanh v kch thc chng trnh nh (208 kb) nn c th nhng c vo
trong chip ca thit b Zigbee.


54

4.3 Kt lun
Thng qua ti ny em c th hiu mt cch r hn v cng ngh truyn dn
khng dy ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4, t m hnh giao thc n thut ton truyn tin. V
t c th thy c tnh u vit ni tri ca cng ngh ZigBee vi cc cng ngh
hin nay.
Tuy nhin do thi gian hn ch nn chng trnh vn cn nhiu thiu xt. l cha
m phng c tnh t cu hnh mng mng ca thut ton nh tuyn ZigBee trong
mng mesh. Hy vng trong thi gian ti nu c iu kin em c th tip tc hon thin,
pht trin v m rng chng trnh c th tip cn su hn vi cc ng dng ca
cng ngh hin hng cn rt mi m ny.


55

PH LC
M ngun ca chng trnh:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <memory.h>
#include <string.h>
//#include "mesh.h"
#define RCV_TN -108.0 +10*log10(BW/1000000.0)
#define C 29800000
#define DOUBLE_MAX (double)INT_MAX
#define DOUBLE_MIN (double)INT_MIN
#define EPS 0.0000001
#define FALSE 0
#define TRUE 1
#define DESIRED 0
#define INTERFERENCE 1
#define MAXHOPS 10
#ifndef M_PI
#define M_PI 3.1415926535897931160E0
# endif
#ifndef M_PI_2
#define M_PI_2 1.5707963267948965580E0
# endif
typedef struct location
{
double x,y;
} Location;


56

#define MINIMIZE_HOPS 1
#define MINIMIZE_EPB 2
static double RCVSENS[] = RECEIVER_SENSITIVITY;
static double PL_EXP_D[] = PATHLOSS_EXPONENT_DESIRED;
static double PL_EXP_I[] = PATHLOSS_EXPONENT_INTERFERENCE;
static double PL_DIST_D[] = PATHLOSS_DISTANCE_DESIRED;
static double PL_DIST_I[] = PATHLOSS_DISTANCE_INTERFERENCE;
static double INR = INTERFERENCE_TO_NOISE_RATIO;
static int BPS[] = BYTES_PER_SYMBOL;
double RefPathLoss;
double dmax(double x, double y) { return (x>y)?x:y;}
double dmin(double x, double y) { return (x>y)?y:x;}
static int newGap(int gap) {
/* Chuong trinh sap xep theo thuat toan combsorting */
gap = (gap * 10) / 13;
if (gap == 9 || gap == 10)
gap = 11;
if (gap < 1)
gap = 1;
return gap;
}
static void combsort(double a[], int aSize) {
int i,j;
double tmp;
int gap, swapped;
gap = aSize;
for (;;) {
gap = newGap(gap);
swapped = FALSE;
for (i = 0; i < aSize - gap; i++) {


57

j = i + gap;
if (a[i] > a[j]) {
tmp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j];
a[j] = tmp;
swapped = TRUE;
}
}
if (gap == 1 && !swapped)
break;
}
}
double randGaussian() {
double x1,x2,w;
do {
x1= 2.0*((double)rand()/RAND_MAX) -1.0;
x2= 2.0*((double)rand()/RAND_MAX) -1.0;
w = x1*x1+x2*x2;
} while (w >= 1.0);
w = sqrt( (-2.0*log(w) ) / w);
return x1*w;
}
Location randLocInCircle() {
Location newLoc;
double a,r;
a = SECTOR*((double)rand()/RAND_MAX);
r = CELLRADIUS*((double)rand()/RAND_MAX);
newLoc.x = r*sin(a);
newLoc.y = r*cos(a);
return newLoc;


58

}
double distance(Location x, Location y) {
/* Khoang cach giu hai not mang */
return sqrt( (x.x-y.x)*(x.x-y.x)+(x.y-y.y)*(x.y-y.y) );
}
double pathloss_dB(double Distance, int dORi) {
/* Multi-component pathloss calculation */
int i;
double pl;
pl = RefPathLoss;
if (dORi== DESIRED) {
for ( i=0;i<sizeof(PL_EXP_D)/8; i++ ) {
if( Distance >= PL_DIST_D[i] )
pl += 10*PL_EXP_D[i]*log10( dmin(PL_DIST_D[i+1],Distance)/PL_DIST_D[i] );
}
} else {
for ( i=0;i<sizeof(PL_EXP_I)/8; i++ ) {
if( Distance >= PL_DIST_I[i] )
pl += 10*PL_EXP_I[i]*log10( dmin(PL_DIST_I[i+1],Distance)/PL_DIST_I[i] );
}
}
return pl + PL_STD_DEV*randGaussian();
}
int dijkstraIteration(int Picked[], int Route[], int Hops[], int Links[][NODES]) {
int i,j;
int bestNode;
int bestHops;
bestHops = INT_MAX;
for ( i=0; i<NODES; i++ ) {
if (( !Picked[i] ) && (Hops[i] < bestHops )) {


59

bestNode = i;
bestHops = Hops[i];
}
}
if ( bestHops == INT_MAX) {
return 0;
}
i = bestNode;
Picked[i] = 1;
/* Cap nhat cac not lan can hoat dong cua mot not */
for ( j=0; j<NODES; j++ ) {
if ( i!=j && Links[i][j] && Hops[j]>Hops[i]+1 ) {
Hops[j] = Hops[i]+1;
Route[j] = i;
}
}
return 1;
}
void powercontrol(double pathLoss[][NODES], int links[][NODES], double
xmtPwr[][NODES] ) {
/* Minimizes the power on each link given the selected modulation for that link*/
int i,j;
for ( i=0;i<NODES; ++i ) {
for ( j=0;j<NODES; ++j ) {
xmtPwr[i][j] = DOUBLE_MIN;
if(i!=j && links[i][j])
xmtPwr[i][j] = pathLoss[i][j] - 2*ANTGAIN + RCVSENS[links[i][j]-1] + FM;
}
}
}


60

double modulation_avg( int route[],int links[][NODES] ) {
int i,j,k,l;
int modulation[sizeof(RCVSENS)/8];
memset(modulation,0,sizeof(RCVSENS)/8*sizeof(int));
for( l=0,j=0,i=0;i<NODES;++i ) {
k = i;
do {
j = route[k];
if(j!=k) {
modulation[links[k][j]-1]++;
l++;
}
} while(k=j);
}
for ( j=0,i=0;i<sizeof(RCVSENS)/8;++i)
j += modulation[i]*BPS[i];
return ((double)j)/((double)l);
}
double avgNumberOfHops(int hops[]) {
/* tinh toan buoc nhay trung binh tren 1 tuyen duong */
int hopCnt[MAXHOPS];
int i;
double avgNrHops;
memset(hopCnt,0,MAXHOPS*sizeof(int));
for ( i=1; i<NODES; i++ ) {
if ( hops[i] < MAXHOPS )
hopCnt[hops[i]]++;
else
hopCnt[0]++;
}


61

for ( avgNrHops=0.0,i=1;i<MAXHOPS; i++ )
avgNrHops += hopCnt[i]*i;
avgNrHops /= (double) NODES;
return avgNrHops;
}
double txActivity(int hops[],double avgMod,double avgNrHops) {
double avgBurstSize,OFDMsymbols;
avgBurstSize = (0.15*1500+0.22*560+0.5*48+0.13*400)/avgMod;
OFDMsymbols =
USER_DATA*1024.0*1024.0/avgBurstSize*(avgBurstSize+PREAMBLE_SIZE);
OFDMsymbols *= avgNrHops*USER_ACTIVE_TIME/avgMod;
OFDMsymbols +=
MSH_CTRL_SLOTS*MSH_CTRL_SLOT_SIZE/NODES*3600000/
FRAME_DURATION;
return OFDMsymbols/(BW*OVERSAMPLING/FFT_SIZE*(1+CP))/3600;
}
long intercell_interference( int route[], double xmtPwr[][NODES], Location pos[],
Location posI, double intLevel[],long intLevel_index ) {
int i,j,k;
double pl;
for( j=0,i=0;i<NODES;++i ) {
k = i;
do {
j = route[k];
if(j!=k) {
pl = pathloss_dB(distance(pos[i],posI),INTERFERENCE);
intLevel[intLevel_index++]= xmtPwr[k][j] + 2*ANTGAIN - pl -
CHANNEL_REJECTION;
}
} while(k=j);
}


62

return intLevel_index;
}
void routing(int route[],int hops[],int links[][NODES],double xmtPwr[][NODES],int
type) {
/* thuat toan nay dua ra chon lua giua buoc nhay nho nhat va nang luong truyen*/
int picked[NODES];
int i,j;
int changes;
double xmtEpB[NODES];
double t;
if ( type == MINIMIZE_HOPS ) {
/* tim duong dua tren quang duong ngan nhat.*/
memset(picked,0,NODES*sizeof(int));
i =1;
while (i)
i = dijkstraIteration(picked,route,hops,links);
for (i=0; i<NODES; i++ ) {
for ( j=0; j< NODES; j++ ) {
if (hops[j] == hops[route[i]] && links[i][j] > links[i][route[i]])
route[i] = j;
}
}
}
if (type == MINIMIZE_EPB) {
/* thuat toan tim duong dua tren muc nang luong la nho nhat.*/
memset(xmtEpB,0,NODES*sizeof(double));
for (i=0; i<NODES; ++i)
xmtEpB[i] = DOUBLE_MAX;
xmtEpB[0] = 0; /* Mesh Gateway */
for (;;) {


63

changes = FALSE;
for( i=0;i<NODES;i++ ) {
for( j=1;j<NODES;j++ ) {
if( i!=j && links[i][j]) {
t= pow(10.0,xmtPwr[j][i]/10.0)/BPS[links[j][i]-1];
if(xmtEpB[i] + t + EPS< xmtEpB[j] ) {
hops[j] = hops[i]+1;
route[j] = i;
xmtEpB[j] = xmtEpB[i] + t;
changes = TRUE;
}
}
}
}
if (changes == FALSE)
break;
}
}
}
void filedump(double intLevel[],int intLevel_index,double TxActivity,double
avgNrHops) {
FILE *fp;
int i;
char fn[20];
double t;
#if (ROUTING_TYPE == MINIMIZE_HOPS)
sprintf(fn,"%s\0","meshHops.m");
#elif (ROUTING_TYPE == MINIMIZE_EPB)
sprintf(fn,"%s\0","meshEpB.m");
#endif


64

if((fp = fopen(fn,"wr"))== NULL) {
printf("Failed to open file: %s.\n",FILENAME);
exit(-1);
} else {
sprintf(fn,"%s\0","Hops");
sprintf(fn,"%s\0","EpB");
#endif
fprintf(fp,"Iv%s = [\n",fn);
for (i=0;i<intLevel_index;i++)
fprintf(fp,"% 4.3f\n",intLevel[i]);
fprintf(fp,"];\nTxActivity%s = % 2.5f;\n",fn,TxActivity);
fprintf(fp,"Realizations%s = %d;\n",fn,REALIZE_INTERFERENCE);
fprintf(fp,"Cells%s = %d;\n",fn,REALIZE_CELL);
fprintf(fp,"AvgNrHops%s = % 2.5f;\n",fn,avgNrHops);
t = TxActivity/REALIZE_CELL/REALIZE_INTERFERENCE/avgNrHops;
fprintf(fp,"semilogy(Iv%s,fliplr([1:size(Iv%s,1)])*% 2.8e)\n",fn,fn,t);
fprintf(fp,"axis([-140 -90 0.0001 1]);\n");
fprintf(fp,"hold on;\n");
fprintf(fp,"line([% 2.3f % 2.3f],[0.0001 1]);\n",RCV_TN+INR,RCV_TN+INR);
fclose(fp);
}
}
void filedumpcell(Location pos[],Location posI,int links[][NODES],int route[], int cell)
{
FILE *fp;
int i;
char fn[20];


65

sprintf(fn,"mang_meshzigbee_Hops%d%s\0",cell,FILENAME);
sprintf(fn,"mang_meshzigbee_EbP%d%s\0",cell,FILENAME);
#endif
if((fp = fopen(fn,"wr")) == NULL) {
printf("Failed to open file: %s.\n",fn);
exit(-1);
} else {
fprintf(fp,"figure;\n");
fprintf(fp,"axis([0 % 2.3f 0
%d]);\n",dmax(CELLRADIUS,INT_DIST),CELLRADIUS);
fprintf(fp,"hold on;\n");
for(i=0;i<NODES;i++) {
fprintf(fp,"plot(% 2.3f, % 2.3f,'o');\n",pos[i].x,pos[i].y);
if(i!=route[i]) {
fprintf(fp,"line([% 2.3f % 2.3f],[% 2.3f % 2.3f],'LineWidth',% 1.2f);\n",
pos[i].x,pos[route[i]].x,pos[i].y,pos[route[i]].y,(double)links[i][route[i]]/4.0);
}
}
fprintf(fp,"plot(% 2.3f, % 2.3f,'x');\n",posI.x,posI.y);
fprintf(fp,"Coverage = [");
for(i=0;i<CELLRADIUS;i++)
fprintf(fp,"% 2.3f ",sqrt((double)(CELLRADIUS*CELLRADIUS-i*i)));
fprintf(fp,"];\nplot([0:%d],Coverage,'-.');\n",CELLRADIUS-1);
fclose(fp);
}
}
main()
{
int hops[NODES];


66

int links[NODES][NODES];
double pathLoss[NODES][NODES];
int route[NODES];
Location pos[NODES];
double xmtPwr[NODES][NODES];
double
intLevel[MAXHOPS*NODES*REALIZE_INTERFERENCE*REALIZE_CELL];
double avgMod,avgNrHops,TxActivity;
Location posI;
int i,j,k,cell;
long intLevel_index,changes;
srand( (unsigned) time(NULL));
memset(intLevel,0,MAXHOPS*NODES*REALIZE_INTERFERENCE*REALIZE_C
ELL*sizeof(double));
posI.x = INT_DIST;
posI.y = 0.0;
intLevel_index = 0;
RefPathLoss = 20*log10(4*M_PI*FC/C);
for ( cell=0;cell<REALIZE_CELL;cell++ ) {
memset(pos,0,NODES*sizeof(Location));
memset(hops,0,NODES*sizeof(int));
memset(route,0,NODES*sizeof(int));
memset(xmtPwr,0,NODES*NODES*sizeof(double));
memset(links,0,NODES*NODES*sizeof(int));
memset(pathLoss,0,NODES*NODES*sizeof(double));
for (i=0; i<NODES; ++i) {
pos[i] = randLocInCircle();
hops[i] = INT_MAX;
}
hops[0] = 0; /* Mesh Gateway */
for (i=0; i<NODES; i++) {


67

pathLoss[i][i] = DOUBLE_MAX;
for ( j=0; j<i; j++ ) {
pathLoss[i][j] = pathloss_dB( distance(pos[i],pos[j]),DESIRED );
for ( k=0;k<sizeof(RCVSENS)/8;k++ ) {
if ( XMTPWR + 2*ANTGAIN - RCVSENS[k] - FM > pathLoss[i][j] )
links[i][j] = k+1;
}
pathLoss[j][i] = pathLoss[i][j];
links[j][i] = links[i][j];
}
}
powercontrol(pathLoss,links,xmtPwr);
routing(route,hops,links,xmtPwr,ROUTING_TYPE);
avgNrHops = avgNumberOfHops( hops );
avgMod = modulation_avg( route,links );
TxActivity = txActivity( hops,avgMod,avgNrHops );
for (i=0; i< REALIZE_INTERFERENCE; i++) {
intLevel_index = intercell_interference(route,xmtPwr,pos,posI,
intLevel,intLevel_index);
}
filedumpcell(pos,posI,links,route,cell);
}
combsort(intLevel,intLevel_index);
filedump(intLevel,intLevel_index,TxActivity,avgNrHops);
return 1;
}


68

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Le Tuan Khanh, Implementation of Zigbee Ready IEEE 802.15.4-RFIC
http://www.chipcon.com , 2005-04
[2] Nilesh Rajbharti, AN965, http://www.microchip.com
[3] Samir R. Das, Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer, Performance
Comparison of Two On-demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks- 2005
[4] Heikki N. Koivo, Basics using MATLABNeural Network Toolbox, 2005
[5] Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Hari Balakrishnan
Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol forWireless Microsensor Networks
[6] Chipcon, http://www.chipcon.com , 2005-03
[7] IEEE Standards 802.15.4, IEEE 2003, ISBN 0-7381-3677-5 SS95127,2004
[8] IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Specification, http://www.standards.ieee.org
[9] Figure 8 Wireless, http://www._gure8wireless.com , 2005-03
[10] ZigBee Alliance, http://www.zigbee.org , 2005-03
[11] Zigbee technical documents, www.zigbee.org
[12] MSDN Library Visual Studio 6 , 2003-04
[13] M ngun m ti trang web http://www.koders.com/
[14] http://www.freescale.com
[15] http://www.metrowerks.com


69

NghienCuuChuanKetNoiKhongDay ZIGBEE

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

NghienCuuChuanKetNoiKhongDay ZIGBEE

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.

You might also like