i

Li m u
Xin cho !
Chc mng bn n vi th gii ca nhng ngi yu T
E
X.
C bao gi bn, (mt gio vin ton lu nm, hay ch l mt tn sinh vin ton
va chp chng bc chn vo trng i hc, hay gin n hn, ch l mt ngi
yu ton . . . ) thc mc, mong mun son tho mt vn bn theo ng phong cch
c trng ca dn ton? khao kht c tip cn vi nhng ngun ti liu ton
hc mi nht ang lu hnh trn mng Internet?
Nu tng c ao iu , cn chn ch g m khng tham gia vo cng ng
nhng ngi Vit yu T
E
X nh chng ti?
gip bn trong bui u lm quen vi T
E
X, chng ti xin cung cp cho
bn tp ti liu Hng dn s dng L
A
T
E
X (nhp mn). Vi ti liu ny,
bn s d dng tip cn vi T
E
X hn (thm ch nu dng quen th cn thy T
E
X
d dng hn c MS Word, nht l i vi dn ton nh chng ta!).
ii Li m u
MC LC iii
Mc lc
Li m u i
1 Gii thiu v L
A
T
E
X 1
2 Ci t L
A
T
E
X 3
2.1 Ci t MiKTeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Ci t WinEdt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Ci t h tr ting Vit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.1 Ci t gi urwvn v vntex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.2 Ci font tcvfix11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.3 Hin th ting Vit trong MiKTeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Cc bc son tho vn bn bng L
A
T
E
X 11
4 Cu trc mt tp tin vn bn (.tex) 15
4.1 Cu trc mt tp tin vn bn (.tex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2 Cch trnh by mt ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3 V d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5 Cc k t c bit 19
6 Xung hng v ngt trang 21
6.1 Ngt dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2 Ngt on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.3 Ngt trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7 Khong trng 29
7.1 Khong trng ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.2 Khong trng dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
iv MC LC
8 T chc mt ti liu 33
8.1 i vi lp ti liu dng article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.2 i vi lp ti liu dng book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9 Thay i kiu ch 37
10 Thay i kch thc ch 41
11 Thay i mu ch 43
12 Chnh v tr on vn bn 47
13 Mi trng lit k 51
13.1 Mi trng itemize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
13.2 Mi trng enumerate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
13.3 Mi trng description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
13.4 Kt hp cc mi trng lit k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
13.5 Lu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
14 Mi trng trch dn v cc ghi ch 55
15 Vn bn nhiu ct 59
16 Mi trng bng 61
16.1 Mi trng longtable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
16.2 Thit lp mi trng bng (longtable) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
16.3 V d v mi trng bng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
17 Mi trng ton hc 67
17.1 Mi trng ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
17.2 Mt s lnh k hiu ton hc thng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
17.3 Mt s v d tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
17.4 T
E
Xaide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
18 Chn hnh nh 75
18.1 C bn v lnh \includegraphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
18.2 Lnh \includegraphics v tu chn scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
18.3 Lnh \includegraphics v tu chn width, height . . . . . . . . 77
18.4 Gi lnh lscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Ti liu tham kho 81
1
Chng 1
Gii thiu v L
A
T
E
X
Nm 1977, nh ton hc ngi M D.E. Knuth thit k ra T
E
X nhm phc v
nhu cu son tho cc ti liu ton hc vi cht lng bn in cao.
Hin nay, T
E
X pht trin trn phm vi ton th gii. Nhng ngi hc ton,
nhng nh in sch, tp ch ton ni ting, hng u trn th gii u dng T
E
X
lm tiu chun ch bn. Khng nhng th, ngy nay, ch nhng ti liu ton c
son tho bng T
E
X mi c lu hnh ph bin trn mng
1
.
Ngy nay, c rt nhiu phng n v xut m rng T
E
X, chng ta c th
k n:
AMSTEX: tc gi l M.Spivak, ph bin M
LATEX: tc gi l L.Lamport, ph bin Chu u
C rt nhiu l do chng ta s dng L
A
T
E
X:
L
A
T
E
X h tr ti a cho vic son tho cc ti liu ton hc hay rng hn l
cc ti liu k thut.
Cht lng bn in bng L
A
T
E
X rt cao.
C th c c cc ti liu son bi L
A
T
E
X trn nn tng nhiu h iu
hnh khc nhau vi cc nh dng khng thay i.
Cu trc v mi trng trong L
A
T
E
X rt sng sa, d hiu v ngi dng c
th to ra nhng lnh ring cho mnh.
Nhng chng trnh nh l cng c ton hc Maple, Mathematica u cung
cp cc chuyn i sang L
A
T
E
X.
1
Tuy rng, chng ta c th son tho c cc ti liu ton bng MS Word vi s gip
ca MathType nhng nhng ti liu ny khng c ph bin trn mng Internet do kch thc
qu ln.
2 Gii thiu v L
A
T
E
X
Ngoi ra, qun l T
E
Xtt hn, chng ta c th s dng cc phn mm sau:
MiKTeX, PcTeX32, TeX for Linux,. . .
3
Chng 2
Ci t L
A
T
E
X
Mc tiu: Tin hnh ci t chng trnh L
A
T
E
X vo my tnh v thit lp cc h
tr ting Vit trong son tho bng L
A
T
E
X.
Sau khi c c da chng trnh L
A
T
E
X, cc bn c th tin hnh ci t theo
hng dn nu sau y. Vic ci t L
A
T
E
X bao gm cc cng on chnh sau y:
Bc 1: Ci t MiKTeX
Bc 2: Ci t WinEdt
Bc 3: Ci t h tr ting Vit
2.1 Ci t MiKTeX
1. Thc thi tp tin ci t setup.exe trong th mc MiKTeX
1
1
Th mc MiKTeX ny c th thay i tu theo da chng trnh ci t m bn mua c.
Tuy nhin, bn c th s dng chc nng Search ca Windows tm kim.
4 Ci t L
A
T
E
X
2. Tip theo cc bn chn Next.
hp thoi tip theo cc bn chn mc Install ci t L
A
T
E
X t da CD.
2.2 Ci t WinEdt 5
3. hp thoi tip theo, cc bn la chn mc ci t
2
4. Cc bn tip tc chn Next cho cc bc sau v MiKTeX s t a ra cc
la chn ph hp vi h thng.
2.2 Ci t WinEdt
1. Thc thi tp tin ci t winedt53 trong da
3
2. Cc bn tip tc chn Next cho cc bc sau
2
Nu chn Small th tm thi c th tit kim c dung lng cng nhng sau ny s kh
bt tin v thiu cc gi cn phi ci thm. Do , theo ti bn nn ci mc Total
3
C th s dng chc nng Search ca Windows tm kim ng dn ca tp tin ny.
6 Ci t L
A
T
E
X
2.3 Ci t h tr ting Vit
2.3.1 Ci t gi urwvn v vntex
Ch : Bc ny khng phi thc hin nu bn chn ch ci t l Total
1. Gi thc thi MiKTeX Option
Start Programes Files MiKTeX MiKTeX Option
2. Chn tab Packages ri nh du chn 2 gi urwvn v vntex trong mc
Language Support Vietnamese
2.3 Ci t h tr ting Vit 7
3. Nhn OK hon tt vic ci thm hai gi urwvn v vntex
2.3.2 Ci font tcvfix11
Chp (Copy) fife
4
tcvfix11 vo th mc C: \ WINDOWS \ Fonts
2.3.3 Hin th ting Vit trong MiKTeX
1. Trong chng trnh g ting Vit (UniKey, Vietkey,. . . ) cc bn chn Bng
m VISCII
4
C th s dng chc nng Search ca Windows tm kim ng dn ca tp tin ny.
8 Ci t L
A
T
E
X
2. Khi ng WinEdt t nt Start
5
5
Sau ny, khi mun khi ng L
A
T
E
X cc bn cng thc hin thao tc ny.
2.3 Ci t h tr ting Vit 9
3. Trong WinEdt, chn:
Options Preferences Font
4. Sau , sa li font ch l Fixedsys VISCII 1.1
Nh vy, cc bn hon tt vic ci t L
A
T
E
X
6
.
6
Ngoi ra, xem c cc ti liu c son tho bng L
A
T
E
X, cc bn cn phi ci t
thm chng trnh Acrobat Reader ( c sn trong da ci t).
10 Ci t L
A
T
E
X
11
Chng 3
Cc bc son tho vn bn bng
L
A
T
E
X
Mc tiu: Bit c cc bc tin hnh son tho vn bn bng L
A
T
E
X.
Hn khi c bi vit ny th chng ti tin rng cc bn cng c t nhiu hiu
bit v MS Word. Vi MS Word th ngi son tho c th tng tc trc tip vi
vn bn ang son tho v h thy ngay kt qu nh dng. iu ny cho php
h c th to ra c nhng vn bn p mt v mt m thut, tuy nhin h li
khng th m bo c s thng nht trong vic trnh by vn bn. L
A
T
E
X khc
phc c yu km ny bng cch yu cu ngi son tho nh ngha cu trc
logic ca vn bn thng qua mt lot lnh c ci ln vo trong vn bn. Sau
, L
A
T
E
X s bin dch tp tin vn bn (.tex) va c thnh tp tin m ngi son
tho c th xem c (.pdf) vi cch trnh by tt nht
1
.
Cc bc thc hin
d hiu hn qu trnh son tho vn bn bng L
A
T
E
X, chng ta xt v d sau
y:
1. Khi ng L
A
T
E
X
2
ri th nhp vo cc dng sau
3
to, son tho file dng
.tex:
1
y l im khc bit ln gia L
A
T
E
X-mt chng trnh bin dch v MS Word-mt chng
trnh son tho theo kiu What you see is what you get.
2
Nhn vo nt Start WinEdt
3
ngha cc dng ny s c gii thch trong phn sau ca ti liu.
12 Cc bc son tho vn bn bng L
A
T
E
X
Hnh 3.1: Qu trnh son tho bng L
A
T
E
X
2. Nhn vo nt tin hnh bin dch. L
A
T
E
X s yu cu lu li file di
dng .tex
13
3. Sau , L
A
T
E
X s bin dch file .tex thnh file dng .pdf
4. Chng ta s nhn c file dng .pdf c th xem v in n c.
14 Cc bc son tho vn bn bng L
A
T
E
X
15
Chng 4
Cu trc mt tp tin vn bn
(.tex)
Mc tiu: Bit c cch son tho mt tp tin vn bn (.tex)
1
theo ng cu
trc logic ca L
A
T
E
X.
4.1 Cu trc mt tp tin vn bn (.tex)
Khi L
A
T
E
X tin hnh bin dch mt tp tin (.tex), n i hi tp tin ny phi c
son tho theo mt cu trc logic c chng trnh qui nh trc. Cu trc
ny c m t nh sau:
Mi tp tin (.tex) c chia thnh hai phn chnh:
Phn m u: Mi tp tin (.tex) c bt u bng lnh
\documentclass{...}
Vi lnh ny (km theo cc thng s v tu chn
2
), cc bn xc nh cch
trnh by ca vn bn m mnh mun son tho.
Ngoi ra, bn c th tng cng sc mnh ca L
A
T
E
X bng cch s dng
cc gi lnh thm vo cc tnh nng m rng khng c sn trong L
A
T
E
X
thng qua lnh \usepackage{...}
Phn thn: Phn thn c m u bng lnh:
\begin{document}
1
Chng ta cn c th gi y l cc tp tin ngun hay cc tp tin d liu vo.
2
Cc yu t ny s c ni c th hn trong phn sau ca ti liu.
16 Cu trc mt tp tin vn bn (.tex)
\documentclass{...}
\usepackage{...} Phn m u
. . .
\begin{document}
. . .
. . .
. . . Phn thn
. . .
. . .
\end{document}
Hnh 4.1: Cu trc mt vn bn L
A
T
E
X
Tip theo bn tin hnh nhp ni dung ca vn bn m bn mun in ra.
Sau khi nhp xong, bn kt thc bng lnh:
\end{document}
4.2 Cch trnh by mt ti liu
quy nh cch trnh by mt ti liu, cc bn s dng lnh
3
\documentclass[tu chn]{lp vn bn}
trong phn m u ca tp tin (.tex)
Trong lnh \documentclass , chng ta c th s dng cc ty chn
4
sau:
3
Trong ti liu ny, chng ti tm quy c cc phn ch mu trong lnh s c thay th
bng phn ch mu xanh khi chng ta s dng lnh ny trong son tho.
4
Cc tu chn c ngn cch nhau bi du phy
4.2 Cch trnh by mt ti liu 17
Kch thc font ch ca vn bn
5
: 10pt, 11pt, 12pt.
C giy: a4paper, a5paper, letterpaper, . . .
Dng 1 mt giy (oneside) hay 2 mt giy (twoside).
. . .
L
A
T
E
X cung cp cho chng ta mt s lp vn bn nh:
article dnh cho cc bi bo, bo co ngn, . . .
report dnh cho cc bo co di gm nhiu chng
book dnh cho cc quyn sch
slides dnh cho vic trnh din
. . .
Ngoi ra, m rng thm kh nng ca L
A
T
E
X, chng ta c th khai bo b
sung thm mt gi lnh mi vo cc gi lnh c sn ca L
A
T
E
X bng cch s
dng lnh:
\usepackage[ty chn]{gi lnh}
Sau y chng ti lit k mt s gi lnh tng i cn thit:
vietnam gip g ting Vit trong L
A
T
E
X
6
.
longtable gip son tho cc bng biu (c th ko di nhiu trang).
multicol gip son tho cc vn bn nhiu ct.
lscape gip son tho cc vn bn theo chiu ngang trang giy.
latexsym, amssymb gip son tho cc k hiu, font ch ton hc.
. . .
5
L
A
T
E
X ch cho khai bo 3 kch thc ch ny, do nu cc bn khng nhp hoc nhp kch
thc khc th L
A
T
E
X s hiu kch thc l 10pt. yu cu thay i kch thc mt s ch c
la chn, chng ta cn s dng lnh v kch thc (s c cp n trong phn sau ca ti
liu).
6
Gi ny s c chng ta s dng rt thng xuyn.
18 Cu trc mt tp tin vn bn (.tex)
4.3 V d
Trong v d di y
7
, chng ti s trnh by vic son tho mt vn bn vi kch
thc ch 12pt trn kh giy a4 theo kiu bi bo (article) bng ting Vit (s
dng gi vietnam).
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{vietnam}
\begin{document}
Ti ang hc v cu trc mt vn bn.
\end{document}
7
Cc bn hy t mnh to file (.tex) c ni dung l v d ny ri bin dch thnh file (.pdf)
nh hng dn phn trc xem kt qu.
19
Chng 5
Cc k t c bit
Mc tiu: Bit c cc k t c bit (khng th nhp nh bnh thng) v
cch nhp chng vo vn bn.
Khc vi MS Word, c th nhp vo mt k t bt k trn bn phm, L
A
T
E
X c
mt s nhng k t c bit, nhng k t ny khng th c nhp vo mt cch
bnh thng nh nhng k t khc
1
. Bng 5.1 sau y s cho bit cc k t c
bit v cch nhp chng vo vn bn.
K t c bit Cch nhp
\~{}
# \#
$ \$
% \%
\^{}
& \&
_ \_
{ \{
} \}
| $|$
\ $\backslash$
Bng 5.1: Cc k t c bit
1
Nu nhp cc k t c bit ny mt cch trc tip th qua bc bin dch, L
A
T
E
X s bo li
hoc thc hin mt s iu khng nh d nh ca chng ta.
20 Cc k t c bit
21
Chng 6
Xung hng v ngt trang
Mc tiu: Bit cch s dng lnh ngt dng, ngt on, ngt trang.
u tin, chng ta hy xt v d sau
1
:
Kt qu sau khi bin dch, chng ta c:
1
Cc bn c th t mnh nhp file (.tex) ny ri bin dch xem kt qu.
22 Xung hng v ngt trang
Tip theo, chng ta hy xt mt v d khc:
Kt qu sau khi bin dch, chng ta c:
6.1 Ngt dng 23
Qua hai v d ny, c th thy i vi L
A
T
E
X, chng ta khng th xung hng
bng cch dng phm ENTER.
6.1 Ngt dng
Ty trng hp m cc bn c th s dng 1 trong 2 kiu ngt dng sau:
1. xung dng (m dng tip theo s khng tht u dng), chng ta s
dng lnh \newline hoc nhp vo \\
2. xung dng (m dng tip theo s tht u dng), chng ta nhn phm
ENTER hai ln
Xt v d sau
2
:
2
Cc bn nn son tho mt v d tng t ri bin dch xem kt qu ca cc lnh xung
hng.
24 Xung hng v ngt trang
Sau khi bin dch, ta c kt qu sau:
6.2 Ngt on 25
6.2 Ngt on
Khi mun sang mt mi, chng ta tin hnh ngt on
3
bng cch nhp vo \\
ri nhn ENTER hai ln.
Chng ta xt v d sau:
3
Ngt on khc vi ngt dng. Khi ngt on, chng ta thng to ra mt dng trng gia
hai on nhm th hin vic chuyn sang cp mt mi.
26 Xung hng v ngt trang
Sau khi bin dch, ta c kt qu sau:
6.3 Ngt trang 27
6.3 Ngt trang
Khi vn bn vn cha ht trang nhng cc bn li mun sang mt trang mi th
chng ta c th p L
A
T
E
X ngt trang bng cch s dng lnh \newpage
28 Xung hng v ngt trang
29
Chng 7
Khong trng
Mc tiu: Bit cch s dng cc lnh v khong trng (ngang v dc) iu
chnh vn bn theo mun c nhn.
hiu hn v khong trng trong L
A
T
E
X, chng ta hy cng xt v d sau
y:
Sau khi bin dch file (.tex) trn ta c file (.pdf) nh sau:
Qua v d trn, ta c th thy c rng trong L
A
T
E
X, nhiu khong trng lin
tip cng ch c xem l mt khong trng.
30 Khong trng
7.1 Khong trng ngang
L
A
T
E
X cung cp cho chng ta nhiu lnh cho php thm vo vn bn cc khong
trng ngang, v d nh cc lnh trong bng 7.1 sau:
Lnh Kch c khong trng
\ | |
\quad | |
\qquad | |
Bng 7.1: Cc lnh v khong trng ngang
Vi cc lnh trong bng 7.1, chng ta ch c th nh c cc khong trng
ngang theo kch c c quy nh trc. iu ny kh bt tin khi phi thc
hin nhng khong trng ln, gii quyt iu ny, L
A
T
E
X cung cp cho chng
ta mt lnh v khong trng ngang rt hu ch:
\hspace{kch thc khong trng ngang}
Lnh ny cho php chng ta nh ra cc khong trng ngang theo kch thc
1
tu .
V d
2
:
Ti ang \quad tin hnh \qquad nghin cu v \hspace{0.5in}
khong trng \hspace{5mm} ngang.
Kt qu ca on lnh trn s l dng ch sau:
1
Kch thc khong trng c th c tnh theo nhiu n v, v d: in , cm , mm , . . .
2
Cc bn c th nhp on lnh ny vo 1 file (.tex) ri tin hnh bin dch xem kt qu
vic thc hin cc lnh v khong trng ngang
7.2 Khong trng dc 31
7.2 Khong trng dc
i vi khong trng dc th lnh thng dng nht l:
\vspace{kch thc khong trng dc}
Lnh ny tng t nh lnh \hspace nhng c tc dng theo chiu dc.
Ngoi ra, cc bn cng c th s dng cu trc lnh sau:
\\[kch thc khong trng dc]
V d:
Sau khi bin dch, cc bn s nhn c kt qu sau:
32 Khong trng
33
Chng 8
T chc mt ti liu
Mc tiu: Bit cch t chc mt ti liu ln (hay vn bn) thnh cc phn,
chng, mc, . . .
i vi mt ti liu di
1
, ni dung phong ph th chng ta cn phi chia vn
bn thnh nhiu phn khc nhau, trong mi phn li chia thnh cc chng,
trong mi chng li chia thnh cc mc ln, trong mc ln li c cc mc
nh khc,. . . iu ny gip cho ti liu son tho th hin tnh h thng, logic, d
hiu v r rng hn.
8.1 i vi lp ti liu dng article
Vi cc ti liu dng article th lnh chia cc mc
2
s theo th t t ln n
nh nh sau:
\section{. . .}
\subsection{. . .}
\subsubsection{. . .}
\paragraph{. . .}
\subparagraph{. . .}
hiu r hn v v vic chia cc mc, cc bn hy quan st v d
3
sau:
1
Nht l i vi lp ti liu dng book
2
Vic nh s cng nh kch thc font ch cc mc s do L
A
T
E
X quy nh sao cho hp
nhn nht i vi ngi c.
3
Ni dung son tho trong v d ny trch t sch Logic ton ca cc tc gi Nguyn c
ng, Nguyn Vn Vnh. Do ni dung v d hi di nn cc bn c th gi nguyn cu trc
mc trong v d ny ri thay bng mt ni dung khc. Sau khi nhp ni dung ny vo mt file
(.tex), bn hy th bin dch xem kt qu.
34 T chc mt ti liu
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{vietnam}
\begin{document}
\section{Gii thiu v logic hc}
Trong cc lp lun hng ngy v ni ring l cc chng minh ton
hc, chng ta rt ra mt kt lun t nhng iu cho nh vic s
dng cc quy lut t duy. Ni cc khc, l vic s dng cc
phng tin ca logic hc: Khoa hc v cc quy lut v cc hnh
thc ca t duy.
\section{Lch s logic hc}
\subsection{Logic hc v Aristote}
Ngi khi xng l thuyt logic, v sng lp ra logic hnh thc
l nh trit hc c Hy Lp Aristote; Logic hnh thc nghin cu
cc hnh thc suy lun ca con ngi khi gt b mi ni dung c
th ca cc suy lun ny, n tm kin cu tr li cho mt vn
ln: Chng ta , ang v s lp lun nh th no?
\subsection{Logic hc v phng php ca khoa hc ton hc}
Logic hnh thc ca Aristote c nghin cu, pht trin, b sung,
thay i v hon thin dn dn trong sut nhiu th k bi cc nh
trit hc thuc nhiu trng phi khc nhau. Tuy nhin, khoa hc
logic ch thc s pht trin khi sc vo th k 19: Khi trong
logic hc hnh thc, ngi ta p dng cc phng php ca khoa hc
ton hc.
\subsection{Logic ton}
Do vic p dng cc phng php ca ton hc vo logic hnh thc,
a n s xut hin ca logic ton.
\end{document}
Ngoi ra, nu v mt l do no m bn khng mun L
A
T
E
X nh s mc
th bn c th thm k t * vo sau cc lnh trn. V d sau s gip cc bn d
hnh dung hn:
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{vietnam}
\begin{document}
8.2 i vi lp ti liu dng book 35
\section{Gii thiu v logic hc}
\section{Lch s logic hc}
\subsection{Logic hc v Aristote}
\subsection*{Logic hc v phng php ca khoa hc ton hc}
\subsection{Logic ton}
\end{document}
Sau khi bin dch , chng ta nhn c kt qu sau:
8.2 i vi lp ti liu dng book
Cc mc ca lp ti liu book c phn thnh cc cp bc
4
vi nhng lnh
sau:
\part{. . .}
\chapter{. . .}
\section{. . .}
\subsection{. . .}
\subsubsection{. . .}
\paragraph{. . .}
\subparagraph{. . .}
4
Lp ti liu book c thm hai cp bc trn cng l phn (part) v chng (chapter).
36 T chc mt ti liu
Da vo cc mc ny, L
A
T
E
X c th to ra bng mc lc bng cch trch ly
phn ta ca cc mc v v tr trang ca chng thng qua ln bin dch cui
cng
5
. Lnh
\tableofcontents
s hin th ni dung bng mc lc ngay ti v tr n c chn vo.
5
C th cc bn phi bin dch nhiu ln (2 3 ln) th mi c c bn mc lc hon chnh.
37
Chng 9
Thay i kiu ch
Mc tiu: Bit cch s dng cc kiu ch khc nhau (in m, in nghing, . . . )
trong vn bn nhm gy s ch ca ngi c.
u tin, chng ta hy xt mt cu theo kiu ch bnh thng nh sau:
Chng ta c th tin hnh in m nhng ch m ta mun bng lnh
\textbf{. . .}. V d:
Ti ang nghin cu v cc \textbf{kiu ch}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c kt qu:
38 Thay i kiu ch
Tip theo, chng ta c th tin hnh in nghing bng lnh \emph{. . .}.
V d:
Ti ang nghin cu \emph{v cc} \textbf{kiu ch}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c kt qu:
Chng ta cng c th s dng kiu ch nh my bng lnh \texttt{. . .}.
V d:
Ti ang \texttt{nghin cu}\emph{ v cc }\textbf{kiu ch}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c kt qu:
Ngoi ra chng ta cng c th s dng kiu ch khng chn bng lnh
\textsf{. . .}. V d:
Ti \textsf{ang} \texttt{nghin cu} \emph{v cc} \textbf{kiu
ch}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c kt qu:
39
Chng ta cng c th phi hp cc kiu ch khc nhau nh trong v d sau:
\textbf{\emph{Ti}} \textsf{ang} \texttt{nghin cu} \emph{v
cc} \textbf{kiu ch}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c kt qu:
Mt s lu v cc kiu ch:
1. Khi son tho bng MS Word, ngi ta thng hay c thi quen gch chn
nhng cm t cn ch . Tuy nhin ngi son tho bng L
A
T
E
X rt hn ch
s dng vic gch chn m thng dng kiu ch in m hoc in nghing.
2. Nu cc bn khng thuc lnh th WinEdt cung cp cho chng ta 1 cng c
tr gip tng t nh MS Word l cc nt lnh: u tin, cc bn cn
t en phn ch cn thay i (Dng phm Shift + phm mi tn hoc c th
dng chut nh trong MS Word) sau s dng cc nt lnh: in
m, in nghing, in kiu ch nh my.
40 Thay i kiu ch
41
Chng 10
Thay i kch thc ch
Mc tiu: Bit cch iu chnh kch thc ch trong vn bn son tho bng
L
A
T
E
X.
Trong bi Cu trc mt tp tin vn bn (.tex), chng ta bit rng: vi cc
thng s ca lnh \documentclass trong phn m u ca tp tin (.tex), ta c
th quy nh kch thc ch trong ton vn bn. Tuy nhin, iu ny li kh bt
tin v L
A
T
E
X ch c 3 kch thc chun l 10pt, 11pt, 12pt; do , iu chnh
kch thc ch theo mun, ta c th s dng cc lnh
1
trong bng 10.1.
Lnh Kch thc ch
\tiny Ton hc
\scriptsize Ton hc
\footnotesize Ton hc
\small Ton hc
\normalsize Ton hc
\large Ton hc
\Large Ton hc
\LARGE Ton hc
\huge Ton hc
\Huge Ton hc
Bng 10.1: Bng lnh cc kch thc ch
1
Ngi s dng L
A
T
E
X thng dng kch thc chun (10pt, 11pt, 12pt) i vi ton vn bn,
sau mi s dng cc lnh iu khin kch thc ch i vi mt nhm ch cn iu chnh
kch thc.
42 Thay i kch thc ch
Cch s dng lnh iu chnh kch thc c s khc bit so vi cc lnh thng
thng khc. V d:
{\tiny Ti} ang {\large tin hnh} {\huge thay i} {\Large kch
thc} {\footnotesize ch}
Sau khi bin dch, ta nhn c kt qu sau:
Ngoi ra, cc bn cng c th kt hp lnh iu chnh kch thc vi cc lnh
thay i kiu ch hc. V d:
\textbf{Ti} ang {\Huge \textbf{nghin cu}} v {\LARGE
\textbf{\emph{kch thc}}} {\scriptsize \texttt{ch}}
Sau khi bin dch, ta nhn c kt qu sau:
43
Chng 11
Thay i mu ch
Mc tiu: Bit cch thay i mu ch trong vn bn.
Trong khi son tho vn bn, v nhiu l do (mun to s ch , hoc nhn
mnh, hay lm vn bn thm sng ng, . . . ), ngi ta c th tin hnh thay i
mu ch theo mun.
tin hnh thay i mu ch, u tin, cc bn cn khai bo vic s dng
gi lnh \usepackage{color}. Tip theo, cc bn t en phn ch cn i mu
(Dng phm Shift + phm mi tn hoc c th dng chut nh trong MS Word),
sau s dng nt lnh
1
.
Tip theo, L
A
T
E
X s cung cp cho bn mt bng mu chn la.
1
Cc bn c th nhp trc tip lnh i mu ch; Tuy nhin, iu ny kh bt tin v bn
phi thuc rt nhiu cc lnh mu khc nhau. Do , cch kh thi nht l s dng nt lnh m
WinEdt cung cp.
44 Thay i mu ch
Sau khi chn mu, bn nhn OK L
A
T
E
X t nhp lnh vo vn bn.
V d:
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{vietnam}
\usepackage{color}
\begin{document}
Ti \textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,1.00}{tin hnh} thay i
\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,1.00,0.00}{mu}
\textcolor[rgb]{1.00,0.50,0.50}{ch}
\end{document}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c kt qu sau:
Ngoi ra, chng ta cng c th kt hp lnh thay i mu vi cc lnh thay
i kiu ch, kch thc ch hc. V d:
45
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{vietnam}
\usepackage{color}
\begin{document}
Ti ang \textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.50,0.00}{\textbf{nghin cu}} v
thay i \textcolor[rgb]{1.00,0.50,1.00}{\huge mu ch} trong
\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,1.00,0.50}{\emph{\footnotesize vn bn}}
\end{document}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c kt qu:
46 Thay i mu ch
47
Chng 12
Chnh v tr on vn bn
Mc tiu: Bit cch iu chnh v tr mt on vn bn: canh tri, canh gia,
canh phi.
u tin, chng ta hy xt mt on ngn vn bn sau:
Ti ang nghin cu v cch iu chnh on vn bn.\\
Ti bt u y!
Nh cc bn thy trong v d trn, khi chng ta nhp on vn bn vo,L
A
T
E
X
s nhp on vn bn l tri trang giy. Tuy nhin, khi son tho vn bn, trong
mt s trng hp, chng ta cn iu chnh v tr on vn bn cho ph hp vi
48 Chnh v tr on vn bn
mc ch son tho. thc hin iu ny, chng ta cn s dng cc mi trng.
Cc loi mi trng c cu trc lnh nh sau:
\begin{ tn mi trng}
. . .
\end{ tn mi trng}
Cc mi trng dng iu chnh v tr on vn bn gm c:
1. Mi trng canh tri:
\begin{flushleft}
. . .
\end{flushleft}
2. Mi trng canh gia:
\begin{center}
. . .
\end{center}
3. Mi trng canh phi:
\begin{flushright}
. . .
\end{flushright}
d hnh dung hn, chng ta hy xt v d sau:
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{vietnam}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
Ti ang nghin cu v canh gia.\\
Tht kh khn!
\end{center}
49
\begin{flushleft}
Ti ang nghin cu v canh tri.\\
C v d hn ri!
\end{flushleft}
\begin{flushright}
Ti ang nghin cu v canh phi.\\
Tht d dng!
\end{flushright}
\end{document}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c kt qu sau:
50 Chnh v tr on vn bn
51
Chng 13
Mi trng lit k
Mc tiu: Bit cch s dng mi trng lit k son tho cc loi danh sch
khc nhau (nh s, khng nh s, m t,. . . ).
Trong bi ny, chng ta s cp m mt cng c thng c s dng khi
son tho cc vn bn, l danh sch. L
A
T
E
X cung cp cho chng ta 3 loi danh
sch (tng ng vi 3 loi mi trng):
itemize: y l danh sch khng nh s, thch hp khi cn lit k cc mc
m khng cn quan tm n th t.
enumerate: y l danh sch c nh s, thch hp khi cn lit k cc mc
c lin quan n th t.
description: y l danh sch thch hp khi cn m t cc mc trong danh
sch lit k.
Sau y, cc bn hy quan st nhng on lnh v d sau hiu r hn v
cch s dng cc mi trng lit k (cch son tho cc danh sch).
13.1 Mi trng itemize
Chng ta hy cng quan st on lnh sau
1
:
Trong i sng hng ngy, ngoi ng thng, ng trn, ta cn
thy cc ng khc na:
1
Ni dung son tho trong v d ny trch t sch gio khoa Hnh hc 10 (th im) [Trn
Vn Ho, Nguyn Mng Hy, Nguyn Vn onh, Trn c Huyn]. Tuy nhin, cc bn cng c
th t ngh v son tho ra cc on lnh tng t (ch thay i ni dung son tho!)
52 Mi trng lit k
\begin{itemize}
\item Tia nc t vi phun cng vin l ng parabol.
\item Quan st mt nc trong cc nc nm nghing, ta thy
ng m ta s gi l elip.
\item Nhn bng ca n ng in trn tng ta c th thy ng
m ta s gi l hypebol.
\end{itemize}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c ni dung sau:
Trong i sng hng ngy, ngoi ng thng, ng trn, ta cn thy cc
ng khc na:
Tia nc t vi phun cng vin l ng parabol.
Quan st mt nc trong cc nc nm nghing, ta thy ng m ta s gi
l elip.
Nhn bng ca n ng in trn tng ta c th thy ng m ta s gi l
hypebol.
13.2 Mi trng enumerate
Chng ta hy cng quan st on lnh sau:
2
Nhng kh khn m hc sinh phi ng u khi hc v vect:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Kh khn trong vic vt ra khi s thng tr ca m
hnh mtric xem xt mt hnh hc c nh hng.
\item Khi vt ra khi nh hng ca m hnh mtric th li
c kh khn trong vic chim lnh hai c trng nh hng ca
vect.
\item Kh khn trong vic hiu bn cht kp i s - hnh hc
ca cc php ton vect.
\end{enumerate}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c ni dung sau:
Nhng kh khn m hc sinh phi ng u khi hc v vect:
2
Ni dung ca v d c trch t Sch Phng php dy - hc hnh hc trng trung hc
ph thng ca tc gi L Th Hoi Chu
13.3 Mi trng description 53
1. Kh khn trong vic vt ra khi s thng tr ca m hnh mtric xem
xt mt hnh hc c nh hng.
2. Khi vt ra khi nh hng ca m hnh mtric th li c kh khn trong
vic chim lnh hai c trng nh hng ca vect.
3. Kh khn trong vic hiu bn cht kp i s - hnh hc ca cc php ton
vect.
13.3 Mi trng description
Chng ta hy cng quan st on lnh sau:
Gi e l tm sai ca conic (C). Khi , ta c 3 trng hp sau:
\begin{description}
\item[Trng hp 1: e<1] (C) l elip.
\item[Trng hp 2: e=1] (C) l parabol.
\item[Trng hp 3: e>1] (C) l hypebol.
\end{description}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c ni dung sau:
Gi e l tm sai ca conic (C). Khi , ta c 3 trng hp sau:
Trng hp 1: e<1 (C) l elip.
Trng hp 2: e=1 (C) l parabol.
Trng hp 3: e>1 (C) l hypebol.
13.4 Kt hp cc mi trng lit k
Chng ta hy cng quan st on lnh sau:
a s cc khi nim trng ph thng thng c dy hc theo
hai tin trnh sau:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Tin trnh: i tng ---> Cng c
\begin{itemize}
\item Con ng quy np
\item Con ng suy din
\end{itemize}
54 Mi trng lit k
\item Tin trnh: Cng c ---> i tng ---> Cng c
\end{enumerate}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c ni dung sau:
a s cc khi nim trng ph thng thng c dy hc theo hai tin
trnh sau:
1. Tin trnh: i tng > Cng c
Con ng quy np
Con ng suy din
2. Tin trnh: Cng c > i tng > Cng c
13.5 Lu
i vi ngi dng cha thuc lnh ca cc mi trng lit k th WinEdt cung
cp cho chng ta mt cng c tr gip rt hu ch sau:
Trn thanh menu, cc bn chn mc Insert Lists ri la chn cc mi
trng lit k m WinEdt cung cp sn.
55
Chng 14
Mi trng trch dn v cc ghi
ch
Mc tiu: Bit cch son tho cc on trch dn v ghi ch trong vn bn.
Khi son tho cc ti liu khoa hc, i khi chng ta cn tin hnh trch dn
mt phn ni dung ca cc ti liu khc hoc kin, cu ni ca ngi khc.
thc hin iu ny, L
A
T
E
X cung cp cho chng ta mi trng quote:
\begin{quote}
. . . . . . .
\end{quote}
Ngoi ra, ngi s dng L
A
T
E
X cng thng hay thc hin vic ch thch trong
khi son tho. Vic ch thch c thc hin vi lnh
\footnote{ni dung cn ch thch}
ti v tr m ta mun ch thch, khi , L
A
T
E
X s t ng nh s ti v tr cn
ch thch v ghi ni dung cn ch thch vo cui trang vn bn.
Chng ta hy xem xt v d sau hiu r hn.
Quan im s phm hin i v dy hc ton ang c p dng trong
nhiu nc l:\footnote{Trch t Sch Phng php dy hc mn ton
trng ph thng (Cc tnh hung dy hc in hnh) ca tc gi
L Vn Tin.}
\begin{quote}
Tp trung dy hc ton trn hot ng ca hc sinh. Chnh hc sinh
t mnh xy dng cc kin thc ton hc thng qua hot ng gii
56 Mi trng trch dn v cc ghi ch
cc bi ton. Hc ton l hc nu ln, hc trnh by v hc gii
quyt cc bi ton; hc xem xt li cc bi ton di nh sng ca
nhng cng c l thuyt ny sinh t chnh nhu cu gii quyt cc
vn .
\end{quote}
Sau khi bin dch, chng ta s nhn c ni dung trang sau y:
57
Quan im s phm hin i v dy hc ton ang c p dng trong nhiu
nc l:
1
Tp trung dy hc ton trn hot ng ca hc sinh. Chnh hc sinh
t mnh xy dng cc kin thc ton hc thng qua hot ng gii cc
bi ton. Hc ton l hc nu ln, hc trnh by v hc gii quyt cc
bi ton; hc xem xt li cc bi ton di nh sng ca nhng cng
c l thuyt ny sinh t chnh nhu cu gii quyt cc vn .
1
Trch t Sch Phng php dy hc mn ton trng ph thng (Cc tnh hung dy hc
in hnh) ca tc gi L Vn Tin.
58 Mi trng trch dn v cc ghi ch
59
Chng 15
Vn bn nhiu ct
Mc tiu: Bit cch son tho vn bn theo dng c chia thnh nhiu ct.
Khi c bo, chng ta thng thy vn bn c trnh by thnh nhiu ct,
iu ny em li cho chng ta mt s li ch nh: tn dng ti a din tch mt
giy, gip ngi c mi mt, . . .
thc hin iu ny, L
A
T
E
X cung cp cho chng ta gi lnh multicol (rt
hu dng khi phi son cc vn bn nhiu ct).
Cch s dng gi lnh ny rt n gin! u tin, chng ta khai bo vic s
dng gi lnh multicol bng lnh:
\usepackage{multicol}
Sau , khi cn son tho on vn bn nhiu ct no, chng ta ch cn s dng
mi trng:
\begin{multicols}{s ct}
. . . . . . .
\end{multicols}
Ngoi ra, gi lnh multicol cn cung cp mt s lnh h tr iu chnh
vic trnh by cc ct nh:
1
\columnsep=kch thc
Lnh ny gip iu chnh khong cch gia hai ct.
1
Cc lnh ny phi c t trc dng lnh \begin{multicols} v c tc dng cho tt c cc
mi trng multicol sau n, nu mun thay i, ta phi thit lp li cc gi tr ny.
60 Vn bn nhiu ct
\columnseprule=kch thc
Lnh ny gip k mt ng thng nm gia hai ct vi dy ty .
hiu r hn cch s dng gi lnh multicol, chng ta hy xem xt v d
sau:
2
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{vietnam}
\usepackage{multicol}
\begin{document}
\columnsep=20pt
\columnseprule=0.4pt
\begin{multicols}{2}
Quan im s phm hin i v dy hc ton ang c p dng trong
nhiu nc l:
Tp trung dy hc ton trn hot ng ca hc sinh. Chnh hc sinh
t mnh xy dng cc kin thc ton hc thng qua hot ng gii
cc bi ton. Hc ton l hc nu ln, hc trnh by v hc gii
quyt cc bi ton; hc xem xt li cc bi ton di nh sng ca
nhng cng c l thuyt ny sinh t chnh nhu cu gii quyt cc
vn .
\end{multicols}
\end{document}
Sau khi bin dch, chng ta c kt qu sau:
Quan im s phm hin i v
dy hc ton ang c p dng trong
nhiu nc l:
Tp trung dy hc ton trn hot
ng ca hc sinh. Chnh hc sinh t
mnh xy dng cc kin thc ton hc
thng qua hot ng gii cc bi ton.
Hc ton l hc nu ln, hc trnh by
v hc gii quyt cc bi ton; hc xem
xt li cc bi ton di nh sng ca
nhng cng c l thuyt ny sinh t
chnh nhu cu gii quyt cc vn .
2
Trch t Sch Phng php dy hc mn ton trng ph thng (Cc tnh hung dy hc
in hnh) ca tc gi L Vn Tin.
61
Chng 16
Mi trng bng
Mc tiu: Bit cch son tho cc loi bng biu trong vn bn.
Mt trong nhng i tng m chng ta thng hay gp l vic son tho
cc bng. Cng dng ca cc bng gip cho vic th hin d liu d nhn, d hiu
v c h thng hn.
son tho cc bng, L
A
T
E
Xcung cp cho chng ta kh nhiu mi trng
bng nh: tabular
1
, longtable, supertabular,. . . Tuy nhin, qua nhiu ln s dng,
chng ti ngh cc bn nn s dng longtable
2
Trc tin, chng ta hy xt mt v d nh sau y. Tip theo, chng ti s gii
thch r hn v cch s dng lnh thit lp mi trng bng.
\begin{longtable}{|l|c|c|}
\hline
H v tn & im ton & im vn \\
\hline
Nguyn Th M Hnh & 10 & 7 \\
Lng Hong Sao Mai & 7 & 6 \\
L Phan Phng Ngc & 8 & 6 \\
Nguyn Khi Nguyn & 9 & 8 \\
\hline
\caption{Bng im ca hc sinh}
\end{longtable}
1
y l mi trng bng c bn nht nhng li kh bt tin do ch c th son tho c
cc bng nh trong 1 trang
2
Mi trng bng ny kh hiu qu, cho php son cc bng ln, ko di nhiu trang. Trong
phn ti liu ny, chng ti ch gii thiu ch yu l longtable, cn cc mi trng bng khc
th s dng tng t.
62 Mi trng bng
Sau khi bin dch, ta c ni dung sau:
H v tn im ton im vn
Nguyn Th M Hnh 10 7
Lng Hong Sao Mai 7 6
L Phan Phng Ngc 8 6
Nguyn Khi Nguyn 9 8
Bng 16.1: Bng im ca hc sinh
16.1 Mi trng longtable
s dng mi trng longtable, chng ta cn khai bo vic s dng gi lnh
longtable:
\usepackage{longtable}
Sau , tin hnh son tho bng vi cu trc lnh:
\begin{longtable}[ v tr bng ]{ cu trc cc ct }
. . .
\caption{tn bng}
\end{longtable}
16.2 Thit lp mi trng bng (longtable)
V tr bng Chng ta nhp cc gi tr t, b, c vo phn v tr bng iu chnh
v tr ca bng trn, di, gia trang giy . Nu chng ta b qua vic
iu chnh ny th L
A
T
E
X s t ng sp xp bng vo v tr m theo n l
p nht trong trang vn bng.
3
Cu trc cc ct Trong phn cu trc cc ct ny, chng ta s nhp vo k t
| phn cch cc ct vi nhau
4
. Ngoi ra, trong tng ct, chng ta c th
3
y l mt iu kh khc bit vi MS Word. L
A
T
E
X s khng t vn bn vo tr tr m ta
d nh khi son tho trn file .tex m s iu chnh v tr ca bng sao cho tt nht. iu
ny i khi lm chng ta thy khng quen, tuy nhin y li l cch son tho kh ph bin
trn th gii. Nu mun bng xut hin ti v tr m ta d nh trong file .tex cc bn c th
s dng gi tr h
4
Chng ta cng c th s dng cc k t khc phn cch cc ct bng lnh @{k t}
16.3 V d v mi trng bng 63
xc nh v tr ca d liu trong ct (canh l ct) bng cc gi tr l, r, c
tng ng vi cc v tr tri (left), phi (right), gia (center). Chng ta cn
c th iu chnh c rng ca ct vi lnh p{ rng}
Cu trc cc hng Chng ta nhp ln lt ni dung ca tng hng trong bng.
Khi mun chuyn sang ct k bn ca bng, ta s dng k t & v khi
ht 1 dng, ta nhp vo \\ xung dng di.
ng k ngang k ng gch ngang chng ta s dng lnh \hline. k
ng gch ngang t ct i n ct j, chng ta s dng lnh \cline{ i - j }
Kt hp ct V nhng l do nht nh, i khi mt s dng no , ta li
mun xo b ng gch phn cch ct trong khi cc dng khc, ta vn
mun gi li ng phn cch ct theo ng cu trc nh ban u, khi
, ta cn thc hin vic kt hp cc ct khc nhau li thnh mt ct. Khi
ta s dng lnh
\multicolumn{ s ct }{ canh l ct } { ni dung ct }
16.3 V d v mi trng bng
Chng ta hy cng quan st on lnh sau:
5
\begin{longtable}{||p{5cm}|c|c|r||}
\hline
H v tn
&
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{im s}
&
Trung bnh
5
Trong v d ny, d quan st cc d liu trong bng nn chng ti xung dng
hi b nhiu nhng chng ti vn m bo ng cu trc ca mi trng bng (file .tex vn
bin dch c). Cc bn cng c th bt chc theo phong cch son tho ny; c bit l
khi phi son tho cc bng ln, phc tp th cch son tho ny s gip cc bn d kim sot
d liu trong bng hn.
64 Mi trng bng
\\
\cline{2-3}
Hc sinh lp 10A8
&
im ton
&
im vn
&
\\
\hline
Nguyn Th M Hnh
&
10
&
7
&
8,5
\\
\hline
Lng Hong Sao Mai
16.3 V d v mi trng bng 65
&
7
&
6
&
6,5
\\
\hline
\caption{im s ca hc sinh}
Sau khi bin dch, ta c ni dung sau:
H v tn im s Trung bnh
Hc sinh lp 10A8 im ton im vn
Nguyn Th M Hnh 10 7 8,5
Lng Hong Sao Mai 7 6 6,5
Bng 16.2: im s ca hc sinh
66 Mi trng bng
67
Chng 17
Mi trng ton hc
Mc tiu: Bit cch son tho cc cng thc ton hc.
Trong phn ny, chng ti s cp n mt vn m ngi hc ton no
cng gp phi, l vic son tho cc cng thc ton hc.
Trong L
A
T
E
X, son tho cc cng thc ton hc
1
, chng ta cn nhp cc
lnh k hiu ton hc trong mi trng ton hc.
17.1 Mi trng ton hc
L
A
T
E
X cung cp cho ngi s dng 2 loi mi trng ton:
1. Mi trng ton trn cng dng vn bn: Cch s dng nh sau:
$vn bn ton hc$
hoc
\(vn bn ton hc\)
2. Mi trng ton trn mt dng ring: Cch s dng nh sau:
$$vn bn ton hc$$
hoc
\[vn bn ton hc\]
Chng ta hy th quan st v d sau thy r s khc bit gia hai mi
trng ton ny.
1
Son tho cc cng thc ton hc l u th mnh ca L
A
T
E
X.
68 Mi trng ton hc
Vi mi tam gic ABC, ta c: $a^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos{A}$
Vi mi tam gic ABC, ta c: $$a^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos{A}$$
Sau khi bin dch, ta c ni dung sau:
Vi mi tam gic ABC, ta c: a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cos A
Vi mi tam gic ABC, ta c:
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cos A
17.2 Mt s lnh k hiu ton hc thng dng
Lnh Cng dng V d Bin dch
^{...} S m x^{2005} x
2005
_{...} Ch s di a_{2005} a
2005
\sqrt{...} Cn bc 2 \sqrt{2005}

2005
\sqrt[...]{...} Cn bc n \sqrt[n]{2005}
n

2005
\frac{...}{...} Phn s \frac{x}{2005}
x
2005
\Rightarrow Suy ra \Rightarrow
\Leftrightarrow Tng ng \Leftrightarrow
Bng 17.1: Mt s lnh k hiu ton hc thng dng
Bng trn y ch mi gii thiu mt s lnh thng dng dng khi son tho cc
cng thc ton hc. Nu mun s dng nhng k hiu ton hc khc, cc bn c
th s dng mt cng c tr gip rt hu ch ca WinEdt: Nhn vo biu tng
, L
A
T
E
X s cung cp cho cc bn mt bng nhng biu tng k hiu ton hc,
bn cn k hiu ton hc no th nhn vo biu tng . Khi , L
A
T
E
X s cung
cp cho cc bn lnh ng vi k hiu ton hc .
2
Cng c ny ca WinEdt gip cc bn son tho c rt nhiu k hiu ton
hc khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mt s k hiu trong i hi phi ci t cc gi m
rng (package). Do an ton, chng ti ngh cc bn khi son tho cc
cng thc ton hc nn ci t thm mt s gi sau y:
2
Bng cch ny, cc bn c th son tho c rt nhiu cng thc ton hc khc nhau. Tuy
nhin, bn cng khng nn qu lm dng tnh nng ny!
Bn ch nn s dng tnh nng ny i vi nhng k hiu ton hc mi, sau khi bit lnh,
bn c th hc thuc n s dng cho nhng ln sau, nh vy, bn mi c th son tho nhanh
cc cng thc ton trong vn bn.
17.3 Mt s v d tham kho 69
\usepackage{latexsym,amsfonts,amssymb,amsmath}
17.3 Mt s v d tham kho
V d 1
$$\overrightarrow{GA}+\overrightarrow{GB}+\overrightarrow{GC}=\vec{0}$$

GA +

GB +

GC =

0
Phn tch v d: son tho cc k hiu vect c th s dng 2 loi lnh:
\vec{...} (i vi cc vect c k hiu bng 1 ch ci) v \overrightarrow{...}
(i vi cc vect k hiu bng 2 ch ci, ch r im u v im cui).
V d 2
$$F(x)=\int\limits_{u(x)}^{v(x)}{f(t)dt}$$
70 Mi trng ton hc
F(x) =
v(x)
_
u(x)
f(t)dt
Phn tch v d:
son tho k hiu tch phn n gin
__ _
, chng ta c th s dng lnh
\int. Ngoi ra, son tho cc k hiu tch phn phc tp hn, ta c th
s dng cc lnh sau: \iint
___ _
, \iiint
____ _
, \oint
__ _
,. . .
son tho cc cn trn, cn di (nm ngay bn trn, bn di ca k
hiu tch phn), chng ta khng th ch n gin s dng lnh ^, _ m phi
km theo lnh \limits ri mi s dng cc k hiu ch s trn (^), ch s
di (_).
V d 3
$$f(x_o)=\lim\limits_{t \to 0}{\displaystyle\frac{f(x_o+t) -
f(x_o)}{t}}$$
f

(x
o
) = lim
t0
f(x
o
+ t) f(x
o
)
t
Phn tch v d: Lnh \displaystyle c tc dng gi nguyn kch thc
ca phn s (hay cn thc). r hn, cc bn c th quan st v d sau:
1\frac{2}{3} 1
2
3
1\displaystyle\frac{2}{3} 1
2
3
V d 4
$$\lim\limits_{x \to x_o}{f(x)} = a \in \mathbb{R}
\Leftrightarrow \forall \varepsilon , \exists \delta >0: \forall
x\in I , 0<|x-x_o|<\delta \Rightarrow |f(x)-a|<\varepsilon$$
lim
xx
o
f(x) = a R , > 0 : x I, 0 < |x x
o
| < |f(x) a| <
Phn tch v d:
17.3 Mt s v d tham kho 71
son tho cc k hiu v logic, chng ta c th s dng cc lnh sau:
\forall (), \exists (), \vee (), \wedge (),. . .
son tho cc k hiu v tp hp, chng ta c th s dng cc lnh sau:
\in (), \subset (), \cap (), \cup (), \emptyset (),. . .
son tho k hiu cc tp hp s, chng ta s dng lnh \mathbb{...}
V d 5
$$f(x)=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{n}
{\displaystyle\frac{f^{(k)}(x_o)}{k!}(x-x_o)^k} + o(|x-x_o|^n)$$
f(x) =
n

k=0
f
(k)
(x
o
)
k!
(x x
o
)
k
+ o(|x x
o
|
n
)
Phn tch v d: son tho cc k hiu tng, tch, chng ta s dng hai
lnh sau: \sum (

), \prod (

),. . .
V d 6
$$D=\begin{array}{|c c c c|}
a_1 & x & \ldots & x \\
x & a_2 & \ldots & x \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
x & x & \ldots & a_n \\
\end{array}$$
D =
a
1
x . . . x
x a
2
. . . x
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
x x . . . a
n
Phn tch v d:
son tho nhng cng thc ton hc b chia thnh nhiu dng, cc bn
c th s dng mi trng array. Cch s dng mi trng ny tng t
nh mi trng bng hc.
3
3
Cch lm ny rt hu ch khi phi son tho cc nh thc, cc ma trn, cc h phng
trnh, . . .
72 Mi trng ton hc
son tho du ba chm, cc bn khng nn nhp trc tip du ba chm
m hy s dng cc lnh v du ba chm m L
A
T
E
X cung cp. L
A
T
E
X c
nhiu loi lnh v du ba chm nh \ldots (. . .), \cdots ( ), \vdots
_
.
.
.
_
, \ddots
_
.
.
.
_
.
4
V d 7
$$\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}{\left[x-x^2\ln\left(1+
\displaystyle\frac{1}{x}\right)\right]}$$
lim
x
_
x x
2
ln
_
1 +
1
x
__
Phn tch v d: cc cng thc ton hc p mt. Khi phi g cc du
ngoc trong cng thc ton, cc bn nn s dng km vi lnh \left v \right
nh trong v d trn. Cc lnh ny c cng dng iu chnh kch thc ca du
ngoc cho ph hp vi kch thc ca cc k hiu ton hc bn trong du ngoc.
V d 8
$$f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
\sqrt[5]{x} & \text{ nu } x\leq 0 \\
\sin{x} & \text{ nu } x>0 \\
\end{array}\right.$$
f(x) =
_
5

x nu x 0
sin x nu x > 0
Phn tch v d:
son tho hm s cho bi nhiu cng thc, chng ta s dng mi trng
array nh ni trn. Tuy nhin, chng ta cn ch trong v d ny, mi
trng array c t nm gia 2 lnh \left\{ v \right. (Cc bn ch
: du chm cui lnh \right)
Khi son cc cng thc ton hc, i lc, cc bn buc phi son tho cc
dng ch trong mi trng ton hc. thc hin iu ny, cc bn phi
s dng lnh \text{...}.
4
Trong , thng c s dng nht l ldots. Lnh ny c th c s dng khi son tho
vn bn bnh thng m khng cn g 2 du $.
17.4 T
E
Xaide 73
17.4 T
E
Xaide
Qua cc v d trn
5
, hn nhiu bn s lo rng mnh s khng th son c nhng
cng thc ton qu phc tp mc d WinEdt cung cp cng c h tr qua biu
tng
6
.
khc phc iu ny, chng ti s gii thiu vi cc bn phn mm T
E
Xaide.
Cch s dng phn mm ny hon ton tng t nh MathType: Sau khi khi
ng T
E
Xaide, bn tin hnh son tho cng thc ton ging nh trong MathType,
Sau t en v Copy (Ctrl+C) ri dn (Ctrl+V) vo file .tex. Khi , T
E
Xaide
s t ng chuyn cng thc m bn va son thnh on lnh tng ng vi n.
7
Hnh 17.1: Giao din phn mm T
E
Xaide
Cc bn c th ti min ph phn mm ny ti a ch www.dessci.com hoc
www.mathtype.com
5
Khi nhn nhng cng thc ton c vit di dng cc lnh, hn nhiu bn s thy qu
khng khip!. Tuy nhin khi cc bn quen vi vic son tho cc cng thc ton bng L
A
T
E
X,
cc bn s thy vic ny khng qu kh nh cc bn tng ban u. Thm ch khi dng quen
th c th g nhanh hn c khi dng MathType son tho cng thc ton trn MS Word.
6
Cng c h tr ny ca WinEdt ch gip son cc k hiu ton hc ri rc ch cha h tr
c lc cho vic phi hp cc k hiu ton hc vi nhau.
7
Cc bn ch nn s dng cch ny i vi nhng cng thc qu kh, qu phc tp. i vi
nhng cng thc n gin, c th g c th nn g trc tip tit kim thi gian son tho.
74 Mi trng ton hc
75
Chng 18
Chn hnh nh
Mc tiu: Bit cch chn cc file nh vo ti liu son tho.
Trong khi son tho vn bn, nhiu lc chng ta c nhu cu cn chn mt file
nh vo ti liu hoc cn nhng hnh v
1
trong ti liu ang son tho, khi ny,
chng ta c th ci thm gi graphicx:
\usepackage{graphicx}
s dng lnh
\includegraphics{tn file nh}.
Mt s lu :
1. Tn ca file nh khng c khong trng.
2. File nh phi c lu tr vi nh dng .jpg hoc .png
2
3. File nh phi c lu cng th mc vi file .tex ang son tho.
18.1 C bn v lnh \includegraphics
hiu r hn, chng ta hy xt v d sau:
\includegraphics{ktt}
1
v hnh trong L
A
T
E
X, c th s dng Metapost nhng kh phc tp, do cc bn c th
v hnh bng mt phn mm khc ri lu li thnh file nh.
2
Nu file nh c lu vi cc nh dng khc (.bmp, .gif, . . . ) c th s dng mt s phn
mm khc (v d nh ACDSee) chuyn v nh dng .jpg, .png
76 Chn hnh nh
t tn cho hnh, ta c th s dng mi trng figure nh trong v d
sau:
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{ktt}
\end{center}
\caption{Mt biu tng v Khoa Ton - Tin hc}
\end{figure}
Hnh 18.1: Mt biu tng v Khoa Ton - Tin hc
18.2 Lnh \includegraphics v tu chn scale
iu chnh t l hnh, chng ta dng km ty chn scale vi lnh \includegraphics
nh trong cc v d sau:
V d 1: Thu nh hnh
\includegraphics[scale=.6]{Hinh1_Chuong18}
18.3 Lnh \includegraphics v tu chn width, height 77
V d 2: Phng to hnh
\includegraphics[scale=2]{Hinh1_Chuong18}
18.3 Lnh \includegraphics v tu chn width,
height
iu chnh kch thc hnh theo mun, chng ta dng km ty chn width,
height v keepaspectratio vi lnh \includegraphics nh trong cc v d sau:
V d 1: Chnh kch thc hnh: chiu di 4cm, chiu rng 3,5cm.
\includegraphics[width=4cm,height=3.5cm]{Hinh1_Chuong18}
V d 2: Chnh kch thc hnh v cn i hnh
\includegraphics[width=4cm,height=3.5cm,
keepaspectratio=true]{Hinh1_Chuong18}
78 Chn hnh nh
18.4 Gi lnh lscape
i vi mt s hnh nh qu ln (chim trn c trang giy), chng ta c th s
dng gi lscape
\usepackage{lscape}
vi mi trng landscape quay ngang trang giy
3
nh trong v d sau:
\begin{landscape}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=.7]{Hinh2_Chuong18}
\end{center}
\caption{M hnh trng i hc S Phm TP.HCM trong tng lai}
\end{figure}
\end{landscape}
3
Cch ny cng c th s dng i vi cc bng c kch thc ln.
1
8
.
4
G

i
l

n
h
l
s
c
a
p
e
7
9
Hnh 18.2: M hnh trng i hc S Phm TP.HCM trong tng lai
80 Chn hnh nh
TI LIU THAM KHO 81
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Hu in, Nguyn Minh Tun (2001), L
A
T
E
X Tra cu v son tho,
NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni.
[2] Nguyn Tn Khoa (2003), Ti liu ngn gn gii thiu v L
A
T
E
X2