Analysis of portal frame building

In accordance to EN 1993-1-1(2005)
1 description
A/ The portal frame is the main structural element of the
building.
The frame is designed for the following loads

Wind loads can be positive as on AB or negative (suction)as on BC,CD and DE. Roof loads are
positive and up to down direction
B/ If The joints at B,C and D are not rigid,they will open up and the frame will be unstable


Roof loads such as workmen, snow or hail

Wind loads
C/ 1) Vertical loading on the frame results in A and E tending to be pushed out wards.if the foundation
cannot resist this horizontal push,outward movement will occur,and the frame will l oose structural
strength

2) Wind subjects the portal frame to uplift forces(the roof tends to fly-off)like an plane wing,to
overturning forces on the sides and ends of the building,

These destabilizing forces are resisted essentially by the weight of the building,and in this regard,the
foundations contribute significantly to this weight. Generally speaking it is a fact that portal frame
buildings of this kind are light weight structures, and as such they tend to collapse sideward and
upwards rather than downwards. The effect of wind on a light building cannot be overemphasized.
The destabilization it causes is a major design consideration, and in this context, foundations can be
regarded as the buildings anchors
D/ the rafter of the portal frame is a slender structural element,and it is restrained it will buckled when
loaded.

In a braced roof this restraint is provided by the purlins acting together wi th a braced bay.The purlins
provide the restraining force for the rafters,and the braced bay acts as a buttress wich absorbs these
purlin restraining forces.

While this system is effective in restraining the top flange of the rafter I -beam,the bottom flange
remains relatively unrestrained, and to achieve the requisite restraint,short lengths of angle iron are
connected at intervals bet ween the bottom flange of the I -beam and the purlins.This simple and
necessary anti-buckling feature is sometimes neglected in the design of the portal frames.

E/

A building frame subjected to wind forces along its length will tend to collapse as shown above ,while a
building with a braced side bay as shown below will be stable,since the braced bay will functions as a
buttress to resist the wind forces, and transform them to the foundations


2 portal frame design
2.1 Basic data
Total length b= 70 m

Bay width d= 25 m

Spacing
s= 7 m

Height
h= 7.5 m

Roof slope
= 5

Purlin
spacing
sp=1.5 m

Cladding
rail
spacing
Sp=2.0m
E=210000N/mm
2
G=80770N/mm
2
Steel:S235




Articulated purlin purlin




cladding rail
col umn I nternal portal frame
door 4*5m


= 5

7.5m
6.41m

25.0m
Int ernal portal frame
2.2 Loads
2.2.1 Permanent loads
Self-weight of the beam
Roofing wi th purlins G= 0.35 KN/m
2
For an internal frame G=0.35*7=2.45 KN/m

G=-2.45 KN/m

=5


6.406 m 7.5 m


25.0 m


2.2.2 Construction loads
Q=0.5 KN/m
2
EN 1991-1-6 clause 4.11(2005)
For an internal portal frame Q=0.5*7=3.5 KN/m
2.2.3 Wind loads
Take from the document treated wind actions to EN 1991-1-4(2005) as a values described below





















2.2.4 Approximation calculations
1/ wind forces applied to duopitch roofs and partial variables live loads




These actions are very small in ccomparison with the wind actions on vertical walls(0.5% to 1.3%). In
this case they will be neglected for calculations.
1.5
w1
-6.55 (G)
-8.88(F)
92.0 (F
1
etF
2
)
11
11
1.5
-2.34 (E)
-3.74 (I)
-3.74 (H)
+2.34(D)
-3.74 (J)
2/ wind forces (up-to fly)
The actions applied to duopitch roofs are oriented as described above (perpendicular to rafters).For
simplifications we admit that these forces will be oriented vertically as gravity forces.
3/ Forces transmitted by purlins
The forces transmitted to rafters by purlins, (are ponctual forces and must be applied in calculations
of rafters), will be converted to linear forces.The error caused by this simplification is 0.5%,and
conduct to increase the moments at B and D
4/ Stiffness at B and D
To conduct manually calculations we consider that the inertia of the column and the rafter are equals
I
c
=I
R
The coefficient of stiffness
R
C
I h
k
S I
= will be
h
k
s
=

This simplification ,justified by the presence of the haunchs ,conduct to increase the moment at C and
decrease moments at B and D.It will be compensated by the simplification applied to purlin
calculations,wich act in opposite sens.
2.3 Simple cases
1/Case 1 Vertical actions




dead (G) variable (Q) loads
Y

C
s I
R
f=1.09
- + + -
B D
- h=6.41 -


H
A
A E H
E
x
V
A
V
E
Rigidity coefficient at B and D
. .
. .
R
C
I stiffness of rafter h
K
stiffness of comumn S I
= =
In application of Castigliano thorem and with the structure symetry
0
ABCDE
M dM
ds
EI dH
A = =
} where H is the hori zontal force
Displacement
1
A in AB column.
In any ordinate point ,y, of the column AB , the moment is . M H y = ,then
dM
y
dH
= and
3
2
1
0 0
1 1
. .
3
h h
R R R
Hy Hh
y dy Hy dy
EI EI EI
A = = =
} }

Displasment
2
A in BC rafter
The moment expression at abscissa ,x,is:
( )
2 2
cos
sin cos
2
x
M H h x q Vx
o
o o = + +
sin
dM
h x
dH
o = + and
( ) ( )
2 2
2
0
cos
sin cos sin
2
s
x
H h x q Vx h x dx
o
o o o
(
A = + + +
(

}
We have cos
2
l
s
o = and sin
f
s
o = then
2
2 2 2
2
1 5 1
. . . . . . .
3 96 12
R
f s
H h s h f s q l f s hl s
EI
( | |
| |
A = + + +
( | |
\ .
\ .

Then the equation
1 2
0 A = A +A = give the result
2
3 2 2
2
5 8
32
3 3
R
C R
ql s f h
H
I h h s f f
I I h h
+
=
| |
+ + +
|
\ .

and may be reduced if we use the rigidity
h
k
s
=
in place of the real expression
R
C
I h
k
s I
=

We obtain the simplified expression

( ) ( )
2
2
5 8
32 3 3
ql f h
H
h k f h f
+
=
+ + +

Conclusion

B D
M M Hh = =
( ) ( )
2
2
5 8
32 3 3
A E
ql f h
H H H
h k f h f
+
= = =
+ + +

( )
2
8
C
ql
M H h f = +
2
A E
ql
V V = =

2/Case 2 Vertical actions( wind up to fly)



B D
M M Hh = = +
( ) ( )
2
2
5 8
32 3 3
A E
ql f h
H H H
h k f h f
+
= = =
+ + +

( )
2
8
C
ql
M H h f = + +

2
A E
ql
V V = =




Y
q
C
- -

+ B + D



H
A
A E H
E
x
V
A
V
E

3/Case 3 Horizontal actions( wind 1 pressure)





2
.
2
B E
qh
M H h =
.
D E
M H h =
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
5 6 2
16 3 3
E
kh h f
qh
H
h k f h f
+ +
=
+ + +

.
A E
H q h H =
( )
2
4
C E
qh
M H h f = +
2
2
E A
qh
V V
l
= =
Y
C
- -
+
+ B + D

q -

H
A
A E H
E
x
V
A
V
E
4/ Case 4 Horizontal actions( wind 1 succions)


2
.
2
D A
qh
M H h = +
.
B A
M H h =
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
5 6 2
16 3 3
A
kh h f
qh
H
h k f h f
+ +
=
+ + +

.
E A
H q h H =
( )
2
4
C A
qh
M H h f = + +
2
2
E A
qh
V V
l
= =

Y
C

+ -
+ B D
+ q
-

H
A
A E H
E
x
V
A
V
E


Calculation of the rafter in bending
Dead loads G=2.45KN/m
W1 wind in long span (internal surpressure)
W
c,3


W
c,1
W
c,2



,1
2.34 /
c
w KN m = + see fig above

,2
2.34 /
c
w KN m =

,3
3.74 /
c
w KN m =

W2 wind in long span (internal depressure)
W
c,3


W
c,1
W
c,2


Take
,
0.3
p i
c = EN 1991-1-4(2005) (7.2.9 (6)note 2)
( ) ( ) ( )
,1 , ,
0.7 0.3 0.668*7 4.68 /
c p e p i p
w c c q s KN m = = =


,2
0 /
c
w KN m =

We have choose the max value of G zone for wind calculation but not the better
( ) ( ) ( )
,3 , ,
1.2 0.3 0.668*7 4.21 /
c p e p i p
w c c q s KN m = = =

And For the zones H;I,and J this value is
( ) ( ) ( )
,3 , ,
0.6 0.3 0.668*7 1.4 /
c p e p i p
w c c q s KN m = = =

W3 wind gear ( with internal surpressure)
W
c,3


W
c,1
W3 W
c,2


We take a middle value of the zones G,H and I as described in wind actions to
EN 1991-1-4(2005)
We take also a middle value of the zones A,B and C then we will have

,1 ,2
0.668*7 4.676 4.68 /
c c
w w KN m = = = =


,3
1.0*7 7 /
c
w KN m = =

Calculus actions
It is to determinate:
--the support reactions H
A
; H
E
;V
A
and V
E

-- the max bending moments M
B
;M
C
and M
D
These forces are obtained from the actions mentioned in tables above
Values for calculations: S=12.55; f=1.09 ; h=6.41; k=0.511
( ) ( )
2
2
2.45*25 5*1.09 8*6.41
16.494
32 6.41 0.511 3 1.09 3*6.41 1.09
A E
H H KN
+
= = =
+ + +

2.45*25
30.625
2
A E
V V KN = = =

( )
2
2.45*25
16.494 6.41 1.09 67.7
8
C
M KNm = + =

16.494*6.41 105.73
B D
M M KNm = = =




actions
case q(KN/m) H
A
(KN) H
E
(KN) V
A
(KN) V
E
(KN) M
B
(KNm) M
C
(KNm) M
D
(KNm)
G
1 2.45 16.494
16.494 30.625 30.625 105.73 67.7 105.73
Q
1 3.5 23.31 23.31 43.75 43.75 149.42 98.62 149.42
W
1
;W
c,1 3 2.34 11.39 3.61 1.92 1.92 24.933 3.04 23.14
W
1
; W
c,2

4 2.34 3.61 11.39 1.92 1.92 23.14 3.04 24.933
W
1
W
c,3

2 3.74 24.9 24.9 46.75 46.75 159.61 105.44 159.61
Total
39.90 17.12 50.59 42.91 207.68 105.44 111.54
W
2
;W
c,1

3 4.68 22.69 7.21 3.85 3.85 49.93 6.0 46.22
W
2
;W
c,2

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
W
2
;W
c,3

2 4.21 28.03 28.03 52.63 52.63

179.67 118.68 179.67
Total
50.72 35.24 56.48 48.78

229.6 124.68 133.45
W
3
;W
c,1

4 4.68 22.79 7.21 3.85 3.85 49.93 6.0 46.22
W
3
;W
c,2

4 4.68 7.21 22.79 3.85 3.85 46.22 6.0 49.93
W
3
;W
c,3

2 7 46.61 46.61 87.5 87.5 298.77 197.3 298.77
Total
31.03 31.03 87.5 87.5 295.06 185.3 295.06

3 Load combinations
Partial factor

max
1.35
G
=
permanent loads


min
1.0
G
=
permanent loads


1.50
Q
=
variable loads

When there is more then one variable action acting,requiring the actions to be combined, the
expression is
ULS :
, , , ,
1
0.9
g j K j Q i K i
j i
G Q
>
+


SLS
, ,
1
0.9
K j K i
j i
G Q
>
+


These combinations are obtained from the NADF2 (French,national annex )
the coefficient 1.2 applied for wind will be omitted if we use combinations above
ULS combination
combination Reactions (KN) Bending moments (KNm)
H
A
H
E
V
A
V
E
M
B
M
C
M
D
1011.35 1.5 G Q +

57.23

57.23

106.97

106.97

366.87

239.33

366.87

102
1
1.35 1.5 G W +

useless


103
2
1.35 1.5 G W +

53.81

30.59

43.38

31.83

201.66

95.63

57.44

104
3
1.35 1.5 G W +

24.28

24.28

89.91

89.91

299.85

186.56

299.85

105
1
1.5 G W +

43.36

9.19

45.26

33.74

205.79

90.46

61.58

106
2
1.5 G W +

59.59

36.37

54.09

42.55

238.67

119.32

94.45

107
3
1.5 G W +

30.05

30.05

100.63

100.63

336.86

210.25

336.86

108
1
1.35 1.8 G W +

49.55

8.55

49.72

35.89

231.09

98.4

58.04

109
2
1.35 1.8 G W +

69.03

41.17

60.32

46.46

270.54

133.03

97.47

110
3
1.35 1.8 G W +

33.59

33.59

116.17

116.17

388.37

242.15

388.37


The maximum values are collected in the table
Reactions (KN) Bending moments (KNm)
H
A
H
E
V
A
V
E
M
B
M
C
M
D

57.23 +

57.23 +

106.97 +

106.97 +

388.37 +

239.33 +

388.37 +


69.03

41.17

116.17

116.17

366.87

242.15

366.87


4/ Rafter
4.1/Resistance
The maximum moment in:
- Apex connection : M
B
=M
D
=-366.87 KNm
- Eave connection : M
C
=+239.33 KNm
The expression
Rd
M M s
must be verified for bending
With
0
.
pl y
Rd
M
W f
M

=
.We have
0
.
pl y
M
W f
M

s
then
0
.
M
pl
y
M
W
f

>

For apex connection
366.87
235000
pl
W >

eave connection
239.33
235000
pl
W >


- In apex connection
3
1561.1
pl
W cm >
IPE 360+(1/2) IPE 360
- In eave connection
3
1018.4
pl
W cm >
IPE 360
The 1.5 IPE360 section is considered as welded beam . the table below show its
characteristics
Caractristiques du profil P.R.S.


Caractristiques
gomtriques
Caractristiques
mcaniques
Axe neutre
lastique
Axe neutre
plastique
h = 540 mm
h
w
= 514,6 mm
t
w
= 8 mm
b
f
= 170 mm
t
f
= 12,7 mm
g = 66,21 kg/m
A = 84,35 cm
2

I
y
= 39105,7 cm
4

W
el.y
= 1448,4 cm
3

W
pl.y
= 1668,1 cm
3

i
y
= 21,53 cm
I
z
= 1042,1 cm
4

W
el.z
= 122,6 cm
3

W
pl.z
= 191,7 cm
3

i
z
= 3,52 cm
I
t
= 32 cm
4

I
w
= 722861 cm
6

Z
ane
= 270 mm
Y
ane
= 85 mm
Z
anp
= 270 mm
Y
anp
= 85 mm

This choice is preliminary and will be completed by others
4.2/ Vertical deflection
Vertical deflection of the rafter
The vertical deflection will be calculated under
G Q +

The moment in a section is
2
2 2
x B
ql q
M M x x
| |
= +
|
\ .

By integration of the equation

2
2
d y M
dx EI
=

We have
2 2
2
0 0
1
2 2
l l
B
dy M ql q
dx M x x dx
dx EI EI

| |
= = +
|
\ .
} }

For
2
l
x =
we have
0
dy
dx
=
then
3 2
2 3
0
1
. .
4 6 2 24
l
B B
ql q l ql
y M x x x M dx
EI
| |
= +
|
\ .
}

For x=0 we have y=0 then
( )
4 2
max
1
5 48 .
384
B
y ql M l
EI
=

E=210000 MPa=210000N/mm
2
=2.1x10
8
KN/m
2
I=16270 cm
4
q=
G Q +
=2.45+3.5=5.95KN/m
L=25.1m
M
B
=105.73+149.42=255.15 KNm
For IPE 360 the vertical deflection is
( )
4 2
max
8 8
5*5.95*25.1 48*255.15*25.1
0.3119 31.2
384*2.1*10 *16270*10
y m cm

= = =

In this case we must upgrade to IPE 500 and we obtain a limit value but less
because we havent consider the presence of apex
( )
4 2
max
8 8
5*5.95*25.1 48*255.15*25.1
0.1052 10.52
384*2.1*10 *48200*10
y m cm

= = =


2510
12.55
200 200
adm
l
f cm = = =


CARACTERISTIQUES GEOMETRIQUES IPE 500

CARACTERISTIQUES MECANIQUES

h = 500 mm
b = 200 mm
t
w
= 10,2 mm
t
f
= 16 mm
r = 21 mm
d = 426 mm

g = 90,70 kg/m
A = 116,00 cm
2

I
y
= 48 200,00 cm
4

W
el.y
= 1 928,00 cm
3

W
pl.y
= 2 194,00 cm
3

i
y
= 20,43 cm
A
vz
= 59,87 cm
2

I
z
= 2 142,00 cm
4

W
el.z
= 214,20 cm
3

W
pl.z
= 335,90 cm
3

i
z
= 4,31 cm
I
t
= 89,29 cm
4




We remark that IPE 500 is very suffisant to resist under positif and negative bending moment
4.3/Classification
The section is class 1 as a similar (but not the same) verification for the column (see5)


4.4/Buckling resistance
This figure shows different Sections categories and buckling modes



Lateral torsional buckling check using the simplified assessment methods for
beams with restraints in buildings:

8*1.5m

Lateral restraints
(purlins) IPE 500

4.19m
Lateral restraints
(bracing system) 3*4.18m

Bracing system

In buildings , members with discrete lateral restraint to the compression flange are not susceptible to
lateral-torsional buckling if the length L
c
between restraints or the resulting equivalent compression
flange slenderness
f
satisfies:

,
,0
, , 1
c Rd
c c
f
c
y Ed f z
M
k L
i M

= s
[6.3.2.4]
Where
M
y,Ed
is the maximum design value of the bending moment within the restraint spacing
k
c
is a slenderness correction factor for moment distribution between restraints, see EN 1993-1-1
Table 6.6;
i
f
,
z
is the radius of gyration of the compression flange including 1/3 of the compressed part of the web
area, about the minor axis of the section;
,0 c
is the slenderness parameter of the above compression element:
,0 ,0
0.10
c LT
= +

,0
0.4
LT
=
then
,0
0.4 0.10 0.5
c
= + =

1
93.9
y
E
f
t c = = and
2
235
y
N
f
mm
c =
(
(


[6.3.2.3]
3
,
2* *
3 12
2
w
z
f z
t d
I
I
| |
(
| |

|
| (
\ .

\ .
=
then

3
4
,
42.6 1.02
2142 2* *
3 12
1069.74
2
f z
I cm
| |
(
| |

|
| (
\ .

\ .
= =


,
1
2* *
2 3
f z w
d
A A t
| |
(
| |
=
| | (
\ .

\ .
then
2
,
1 42.6
116 2* *1.02 43.52
2 3
f z
I cm
| |
(
| |
= =
| | (
\ .

\ .

,
,
,
1069.74
4.96
43.52
f z
f z
f z
I
i cm
A
= = =

3
,
2194
y pl y
W W cm = =

1
93.9 93.9
y
E
f
t c = = =

3
,
1
2194*235*10
515.59
1.0
y y
c Rd
M
W f
M KNm

= = =

Combination 1.35 1.5 G Q +

M
B
=M
Ed
=366.87 KNm
We consider that the coefficient is the same if the rafter is unrestraint then
239.33
0.65235
366.87
C
B
M
M
= = =

Then
1 1
0.647
1.33 0.33 1.33 0.33*0.65235
C
K

= = =
+
table 6.6
But bet ween restraints in the centre of the rafter where the moment are maximum,
the moment distribution may be considered as constant :K
C
=1.0 table 6.6
, 1
1.0*150
0.322
4.96*93.9
C C
f
f z
K L
i

= = =

The maximum bending moment is at the origin B of the rafter then the lateral torsional buckling may
be also in the origin

,
366.87
y Ed
KNm
M
=

,
,0
,
515.59
0.5* 0.703
366.59
c Rd
c
y Ed
M
M
= =

, 1
1.0*150
0.322
4.96*93.9
C C
f
f z
K L
i

= = =

0.322 0.703 s

Combination
3
1.35 1.8 G W +

M
B
=
,
388.37
y Ed
KNm
M
=

,
,0
,
515.59
0.5* 0.6637
388.37
c Rd
c
y Ed
M
M
= =
, 1
1.0*418
0.8975
4.96*93.9
C C
f
f z
K L
i

= = =
Not verified
Its necessary to add other bracing systems each 3m spacing then
L
C
=3m
,
388.37
y Ed
KNm
M
=

,
,0
,
515.59
0.5* 0.6637
388.37
c Rd
c
y Ed
M
M
= =

, 1
1.0*300
0.6441
4.96*93.9
C C
f
f z
K L
i

= = =

0.644 0.663 s

Then the lateral torsional buckling is satisfactory

A detailed procedure to do verification for the rafter is shown below as for column
When the above procedure is not satisfactory.
NOTA
The real comportement of the rafter is shown in the figure




1 tension flange
2 elastic section
3 plastic stable length
4 plastic stable length
5 elastic section
6 plastic hinge
7 restraints
8 bending moment diagram
9 Compression flange
10 plastic stable length
11 plastic stable length
12 elastic section
Annex A
y
4.5/ the haunch verification
C +
O - D

F S
x


the equation of the bending moment curve is a parabolic form
2
Y aX =

the point F is considered the limit of elastic moment
3
0
1928*10 *235
453.8
1.0
el y
el
M
W f
M KNm

= = =

X 0 m S=12.55
Y M
C
=242.15 M
D
+M
C
=388.37+242.15=630.52

Then
2
630.52
4
157.5
Y
a
X
= = =

The bending moment curve equation will be
2
4 Y X =
For 12.55 X F = then
3
0
1928*10 *235
453.8
1.0
el y
el
M
W f
Y M KNm

= = = =
Then ( )
2
454 4 12.55 F =
then
2
100.4 176 0 F F + =

Conclusion 1.78 F m =
Length of the rafter F=2m
The same verification for buckling 1/about yy
2/about zz
3/lateral torsional buckling
as for column in section 5 may be used
5/COLUMN
The verification of the column is carried out for the combination 1011.35 1.5 G Q +

106.97
Ed
N KN =
(assumed to be constant along the column)

57.23
Ed
V KN =
(assumed to be constant along the column)
366.87
Ed
M KNm =
(at the top of the column)
5.1/Classification of the section
Web: the web slenderness is
437.6
42.9
10.2
w
c
t
= = 5.5 (tab5.2)
106970
44.63
10.2*235
Ed
N
w y
N
d
t f
= = =

426 44.63
0.552 0.50
2 2*426
w N
w
d d
d
o
+ +
= = = >

Then the limit for the class is
396 396*1
64.119
13 1 13*0.552 1
c
o
= =


Until 42.9 64.119 the web is class 1
Flange: the flange slenderness is

( ) 2
73.9
2
4.618
16
w
f f
b t r
c
t t

= = = 5.5 (tab5.2)
The limit of the class is
9 9*1.0 9 c = =
Until 4.618 9.0 the flange is class 1

So the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based on the plastic

resistance of the cross-section.
5.2 /Resistance
Verification for shear force
Shear area
( ) ( )
max 2 2 ;
V f w f w w
A A bt t r t h t q = + + .6.2.6
( ) ( )
max 11600 2*200*16 10.2 2*21 *16;1.0*426*10.2
V
A = + +
( ) max 6035.2; 4345.2
V
A =
2
6035.2
V
A mm =
3
,
0
235
6035.2
3
3
*10 818.84
1.0
y
V
pl Rd
M
f
A
V KN

| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
= = =

,
57.23
0.07 0.5
818.84
Ed
pl Rd
V
V
= = s
6.2.8(2)
The effect of the shear force on the moment resistance may be neglected
Verification to axial force
3
,
0
11600*235
*10 2726
1.0
y
Pl Rd
M
Af
N KN

= = =
6.2.4
106.97
Ed
N KN =

,
0.25 0.25*2726 681.5
Pl Rd
N KN = =
6.2.9.1(4)equ 6.33

0
0.5
0.5*426*10.2*235
510.56
1.0*1000
w w y
M
h t f
KN

= =

6.2.9.1(4)equ 6.34

Since 106.97 681.5 and 106.97 510.56
The effect of the axial force on the moment resistance may be neglected
Verification to bending moment
,
,
0
2194*235
515.59
1.0*1000
Pl Rd y
pl Rd
M
W f
M KNm

= = =

,
366.87
0.711 1.0
515.59
Ed
pl Rd
M
M
= = s
Ok! 6.2.5
5.3 serviability limit state
Horizontal Deflection
Horizontal Deflection at the top of the column must be verified for two combinations
and

Combination 201: G+Q combination 202:G+W
1

Combination 201 G+Q
The moment at a point x in the column is
.
x A
M H x =



G+Q



M

x
H
A
By introducing a virtual force P at the summit of the column AB


This effort generate the following forces
R
C
I h h
k
s I s
= =
f
h
=
2
3 3 3 k A = + + +

( ) 3 2
1
1
2

|
+ (
= +
(
A


( ) 3 2
1
2 2
A
P
R
+ (
= +
(
A

B
M Ph | =

( ) 3 2
1
1
2

o
+ (
=
(
A

E A
R P R =

C
M Ph =

( )( ) 1 3 2
1
2 2

+ + (
=
(
A


A E
Ph
V V
l
= =

D
M Ph o =


For an IPE 500 column we obtain :
0.17004 = 0.511 k = 4.10786 A = 0.56913 | = 0.43087 o = 0.04458 =

Then we have the results
0.534
A
R P =

0.466
E
R P =


The moment in the point M is
0.534
X
M Px =

The resultant moment under the two actions is
0.534
X A
M H x Px =

the internal potential energy of the column is:
( )
2
0
1
0.534
2
h
A
W H x Px dx
EI
=
}

( )
2
2
0
1
0.534
2
h
A
W H P x dx
EI
=
}
( )
2
3
0
1 1
0.534
2 3
h
A
W x H P
EI
(
=
(


( )
3
2
0.534
6
A
h
W H P
EI
=

( )
3
1.07
0
6
A
C
dW
P h H
dP EI
= A =

3
6
1.07*6.41 *3980.4
1.847
6*2.1*10 *48200
cm A = =

641
2.137
300 300
l
cm = =

Since 1.847 2.137 OK!
Combination 202 G+W
16.494 39.9 23.406
A
H KN = =
By application a similar resolution as the above
2
0.534
2
X A
x
M H x q Px = +

the internal potential energy of the column is:
2
2
0
1
0.534
2 2
h
A
x
W H x q Px dx
EI
| |
= +
|
\ .
}

Using a similar calculation we have
2
2
0
1
0.534
2 2
h
A
x
W H x q Px dx
EI
| |
= +
|
\ .
}
( )
2
3 2 2
1 1 1
0.134 0.534 0.05
2 4 3
A A
W x qx H P H P q x
EI
(
| |
= + + +
|
(
\ .


( )
2
3 2 2
1 1 1
0.134 0.534 0.05
2 4 3
A A
W h qh H P H P q h
EI
(
| |
= + + +
|
(
\ .


( )
0
dW
P
dP
=

( )
4 3
1
0.067 0.178
A
qh H h
EI
(
A = +


( )
4 2 3
6
0.067*234*641 *10 0.178*2340.6*641
1.345
2.1*10 *48200
cm

(
+

A = =




P B
M

qx
2
/2 x
q
H
A
A
R
A

5.4 Buckling Resistance
The buckling resistance of the column is sufficient if the following conditions are fulfilled
(no bending about the weak axis, M
Z,Ed
=0): 6.3.3
,
1 1
1
Ed Ed
yy
y RK LT y RK
M M
N M
k
N M _ _

+ s
equation 6.61
,
1 1
1
Ed Ed
zy
y RK LT y RK
M M
N M
k
N M _ _

+ s
equation 6.62
Buckling about yy
,
6.41
CR y
L m =

500
2.5 1.2
200
h
b
= = > 16 40
f
t mm mm = s buckling curve :a(
y
=0.21) table 6.2
4
2 2
,
2 2 3
,
210000*48200*10
24313.64
6410 *10
y
cr y
cr y
EI
N KN
L
t t = = =

3
,
11600*235
0.335
24313.64*10
y
y
cr y
Af
N
= = =
6.3.1.2
( )
( )
2
2
0.5 1 0.2 0.5 1 0.21 0.335 0.2 0.335 0.5703 y
y y
| o
(
( = + + = + + =

(


2 2
2 2
1 1
0.9691
0.5703 0.5703 0.335
y
y y y
_
| |
= = =
+
+

Buckling about zz
Buckling curve :b (
z
=0.34)
2 2 4
,
2 2
,
*210000*2142*10
1080.5
6410
z
cr z
cr z
EI
N KN
L
t t
= = =

3
,
11600*235
1.5883
1080.5*10
y
z
cr z
Af
N
= = =

( )
2
0.5 1 0.2 z z
z z
| o
(
= + +
(


( )
2
0.5 1 0.34 1.5883 0.2 1.5883 1.9973
z
| ( = + + =


2 2
2 2
1 1
0.3117
1.9973 1.9973 1.5883
z
z z z
_
| |
= = =
+
+


1 tension flange
2 plastic stable length
3 elastic section
4 plastic hinge
5 restraints
6 bending moment diagram
7 compression flange
8 plastic wi th tension flange restraint,
9 elastic wi th tension flange
Column with restraints by cladding rail
along long span
Annex A


Lateral torsional Buckling Annex A
500
2.5 2
200
h
b
= = >
then buckling curve c(
LT
=0.49)
Moment diagram with linear variation :
0 =
then
1
1.77 C =
The simplification of critical moment may be used:
2
2
,
1
2 2
,
cr LT t
w z
cr
cr LT z z
L GI
I EI
M C
L I EI
t
t
= +


2 4 6 2 4
2 6 4 2 4
210000*2142*10 1249000*10 6410 *80770*89.29 *10
1.77
6410 *10 2142*10 210000*2142*10
cr
M
t
t
= +


2 5 2
2 2
2.1*21420 1249*10 641 *8077*89.29
1.77 676.32
641 2142 21*21420
cr
M KNm
t
t
= + =


3
,
6
2194*10 *235
0.8731
676.32*10
pl y y
LT
cr
W f
M
= = =

( )
2
,0
0.5 1 y
LT LT LT LT
| o |
(
= + +
(



( )
2
0.5 1 0.49 0.8731 0.4 0.75*0.8731 0.9663
LT
| ( = + + =


With a values of
,0
0.4
LT
=
and 0.75 | =
2 2
2 2
1 1
0.6377
0.9663 0.9663 0.75*0.8731
LT
LT LT LT
_
| | |
= = =
+
+

For
0 =
then
1
0.7519
1.33 0.33
c
K

= =

6.3.2.3 table 6.6

Bending moment diagram and the

coefficient

( )
( )
2
1 0.5 1 1 2 0.8
LT
c
f K
(
=
(


( ) ( )
2
1 0.5 1 0.7519 1 2 0.8731 0.8 0.8773 1 f
(
= = s


,mod
0.6377
0.7269 1
0.8773
LT
LT
f
_
_ = = = s

Calculation of the factor K
yy
,
1
1
y
yy my mLT
Ed
yy
cr y
K C C
N
C
N

annex A

( )
,0 ,0
1
1
y LT
my my my
y LT
a
C C C
a
c
c
= +
+
annex A
2
,
, ,
1
1 1
LT
m LT my
Ed Ed
cr z cr T
a
C C
N N
N N
= >
| || |

| |
| |
\ .\ .
annex A
,
,
1
1
Ed
cr y
y
Ed
y
cr y
N
N
N
N

annex A
( )
2
, 2 2
max max
,
1.6 1.6
1 1 2
el y
yy y my my pl LT
y y pl y
W
C w C C n b
w w W

(
| |
= + >
( |
|
(
\ .


Calculation of y

106.97
1
24313.64
0.9998
106.97
1 0.9691
24313.64
y

= =

,
,
2194
1.138 1.5
1928
pl y
y
el y
W
w
W
= = = s

Critical axial force in the torsional buckling mode
2
,
2
0 ,
w
cr T t
cr T
EI A
N GI
I L
t
| |
= +
|
|
\ .

For a doubly symmetrical section
( )
2 2 4
0 0 0
48200 2142 50342
y z
I I I y z cm = + + + = + =

2 5 4 6
4
,
4 3 2
11600 *2.1*10 *124.9*10 *10
80770*89.29*10
50342*10 *10 6410
cr T
N
t | |
= +
|
\ .

,
3113.56
cr T
N KN =

2
2
,
,0 1
2 2
,
cr LT t
w z
cr
cr LT z z
L GI
I EI
M C
L I EI
t
t
= +

,0 cr
M
is the critical moment foe the calculation of 0

for uniform bending moment as specified in

annex A . Then we have C
1
=1
2 4 6 2 4
,0
2 6 4 2 4
210000*2142*10 1249000*10 6410 *80770*89.29*10
1* 382.1
6410 *10 2142*10 210000*2142*10
cr
M KNm
t
t
= + =

3
,
0
6
,0
2194*10 *235
1.162
382.1*10
pl y y
cr
W f
M
= = =

4
0,lim
1
, ,
0.2 1 1
Ed Ed
cr z cr TF
N N
C
N N

| || |
=
| |
| |
\ .\ .

For doubly symmetrical section
, , cr TF cr T
N N =

4
0,lim
106.97 106.97
0.2 1.77 1 1 0.2569
1080.5 3113.56

| || |
= =
| |
\ .\ .

Then
0 0,lim
>

Calculation of
my
C

( )
,0 ,0
1
1
y LT
my my my
y LT
a
C C C
a
c
c
= +
+

3
,
3
,
366.87*10 11600
20.635
106.97 1928*10
y Ed
y
Ed el y
M
A
N W
c = = =
89.29
1 1 0.928
1249
t
LT
w
I
a
I
= = =

Calculation of C
my,0

( )
,0
,
0.79 0.21 0.36 0.33
Ed
my y y
cr y
N
C
N
= + +
table A2
With a value
0
y
=
then
,0
106.97
0.79 01188 0.7895
24313.64
my
C = =

( )
20.635 *0.928
0.7895 1 0.7895 0.9596
1 20.635 *0.928
my
C = + =
+

2
,
, ,
1
1 1
LT
m LT my
Ed Ed
cr z cr T
a
C C
N N
N N
= >
| || |

| |
| |
\ .\ .

2
,
0.928
0.9596 0.9457 1
106.97 106.97
1 1
1080.5 3113.56
m LT
C = = s
| || |

| |
\ .\ .

Then
,
1
m LT
C =

Calculation of C
yy

( )
2
, 2 2
max max
,
1.6 1.6
1 1 2
el y
yy y my my pl LT
y y pl y
W
C w C C n b
w w W

(
| |
= + > ( |
|
(
\ .


( )
max
max ;
y z z
= =

,
0 0
z Ed LT
M b = =

1
106970
0.03924
11600*235
1.0
Ed
pl
Rk
M
N
n
N

= = =

( )
2 2 2
1.6 1.6
1 1.138 1 2 *0.9596 *1.5883 *0.9596 *1.5883 *0.03924 0.978
1.138 1.138
yy
C
(
| |
= + =
| (
\ .


,
,
1928
0.8787
2194
el y
pl y
W
W
= =

Since 0.978 0.8787 Ok!

Calculation of K
yy
,
1
1
y
yy my mLT
Ed
yy
cr y
K C C
N
C
N

0.9998 1
0.9596*1* 0.9853
106.97
0.978
1
24313.64
yy
K = =

Verification with interaction formula
,
1 1
1
Ed Ed
yy
y RK LT y RK
M M
N M
k
N M _ _

+ s


Compiled by T.RangaRajan.