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Termodinamika I Termotehnika Prirucnik - Formule I Tablice
Termodinamika I Termotehnika Prirucnik - Formule I Tablice
KEMIJSKO-TEHNOLOKI FAKULTET
ZAVOD ZA TERMODINAMIKU
TERMODINAMIKA I TERMOTEHNIKA
(Prirunik formule i tablice)
Predgovor
U Splitu, 15.07.2008.
Prof. dr. sc. Vanja Martinac
SADRAJ
1. OSNOVNE TERMODINAMIKE VELIINE STANJA ...
2. JEDNADBA STANJA IDEALNOG PLINA .
3. NORMNI METAR KUBNI ..
4. OPA PLINSKA KONSTANTA .
5. TOPLINSKI KAPACITETI ..
6. SMJESE PLINOVA...
7. PROMJENE STANJA IDEALNIH PLINOVA PRIKAZANE U p, v DIJAGRAMU ..
7.1. Izohorna promjena stanja (V = konst.) ..
7.2. Izobarna promjena stanja (p = konst.) ..
7.3. Izotermna promjena stanja (T = konst.)
7.4. Adijabatska promjena stanja (Q = 0)
7.5. Politropska promjena stanja ..
8. PROMJENE STANJA IDEALNIH PLINOVA PRIKAZANE U T, s DIJAGRAMU ..
8.1. v = konst. (izohorni proces) ...
8.2. p = konst. (izobarni proces) ...
8.3. T = konst. (izotermni proces)
8.4. Q = 0 (adijabatski proces) .
8.5. Politropski proces .
8.6. Promjena entropije idealnog plina pri konstantnom toplinskom kapacitetu .
8.6.1. s = f (T, v)
8.6.2. s = f (p, v)
8.6.3. s = f (p, T)
9. MAKSIMALAN RAD SUSTAVA ...
9.1. Maksimalan rad zraka stlaenog u rezervoaru ..
9.2. Maksimalan rad vruih plinova .
10. TEHNIKI RAD - rad unutar stalnotlanog procesa ..
11. EKSERGIJA (RADNA MO)
12. TIPINI NEPOVRATIVI PROCESI .
12.1.
Priguivanje .
12.2.
Mijeanje plinova
12.2.1. Mijeanje plinova pri kostantnom volumenu .
12.2.2. Mijeanje plinskih struja .
13. KRUNI PROCESI .
13.1.
Procesi u stapnim strojevima s unutarnjim izgaranjem ...
13.1.1. Ottov proces ..
31.1.2. Dieselski proces .
14. REALNI PLINOVI I PARE
14.1.
Veliine stanja vodene pare .
14.2.
Promjene stanja vodene pare ...
14.2.1. Izobarna promjena stanja (p = konst.)
14.2.2. Izohorna promjena stanja (v = konst.)
14.2.3. Izotermna promjena stanja (T = konst.) .
14.2.4. Adijabatska (izentropska) promjena stanja (s = konst.) .
14.3.
Kruni proces s mokrom parom ..
15. RASHLADNI STROJEVI ...
15.1.
Procesi u rashladnim strojevima ..
15.1.1.
Kompresijski zrani rashladni stroj .
15.1.2.
Kompresijski parni rashladni stroj ..
15.1.2.1. Suho usisavanje
15.1.3.
Toplinska crpka ili dizalica topline .
16. PRIJENOS TOPLINE .
16.1.
Provoenje topline ili kondukcija
str.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
5.
5.
5.
6.
7.
10.
13.
13.
13.
14.
14.
15.
16.
16.
16.
16.
16.
17.
17.
17.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
19.
20.
21.
21.
23.
27.
27.
28.
28.
29.
29.
30.
31.
33.
34.
34.
35.
38.
38.
40.
40.
16.1.1.
16.1.2.
str.
40.
41.
43.
47.
49.
51.
56.
58.
58.
63.
67.
87.
89.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
V
m
1 m
= , kg m3.
v V
F
, N m2.
A
Razlikujemo apsolutni tlak, nadtlak i snieni tlak ili podtlak (vakuum). Nadtlak i snieni tlak odnose
se na atmosferski tlak, dok je apsolutni tlak ukupni tlak kojim djeluje plin ili para. Apsolutni tlak predstavlja
zbroj barometarskog i manometarskog tlaka, tj.
p a = pb + p m
Ako je tlak u nekoj posudi manji od barometarskog, taj podtlak ili vakuum oitava se na vakuummetru. U
tom sluaju apsolutni tlak je jednak razlici barometarskog tlaka i vrijednosti koju pokazuje vakuummetar, tj.
p a = pb pv
Temperatura, T je termika veliina stanja koja oznauje mjeru srednje kinetike energije molekula.
Veliine stanja, tj. p, v i T, meusobno su ovisne. Najprikladnije izraavanje ovisnosti meu osnovnim
parametrima stanja predstavlja analitika jednadba koja ima oblik:
f (p, v, T) = 0.
Prema tome, ako su poznate dvije od ovih veliina, trea se moe izraunati iz odnosa:
p = f1 (v, T ) ,
v = f 2 ( p, T ) ,
T = f 3 ( p, v ) .
Budui da prikazana jednadba odreuje stanje tijela, ona se naziva jednadba stanja.
p v = R T
p V = m R T
p Vm = R T
p V = n R T
odnosno
1 m3n =
1
kmol;
22.414
1 m 3n =
M
kg
22.414
R = 8.314 kJ kmol 1 K 1
Iz ope plinske konstante moe se izraunati plinska konstanta pojedinog plina
R=
R 8.314
=
M
M
kJ
kg K
5. TOPLINSKI KAPACITETI
q
du
cv =
=
dT v dT v
q
dh
cp =
=
dT p dT p
R
du
dv du
cp =
+ p
=
+ p = cv + R.
p
dT p
dT p dT v
Prema mjerenjima, svi jednoatomni plinovi imaju jednake toplinske kapacitete koji su neovisni o
temperaturi, a iznose
20.93 kJ kmol 1 K 1 .
Kod dvoatomnih plinova, molarni toplinski kapaciteti su takoer gotovo jednaki za razliite plinove, ali nisu
neovisni o temperaturi. Kod srednjih temperatura za dvoatomne plinove
29.31 kJ kmol 1 K 1 .
Kod vieatomnih plinova ove su vrijednosti jo vee, ali toplinski kapaciteti razliitih plinova s istim brojem
atoma nisu vie meusobno jednaki.
Pored razlike, posebno je znaajan i omjer toplinskih kapaciteta koji obiljeavamo s ,
cp
cv
Cp
Cv
6. SMJESE PLINOVA
Volumni udjeli:
1 =
V1
V
, 2 = 2 itd.
V
V
1 + 2 + ... + = 1 .
Maseni udjeli:
1 =
m1
m
, 2 = 2 itd.
m
m
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = 1 .
Kod istih temperatura i tlakova, mase pojedinih komponenata proporcionalne su volumenima i
molarnim masama, stoga moemo napisati:
m1
V1
M1
m1 V1M 1
M
=
m = V
ili 1 = 1 1
m 2 V2
m 2 V2 M 2
2 2M 2
M2
m
V
Kod veeg broja komponenata to izraavamo omjerom:
1 : 2 : ... : n = 1M 1 : 2 M 2 : ... : n M n
ili za i-ti plin
i =
i M i
n
( i M i )
i =1
jer je
n
i = 1.
i =1
i
i =
Mi
n
n =1M i
Volumni udjeli predouju ujedno i mnoinske udjele pojedinih komponenata u smjesi, tj. iz volumnog
sastava smjese moemo izraunati mnoinske udjele komponenata u smjesi. Iz izraza
V1 p1
p
n
=
slijedi 1 = 1 .
V
p
p
n
Stoga je:
V1 p1 n1
.
=
=
V
p
n
Plinsku konstantu R s moemo izraunati iz masenih udjela i plinskih konstanti pojedinih komponenti
kako slijedi:
n
1 M 1
2 M 2 8.314
8.314
R s = i Ri =
+ ...
n
n
M1
M2
i =1
( i M i )
( i M i )
i =1
... =
8.314
n
( i M i )
i =1
(1 + 2 + ...)
i =1
a kako je
1 + 2 + 3 + ... = 1
8.314
Rs =
( i M i )
8.314
Ms
i =1
n
i =1
i =1
M s = ( i M i ) = xi M i .
cp,s cv,s = Rs
n
c p , s = i c p,i
i =1
C p , s = i C p,i
i =1
kJ
kg K
kJ
kmol K
W = p dV = 0.
Dovedena toplina moe se prema I. glavnom zakonu izraziti kako slijedi:
Q1, 2 = U 2 U 1 = m cv (T2 T1 ) ,
ako smijemo pretpostaviti da je cv unutar temperaturnog podruja (T2 T1 ) neovisno o temperaturi, tj.
konstantno.
Uzevi u obzir jednadbu stanja moe se odrediti konana temperatura iz tlakova i poetne temperature, tj.
p 2 v 2 =R T2
p1 v1 =R T1
p 2 v 2 R T2
=
p1 v1
R T1
v 2 = v1 = konst.
p 2 T2
=
p1 T1
Q1, 2 = U 2 U 1 + p dV = U 2 U 1 + p (V2 V1 ) = H 2 H 1
2
W1, 2 = p (V2 V1 ) .
p1 = p 2 = konst.
V 2 T2
.
=
V1 T1
Q = dU + W
Q = cv dT + W
T = konst. dT = 0 Q = W,
tj.
Q1,2 = W1, 2 .
Naime, kod idealnih plinova zbog T = konst. slijedi:
U1 = U 2 .
Kod izotermne promjene unutarnja energija se ne mijenja, a sva dovedena toplina pretvara se u rad koji
moemo izraunati iz poetnog i konanog stanja:
2
W1, 2 = p dV
1
V
m R T
dV
W1,2 =
dV = m R T
= m R T ln 2
V
V
V1
V2
p
= 1 W1,2 = m R T ln
V1 p 2
p1
,
p2
prema tome:
V
p
W1,2 = m R T ln 2 = m R T ln 1 ,
V1
p2
p
W1,2 = p1 V1 ln 1 = p 2 V2 ln
p2
p1
= p V ln
p2
p1
.
p2
Adijabatska promjena stanja vri se kada plin ekspandira u dobro izoliranom cilindru ili kada je
ekspanzija tako brza da se u tijeku njenog odvijanja ne moe izmijeniti neka primjetna koliina topline s
okolinom.
Prema I. glavnom zakonu:
Q = dU + W.
Obzirom da je Q = 0, slijedi da je Q = 0, to je:
dU = W,
U2
dU
U1
U 2 U 1 = W1,2
= W ,
1
W1,2 = U 1 U 2 .
ili
Kod adijabatske promjene stanja, kako vidimo, rad se vri iskljuivo na raun unutarnje energije radnog
tijela te stoga adijabatska ekspanzija uzrokuje hlaenje tijela. Treba izraunati snienje temperature radnog
medija pa nam je u tu svrhu potrebna jednadba adijabate.
q = du + w
q = cv dT + p dv
cv dT + p dv = 0 : c v T
dT p dv
+
= 0.
T
cv T
Iz jednadbe stanja
p R
=
T v
i supstitucijom slijedi:
dT R dv
+
=0.
T
cv v
Uvrtavanjem R = c p cv dobivamo
c p c v dv
dT
+
=0.
T
cv
v
Uzevi u obzir
cp
= ,
cv
slijedi
dT
dv
+ ( 1)
=0.
T
v
Nakon integriranja dobiva se sljedei izraz
ln T + ( 1) ln v = konst.
i ako to napiemo u obliku potencije slijedi T v 1 = konst. Uvrtavanjem
pv
R
T=
u gornji izraz slijedi
p v v 1
= konst. R
R
p v = R konst.
p v = konst.
jednadba adijabate
v
p
p1 v1 = p 2 v 2 2 = 1
p1 v 2
p1 v1
=R
T1
p2 v2
=R
T2
p1 v1 p 2 v 2
p
v T
p1 v1 T2 = p 2 v 2 T1 2 = 1 2 .
=
T1
T2
p1 v 2 T1
Ako taj izraz uvrstimo u sljedeu jednadbu
p 2 v1
=
p1 v 2
dobivamo
v1 T2 v1
=
v 2 T1 v 2
a odatle
T2 v1
=
T1 v 2
p
v
1 = 2
v 2 p1
dobijemo
1
T2 p 2
=
T1 p1
1
p2
=
p1
1
p2
T2
=
T1 p1
T
Ako umjesto 2 uvrstimo vrijednost iz jednadbe adijabate, dobit emo
T1
W1, 2
p
2
= m cv T1 1 .
p1
Budui da je
cv =
R
,
1
slijedi
W1, 2
m R T1 p 2
=
1
,
1 p1
W1, 2
p1 V1
p 2 m R T1
=
1
=
1 p1
1
p2
1
,
p1
iz ega slijedi
W1, 2 =
1
mR
(T1 T2 ) =
( p1V1 p 2V2 ) .
1
1
n 1
T1 v 2
=
T2 v1
n 1
,
n
p1 v 2
= .
p 2 v1
Za razliku od adijabatske, pri politropskoj promjeni stanja izmjenjuje se toplina. Zanima nas, naravno,
kolika je toplina koja se kod ekspanzije dovodi, odnosno kod kompresije odvodi i kako ih moemo
izraunati.
Diferenciranjem jednadbe politrope p v n = konst. dobiva se
n p dv + v dp = 0.
R dT
.
n 1
q = du + p dv = c v dT
R dT
,
n 1
10
q = cv 1
R
dT .
cv (n 1)
Uzevi u obzir da je
R c p cv
=
= 1
cv
cv
slijedi
q = cv 1
q = cv
dT
n 1
n
dT .
n 1
Ako uzmemo da je
cv
n
= c n , kJ kg 1 K 1
n 1
slijedi
q = c n dT
q1,2 = c n (T2 T1 )
Q1, 2 = m c n (T2 T1 ) .
Najee emo se susretati s politropama iji je eksponent n vei od 1, a manji od . U tom sluaju c n
je negativno. Za vrijeme ekspanzije toplina se dovodi radnom mediju, ali njemu svejedno pada temperatura
dok se kod kompresije toplina odvodi, ali temperatura raste. Naime, koliina topline koja se kod ekspanzije
dovodi nije dovoljna da bi se njome mogao pokriti izvreni rad, ve se jedan dio rada vri na raun unutarnje
energije plina pa mu usprkos dovoenju topline temperatura pada.
Postojanje politropskoga kapaciteta c n pokazuje da kod plinova postoji itav niz toplinskih kapaciteta
koji su, osim o vrsti plina, ovisni jo i o promatranoj promjeni stanja. Toplinski kapaciteti c p i cv su samo
posebni oblici c n .
Rad dobiven politropskom ekspanzijom izmeu dva stanja odredit emo prema I. glavnom zakonu i
uz pomo jednadbe:
Q = m c n dT
Q = dU + W W = Q dU W = m c n dT m c v dT
W = m (c n cv ) dT
W = m c v
c v dT = m c v
1 dT
n 1
n
W = m c v
1
n 1
dT .
Integracijom dobivamo
W1, 2 = m cv
1
n 1
(T1 T2 ) = m cv
T
T1 1 2 ,
n 1
T1
11
a preureenjem uz pomo jednadbe stanja i izraza za odnos temperature i tlakova kod politropske promjene
slijedi:
W1, 2
W1, 2 =
n 1
p1 V1 p 2 n
=
1
n 1 p1
m R T1 T2 m R
1 =
(T1 T2 ) .
n 1 T1 n 1
Vidimo da je izraz za izraunavanje rada isti kao i kod adijabate s tim to umjesto eksponenta u ovom
izrazu za politropsku promjenu je eksponent n.
Na slici 1 dat je grafiki prikaz promjena stanja idealnih plinova u p,v dijagramu.
12
q = cv dT ,
q = T ds = du + p dv , tj.
c dT
ds = v
,
T
odnosno u granicama od 1 do 2
2
dT
.
s v = s 2 s1 =
cv
T
1
q p = c p dT
odnosno
ds =
c p dT
T
dT
s p = s 2 s1 =
.
cp
T
1
Ako je c p = konst.
T
s p = c p ln 2 .
T1
13
q = du + p dv
T1 = T2 u1 = u 2 du = 0
q = p dv ,
a promjena entropije
ds =
p dv
.
T
Iz jednadbe stanja
p v = R T
p R
= .
T v
dv
,
v
a za promjenu od 1 do 2 slijedi:
2
dv
sT = s 2 s1 = R
v
1
p
v
sT = R ln 2 = R ln 1
v1
p2
ds =
q
T
14
q c n dT
s 2 s1 =
=
T T
s politr. = cv
T
n
ln 2
n 1
T1
T
s 2 s1 = c n ln 2
T1
toplinskom kapacitetu
Promjenu entropije u nekom procesu mogue je izraziti pomou dva parametra stanja.
8.6.1. s = f (T, v)
T
v
s = s 2 s1 = cv ln 2 + R ln 2
T1
v1
8.6.2. s = f (p, v)
v
s = s 2 s1 = c p ln 2 + cv ln
v1
p2
.
p1
8.6.3. s = f ( p, T )
s = s 2 s1 = c p ln
T2
p
R ln 2
T1
p1
Dakle,
[kJ]
U 1 U 0 = m c v (T1 T0 )
T
p
T0 (S1 S 0 ) = T0 m c p ln 1 m R ln 1
T0
p0
m R T1 m R T0
p0 (V1 V0 ) = p 0
p
p
1
0
16
Razmotrit emo koliki maksimalni rad moe izvriti zrak, stlaen u nekom rezervoaru volumena V1 , a pod
tlakom p1 (vii tlak od atmosferskog), ako mu je temperatura jednaka temperaturi okolnog zraka, (T1 = T0 ) .
Ovakav proces je tipian povrativ proces jer se odigrava pri razlici temperatura stlaenog zraka (davatelja
rada) i okoline jednakoj nuli (T1 = T0 ) pa e i rad koji se tim procesom ostvari biti maksimalan. Dakle, u
stanju 2 postignut je okolni tlak p o . Budui da je temperatura zraka u rezervoaru (spremniku) stalno bila
jednaka okolnoj temperaturi, u stanju 2 zrak spremnika prilagodio se okolnom stanju.
Slijedi:
p
p
Wmax . = p1 V1 ln 1 1 + o
p1
p0
Razmotrit emo primjer kada je dobiveni rad rezultat razlike temperatura davatelja rada i okoline. Treba
odrediti, npr. maksimalan rad vruih plinova temperature T1 i volumena V1 koji su nastali sagorijevanjem
goriva u loitu pri atmosferskom tlaku ( p1 = p 0 ) . Maksimalan rad dobit e se ako se vrui plinovi na
povrativ nain dovedu u ravnoteu s okolinom, tj. da u konanom stanju bude:
p3 = p1 = p 0 i T2 = T0 .
To je mogue izvesti na taj nain to e se plinovi najprije adijabatski ekspandirati do temperature okoline
(T0 ) , a zatim izotermno (pri T = konst.) ponovo vratiti na poetni tlak ( p0 ) .
Slijedi:
T
T
Wmax . = m c p T0 1 1 ln 1
T0
T0
W tehn. = V dp = n . W1,2.
1
17
Eksergija (radna mo) jest najvei rad koji moemo dobiti iz 1 kg tvari koja struji i koja nadolazi pri
konstantnom tlaku p, a otputa se u okolinu tlaka p 0 .
To je maksimalan rad unutar stalnotlanog procesa.
Izraz za eksergiju moemo pisati u obliku:
e = h1 h0 T0 (s1 s 0 )
kJ
]
kg
h 1 h 0 = c p . ( T 1 T 0)
T
p
T0 (s1 s 0 ) = T0 c p ln 1 R ln 1
T0
p0
gdje se indeksom 0 oznaava stanje radne tvari pri okolnom tlaku i okolnoj temperaturi. Veliine sa
indeksom 1 odnose se na stanje dobavljene tvari kod konstantnog tlaka.
; T2 T1 (realni fluidi)
Prilikom priguivanja, ako se zanemari izmjena topline s okolinom, kako znamo, entalpija radnog tijela i to
ne samo idealnog plina nego takoer i realnih plinova i kapljevina, je konstantna, tj.
h1 = h2 .
Kako je volumen konstantan, to je ukupno izvreni rad nula. Budui da se ne izmijenjuje toplina s okolinom
Q = 0, to je prema I. glavnom zakonu, unutarnja energija sustava prije mijeanja jednaka unutarnjoj energiji
sustava nakon mijeanja, tj.
m1 cv1 T1 + m 2 c v2 T2 + ... + m n c vn Tn =
18
mi cvi Ti
T = i =1
mi cvi
i =1
p i Vi
1)
= n i =1 i
.
p i Vi
i =1 ( i 1) Ti
n
Kada se npr. mijeaju samo dvoatomni plinovi, tj. plinovi s jednakim i , slijedi:
n
pi Vi
T = i =1
p V
i i
i =1 Ti
n
p=
T
V
i =1
pi Vi
.
Ti
Ako se mijeanje vri bez izmjene topline s okolinom, zbroj unutarnjih energija i radova utiskivanja mora
biti jednaka unutarnjoj energiji i radu istiskivanja smjese, tj.
U 1 + U 2 + ... + p1 V1 + p 2 V2 + ... = U + p V ,
odnosno
H 1 + H 2 + ... + H n = H .
Obzirom na to da je entalpija prije i nakon mijeanja konstantna, slijedi:
19
i =1
i =1
mi c pi Ti = mi c pi T ,
a odatle
n
T=
mi c pi Ti
i =1
n
mi c pi
i =1
i =1
n
i
i
p i Vi
p V
i i
Ti
i =1 i 1
pi Vi
T = i =1
p V
i i
i =1 Ti
n
odnosno
V=
T n pi Vi
.
p i =1 Ti
U = 0.
Prema I. glavnom zakonu:
Q = U + W,
pri emu je ukupno iskoritena toplina
20
Q = ( Qdov. ) ( Qodv. ).
Zbog U = 0, dobivamo
W = ( Qdov. ) ( Qodv. ) = Q - Qo.
Vidimo da je kod krunog procesa dobiveni rad jednak razlici dovedene (Q) i odvedene (Qo)topline.
Vaan kriterij za ocjenjivanje pretvorbe ogrjevne topline, Q u mehaniki rad W prua nam tzv.
termiki stupanj djelovanja nekog desnokretnog krunog procesa.
Q
W Q Qo
=
= 1 o < 1
Q
Q
Q
C =
W T To
=
<1
Q
T
21
q 0 = cv (T4 T1 ) ,
Poe li se od izraza koji vrijedi za adijabatsku promjenu stanja, za adijabatsku kompresiju od stanja 1 do 2
dobiva se izraz:
T1 v 2
=
T2 v1
t = 1
1
v1
v2
Prema tome, osim o svojstvima radne tvari (eksponent ), termiki stupanj djelovanja ovisi samo o omjeru
volumena koji je odreen konstrukcijom cilindra. Omjer volumena moe se prikazati i kao omjer izmeu
ukupnog volumena cilindra i kompresijskog volumena koji je jednak volumenu izmeu stijenki cilindra i
stapa kada je stap u krajnjem poloaju. Ako omjer volumena, koji moemo nazvati kompresijskim
omjerom, oznaimo s , vrijedi da je
v1 VC
=
v 2 VK
t = 1
22
Stanje 1 odgovara stanju okoline pa se mogu odrediti temperature i tlakovi za sve karakteristine toke
prikazanih dijagrama. Za adijabatsku kompresiju vrijedi relacija:
T1 v 2
=
T2 v1
v
T2 = T1 1
v2
= T1 1 ,
v
p 2 = p1 1 = p1 ,
v2
to se izvodi iz jednadbe adijabate.
T3 = T4 1 = T1
p4
p1
1
,
p3 = p 4 ,
to je analogno prethodnim jednadbama za T2 i p 2 .
23
24
Osim kompresijskog omjera potrebno je definirati i omjer ubrizgavanja (omjer optereenja) koji je
odreen relacijom:
v3 V U
,
=
v 2 VK
v
= 3
v1
T4 v 3 v 2
=
T3 v 2 v1
Omjer temperatura za vrijeme dovoenja topline, zbog toga to je to izobarna promjena stanja, moe se
odrediti prema izrazu
T2 v 2 1
=
= .
T3 v3
Ako se dobivene relacije uvrste u izraz za t , slijedi
t = 1
1
.
1
Iz relacije za t se vidi da s poveanim kompresijskim omjerom raste stupanj djelovanja, ali pada s
porastom omjera ubrizgavanja. Iako u motorima s dizelskim procesom nema opasnosti od samozapaljenja
jer se ne komprimira smjesa goriva i zraka, nego isti zrak, ipak se motori ne konstruiraju za vrlo visoke
kompresijske omjere da ne bi kompresori zraka za ubrizgavanje goriva troili previe snage.
25
Ako je poznato stanje okoline ( p1 , T1 ), mogu se ustanoviti tlakovi i temperature za sve karakteristine toke
prikazanih dijagrama.
Temperatura na kraju kompresije
T2 = T1 1 ,
a tlak na zavretku kompresije
p 2 = p1 ,
to se izvodi iz jednadbe adijabate.
T3 = T1 1 .
Temperatura i tlak na kraju ekspanzije uz napomenu da se promjena stanja izmeu 4 i 1 provodi uz
v1 = konst.
T4 = T1 ,
T
p 4 = p1 4 = p1 .
T1
Kod prikaza ovisnosti temperatura i tlakova o omjeru ubrizgavanja , za pojedine vrijednosti omjera
kompresije, vidljivo je da se radi o vrlo visokim maksimalnim temperaturama procesa koje su to vie to su
vei omjer ubrizgavanja i omjer kompresije. Temperature plinova izgaranja na izlazu iz cilindra takoer su
vrlo visoke, a ovise samo o omjeru ubrizgavanja pa rastu s njegovim poveanjem. Zbog toga se smanjuje
termiki stupanj djelovanja s porastom omjera utrcavanja.
26
h = u + p v
odakle je unutarnja energija u stanju vrenja
u = h p v .
Budui da je prilikom isparavanja potrebno utroiti latentnu toplinu isparavanja r, kJ kg 1 , i da je pri
tome p = konst., na temelju jednadbe
q1,2 = h2 h1
moe se napisati da je
r = h h
Vlana (mokra) para sastoji se od suhe pare i vode koja vrije. Npr. 1 kg vlane pare ima x kg suhe pare i (1
x) kg vode koja vrije. Prema tome veliine stanja vlane pare predstavljaju zbroj odgovarajuih veliina
stanja suhe pare i vode u stanju vrenja pomnoenih s x, odnosno s (1 x). Tako moemo napisati sljedee
izraze:
specifini volumen vlane pare:
v = x v + (1 x ) v = v + x (v v ) ,
unutarnja energija vlane pare:
u = x u + (1 x ) u = u + x (u u ) = u + x ,
entalpija vlane pare:
h = x h + (1 x ) h = h + x (h h ) = h + x r ,
entropija vlane pare:
s = x s + (1 x ) s = s + x (s s ) = s + x
r
.
Ts
x=
v v
v v
x=
u u
u u
x=
s s
s s
x=
h h
.
h h
Pregrijana para po svojim svojstvima u velikoj mjeri razlikuje se od vlane i suhe pare. Pregrijana
para je toliko blia plinovima koliko joj je vee pregrijanje, tj. koliko je vea razlika njene temperature i
temperature vrelita na istom tlaku. Vliine stanja pregrijane vodene pare nalaze se u tablicama.
27
odnosno
q = h2 h1
i
w = p (v 2 v1 ) .
28
pod uvjetom da se u1 i u 2 izraunaju za svaki pojedini sluaj iz odgovarajuih jednadbi kao i za p = konst.
Razmotrit emo izotermnu promjenu stanja ije se poetno stanje 1 nalazi u podruju vlane pare, a
krajnje stanje 2 u podruju pregrijane pare. U ovom sluaju, koliina topline moe se izraunati iz izraza
q = T (s 2 s1 ) .
29
w2 = p dv .
v
p
.
p0
w1, 2 = u1 u 2
na taj nain to se u1 i u 2 nalaze pomou prethodno navedenih izraza, ovisno o tome da li se promatrana
adijabatska promjena stanja zbiva samo u podruju vlane ili samo pregrijane pare ili pak djelomino u
podruju pregrijane, a djelomino u podruju vlane pare, slika 9.
30
U podruju mokre (vlane) pare moe se izvesti kruni proces meu stalnim talkovima, a budui da su
u podruju mokre pare izobare ujedno i izoterme, proces meu stalnim tlakovima ujedno je i Carnotov
proces. Takav proces je prikazan na slikama 10. i 11. i to u p, v i T, s dijagramu.
31
32
C =
T T0
.
T
Prijelazom na proces prikazan na slikama 12. i 13., koji se naziva Rankineov proces ili ClausiusRankineov proces, dobiva se vie mehanike energije iz 1 kg pare, budui da je mehanika energija nastala
prema Rankineovom procesu proporcionalna povrini 5 2 3 4 , a iz Carnotovog procesa proporcionalna
je povrini 1 2 3 4. To je posljedica vee koliine dovedene topline. Meutim, termiki stupanj
djelovanja Rankineovog procesa slabiji je od Carnotovog.
Dovedena toplina q u Rankineovom procesu proporcionalna je povrini c 5 2 3 b, a odvedena toplina
q 0 povrini c 5 4 b te je stupanj djelovanja:
q0
.
=1
q
Ako se uvrste razlike entalpija, termiki stupanj djelovanja procesa je:
=1
h4 h5 h3 h4
=
h3 h5 h3 h5
jer je razlika entalpija h3 h4 upravo jednaka mehanikoj energiji koja se dobiva iz procesa ako ekspanzija
tee po adijabati.
33
hC =
q0
Th s h
Th
=
=
w (T0 Th ) s h (T0 Th )
34
a kako je
1
T4 = T0
p0
h =
q0
q0
.
=
w q q0
h =
1
p
p0
35
pada u podruje vlane pare ime se stvaraju uvjeti da se on potpuno ili djelomino podudara sa suprotnim
(lijevokretnim) Carnotovim ciklusom, slika 16.
w = q q0
Toplina koja se pomou isparivaa odvodi do hladionice (toplina hlaenja) iznosi
q 0 = h1 h4 ,
tj.
w = q q 0 = (h2 h3 ) (h1 h4 ) = (h2 h1 ) (h3 h4 ) .
hC =
q0
q0
Th
=
=
.
w q q 0 T0 Th
Shema parnog kompresijskog rashladnog stroja s redukcijskim ventilom (a) i prikaz u T,s dijagramu
prikazani su na slici 17.
36
Priguivanje je oznaeno uvjetom h = konst. U T, s dijagramu stanje 5 iza prigunog ventila lei na crti h =
konst. koja prolazi stanjem 3. Kako toka 5 lei desno od 4, dobivamo manji rashladni uin
q 0 = h1 h5 .
kao i prije, sada se troi neto vie rada i to za istu povrinu 4 5 b a. Potreban rad predoen je
povrinom 1 2 3 a b 5 1.
Ovdje je
h3 = h5
Viak potroenog rada je posljedica nepovrativosti procesa priguivanja. Ovaj gubitak je to vei to je vea
temperaturna razlika ( T0 Th ).
37
q
w
a)
b)
Slika 18. Shema parnog rashladnog stroja s usisavanjem suhozasiene pare (a) i
prikaz u T, s dijagramu (b)
Temperature T0 i Th mogu se kod rashladnog stroja prilagoditi potrebi. Tako moemo podii itav
temperaturni nivo pa za Th odabrati temperaturu okoline, a za T0 neku viu temperaturu. Nain rada se u
tom sluaju ne razlikuje od rada nekog rashladnog stroja, samo to je smjetaj temperatura vii, a toplina se
ne predaje okolini (rashladnoj vodi), nego se naprotiv oduzima od nje i predaje, npr. prostoriji koju treba
grijati. Takav ureaj naziva se toplinska crpka ili dizalica topline.
38
Toplinska crpka se po svojim osnovnim dijelovima ni po emu ne razlikuje od rashladnog stroja, ali
joj je namjena druga, upravo suprotna, grijanje umjesto hlaenja. Za podizanje topline s nie na viu
temperaturu potreban je kompenzacijski rad koji se kod toplinske crpke ostvaruje na potpuno isti nain kao i
kod rashladnog stroja (i u istom postrojenju).
Umjesto koeficijenta hlaenja, proces u stroju se u ovom sluaju ocjenjuje tzv. grijnim koeficijentom
(koeficijentom grijanja), a predstavlja odnos topline grijanja q (odvedene od rashladnog medija k sredini
koja se grije) i kompenzacijskog rada, tj.
g =
q
.
w
U teorijskom sluaju pri izvedbi lijevokretnog Carnotovog procesa radom w moe se dignuti toplina
q = q0 + w
gC =
T0
q
=
w T0 Th
39
T
T1
T2
x
x
dx
(T2 T1 )
At =
(T1 T2 )
A t
[J ] ,
(T T1 ) A = (T1 T2 ) A = (T1 T2 )
Q
= Q& = = 2
t
Ws
[W ],
40
gdje je:
, toplinski otpor,
W
mK
K
W
q x = q& =
A A
ws
W
m 2
gdje je:
ws = Ws A =
m2K
, jedinini toplinski otpor ili specifini toplinski otpor,
.
41
T
T1
T2
T3
q
Ukupni temperaturni pad je (T3 - T1), a po pojedinim slojevima on iznosi (T2 T1) i (T3 T2).
Primjenom Fourierovog zakona za svaki pojedini sloj dobivaju se dvije jednadbe:
q x = q& =
(T2 T1 )
1
1
q x = q& =
(T3 T2 )
2
2
(T2 T1 ) = q x 1
1
(T3 T2 ) = q x 2 .
2
42
(T3 T1 ) = q x 1 + 2 ,
(T3 T1 )
W
m2
1 2
+
1 2
(Tn+1 T1 )
n
i =1
W
m 2
Razliiti nagibi temperaturnoga gradijenta kroz pojedine slojeve na slici 20. pokazuju bolju ili loiju
toplinsku vodljivost materijala.
Vei nagib, koji zahtjeva i veu temperaturnu razliku, oznaava materijal koji je loiji vodi topline
(izolator) i obrnuto.
Kad je zadano da treba proraunati debljinu nekog sloja da bismo dobili eljenu temperaturu T2
potrebno je znati temperaturni tok u tom sloju.
No, esto je oblik i sastav stijenke zadan, a treba odrediti tu temperaturu.
Tada nas vie zanima kako se vlada itava stijenka, sastavljena katkad i od nekoliko slojeva.
Meutim, tu se mora imati na umu raspored tih slojeva s obzirom na smjer toka topline, pa
razlikujemo:
-
43
a)
Q&
Q&
1
Svaki od okomito smjetenih paralelnih slojeva (Slika 21.) pruat e toplinskom toku specifine otpore
(uz uvjet da je A1 = A2 = A3 = 1)
ws1 =
; w s2 = 2 ;
1
2
w s3 =
3
3
ws = wsi = ws1 + ws 2 + ws 3 =
i =1
1 2 3
+
+
1 2 3
Ako stijenku promatramo kao cjelinu, ukupni otpor e biti jednak omjeru sveukupne debljine i nekog
srednjeg koef. toplinske vodljivosti , tj.
ws =
1 2 3
+
+
=
1 2 3
a odatle srednji koeficijent toplinske vodljivosti za sluaj okomito smjetenih paralelnih slojeva, koji
su u praksi i najei slijedi:
44
1 2 3
+
+
1 2 3
gdje je: = 1 + 2 + 3
ukupna debljina stijenke.
i =1
n
i =1
= Q& =
A (T1 T2 )
[W ]
b)
Q&
A1
Q&
A2
A3
1 = 2 = 3
Ako su slojevi poredani horizontalno (Slika 22.), zbrajaju se toplinske vodljivosti odnosno reciprone
vrijednosti toplinskih otpora, pa je:
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
,
W s W s1 W s 2 W s 3
1
;
A11
Ws2 =
2
;
A2 2
Ws3 =
3
A3 3
45
A11
1
A2 2
A3 3
Kako je 1 = 2 = 3 = , biti e:
Ws =
.
A11 + A2 2 + A3 3
Ws =
,
A d
gdje je:
W
.
mK
Kad se izjednae oba izraza za Ws, proizlazi koeficijent toplinske vodljivosti za horizontalno smjetene
paralelne slojeve:
n
A + A2 2 + A3 3
d = 1 1
A
ili openito
d =
A
i =1
n
A
i =1
= Q& =
= d A
T1 T2
[W ]
46
r2
1.5 , esto se aproksimira provoenjem
r1
T1
T1
T2
r2
dr
r1
T2
r2
dr
r1
47
Provedena toplina, Q, kroz ovakvu stijenku, tj. kroz cijev duine l (kad se uzmu u obzir granice
integriranja) glasi:
(T2 T1 ) = (T1 T2 )
Q = 2 l
r
ln 2
r1
r
ln 2
2 r1
1
[J ]
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
r1
2 r1
2 l r1
[W ]
Ako se vrijednost toplinskog toka svede na jedinicu duljine cijevi dobije se toplinski tok po dunom
metru cijevi, l:
l =
= 2
(T2 T1 ) = (T1 T2 )
ln
r2
r1
ln
r2
r1
W
m
Ako se proiri promatrani problem na n-stijenki cilindra (vieslojna cilindrina stjenka) toplinski tok
rauna se prema izrazu:
(Tn+1 T1 )
n
2 l
i =1
ln
i
ri +1
ri
T1 Tn +1
r
1
ln i +1
ri
i =1 2 l i
n
W
m
Vrijednost gustoe toplinskog toka kod cilindrine stijenke ne moe ostati konstantna po polumjeru r,
nego se i njena vrijednost smanjuje s poveanjem polumjera r.
Ako se gustoa toplinskog toka, q1, svodi na unutranju povrinu cilindra, A1 = 2 r1 l, slijedi:
(T1 T2 )
r
1
ln 2
2 l r1
(T1 T2 )
q1 =
=
=
=
r
A1 2 r1 l
2 r1 l
r1 ln 2
r1
W
m 2
48
Analognim postupkom dolazi se do gustoe toplinskog toka, q2, svedenog na vanjsku povrinu
cilindra, A2 = 2 r2 l;
q2 =
2 r2 l
(T1 T2 )
r2 ln
r2
r1
W
m2
[J ],
Q &
= Q = (Tz T f ) A
t
[W ] ,
gdje je:
- toplinski tok, W
Tz temperatura zida, K
Tf temperatura fluida, K
t - vrijeme, sek.
- koeficijent prijelaza topline,
W
.
m2 K
49
Slino kao i kod kondukcije, za jedinicu povrine i jedinicu vremena gustoa toplinskog toka, qx, je:
qx =
= (Tz T f
A
W
m 2
50
TI
TI
T1
T1
T2
TII
T3
q
TII
a) ravna stijenka
Slika 24. Prolaz topline kroz jednoslojnu (a) i vieslojnu (b) ravnu stijenku.
Jedna te ista koliina topline q& prelazei s fluida I na fluid II (Slika 24.a), nailazi na tri uzastopna
otpora.
1
ws =
+ +
1 2
1
m2K
gdje je:
1
- specifini toplinski otpor zbog prijelaza topline od toplijeg fluida (fluid I) na stijenku,
51
- specifini toplinski otpor uvjetovan prijelazom topline s toplije stijenke na hladniji fluid
(fluid II)
W
m2 K
W
2 koeficijent prijelaza topline (stijenka- fluid II), 2
m K
Koliina topline, Q, koja se prenosi s jednog fluida na drugi fluid, ako su oni razdvojeni ravnom
stijenkom, biti e:
Q = K (TI TII ) A t
[J ]
Da bi se naao izraz za gustou toplinskog toka, qx, odnosno toplinski tok, , za zadane uvjete,
polazi se od sljedeeg sustava jednadbi:
qx =
Iz navedenog slijedi izraz za gustou toplinskog toka (jedinina razmijenjena toplina kroz jedan
kvadratni metar zida):
(TI TII )
W
qx =
= K (TI TII )
m2
1
1
+ +
Q &
= Q = q x A = K (TI TII ) A
t
[W ]
gdje je:
qx gustoa toplinskog toka,
K=
1
=
1
ws
1
+
1
+
2
W
m2
W
m2 K
52
W
m2 K
1
1
i 1
+
2
i =1 i
n
Ukoliko su fluidi razdvojeni cilindrinom stijenkom, koliina topline koja se prenosi s jednog
fluida na drugi biti e:
[J ]
Q = K c (TI TII ) l t
odnosno toplinski tok:
=
Q &
= Q = K c (TI TII ) l =
t
2 l (TI TII )
1
1 r
1
+ ln 2 +
r1 1 r1 r2 2
[W ]
gdje je:
Kc koeficijent prolaza topline za cilindrinu stijenku,
Kc =
W
mK
W
m K
r
1
1
1
+
ln 2 +
2 r1 1 2 r1 2 r2 2
W
m K
1
n
r
1
1
1
+
ln i +1 +
2 r1 1 i =1 2 i
ri
2 rn +1 2
Za prolaz topline po dunom metru cijevi, l, tj. toplinski tok sveden na jedinicu duljine cijevi l:
l =
= K c (TI TII )
l
W
m
53
esto puta se kod cilindra toplinski tok, , izraava u poznatom obliku: = Kc A (TI TII )
Odatle slijedi:
Kc =
A (TI TII )
K c1
2 l (TI TII )
1
1 r
1
+ ln 2 +
r
r1 r2 2
=
= 1 1
=
1
2 r1 l (TI TII )
A1 (TI TII )
1
r r
r
+ 1 ln 2 + 1
1 r1 r2 2
Analognim postupkom moe se odrediti i koeficijent prolaza topline Kc2, sveden na vanjsku
povrinu cilindra, A2. Dakle, ukoliko se pri prolazu topline preko cijevnih povrina moe kao
raunska uzeti vanjska povrina, raunata s vanjskim radijusom r2, (A2 = 2 r2 l) pogotovo kada
je 1<< 2 - tada se koeficijent prolaza topline odreuje prema izrazu:
K c2 =
1
r2
r1 1
r2
ln
r2
1
+
r1 2
W
m 2 K
Vrijednost toplinskog toka, , naravno, ne smije ovisiti o tome na koju je povrinu sveden
koeficijent prolaza topline Kc, tj. uvijek mora vrijediti jednadba:
54
Izraz
=
2 l (TI TII )
n
1
1 r
1
+ ln i +1 +
r1 1 i =1 i
ri
rn +1 2
[W ]
predstavlja vrijednost toplinskog toka n-slojne stijenke cilindra. Navedena jednadba izvedena je iz
uvjeta jednakosti toplinskog toka kroz oba granina sloja i stijenke cilindra (uvjet stacionarnosti).
I kod n-slojne stijenke cilindra moe se definirati koeficijent prolaza topline Kc, pa tako je, npr.,
koeficijent prolaza topline Kc1:
2 l (TI TII )
n
1
1 r
1
+ ln i +1 +
r
ri
rn +1 2
K c1 =
= 1 1 i =1 i
=
A1 (TI TII )
2 r1 l (TI TII )
1
r1
1 r
+ r1 ln i +1 +
1
ri rn +1 2
i =1 i
n
55
Uobiajeni tip
regenerativnog izmjenjivaa
56
Prvenstveni zadatak znanosti o toplini, odnosno inenjera koji se bave tom problematikom,
jest odreivanje povrine za eljenu razmijenu topline, te, u konanici, dimenzioniranje
izmjenjivaa.
Ukupno razmijenjena toplina kod izmjenjivaa topline moe se odrediti na osnovu izraza:
=
= K A Tek
[W ]
Tek. =
Tv Tm
T
ln v
Tm
gdje je:
57
Tlak
p
bar
0.0098
0.014
0.0196
0.0245
0.0294
0.0343
0.0392
0.0441
0.0490
0.0588
0.0686
0.0785
0.0883
0.0981
0.108
0.118
0.127
0.137
0.147
0.157
0.167
0.177
0.186
0.196
0.245
0.294
0.343
0.392
Temperatura zasienja
Tz
tz
o
K
C
279.9
6.7
285.9
12.7
290.4
17.2
294.0
20.8
297.0
23.8
299.6
26.4
301.8
28.6
303.9
30.7
305.8
32.6
309.0
35.8
311.9
38.7
314.4
41.2
316.6
43.4
318.7
45.5
320.5
47.3
322.3
49.1
323.9
50.7
325.4
52.2
326.8
53.6
328.1
54.9
329.4
56.2
330.6
57.4
331.8
58.6
332.9
59.7
337.7
54.5
341.9
68.7
345.4
72.2
348.6
75.4
Specifini volumen
v
v
m3 / kg
m3 / kg
0.0010001
131.60
0.0010006
89.63
0.0010013
68.25
0.0010020
55.27
0.0010027
46.57
0.0010034
40.22
0.0010040
35.46
0.0010046
31.71
0.0010052
28.72
0.0010063
24.19
0.0010074
20.91
0.0010084
18.45
0.0010093
16.50
0.0010101
14.95
0.0010109
13.66
0.0010117
12.59
0.0010124
11.67
0.0010131
10.89
0.0010138
10.20
0.0010145
9.603
0.0010151
9.073
0.0010157
8.601
0.0010163
8.182
0.0010169
7.789
0.0010196
6.318
0.0010220
5.324
0.0010241
4.612
0.0010261
4.066
h
kJ / kg
28.2
53.5
72.2
87.2
99.7
110.5
120.0
128.6
136.4
150.0
161.9
172.3
181.7
190.3
198.1
205.4
212.1
218.4
224.4
230.0
235.3
240.3
245.1
249.2
270.2
287.5
302.4
315.7
h
kJ / kg
2513
2524
2533
2539
2545
2549
2553
2557
2560
2566
2571
2576
2579
2583
2587
2560
2593
2595
2598
2600
2603
2605
2607
2609
2617
2624
2630
2636
Entalpija
Toplina isparivanja
r = h h
kJ / kg
2485
2471
2460
2452
2445
2439
2433
2428
2424
2416
2409
2403
2398
2393
2389
2384
2381
2377
2373
2371
2367
2364
2361
2359
2347
2337
2328
2320
s
kJ / kg K
0.1017
0.1913
0.2562
0.3073
0.3496
0.3860
0.4178
0.4463
0.4714
0.5158
0.5543
0.5878
0.6176
0.6443
0.6691
0.6917
0.7126
0.7319
0.7499
0.7670
0.7834
0.7984
0.8131
0.8269
0.8880
0.9387
0.9822
1.0207
s
kJ / kg K
8.9811
8.8341
8.7299
8.6487
8.5834
8.5281
8.4884
8.4381
8.4008
8.3355
8.2811
8.2342
8.1927
8.1559
8.1224
8.0914
8.0638
8.0374
8.0135
7.9909
7.9700
7.9503
7.9315
7.9139
7.8369
7.7741
7.7213
7.6757
Entropija
58
Tlak
p
bar
0.441
0.490
0.539
0.588
0.637
0.686
0.735
0.785
0.834
0.883
0.932
0.981
1.08
1.18
1.27
1.37
1.47
1.57
1.67
1.77
1.86
1.96
2.16
2.35
2.55
2.75
2.94
3.43
Temperatura zasienja
Tz
tz
o
K
C
351.5
78.3
354.0
80.8
356.4
83.2
258.6
85.4
360.7
87.5
362.6
89.4
364.4
91.2
366.2
93.0
367.8
94.6
369.4
96.2
370.8
97.6
372.3
99.1
374.9
101.7
377.4
104.2
379.7
106.5
381.9
108.7
384.0
110.8
385.9
112.7
387.7
114.5
389.5
116.3
391.2
118.0
392.8
119.6
395.8
122.6
398.6
125.4
401.3
128.1
403.7
130.5
406.1
132.9
411.4
138.2
Specifini volumen
v
v
m3 / kg
m3 / kg
0.0010279
3.641
0.0010296
3.299
0.0010312
3.017
0.0010327
2.782
0.0010341
2.581
0.0010355
2.408
0.0010368
2.257
0.0010381
2.125
0.0010392
2.008
0.0010405
1.905
0.0010417
1.810
0.0010428
1.725
0.0010448
1.578
0.0010468
1.455
0.0010487
1.350
0.0010505
1.259
0.0010522
1.181
0.0010538
1.111
0.0010554
1.050
0.0010570
0.9954
0.0010585
0.9462
0.0010600
0.9018
0.0010627
0.8248
0.0010653
0.7603
0.0010678
0.7055
0.0010703
0.6581
0.0010726
0.6166
0.0010779
0.5338
h
kJ / kg
327.7
338.5
348.5
357.8
366.5
379.7
382.3
389.6
396.1
403.0
409.3
415.3
426.5
437.0
446.8
456.0
464.7
472.9
480.7
488.2
495.3
502.1
515.0
527.1
538.0
548.9
558.5
581.5
h
kJ / kg
2640
2644
2649
2655
2656
2659
2662
2664
2667
2670
2670
2675
2679
2682
2686
2689
2693
2695
2698
2701
2703
2706
2710
2714
2718
2721
2724
2731
Entalpija
Toplina isparivanja
r = h h
kJ / kg
2312
2306
2300
2294
2289
2284
2279
2275
2271
2266
2263
2259
2252
2245
2240
2233
2228
2222
2218
2213
2208
2204
2195
2187
2180
2173
2165
2150
s
kJ / kg K
1.0547
1.0852
1.1137
1.1396
1.1635
1.1861
1.2071
1.2272
1.2460
1.2636
1.2803
1.2967
1.3268
1.3548
1.3804
1.4047
1.4273
1.4486
1.4687
1.4880
1.5060
1.5236
1.5562
1.5864
1.6002
1.6404
1.6647
1.7204
s
kJ / kg K
7.6355
7.5999
7.5672
7.5379
7.5107
7.4856
7.4626
7.4408
7.4203
7.4010
7.3826
7.3658
7.3340
7.3047
7.2775
7.2528
7.2298
7.2084
7.1879
7.1691
7.1511
7.1339
7.1021
7.0732
7.0464
7.0217
6.9991
6.9476
Entropija
59
Tlak
p
bar
3.92
4.41
4.90
5.88
6.86
7.85
8.83
9.81
10.8
11.8
12.7
13.7
14.7
15.7
16.7
17.7
18.6
19.6
21.6
23.5
25.5
27.5
29.4
31.4
33.3
35.3
37.3
39.2
Temperatura zasienja
Tz
tz
o
K
C
416.1
142.9
420.4
147.2
424.3
151.1
431.3
158.1
437.3
164.1
442.8
169.6
447.7
174.5
452.2
179.0
456.4
183.2
460.3
187.1
463.9
190.7
467.3
194.1
470.5
197.3
473.6
200.4
476.5
203.3
479.3
206.1
482.0
208.8
484.6
211.4
489.4
216.2
493.9
220.7
498.2
225.0
502.2
229.0
506.0
232.8
509.0
236.3
513.0
239.8
516.2
243.0
519.3
246.1
522.4
249.2
Specifini volumen
v
v
m3 / kg
m3 / kg
0.0010829
0.4709
0.0010875
0.4215
0.0010918
0.3817
0.0010998
0.3214
0.0011071
0.2778
0.0011139
0.2448
0.0011202
0.2189
0.0011262
0.1980
0.0011319
0.1808
0.0011373
0.1663
0.0011426
0.1540
0.0011476
0.1434
0.0011525
0.1342
0.0011572
0.1261
0.0011618
0.1189
0.0011662
0.1125
0.0011706
0.1067
0.0011749
0.1015
0.0011833
0.09251
0.0011914
0.08486
0.0011992
0.07838
0.0012067
0.07282
0.0012142
0.06797
0.0012215
0.06370
0.0012286
0.05995
0.0012356
0.05654
0.0012425
0.05352
0.0012493
0.05077
620.0
636.8
667.0
693.8
717.2
739.0
759.1
777.5
794.7
810.6
825.9
840.3
854.1
867.5
880.1
892.2
903.9
926.1
947.1
966.7
985.6
1003
1020
1037
1052
1067
1081
601.5
h
kJ / kg
h
kJ / kg
2738
2743
2748
2756
2763
2767
2773
2777
2780
2784
2787
2789
2791
2793
2795
2796
2798
2799
2800
2802
2803
2803
2803
2803
2803
2803
2802
2801
Entalpija
s
kJ / kg K
1.7693
1.8133
1.8531
1.9234
1.9837
2.0381
2.0863
2.1302
2.1704
2.2077
2.2425
2.2751
2.3057
2.3350
2.3622
2.3886
2.4133
2.4376
2.4828
2.5251
2.5431
2.6008
2.6356
2.6687
2.7001
2.7298
2.7587
2.7859
2136
2123
2111
2089
2069
2050
2034
2018
2003
1989
1876
1963
1951
1939
1927
1916
1905
1895
1874
1855
1836
1817
1800
1783
1766
1751
1735
1720
s
kJ / kg K
6.9032
6.8638
6.8283
6.7675
6.7152
6.6700
6.6294
6.5934
6.5607
6.5302
6.5021
6.4761
6.4519
6.4284
6.4060
6.3861
6.3664
6.3476
6.3124
6.2794
6.2488
6.2203
6.1940
6.1684
6.1441
6.1211
6.0989
6.0780
Entropija
Toplina isparivanja
r = h h
kJ / kg
60
Tlak
p
bar
41.2
43.1
45.1
47.1
49.0
51.0
53.0
54.9
56.9
58.8
60.8
62.8
64.7
66.7
68.6
70.6
72.6
74.5
76.5
78.5
80.4
82.4
84.3
86.3
88.3
90.2
92.2
94.1
Temperatura zasienja
Tz
tz
o
K
C
525.2
252.0
528.0
254.8
530.7
257.5
533.3
260.1
535.9
262.7
538.3
265.1
540.7
267.5
543.0
269.2
545.3
272.1
547.5
274.3
549.6
276.4
551.7
278.5
553.7
280.5
555.7
282.5
557.7
284.5
559.6
286.4
561.4
288.2
563.3
290.1
565.0
291.8
566.8
293.6
568.5
295.3
570.2
297.0
571.9
298.7
573.5
300.3
575.1
301.9
576.7
303.5
578.2
305.8
579.7
306.6
Specifini volumen
v
v
m3 / kg
m3 / kg
0.0012561
0.04829
0.0012628
0.04601
0.0012694
0.04394
0.0012759
0.04203
0.0012825
0.04026
0.0012890
0.03863
0.0012954
0.03711
0.0013018
0.03569
0.0013083
0.03437
0.0013147
0.03313
0.0013211
0.03197
0.0013275
0.03089
0.0013338
0.02986
0.0013402
0.02889
0.0013466
0.02798
0.0013530
0.02754
0.0013593
0.02711
0.0013658
0.02629
0.0013722
0.02550
0.0013787
0.02476
0.0013852
0.02405
0.0013917
0.02273
0.0013983
0.02212
0.0014409
0.02153
0.0014115
0.02096
0.0014181
0.02042
0.0014249
0.01990
0.0014316
0.01940
h
kJ / kg
1096
1110
1123
1136
1148
1161
1173
1184
1196
1207
1218
1229
1240
1250
1260
1271
1280
1290
1300
1310
1319
1328
1338
1346
1356
1364
1373
1382
h
kJ / kg
2800
2799
2798
2796
2795
2793
2791
2790
2788
2786
2783
2781
2779
2777
2774
2771
2769
2766
2763
2760
2757
2754
2752
2749
2745
2742
2739
2735
Entalpija
1675
1660
1646
1633
1619
1605
1592
1579
1565
1552
1539
1527
1514
1501
1488
1478
1463
1451
1439
1426
1414
1402
1390
1378
1366
1353
1704
1689
Toplina isparivanja
r = h h
kJ / kg
s
kJ / kg K
2.8127
2.8382
2.8629
2.8868
2.9098
2.9320
2.9538
2.9751
2.9957
3.0158
3.0354
3.0547
3.0731
3.0915
3.1100
3.1275
3.1447
3.1619
3.1786
3.1949
3.2113
3.2272
3.2427
3.2577
3.2732
3.2883
3.3030
3.3176
s
kJ / kg K
6.0575
6.0374
6.0185
6.0001
5.9821
5.9645
5.9473
5.9310
5.9147
5.8988
5.8833
5.8682
5.8531
5.8385
5.8243
5.8100
5.7958
5.7824
5.7686
5.7548
5.7448
5.7284
5.7154
5.7024
5.6886
5.6769
5.6643
5.6518
Entropija
61
Tlak
p
bar
96.1
98.1
108
118
127
137
147
157
167
177
186
196
206
216
221.3
Temperatura zasienja
Tz
tz
o
K
C
581.2
308.0
582.7
309.5
589.8
316.6
596.3
323.1
602.5
329.3
608.3
335.1
613.7
340.5
618.9
345.7
623.8
350.6
628.5
355.3
633.0
359.8
637.3
364.1
641.3
368.1
645.3
372.1
647.3
374.1
Specifini volumen
v
v
m3 / kg
m3 / kg
0.0014384
0.01892
0.0014453
0.01846
0.001480
0.01638
0.001517
0.01463
0.001557
0.01313
0.001600
0.01182
0.001644
0.01066
0.001693
0.009625
0.001748
0.008681
0.001812
0.007803
0.001890
0.00697
0.001987
0.00618
0.00213
0.00535
0.00238
0.00436
0.00318
0.00318
h
kJ / kg
1392
1399
1441
1482
1521
1560
1599
1637
1676
1717
1760
1806
1861
1938
2100
h
kJ / kg
2732
2729
2710
2690
2668
2645
2619
2591
2560
2524
2483
2434
2369
2270
2100
Entalpija
Toplina isparivanja
r = h h
kJ / kg
1341
1329
1269
1208
1146
1084
1020
954
884
807
723
628
508
332
0
s
kJ / kg K
3.3319
3.3461
3.4156
3.4813
3.5450
3.6065
3.6668
3.7267
3.7870
3.8485
3.9134
3.9833
4.0666
4.1839
4.4296
s
kJ / kg K
5.6392
5.6271
5.5659
5.5061
5.4479
5.3897
5.3290
5.2670
5.2008
5.1322
5.0577
4.9685
4.8592
4.6976
4.4296
Entropija
62
273
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
314
316
318
320
322
324
326
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
4
51
53
Temperatura zasienja
Tz
tz
o
K
C
0.006102
0.00657
0.00757
0.00872
0.01001
0.01147
0.01312
0.01497
0.01704
0.01936
0.02196
0.02486
0.02808
0.03167
0.03564
0.04004
0.04491
0.05029
0.05622
0.06274
0.06991
0.07778
0.08639
0.09582
0.1061
0.1174
0.1296
0.1429
Tlak
p
bar
0.0010002
0.0010001
0.0010001
0.0010001
0.0010001
0.0010003
0.0010005
0.0010007
0.0010010
0.0010013
0.0010016
0.0010021
0.0010025
0.0010030
0.0010036
0.0010041
0.0010047
0.0010054
0.0010061
0.0010068
0.0010076
0.0010083
0.0010091
0.0010099
0.0010108
0.0010116
0.0010126
0.0010135
206.3
192.6
168.2
147.2
129.1
113.4
99.91
88.18
77.97
69.10
61.34
54.56
48.62
43.40
38.82
34.77
31.00
28.04
25.24
22.77
20.56
18.59
16.84
15.28
13.88
12.62
11.99
10.49
Specifini volumen
v
v
3
3
m / kg
m / kg
0
4.23
12.6
21.1
29.4
37.8
46.2
54.6
63.0
71.3
79.7
88.1
96.5
104.5
113.2
121.5
129.9
138.2
146.6
155.0
163.3
171.7
180.0
188.4
196.8
205.1
213.5
221.9
2501
2502
2506
2510
2514
2518
2521
2525
2528
2532
2536
2539
2543
2546
2550
2554
2558
2561
2565
2569
2572
2575
2579
2582
2586
2590
2593
2597
Entalpija
h
h
kJ / kg
kJ / kg
2501
2498
2494
2489
2484
2480
2475
2471
2466
2461
2456
2451
2446
2442
2437
2433
2428
2423
2418
1414
2009
2404
2399
2394
2389
2385
2380
2375
Toplina isparivanja
r = h h
kJ / kg
0.0000
0.0155
0.0456
0.0762
0.1063
0.1365
0.1658
0.1951
0.2244
0.2533
0.2822
0.3101
0.3391
0.3672
0.3952
0.4229
0.4505
0.4777
0.5049
0.5321
0.5589
0.5857
0.6121
0.6385
0.6649
0.6908
0.7168
0.7423
9.1544
9.1281
9.0757
9.0242
8.9736
8.9237
8.8752
8.8274
8.7806
8.7341
8.6889
8.6441
8.6001
8.5570
8.5147
8.4708
8.4318
8.3916
8.3518
8.3129
8.2748
8.2371
8.2003
8.1638
8.1278
8.0927
8.0579
8.0236
Entropija
s
s
kJ / kg K
kJ / kg K
63
Temperatura zasienja
Tz
tz
o
K
C
328
55
330
57
332
59
334
61
336
63
338
65
340
67
342
69
344
71
346
73
348
75
350
77
352
79
354
81
356
83
358
85
360
87
362
89
364
91
366
93
368
95
370
97
372
99
374
101
376
103
378
105
380
107
382
109
384
111
386
113
388
115
390
117
Tlak
P
bar
0.1574
0.1731
0.1902
0.2086
0.2285
0.2501
0.2733
0.2984
0.3254
0.3543
0.3855
0.4189
0.4547
0.4931
0.5342
0.5780
0.6249
0.6749
0.7280
0.7849
0.8452
0.9095
0.9778
1.050
1.127
1.208
1.294
1.385
1.481
1.583
1.691
1.804
Specifini volumen
v
v
m3 / kg
m3 / kg
0.0010145
9.578
0.0010155
8.757
0.0010166
8.020
0.0010177
7.353
0.0010188
6.749
0.0010199
6.201
0.0010210
5.705
0.0010222
5.255
0.0010234
4.846
0.0010246
4.473
0.0010252
4.299
0.0010270
3.824
0.0010283
3.540
0.0010297
3.282
0.0010310
3.045
0.0010324
2.828
0.0010338
2.629
0.0010352
2.447
0.0010366
2.279
0.0010381
2.124
0.0010396
1.982
0.0010412
1.851
0.0010427
1.730
0.0010443
1.618
0.0010468
1.515
0.0010474
1.419
0.0010490
1.331
0.0010507
1.249
0.0010523
1.173
0.0010540
1.102
0.0010558
1.036
0.0010576
0.9754
h
kJ / kg
230.2
238.6
246.9
255.3
263.7
272.1
280.4
288.8
297.2
305.6
314.0
322.3
330.8
339.1
347.5
356.0
364.4
372.8
381.2
389.6
398.0
406.5
414.9
423.3
431.7
440.2
448.7
457.1
465.5
474.0
482.5
491.0
h
kJ / kg
2600
2604
2608
2611
2614
2618
2621
2625
2628
2631
2635
2638
2641
2645
2648
2651
2655
2658
2661
2664
2668
2611
2674
2677
2680
2683
2687
2690
2693
2696
2699
2702
Entalpija
Toplina isparivanja
r = h h
kJ / kg
2370
2366
2361
2355
2350
2345
2341
2336
2331
2326
2321
2316
2311
2306
2301
2296
2291
2285
2280
2275
2270
2265
2259
2254
2249
2243
2238
2232
2227
2222
2216
2211
s
kJ / kg K
0.7679
0.7934
0.8185
0.8436
0.8688
0.8935
0.9182
0.9429
0.9672
0.9919
1.0157
1.0396
1.0634
1.0873
1.1108
1.1342
1.1577
1.1807
1.2041
1.2272
1.2502
1.2732
1.2958
1.3184
1.3410
1.3632
1.3854
1.4076
1.4294
1.4516
1.4733
1.4951
s
kJ / kg K
7.9901
7.9570
7.9248
7.8925
7.8607
7.8297
7.7992
7.7694
7.7391
7.7104
7.6815
7.6535
7.6254
7.5978
7.5706
7.5438
7.5174
7.4914
7.4659
7.4408
7.4157
7.3905
7.3667
7.3428
7.3194
7.2959
7.2725
7.2499
7.2273
7.2051
7.1833
7.1615
Entropija
64
Temperatura zasienja
Tz
tz
o
K
C
392
119
394
121
396
123
398
125
400
127
405
132
410
137
415
142
420
147
425
152
430
157
435
162
440
167
445
172
450
177
455
182
460
187
465
192
470
197
475
202
480
207
485
212
490
217
495
222
500
227
505
232
510
237
515
242
520
247
525
252
530
257
535
262
540
267
Tlak
p
bar
1.923
2.049
2.181
2.321
2.467
2.864
3.317
3.823
4.389
5.020
5.723
6.502
7.362
8.311
9.354
10.50
11.75
13.11
14.60
16.21
17.96
19.85
21.90
24.10
26.47
29.02
31.75
34.67
37.80
41.14
44.70
48.48
52.51
Specifini volumen
v
v
m3 / kg
m3 / kg
0.0010594
0.9186
0.0010612
0.8657
0.0010630
0.8164
0.0010649
0.7704
0.0010668
0.7276
0.0010717
0.6321
0.0010767
0.5512
0.0010819
0.4824
0.0010873
0.4237
0.0010928
0.3733
0.0010986
0.3299
0.0011044
0.2925
0.0011106
0.2600
0.0011169
0.2318
0.0011234
0.2071
0.0011303
0.1856
0.0011372
0.1666
0.0011445
0.1499
0.0011519
0.1352
0.0011596
0.1222
0.0011676
0.1106
0.0011760
0.1003
0.0011846
0.09110
0.0011937
0.08288
0.0012029
0.07552
0.0012126
0.06891
0.0012228
0.06296
0.0012334
0.05759
0.0012443
0.05274
0.0012558
0.04835
0.0012680
0.04436
0.0012804
0.04074
0.0012940
0.03744
h
kJ / kg
499.5
507.9
516.7
525.0
533.4
554.8
576.1
597.9
619.2
641.0
662.1
684.1
705.9
728.1
749.9
772.0
794.2
816.4
839.0
861.2
884.3
906.9
929.9
952.9
976.4
999.8
1023
1047
1071
1096
1120
1145
1170
h
kJ / kg
2705
2708
2711
2713
2716
2723
2730
2737
2743
2749
2754
2760
2765
2771
2775
2780
2784
2788
2791
2794
2797
2799
2801
2802
2803
2804
2803
2803
2802
2801
2798
2796
2792
Entalpija
Toplina isparivanja
r = h h
kJ / kg
2205
2200
2194
2188
2183
2168
2154
2139
2124
2108
2092
2076
2059
2043
2026
2008
1990
1971
1952
1932
1913
1892
1871
1849
1826
1804
1780
1756
1731
1705
1678
1650
1622
s
kJ / kg K
1.5169
1.5386
1.5600
1.5814
1.6027
1.6555
1.7078
1.7597
1.8112
1.8623
1.9125
1.9628
2.0122
2.0616
2.1101
2.1585
2.2069
2.2550
2.3023
2.3496
2.3965
2.4434
2.4899
2.5364
2.5824
2.6285
2.6745
2.7206
2.7658
2.8119
2.8579
2.9035
2.9488
s
kJ / kg K
7.1402
7.1197
7.0983
7.0778
7.0573
7.0074
6.9589
6.9116
6.8655
6.8203
6.7768
6.7336
6.6918
6.6499
6.6097
6.5699
6.5306
6.4921
6.4544
6.4167
6.3798
6.3430
6.3066
6.2706
6.2346
6.1994
6.1638
6.1282
6.1006
6.0579
6.0223
5.9871
5.9511
Entropija
65
Temperatura zasienja
Tz
tz
o
K
C
545
272
550
277
555
282
560
287
565
292
570
297
575
302
580
307
585
312
590
317
595
322
600
327
605
332
610
337
615
342
620
347
625
352
630
357
635
362
640
367
645
372
647
374
Tlak
P
bar
56.79
61.34
66.16
71.24
76.64
82.35
88.37
94.72
101.4
108.5
115.9
123.7
132.0
140.7
149.8
159.4
169.5
180.1
191.3
203.1
215.6
221.3
Specifini volumen
v
v
m3 / kg
m3 / kg
0.0013080
0.03443
0.0013228
0.03176
0.0013385
0.02915
0.0013550
0.02684
0.0013727
0.02471
0.0013916
0.02275
0.001412
0.02094
0.001434
0.01926
0.001457
0.01771
0.001483
0.01627
0.001511
0.01493
0.001542
0.01368
0.001577
0.01251
0.001615
0.01141
0.001658
0.01037
0.001707
0.009379
0.001764
0.008425
0.001840
0.007499
0.001943
0.00656
0.00208
0.00559
0.00238
0.00440
0.00318
0.00318
h
kJ / kg
1195
1221
1247
1274
1301
1328
1356
1385
1414
1444
1475
1506
1539
1573
1609
1647
1688
1732
1783
1844
1937
2100
h
kJ / kg
2788
2783
2778
2770
2763
2755
2745
2734
2722
2709
2694
2677
2658
2636
2612
2584
2551
2509
2460
2390
2273
2100
Entalpija
Toplina isparivanja
r = h h
kJ / kg
1593
1562
1530
1497
1462
1427
1389
1350
1308
1265
1220
1170
1119
1063
1002
937
863
777
677
546
336
0
s
kJ / kg K
2.9952
3.0405
3.0869
3.1330
3.1799
3.2263
3.2741
3.3218
3.3704
3.4194
3.4696
3.5207
3.5734
3.6270
3.6835
3.7417
3.8037
3.8780
3.9322
4.0411
4.1809
4.4296
s
kJ / kg K
5.9155
5.8791
5.8427
5.8054
5.7673
5.7288
5.6890
5.6484
5.6061
5.5626
5.5169
5.4701
5.4215
5.3692
5.3130
5.2519
5.1837
5.1058
5.0145
4.8940
4.7018
4.4296
Entropija
66
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
kJ / kg
0.0
2538
2575
2594
2613
2651
2688
2726
2764
2783
2803
2841
2880
2918
2958
2977
2997
3037
3077
3117
3157
3178
3198
3239
3280
3322
3364
3385
3406
3448
3491
3533
3576
3598
3619
3663
3707
m3 / kg
0.0010002
137.9
147.3
152.0
156.8
166.2
175.6
185.0
194.4
199.1
203.8
213.2
222.7
232.1
241.5
246.2
250.9
260.3
269.7
279.1
288.6
293.3
298.0
307.4
316.8
326.2
335.6
340.3
345.0
354.4
363.8
373.2
381.6
387.3
392.0
401.4
410.8
0.0000
9.0627
9.1850
9.2461
9.3035
9.4136
9.5174
9.6162
9.7104
9.7561
9.8009
9.8875
9.9709
10.0513
10.1287
10.1664
10.2037
10.2765
10.3473
10.4155
10.4821
10.5147
10.5470
10.6110
10.6726
10.7333
10.7932
10.8225
10.8518
10.9091
10.9656
11.0213
11.0762
11.1030
11.1294
11.1817
11.2323
kJ / kg K
0.0010002
68.93
73.65
76.01
78.36
83.07
87.78
92.49
97.20
99.55
101.91
106.61
111.32
116.02
120.72
123.07
125.43
130.13
134.84
139.55
144.25
146.60
148.96
153.67
158.37
163.1
167.8
170.2
172.5
177.2
181.9
186.6
191.3
193.6
196.0
200.7
205.4
m3 / kg
0.0
2357
2574
2593
2612
2650
2688
2726
2764
2783
2802
2841
2879
2918
2957
2977
2996
3036
3076
3116
3157
3177
3198
3232
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3490
3533
3575
3598
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
0.0000
8.7446
8.8639
8.7333
8.9798
9.0903
9.1950
9.2938
9.3884
9.4340
9.4788
9.5658
9.6487
9.7287
9..8065
9.8446
9.8819
9.9543
10.0251
10.0937
10.1603
10.1929
10.2251
10.2884
10.3507
10.4114
10.4713
10.5010
10.5303
10.5876
10.6437
10.7028
10.7543
10.7810
10.8074
10.8597
10.9116
kJ / kg K
0.0010002
0.0010018
49.08
50.65
52.22
55.36
58.50
61.64
64.78
66.35
67.92
71.06
74.20
77.34
80.48
82.05
83.62
86.76
89.90
93.03
96.17
97.73
99.30
102.44
105.58
108.72
111.86
113.42
114.99
118.30
121.26
124.40
127.54
129.11
130.68
133.82
136.95
m3 / kg
0.0
84
2574
2593
2612
2650
2688
2726
2764
2783
2802
2841
2879
2918
2957
2977
2996
3036
3076
3116
3157
3177
3198
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3404
3447
3489
3532
3575
3597
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
0.0000
0.2964
8.6759
8.7333
8.7906
8.9032
9.0070
9.1058
9.2008
9.2465
9.2912
9.3779
9.4612
9.5416
9.6190
9.6571
9.6944
9.7672
9.8375
9.9069
9.9731
10.0058
10.0388
10.1046
10.1640
10.2247
10.2842
10.3139
10.3432
10.4005
10.4566
10.5123
10.5671
10.5939
10.6203
10.6726
10.7241
kJ / kg K
0.0010002
0.0010018
36.79
37.98
39.16
41.51
43.87
46.23
48.58
49.76
50.94
53.28
55.64
57.99
60.34
61.52
62.70
65.05
67.41
69.76
72.12
73.30
74.47
76.82
79.18
81.53
83.88
85.06
86.23
88.59
90.94
93.30
95.65
96.83
98.00
100.36
102.71
m3 / kg
0.0
84
2574
2593
2612
2650
2688
2727
2764
2783
2803
2841
2880
2918
2958
2977
2997
3037
3077
3117
3157
3178
3198
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3447
3533
3576
3598
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
VODA (vrijednosti iznad debele vodoravne crte) I PREGRIJANA VODENA PARA (vrijednosti ispod debele vodoravne crte)
p = 0.0098 bar
p = 0.0196 bar
p = 0.0294 bar
p = 0.0392 bar
v
h
s
v
h
s
v
h
s
v
h
s
0.0000
0.2964
8.5461
8.6035
8.6600
8.7709
8.8756
8.9748
9.0690
9.1147
9.1595
9.2465
9.3299
9.4103
9.4877
9.5258
9.5631
9.6359
9.7067
9.7749
9.8415
9.8746
9.9072
9.9909
10.0328
10.0940
10.1538
10.1831
10.2120
10.2698
10.3263
10.3816
10.4364
10.4632
10.4900
10.5424
10.5939
67
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 0.049 bar
h
kJ / kg
0.0
84
2547
2593
2612
2650
2688
2726
2764
2783
2803
2841
2880
2918
2958
2977
2997
3036
3076
3117
3157
3177
3198
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3490
3533
3576
3598
3619
3663
3707
m3 / kg
0.0010002
0.0010018
29.42
30.36
31.31
33.19
35.08
36.96
38.85
39.79
40.73
42.62
44.50
48.39
48.27
49.21
50.51
52.04
53.92
55.80
57.69
58.63
59.57
61.46
63.33
65.21
67.09
68.03
68.98
70.86
72.74
74.68
76.51
77.45
78.40
80.28
82.17
0.0000
0.2964
8.4423
8.5005
8.5574
8.6679
8.7726
8.8718
8.9660
9.0117
9.0565
9.1436
9.2273
9.3077
9.3847
9.4224
9.6601
9.5329
9.6037
9.6723
9.7389
9,7720
9.8046
9.8679
9.9298
9.9910
10.0508
10.0801
10.1094
10.1668
10.2229
10.2786
10.3334
10.3602
10.3866
10.4394
10.4909
kJ / kg K
s
0.0010002
0.0010018
24.50
25.29
26.08
27.65
29.23
30.80
37.37
33.15
33.94
35.51
37.08
38.65
40.22
41.00
41.79
43.36
44.93
46.50
48.00
48.85
49.64
51.20
52.78
54.35
55.92
56.70
57.48
59.05
60.62
62.18
63.76
64.55
65.34
66.90
68.47
m3 / kg
v
0.0
84
2574
2593
2612
2650
2688
2726
2764
2783
2803
2841
2880
2918
2958
2977
2997
3036
3076
3117
3157
3177
3198
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3490
3533
3576
3598
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
p = 0.0588 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
8.3598
8.4163
8.4728
8.5829
8.6880
8.7873
8.8819
8.9275
8.9723
9.0594
9.1431
9.2235
9.3006
9.3382
9.3755
9.4488
9.5195
9.5878
9.6543
9.6874
9.7201
9.7837
9.8457
9.9068
9.9667
9.9960
10.0253
10.0827
10.1392
10.1944
10.2493
10.2761
10.3025
10.3558
10.4067
kJ / kg K
s
0.0
83.736
2574
2593
2612
2650
2688
2726
2764
2783
2803
2841
2880
2918
2958
2977
2997
3036
3076
3117
3157
3177
3198
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3490
3533
3576
3598
3620
3663
3707
kJ / kg
p = 0.0686 bar
h
0.0010002
0.0010018
21.00
21.68
22.36
23.71
25.06
26.40
27.75
28.42
29.09
30.43
31.78
33.12
34.47
35.14
35.82
37.16
38.51
39.85
41.20
41.87
42.54
43.89
45.23
46.58
47.92
48.59
49.26
50.61
51.96
53.30
54.65
55.32
56.00
57.35
58.69
m3 / kg
v
0.0000
0.2964
8.2886
8.3460
8.4025
8.5122
8.6169
8.7161
8.8111
8.8568
8.9016
8.9882
9.0715
9.1519
9.2298
9.2675
9.3047
9.3776
9.4484
9.5170
9.5836
9.6168
9.6489
9.7125
9.7745
9.3852
9.9851
9.9248
9.9541
10.0115
10.0680
10.1233
10.1781
10.2049
10.2313
10.2840
10.3355
kJ / kg K
s
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
18.97
19.56
20.74
21.92
23.10
24.28
24.87
25.46
26.64
27.82
28.99
30.17
30.76
31.35
32.52
33.70
34.88
36.05
36.64
37.23
38.41
39.59
40.76
41.94
42.53
43.12
44.30
45.47
46.65
47.82
48.41
49.00
50.18
51.35
m3 / kg
v
0.0
83.736
164.472
2592
2612
2650
2688
2726
2764
2783
2802
2841
2880
2918
2957
2977
2996
3036
3076
3117
3157
3177
3198
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3490
3533
3576
3598
3620
3663
3707
kJ / kg
p = 0.0784 bar
h
s
68
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
8.2827
8.3397
8.4502
8.5545
8.6537
8.7487
8.7944
8.8392
8.9258
9.0092
9.0900
9.1678
9.2055
9.2428
9.3152
9.3860
9.4546
9.5216
9.5547
9.5869
9.6502
9.7125
9.7732
9.8331
9.8624
9.8917
9.9495
10.0060
10.0613
10.1161
10.1429
10.1697
10.2225
10.2740
kJ / kg K
273.15
293.15
313.15
323.15
333.15
353.15
373.15
393.15
413.15
423.15
433.15
453.15
473.15
493.15
513.15
523.15
533.15
553.15
573.15
593.15
613.15
623.15
633.15
653.15
673.15
693.15
713.15
723.15
733.15
753.15
773.15
793.15
813.15
823.15
833.15
853.15
873.15
0
20
40
50
60
80
100
120
140
150
160
180
200
220
240
250
260
280
300
320
340
350
360
380
400
420
440
450
460
480
500
520
540
550
560
580
600
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
0.0
84
167.472
2592
2612
2650
2688
2726
2764
2783
2802
2841
2879
2918
2957
2977
2996
3036
3076
3117
3157
3177
3198
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3490
3533
3576
3598
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
m3 / kg
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
16.85
17.38
18.43
19.48
20.53
21.58
22.10
22.62
23.67
24.72
25.77
26.81
27.34
27.86
28.91
29.95
31.00
32.05
32.57
33.09
34.14
35.19
36.23
37.28
37.80
38.32
39.37
40.42
41.46
42.51
43.04
43.56
44.60
45.65
p = 0.0883 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
8.2283
8.2853
8.3954
8.5000
8.5993
8.6943
8.7399
8.7847
8.8714
8.9547
9.0355
9.1134
9.1511
9.1884
9.2608
9.3315
9.4006
9.4672
9.4998
9.5321
9.5957
9.6581
9.7192
9.7791
9.8084
9.8377
9.8951
9.9516
10.0069
10.0617
10.0885
10.1153
10.1681
10.2196
kJ / kg
K
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
15.16
15.64
16.58
17.53
18.47
19.42
19.89
20.36
21.30
22.24
23.19
24.19
24.60
25.07
26.02
26.96
27.90
28.84
29.31
29.78
30.72
31.67
32.61
33.55
34.02
34.49
35.43
36.38
37.32
38.26
38.73
39.20
40.14
41.08
m3 / kg
0.0
84
167.472
2592
2612
2649
2688
2726
2764
2783
2802
2841
2879
2918
2957
2977
2996
3036
3076
3117
3157
3177
3198
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3491
3533
3576
3598
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
p = 0.098 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
8.1798
8.2363
8.3464
8.4515
8.5507
8.6453
8.6910
8.7358
8.8228
8.9066
8.9870
9.0644
9.1025
9.1398
9.2122
9.2830
9.3521
9.4190
9.4517
9.4839
9.5476
9.6100
9.6707
9.7301
9.7598
9.7892
9.8469
9.9035
9.9587
10.0132
10.0399
10.0667
10.1195
10.1710
kJ / kg K
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
0.0010121
10.46
11.10
11.73
12.32
12.99
13.31
13.63
14.26
14.89
15.52
16.15
16.47
16.78
17.42
18.05
18.67
19.31
19.62
19.94
20.57
21.20
21.83
22.46
22.78
23.08
23.72
24.35
24.98
25.61
25.93
26.24
26.98
27.51
m3 / kg
0.0
83.736
167
209
2610
2648
2687
2725
2763
2782
2801
2840
2879
2917
2956
2976
2996
3036
3076
3116
3156
3177
3197
3238
3279
3321
3363
3384
3404
3447
3489
3532
3575
3597
3619
3662
3706
kJ / kg
p = 0.147 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7030
8.0476
8.1581
8.2632
8.3620
8.4486
8.5026
8.5478
8.6345
8.7178
8.7986
8.8764
8.9141
8.9509
9.0238
9.0949
9.1640
9.2305
9.2632
9.2954
9.3595
9.4218
9.4825
9.5420
9.5717
9.6010
9.6588
9.7157
9.7718
9.8266
9.8534
9.8798
9.9317
9.9828
kJ / kg K
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
0.0010121
7.792
8.277
8.752
8.226
9.699
9.936
10.172
10.645
11.118
11.591
12.063
12.299
12.535
13.007
13.478
13.949
14.420
14.656
14.891
15.362
15.833
16.30
16.77
17.00
17.23
17.70
18.19
18.64
19.11
19.35
19.60
20.07
20.54
m3 / kg
0.0
83.736
167.472
209.340
2609
2648
2687
2725
2763
2782
2801
2840
2879
2918
2957
2976
2996
3036
3076
3117
3157
3177
3198
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3490
3533
3576
3598
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
p = 0.196 bar
h
s
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7030
7.9143
8.0244
8.1295
8.2292
8.3242
8.3698
8.4146
8.5017
8.5855
8.6658
8.7441
8.7822
8.8195
8.8919
8.9635
9.0322
9.0988
9.1314
9.1636
9.2277
9.2901
9.3508
9.4103
9.4400
9.4693
9.5271
9.5840
9.6401
9.6950
9.7217
9.7481
9.8000
9.8511
69
kJ / kg K
273.15
293.15
313.15
323.15
333.15
353.15
373.15
393.15
413.15
423.15
433.15
453.15
473.15
493.15
513.15
523.15
533.15
553.15
573.15
593.15
613.15
623.15
633.15
653.15
673.15
693.15
713.15
723.15
733.15
753.15
773.15
793.15
813.15
823.15
833.15
853.15
873.15
0
20
40
50
60
80
100
120
140
150
160
180
200
220
240
250
260
280
300
320
340
350
360
380
400
420
440
450
460
480
500
520
540
550
560
580
600
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
0.0
84
168
209
251
2646
2685
2724
2763
2782
2811
2840
2878
2917
2956
2976
2996
3036
3076
3116
3157
3177
3198
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3490
3533
3576
3598
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
m3 / kg
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
0.0010121
0.0010171
5.507
5.826
6.143
6.459
6.617
6.776
7.092
7.407
7.722
8.038
8.195
8.352
8.667
8.983
9.298
9.612
9.769
9.926
10.240
10.554
10.868
11.182
11.339
11.496
11.810
12.124
12.438
12.752
12.909
13.066
13.380
13.693
p = 0.294 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7030
0.8307
7.8348
7.9403
8.0403
8.1354
8.1814
8.2262
8.3133
8.3979
8.4789
8.5561
8.5942
8.6315
8.7044
8.7751
8.8442
8.9116
8.9447
8.9769
9.0401
9.1025
9.1636
9.2235
9.2532
9.2826
9.3403
9.3973
9.4534
9.5078
9.5346
9.5610
9.6129
9.6640
kJ / kg
K
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
0.0010121
0.0010171
4.123
4.365
4.604
4.842
4.961
5.079
5.317
5.553
5.790
6.026
6.145
6.263
6.500
6.736
6.971
7.207
7.325
7.443
7.679
7.916
8.151
8.387
8.505
8.623
8.858
9.093
9.329
9.564
9.682
9.799
10.034
10.269
m3 / kg
0.0
84
168
209
251
2645
2684
2723
2761
2781
2800
2839
2878
2917
2956
2976
2996
3036
3076
3116
3156
3177
3197
3238
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3490
3533
3576
3598
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
p = 0.392 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8307
7.6991
7.8067
7.9076
8.0035
8.0495
8.0948
8.1818
8.2656
8.3460
8.4238
8.4619
8.4992
8.5725
8.6432
8.7115
8.7789
8.8120
8.8442
8.9078
8.9702
9.0313
9.0912
9.1209
9.1503
9.2080
9.2646
9.3202
9.3751
9.4019
9.4283
9.4802
9.5313
kJ / kg K
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
0.0010121
0.0010171
0.0010290
3.487
3.679
3.870
3.965
4.060
4.250
4.440
4.620
4.819
4.913
5.008
5.197
5.387
5.577
5.767
5.861
5.955
6.144
6.333
6.521
6.710
6.804
6.898
7.087
7.275
7.464
7.652
7.746
7.839
8.027
8.215
m3 / kg
0.0
84
168
209
251
335
2683
2722
2760
2780
2799
2838
2877
2917
2955
2975
2995
3035
3076
3116
3156
3177
3197
3239
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3447
3490
3532
3576
3600
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
p = 0.490 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
7.7025
7.8038
7.8988
7.9449
7.9901
8.0780
8.1617
8.2421
8.3204
8.3585
8.3958
8.4691
8.5398
8.6081
8.6755
8.7081
8.7404
8.8044
8.8664
8.9275
8.9878
9.0171
9.0464
9.1042
9.1607
9.2168
9.2717
9.2985
9.3248
9.3772
9.4283
kJ / kg K
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
0.0010121
0.0010171
0.0010290
2.902
3.063
3.223
3.302
3.382
3.540
3.700
3.858
4.016
4.095
4.174
4.331
4.489
4.646
4.804
4.882
4.961
5.118
5.277
5.434
5.591
5.671
5.750
5.906
6.063
6.220
6.376
6.454
6.532
6.689
6.846
m3 / kg
0.0
88
168
209
251
335
2681
2721
2760
2780
2800
2837
2877
2916
2955
2975
2995
3035
3075
3115
3156
3177
3197
3238
3280
3321
3363
3384
3405
3445
3490
3532
3576
3597
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
p = 0.589 bar
h
s
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8307
1.0743
7.6141
7.7171
7.8134
7.8595
7.9047
7.9922
8.0759
8.1571
8.2350
8.2731
8.3104
8.3832
8.4544
8.5239
8.5909
8.6240
8.6562
8.7198
8.7222
8.8434
8.9032
8.9325
8.9618
9.0192
9.0761
9.1318
9.1867
9.2139
9.2407
9.2930
9.3441
70
kJ / kg K
273.15
293.15
313.15
323.15
333.15
353.15
373.15
393.15
413.15
423.15
433.15
453.15
473.15
493.15
513.15
523.15
533.15
553.15
573.15
593.15
613.15
623.15
633.15
653.15
673.15
693.15
713.15
723.15
733.15
753.15
773.15
793.15
813.15
823.15
833.15
853.15
873.15
0
20
40
50
60
80
100
120
140
150
160
180
200
220
240
250
260
280
300
320
340
350
360
380
400
420
440
450
460
480
500
520
540
550
560
580
600
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
0.0
84
167
209
251
335
2680
2720
2759
2779
2798
2837
2876
2916
2955
2975
2995
3035
3075
3115
3156
3177
3197
3238
3279
3321
3362
3383
3404
3447
3490
3532
3576
3597
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
m3 / kg
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
0.0010121
0.0010171
0.0010290
2.484
2.623
2.760
2.828
2.896
3.033
3.169
3.304
3.440
3.508
3.576
3.711
3.847
3.982
4.117
4.184
4.252
4.388
4.522
4.657
4.792
4.859
4.927
5.061
5.196
5.331
5.465
5.532
5.598
5.733
5.867
p = 0.686 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
7.5413
7.6438
7.7406
7.7866
7.8318
7.9198
8.0043
8.0851
8.1638
8.2019
8.2392
8.3121
8.3836
8.4527
8.5197
8.5524
8.5846
8.6487
8.7111
8.7718
8.8316
8.8614
8.8907
8.9480
9.0050
9.0607
9.1155
9.1427
9.1695
9.2218
9.2729
kJ / kg
K
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
0.0010121
0.0010171
0.0010289
2.169
2.292
2.413
2.472
2.532
2.652
2.771
2.890
3.009
3.068
3.127
3.246
3.364
3.482
3.601
3.660
3.720
3.838
3.956
4.074
4.191
4.250
4.309
4.427
4.545
4.663
4.781
4.840
4.898
5.016
5.134
m3 / kg
0.0
84
167
209
251
335
2679
2719
2758
2778
2798
2837
2876
2915
2955
2974
2994
3035
3075
3115
3156
3176
3197
3238
3279
3321
3362
3383
3404
3447
3490
3532
3576
3597
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
p = 0.785 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
7.4772
7.5810
7.6782
7.7246
7.7703
7.8582
7.9428
8.0240
8.1019
8.1400
8.1772
8.2505
8.3217
8.3899
8.4569
8.4900
8.5227
8.5863
8.6487
8.7098
8.7697
8.7990
8.8283
8.8861
8.9430
8.9991
9.0540
9.0812
9.1080
9.1603
9.2114
kJ / kg K
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
0.0010121
0.0010171
0.0010289
1.925
2.035
2.143
2.196
2.249
2.356
2.462
2.568
2.673
2.726
2.779
2.884
2.989
3.095
3.200
3.252
3.305
3.410
3.515
3.620
3.725
3.778
3.830
3.936
4.040
4.145
4.249
4.302
4.354
4.458
4.563
m3 / kg
0.0
83.736
167
209
251
335
2677
2718
2757
2777
2797
2835
2875
2914
2954
2974
2994
3034
3074
3115
3155
3176
3196
3237
3279
3321
3362
3383
3404
3447
3489
3532
3576
3597
3619
3663
3707
kJ / kg
p = 0.882 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
7.4198
7.5249
7.6255
7.6690
7.7146
7.8290
7.8875
7.9687
8.0470
8.0851
8.1224
8.1957
8.2668
8.3351
8.4025
8.4356
8.4682
8.5394
8.5938
8.6545
8.7140
8.7437
8.7730
8.8308
8.8877
8.9438
8.9987
9.0259
9.0527
9.1055
9.1570
kJ / kg K
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010079
0.0010121
0.0010171
0.0010289
1.730
1.830
1.926
1.975
2.023
2.119
2.214
2.310
2.405
2.452
2.500
2.595
2.690
2.784
2.880
2.927
2.975
3.068
3.163
3.257
3.352
3.399
3.446
3.540
3.635
3.729
3.824
3.871
3.918
4.012
4.107
m3 / kg
0.0
84
167
209
251
334
2676
2717
2757
2776
2796
2835
2875
2914
2954
2973
2993
3033
3073
3113
3153
3174
3194
3235
3277
3318
3360
3381
3402
3445
3488
3530
3574
3596
3617
3661
3704
kJ / kg
p = 0.98 bar
h
s
71
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
7.3700
7.4739
7.5710
7.6175
7.6631
7.7519
7.8364
7.9185
7.9972
8.0357
8.0738
8.1479
8.2204
8.2899
8.3573
8.3903
8.4230
8.4871
8.5499
8.6110
8.6704
8.6998
8.7286
8.7860
8.8421
8.8970
8.9570
8.9778
9.0041
9.0556
9.1059
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 1.178 bar
h
kJ / kg
0.0
85
168
210
252
335
420
2716
2755
2776
2795
2835
2874
2914
2953
2973
2993
3033
3073
3113
3154
3174
3195
3236
3277
3319
3361
3382
3403
3445
3488
3531
3574
3596
3618
3661
3705
m3 / kg
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010078
0.0010121
0.0010170
0.0010289
0.0010435
1.521
1.602
1.643
1.683
1.763
1.843
1.923
2.002
2.042
2.082
2.161
2.240
2.320
2.399
2.439
2.478
2.556
2.636
2.713
2.792
2.832
2.871
2.950
3.028
3.107
3.186
3.225
3.265
3.343
3.422
0.0000
0.2964
0.5115
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
1.3067
7.3855
7.4839
7.5308
7.5769
7.6660
7.7514
7.8335
7.9122
7.9503
7.9880
8.0629
8.1354
8.2053
8.2727
8.3058
8.3384
8.4025
8.4649
8.5260
8.5859
8.6152
8.6441
8.7041
8.7579
8.8128
8.8668
8.8936
8.9200
8.9715
9.0217
kJ / kg K
s
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010078
0.0010120
0.0010170
0.0010289
0.0010435
1.300
1.371
1.406
1.440
1.509
1.578
1.647
1.715
1.749
1.783
1.851
1.918
1.987
2.056
2.089
2.123
2.190
2.258
2.325
2.393
2.426
2.460
2.528
2.595
2.662
2.731
2.765
2.798
2.865
2.933
m3 / kg
v
0.0
85
168
210
252
335
420
2714
2754
2774
2794
2834
2873
2913
2953
2972
2992
3033
3073
3113
3154
3174
3195
3236
3277
3319
3361
3382
3403
3445
3488
3531
3574
3596
3618
3661
3705
kJ / kg
p = 1.373 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5115
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
1.3057
7.3106
7.4106
7.4584
7.5044
7.5932
7.6786
7.7607
7.8398
7.8787
7.9268
7.9909
8.0634
8.1333
8.2007
8.2338
8.2664
8.3309
8.3937
8.4548
8.5147
8.5448
8.5729
8.6303
8.6868
8.7416
8.7956
8.8224
8.8488
8.9003
8.9505
kJ / kg K
s
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010078
0.0010120
0.0010170
0.0010289
0.0010435
1.212
1.278
1.311
1.343
1.408
1.472
1.536
1.600
1.632
1.664
1.727
1.791
1.865
1.918
1.950
1.981
2.044
2.107
2.170
2.233
2.264
2.296
2.359
2.422
2.486
2.549
2.580
2.611
2.674
2.737
m3 / kg
v
0.0
85
168
210
252
335
420
2713
2753
2773
2794
2833
2873
2912
2952
2972
2992
3032
3072
3113
3154
3174
3195
3236
3277
3319
3361
3382
3403
3445
3488
3531
3574
3596
3618
3661
3705
kJ / kg
p = 1.471 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5115
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
1.3067
7.2771
7.3780
7.4257
7.4722
7.5614
7.6459
7.7284
7.8080
7.8465
7.8846
7.9587
8.0311
8.1006
8.1680
8.2011
8.2342
8.2991
8.3619
8.4226
8.4825
8.5118
8.5407
8.5980
8.6545
8.7094
8.7634
8.7902
8.8166
8.8681
8.9183
kJ / kg K
s
0.0010002
0.0010018
0.0010078
0.0010120
0.0010170
0.0010289
0.0010435
1.135
1.197
1.228
1.258
1.319
1.379
1.439
1.499
1.529
1.559
1.619
1.678
1.738
1.798
1.828
1.857
1.916
1.975
2.034
2.093
2.123
2.152
2.211
2.270
2.330
2.389
2.418
2.448
2.507
2.566
m3 / kg
v
0.0
85
168
210
252
335
420
2711
2752
2773
2793
2832
2872
2912
2952
2971
2992
3032
3072
3113
3154
3174
3195
3236
3277
3319
3361
3382
3403
3445
3488
3531
3574
3596
3618
3661
3705
kJ / kg
p = 1.57 bar
h
s
72
0.0000
0.2964
0.5115
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
1.3067
7.2457
7.3470
7.3943
7.4404
7.5295
7.6150
7.6979
7.7774
7.8159
7.8540
7.9281
8.0006
8.0705
8.1387
8.1718
8.2045
8.2685
8.3313
8.3929
8.4527
8.4820
8.5109
8.5679
8.6244
8.6792
8.7332
8.7600
8.7864
8.8379
8.8882
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 1.764 bar
h
kJ / kg
0.0
84
167
209
251
335
419
2709
2750
2771
2791
2831
2871
2911
2950
2971
2991
3031
3071
3112
3153
3173
3194
3235
3276
3318
3360
3381
3402
3445
3488
3530
3574
3596
3617
3661
3704
m3 / kg
0.0010001
0.0010018
0.0010078
0.0010120
0.0010170
0.0010289
0.0010435
1.006
1.062
1.089
1.117
1.171
1.225
1.278
1.332
1.358
1.385
1.438
1.491
1.545
1.598
1.624
1.650
1.702
1.755
1.807
1.860
1.886
1.913
1.965
2.018
2.071
2.124
2.150
2.176
2.228
2.281
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
1.3067
7.1871
7.2888
7.3374
7.3843
7.4743
7.5597
7.6417
7.7213
7.7602
7.7983
7.8729
7.9453
8.0156
8.0839
8.1169
8.1496
8.2137
8.2765
8.3380
8.3979
8.4272
8.4565
8.5139
8.5700
8.6248
8.6788
8.7056
8.7320
8.7833
8.8337
kJ / kg K
s
0.0010001
0.0010018
0.0010078
0.0010120
0.0010170
0.0010289
0.0010435
0.9027
0.9545
0.9795
1.003
1.052
1.101
1.149
1.197
1.221
1.245
1.293
1.341
1.389
1.437
1.461
1.485
1.532
1.579
1.626
1.673
1.697
1.721
1.768
1.815
1.864
1.911
1.935
1.958
2.005
2.052
m3 / kg
v
0.0
84
167
209
251
335
419
2707
2749
2769
2790
2829
2870
2910
2950
2970
2990
3030
3070
3111
3153
3173
3194
3235
3276
3318
3360
3381
3402
3445
3488
3530
3574
3596
3617
3661
3704
kJ / kg
p = 1.96 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
1.3067
7.1356
7.2365
7.2855
7.3332
7.4240
7.5090
7.5919
7.6719
7.7108
7.7493
7.8239
7.8955
7.9662
8.0345
8.0680
8.1010
8.1655
8.2274
8.2894
8.3493
8.3786
8.4705
8.4649
8.5214
8.5762
8.6303
8.6570
8.6834
8.7349
8.7852
kJ / kg K
s
0.0010001
0.0010017
0.0010078
0.0010120
0.0010170
0.0010289
0.0010434
0.0010603
0.7597
0.7802
0.8003
0.8399
0.8790
0.9179
0.9567
0.9760
0.9953
1.033
1.077
1.111
1.149
1.168
1.187
1.225
1.262
1.300
1.338
1.357
1.376
1.414
1.453
1.490
1.528
1.547
1.566
1.604
1.642
m3 / kg
v
0.0
84
167
209
251
335
419
504
2745
2766
2786
2827
2867
2907
2947
2968
2988
3029
3070
3110
3151
3172
3192
3234
3276
3318
3360
3381
3402
3444
3487
3530
3573
3595
3616
3660
3704
kJ / kg
p = 2.45 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8307
1.0748
1.3067
1.5269
7.1276
7.1774
7.2256
7.3164
7.4035
7.4808
7.5664
7.6053
7.6434
7.7184
7.7912
7.8620
7.9302
7.9637
7.9968
8.6618
8.1241
8.1856
8.2455
8.2748
8.3041
8.3615
8.4176
8.4724
8.5264
8.5532
8.5796
8.6311
8.6813
kJ / kg K
s
0.0010001
0.0010017
0.0010078
0.0010120
0.0010170
0.0010289
0.0010435
0.0010602
0.6296
0.6472
0.6643
0.6975
0.7304
0.7631
0.7956
0.8119
0.8281
0.8603
0.8923
0.9243
0.9562
0.9722
0.9881
1.020
1.052
1.083
1.115
1.131
1.147
1.179
1.210
1.242
1.273
1.289
1.304
1.336
1.368
m3 / kg
v
0.0
84
167
209
251
335
419
504
2740
2762
2783
2824
2865
2905
2946
2966
2986
3027
3068
3109
3150
3171
3191
3233
3275
3317
3359
3380
3401
3444
3486
3529
3572
3594
3616
3666
3703
kJ / kg
p = 2.94 bar
h
s
73
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7034
0.8302
1.0748
1.3067
1.5269
7.0347
7.0866
7.1360
7.2277
7.3148
7.3985
7.4793
7.5182
7.5563
7.6313
7.7045
7.7757
7.8448
7.8783
7.9114
7.9763
8.0387
8.1002
8.1601
8.1898
8.2191
8.2765
8.3330
8.3883
8.4423
8.4691
8.4954
8.5469
8.5972
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 3.4 bar
h
kJ / kg
0.4
84
168
209
251
335
419
504
2736
2758
2780
2821
2862
2903
2944
2964
2985
3026
3067
3108
3149
3170
3191
3232
3274
3316
3358
3379
3401
3443
3486
3529
3572
3594
3616
3660
3704
m3 / kg
0.0010001
0.0010017
0.0010078
0.0010119
0.0010169
0.0010288
0.0010434
0.0010602
0.5369
0.5425
0.5675
0.5964
0.6249
0.6532
0.6812
0.6953
0.7092
0.7370
0.7640
0.7920
0.8195
0.8332
0.8469
0.8743
0.9016
0.9288
0.9561
0.9697
0.9833
1.0110
1.0378
1.0648
1.0918
1.1054
1.1129
1.1470
1.1730
0.0000
0.2964
0.5714
0.7028
0.8301
1.0741
1.3060
1.5266
6.9559
7.0074
7.0572
7.1514
7.2397
7.3251
7.4050
7.4440
7.4867
7.5578
7.6311
7.7018
7.7705
7.8040
7.8374
7.9032
7.9664
8.0279
8.0882
8.1179
8.1472
8.2050
8.2615
8.3172
8.3712
8.3980
8.4243
8.4762
8.5277
kJ / kg K
s
0.0010000
0.0010017
0.0010077
0.0010119
0.0010169
0.0010288
0.0010433
0.0010602
0.0010798
0.4806
0.4940
0.5197
0.5448
0.5694
0.5944
0.6067
0.6190
0.6433
0.6676
0.6917
0.7158
0.7278
0.7398
0.7637
0.7875
0.8114
0.8352
0.8471
0.8590
0.8828
0.9066
0.9304
0.9542
0.9660
0.9779
1.0016
1.0252
m3 / kg
v
0.4
84
167
209
251
335
419
504
589
2754
2776
2818
2859
2901
2942
2962
2983
3024
3065
3107
3148
3169
3189
3231
3273
3315
3358
3379
3400
3443
3485
3529
3572
3594
3616
3659
3703
kJ / kg
p = 3.92 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7030
0.8302
1.0743
1.3063
1.5265
1.7375
6.9388
6.9907
7.0870
7.7158
7.2603
7.3416
7.3813
7.4203
7.4960
7.5693
7.6401
7.7092
7.7431
7.7761
7.8410
7.9043
7.9658
8.0261
8.0558
8.0851
8.1425
8.1990
8.2543
8.3083
8.3351
8.3615
8.4130
8.4636
kJ / kg K
s
0.0010000
0.0010017
0.0010077
0.0010119
0.0010169
0.0010288
0.0010433
0.0010601
0.0010797
0.4251
0.4374
0.4605
0.4821
0.5055
0.5276
0.5386
0.5496
0.5713
0.5929
0.6145
0.6360
0.6467
0.6575
0.6787
0.7000
0.7213
0.7372
0.7532
0.7637
0.7849
0.8060
0.8272
0.8798
0.8588
0.8694
0.8905
0.9116
m3 / kg
v
0.4
84
168
209
251
335
419
504
589
2750
2772
2815
2857
2898
2939
2960
2981
3023
3065
3106
3147
3168
3189
3231
3273
3314
3357
3378
3399
3442
3485
3528
3571
3593
3615
3659
3703
kJ / kg
p = 4.41 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5714
0.7028
0.8301
1.0741
1.3060
1.5262
1.7372
6.8768
6.9291
7.0270
7.1162
7.2267
7.2836
7.3234
7.3623
7.4385
7.5122
7.5834
7.6524
7.6859
7.7194
7.7851
7.8487
7.9107
7.9710
8.0032
8.0300
8.0874
8.1443
8.2000
8.2540
8.2812
8.3075
8.3594
8.4109
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009999
0.0010016
0.0010077
0.0010119
0.0010168
0.0010287
0.0010433
0.0010601
0.0010797
0.0010906
0.3917
0.4129
0.4334
0.4537
0.4736
0.4836
0.4935
0.5131
0.5327
0.5521
0.5715
0.5812
0.5908
0.6101
0.6294
0.6485
0.6676
0.6772
0.6867
0.7058
0.7248
0.7439
0.7629
0.7724
0.7819
0.8009
0.8198
m3 / kg
v
0.4
84
168
209
251
335
419
504
589
632
2769
2812
2854
2896
2937
2958
2979
3021
3062
3104
3146
3167
3188
3230
3272
3314
3356
3377
3398
3441
3484
3527
3570
3592
3614
3657
3701
kJ / kg
p = 4.9 bar
h
s
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7030
0.8302
1.0743
1.3063
1.5265
1.7375
1.8401
6.8747
6.9748
7.0652
7.1506
7.2335
7.2737
7.3131
7.3893
7.4634
7.5346
7.6036
7.6376
7.6711
7.7364
7.8000
7.8620
7.9218
7.9516
7.9809
8.0387
8.0952
8.1504
8.2049
8.2317
8.2580
8.3095
8.3602
74
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 5.88 bar
h
kJ / kg
0.4
84
187
209
251
335
419
504
589
632
2760
2803
2849
2892
2934
2955
2975
3017
3059
3101
3144
3165
3186
3228
3270
3312
3355
3376
3397
3440
3482
3526
3570
3591
3613
3657
3701
m3 / kg
0.0009999
0.0010016
0.0010077
0.0010118
0.0010168
0.0010287
0.0010432
0.0010601
0.0010797
0.0010906
0.3232
0.3416
0.3591
0.3763
0.3932
0.4016
0.4099
0.4264
0.4428
0.4591
0.4753
0.4834
0.4915
0.5077
0.5237
0.5398
0.5558
0.5637
0.5717
0.5876
0.6036
0.6194
0.6352
0.6432
0.6512
0.6671
0.6829
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7030
0.8302
1.0743
1.3063
1.5265
1.7375
1.8401
6.7768
6.8793
6.9731
7.0606
7.1444
7.1845
7.2939
7.3009
7.3750
7.4466
7.5166
7.5509
7.5844
7.6497
7.7129
7.7753
7.8360
7.8657
7.8950
7.9532
8.0098
8.0650
8.1195
8.1463
8.1726
8.2241
8.2748
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009999
0.0010015
0.0010076
0.0010118
0.0010168
0.0010286
0.0010432
0.0010600
0.0010796
0.0010904
0.0011020
0.2906
0.3059
0.3209
0.3356
0.3429
0.3501
0.3644
0.3785
0.3926
0.4066
0.4136
0.4206
0.4345
0.4483
0.4621
0.4759
0.4828
0.4896
0.5033
0.5169
0.5306
0.5442
0.5510
0.5579
0.5715
0.5851
m3 / kg
v
0.8
84
168
210
255
335
419
504
589
632
675
2800
2844
2888
2930
2951
2972
3014
3057
3099
3141
3162
3183
3226
3268
3311
3354
3375
3396
3439
3482
3525
3569
3591
3612
3656
3700
kJ / kg
p = 6.86 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7030
0.8302
1.0743
1.3063
1.5265
1.7375
1.8397
1.9414
6.7973
6.8944
6.9836
7.0682
7.1092
7.1490
7.2264
7.3009
7.3725
7.4425
7.4768
7.5107
7.5769
7.6409
7.7033
7.7640
7.7937
7.8230
7.8812
7.9378
7.9930
8.0474
8.0749
8.1006
8.1530
8.2036
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009999
0.0010013
0.0010076
0.0010118
0.0010167
0.0010286
0.0010431
0.0010600
0.0010795
0.001094
0.0011020
0.2524
0.2662
0.2795
0.2925
0.2990
0.3054
0.3180
0.3305
0.3429
0.3552
0.3613
0.3674
0.3796
0.3918
0.4039
0.4159
0.4219
0.4280
0.4400
0.4519
0.4639
0.4757
0.4819
0.4879
0.4998
0.5117
m3 / kg
v
0.8
84
168
210
252
335
419
503
589
632
675
2794
2839
2883
2926
2948
2969
3012
3054
3096
3139
3161
3182
3224
3267
3310
3352
3373
3395
3437
3481
3524
3568
3590
3611
3655
3699
kJ / kg
p = 7.85 bar
h
0.0000
0.2964
0.5715
0.7030
0.8302
1.0743
1.3059
1.5265
1.7371
1.8397
1.9410
6.7253
6.8245
6.9153
7.0012
7.0422
7.0824
7.1603
7.2356
7.3081
7.3784
7.4127
7.4466
7.5132
7.5777
7.6401
7.7008
7.7305
7.7598
7.8180
7.8745
7.9302
7.9846
8.0114
8.0378
8.0902
8.1412
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009997
0.0010013
0.0010075
0.0010117
0.0010167
0.0010285
0.0010431
0.0010599
0.0010795
0.0010903
0.0011019
0.2226
0.2353
0.2472
0.2589
0.2647
0.2704
0.2818
0.2930
0.3040
0.3150
0.3205
0.3260
0.3369
0.3477
0.3586
0.3693
0.3747
0.3800
0.3907
0.4014
0.4121
0.4227
0.4280
0.4334
0.4441
0.4546
m3 / kg
v
0.8
84
168
210
252
335
419
504
589
632
675
2786
2833
2878
2922
2944
2966
3009
3051
3094
3137
3158
3179
3222
3265
3308
3351
3372
3393
3437
3480
3524
3567
3589
3611
3654
3699
kJ / kg
p = 8.82 bar
h
s
75
0.0000
0.2960
0.5711
0.7030
0.8302
1.0739
1.3059
1.5261
1.7371
1.8397
1.9410
6.6591
6.7604
6.8534
6.9405
6.9827
7.0238
7.1025
7.1778
7.2507
7.3215
7.3562
7.3901
7.4567
7.5207
7.5840
7.6447
7.6747
7.7045
7.7627
7.8197
7.8754
7.9258
7.9566
7.9830
8.0353
8.0864
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 9.81 bar
h
kJ / kg
1
54
169
210
252
336
420
505
590
633
676
2780
2828
2875
2920
2941
2963
3006
3048
3092
3135
3157
3178
3221
3264
3307
3350
3371
3393
3436
3479
3523
3566
3588
3610
3654
3690
m3 / kg
0.0009997
0.0010014
0.0010075
0.0010117
0.0010166
0.0010285
0.0010430
0.0010599
0.0010794
0.0010902
0.0011018
0.1987
0.2103
0.2214
0.2321
0.2374
0.2426
0.2529
0.2630
0.2731
0.2829
0.2879
0.2929
0.3028
0.3126
0.3223
0.3320
0.3369
0.3417
0.3513
0.3609
0.3706
0.3802
0.3851
0.3899
0.3994
0.4088
0.0000
0.2960
0.5711
0.7025
0.8298
1.0739
1.3059
1.5261
1.7371
1.8397
1.9406
6.5984
6.7022
6.7977
6.8869
6.9296
6.9710
7.0502
7.1255
7.1988
7.2704
7.3051
7.3395
7.4064
7.4705
7.5337
7.5944
7.6246
7.6543
7.7125
7.7699
7.8255
7.8800
7.9068
7.9331
8.9855
8.0366
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009996
0.0010013
0.0010074
0.0010116
0.0010165
0.0010284
0.0010429
0.0010598
0.0010793
0.0010901
0.0011017
0.0011273
0.1728
0.1825
0.1918
0.1963
0.2007
0.2095
0.2181
0.2265
0.2348
0.2390
0.2432
0.2515
0.2598
0.2679
0.2761
0.2801
0.2842
0.2922
0.3003
0.3084
0.3164
0.3205
0.3245
0.3326
0.3405
m3 / kg
v
2
85
198
210
253
336
420
505
590
633
676
764
2818
2866
2912
2934
2956
3000
3043
3087
3131
3152
3174
3217
3261
3303
3347
3369
3396
3434
3478
3521
3565
3586
3586
3608
3697
kJ / kg
p = 11.77 bar
h
0.0000
0.2960
0.5711
0.7025
0.8298
1.0739
1.3059
1.5261
1.7367
1.8393
1.9406
2.1378
6.5992
6.6989
6.7910
6.8345
6.8768
6.9576
7.0347
7.1088
7.1808
7.2159
7.2503
7.3177
7.3826
7.4458
7.5082
7.5383
7.5681
7.6263
7.6832
7.7389
7.7937
7.8205
7.8469
7.8992
7.9507
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009995
0.0010012
0.0010073
0.0010115
0.0010164
0.0010283
0.0010428
0.0010596
0.0010792
0.0010900
0.0011015
0.0011272
0.1460
0.1547
0.1629
0.1669
0.1708
0.1784
0.1859
0.1933
0.2005
0.2041
0.2077
0.2150
0.2220
0.2291
0.2361
0.2396
0.2431
0.2501
0.2570
0.2639
0.2709
0.2744
0.2779
0.2848
0.2915
m3 / kg
v
2
54
169
210
253
336
420
505
590
633
676
764
2806
2857
2904
2927
2949
2982
3036
3081
3126
3148
3169
3213
3257
3301
3345
3366
3388
3432
3475
3519
3562
3584
3607
3651
3695
kJ / kg
p = 13.73 bar
h
0.0000
0.2960
0.5711
0.7025
0.8298
1.0735
1.3054
1.5257
1.7367
1.8388
1.9402
2.1374
6.5084
6.6135
6.7073
6.7516
6.7948
6.8772
6.9551
7.0305
7.1037
7.1393
7.1741
7.2419
7.3076
7.3717
7.4337
7.4638
7.4935
7.5526
7.6103
7.6664
7.7213
7.7481
7.7745
7.8268
7.8783
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009994
0.0010011
0.0010072
0.0010114
0.0010163
0.0010282
0.0010427
0.0010595
0.0010791
0.0010899
0.0011014
0.0011270
0.0011565
0.1338
0.1411
0.1447
0.1482
0.1551
0.1618
0.1683
0.1747
0.1779
0.1811
0.1875
0.1937
0.2000
0.2062
0.2092
0.2123
0.2184
0.2245
0.2306
0.2367
0.2398
0.2429
0.2489
0.2548
m3 / kg
v
2
86
169
211
253
336
420
505
590
633
676
764
853
2847
2895
2918
2941
2987
3032
3077
3121
3144
3166
3210
3254
3297
3342
3363
3385
3429
3473
3517
3561
3583
3605
3649
3694
kJ / kg
p = 15.7 bar
h
s
0.0000
0.2960
0.5711
0.7025
0.8298
1.0735
1.3054
1.5257
1.7363
1.8388
1.9397
2.1369
2.3287
6.5356
6.6331
6.6784
6.7223
6.8065
6.8860
6.9626
7.0368
7.0729
7.1079
7.1762
7.2427
7.3072
7.3688
7.3993
7.4295
7.4885
7.5463
7.6024
7.6572
7.6940
7.7108
7.7636
7.8155
76
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 17.65 bar
h
kJ / kg
2
86
170
211
253
337
420
505
590
633
676
764
853
2835
2886
2910
2934
2981
3027
3072
3117
3139
3162
3206
3250
3294
3339
3360
3382
3426
3471
3514
3559
3581
3603
3648
3692
m3 / kg
0.0009993
0.0010010
0.0010071
0.0010113
0.0010162
0.0010281
0.0010425
0.0010594
0.0010789
0.0010897
0.0011013
0.0011268
0.0011563
0.1175
0.1242
0.1275
0.1307
0.1369
0.1430
0.1490
0.1548
0.1577
0.1605
0.1661
0.1717
0.1773
0.1829
0.1856
0.1884
0.1938
0.1992
0.2047
0.2101
0.2129
0.2156
0.2210
0.2264
0.0000
0.2960
0.5711
0.7025
0.8296
1.0735
1.3050
1.5257
1.7363
1.8384
1.9397
2.1365
2.3283
6.4636
6.5653
6.6122
6.6570
6.7424
6.8236
6.9015
6.9765
7.0129
7.0485
7.1176
7.1845
7.2494
7.3122
7.3428
7.3730
7.4320
7.4898
7.5463
7.6011
7.6283
7.6551
7.7079
7.7598
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009992
0.0010010
0.0010070
0.0010112
0.0010161
0.0010280
0.0010425
0.0010593
0.0010788
0.0010896
0.0011011
0.0011267
0.0011561
0.1043
0.1108
0.1138
0.1168
0.1225
0.1281
0.1334
0.1386
0.1412
0.1438
0.1491
0.1542
0.1592
0.1642
0.1667
0.1692
0.1741
0.1790
0.1840
0.1888
0.1913
0.1938
0.1987
0.2035
m3 / kg
v
3
86
170
212
252
337
421
505
590
633
676
764
853
2824
2878
2902
2927
2974
3020
3067
3113
3136
3158
3203
3247
3292
3336
3358
3380
3424
3468
3512
3557
3579
3601
3645
3690
kJ / kg
p = 19.62 bar
h
0.0000
0.2960
0.5711
0.7021
0.8294
1.0731
1.3050
1.5253
1.7358
1.8384
1.9393
2.1361
2.3279
6.3974
6.5021
6.5502
6.5967
6.6851
6.7684
6.8471
6.9225
6.9589
6.9949
7.0648
7.1322
7.1971
7.2603
7.2909
7.3210
7.3805
7.4387
7.4952
7.5509
7.5781
7.6049
7.6581
7.7100
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009991
0.0010009
0.0010069
0.0010111
0.0010161
0.0010279
0.0010424
0.0010592
0.0010787
0.0010895
0.0011010
0.0011265
0.0011559
0.09377
0.09978
0.10254
0.10526
0.11058
0.11574
0.12075
0.12564
0.12805
0.13044
0.13517
0.13986
0.14450
0.14909
0.15137
0.15364
0.15817
0.1627
0.1672
0.1716
0.1738
0.1761
0.1805
0.1849
m3 / kg
v
2
86
169
211
253
336
420
505
590
645
676
763
852
2811
2867
2892
2918
2967
3016
3064
3109
3132
3155
3200
3245
3289
3333
3355
3378
3422
3467
3511
3556
3578
3600
3645
3690
kJ / kg
p = 21.58 bar
h
0.0000
0.2955
0.5706
0.7020
0.8292
1.0729
1.3043
1.5250
1.7355
1.8377
1.9385
2.1353
2.3270
6.3343
6.4435
6.4933
6.5405
6.6302
6.7148
6.7951
6.8713
6.9082
6.9446
7.0157
7.0840
7.1497
7.2129
7.2439
7.2744
7.3343
7.3933
7.4507
7.5072
7.5348
7.5620
7.6152
7.6679
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009990
0.0010008
0.0010069
0.0010110
0.0010160
0.0010278
0.0010423
0.0010591
0.0010786
0.0010893
0.0011008
0.0011264
0.0011557
0.0011900
0.09053
0.09322
0.09580
0.10074
0.10549
0.11014
0.11469
0.11693
0.11915
0.12353
0.12486
0.13214
0.13637
0.13847
0.14056
0.14473
0.14888
0.15300
0.15710
0.15915
0.1612
0.1653
0.1693
m3 / kg
v
2.5
86
170
211
253
337
420
505
590
633
676
763
852
944
2857
2884
2910
2961
3011
3059
3105
3128
3151
3196
3241
3286
3331
3353
3375
3420
3465
3509
3554
3577
3599
3643
3689
kJ / kg
p = 23.52 bar
h
s
77
0.0000
0.2955
0.5706
0.7020
0.8292
1.0725
1.3044
1.5245
1.7355
1.8377
1.9385
2.1353
2.3266
2.5158
6.3891
6.4406
6.4891
6.5812
6.6670
6.7483
6.8257
6.8629
6.8998
6.9718
7.0409
7.1066
7.1702
7.2012
7.2317
7.2920
7.3510
7.4088
7.4653
7.4929
7.5201
7.5733
7.6261
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 25.5 bar
h
kJ / kg
3
86
170
211
253
337
421
505
590
633
676
764
853
944
2847
2875
2902
2954
3005
3054
3101
3124
3147
3193
3238
3283
3328
3351
3373
3418
3462
3507
3552
3574
3597
3642
3687
m3 / kg
0.0009989
0.0010007
0.0010068
0.0010110
0.0010159
0.0010277
0.0010422
0.0010590
0.0010785
0.0010892
0.0011007
0.0011262
0.0011555
0.0011897
0.08264
0.08521
0.08767
0.09236
0.09682
0.10115
0.10541
0.10751
0.10959
0.11368
0.11770
0.12167
0.12560
0.12756
0.12951
0.13338
0.13722
0.14103
0.14483
0.14673
0.14862
0.15239
0.15615
0.0000
0.2956
0.5702
0.7020
0.8290
1.0725
1.3044
1.5245
1.7351
1.8372
1.9381
2.1349
2.3266
2.5154
6.3368
6.3895
6.4402
6.5348
6.6227
6.7051
6.7830
6.8207
6.8579
6.9299
6.9998
7.0668
7.1309
7.1622
7.1928
7.2535
7.3125
7.3707
7.4272
7.4548
7.4833
7.5356
7.5884
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009988
0.0010006
0.0010067
0.0010109
0.0010158
0.0010276
0.0010420
0.0010589
0.0010783
0.0010891
0.0011006
0.0011260
0.0011554
0.0011895
0.07581
0.07830
0.08067
0.08515
0.08939
0.09348
0.09747
0.09943
0.10137
0.10520
0.10898
0.11271
0.11639
0.11821
0.12003
0.12364
0.12722
0.13078
0.13332
0.13609
0.13785
0.14136
0.14486
m3 / kg
v
3
86
170
211
254
338
421
506
590
633
676
764
853
944
2836
2865
2893
2947
2999
3048
3096
3119
3142
3188
3235
3280
3325
3348
3371
3416
3461
3505
3550
3573
3595
3641
3686
kJ / kg
p = 27.5 bar
h
0.0000
0.2956
0.5702
0.7017
0.8290
1.0725
1.3042
1.5244
1.7351
1.8372
1.9381
2.1344
2.3262
2.5149
6.2844
6.3410
6.3682
6.4908
3.5804
6.6637
6.7428
6.7813
6.8190
6.8918
6.9617
7.0287
7.0936
7.1250
7.1555
7.2162
7.2761
7.3347
7.3916
7.4214
7.4465
7.5001
7.5528
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009987
0.0010005
0.0010066
0.0010108
0.0010157
0.0010275
0.0010419
0.0010588
0.0010782
0.0010890
0.0011004
0.011259
0.0011552
0.0011892
0.06987
0.07230
0.07459
0.07889
0.08294
0.08680
0.09055
0.09239
0.09421
0.09780
0.1013
0.1048
0.1084
0.1101
0.1118
0.1161
0.1185
0.1218
0.1252
0.1269
0.1285
0.1318
0.1350
m3 / kg
v
3
87
170
212
254
338
421
506
591
634
677
764
853
944
2827
2856
2885
2939
2991
3041
3089
3113
3137
3184
3220
3276
3322
3345
3368
3412
3458
3503
3548
3570
3593
3638
3683
kJ / kg
p = 29.4 bar
h
0.0000
0.2956
0.5702
0.7017
0.8290
1.0722
1.3042
1.5244
1.7350
1.8372
1.9381
2.1344
2.3262
2.5146
6.2383
6.2961
6.3501
6.4498
6.5415
6.6264
6.7068
6.7458
6.7835
6.8563
6.9258
6.9932
7.0581
7.0899
7.1209
7.1816
7.2411
7.2984
7.3545
7.3822
7.4094
7.4630
7.5153
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009986
0.0010004
0.0010065
0.0010107
0.0010156
0.0010275
0.0010418
0.0010587
0.0010781
0.0010888
0.0011003
0.0011257
0.0011550
0.0011890
0.06464
0.06702
0.06925
0.07340
0.07727
0.08096
0.08455
0.08631
0.08804
0.09145
0.09482
0.09814
0.10140
0.10301
0.10461
0.10780
0.11097
0.11411
0.11724
0.11880
0.12035
0.12344
0.12652
m3 / kg
v
3
87
170
212
254
338
421
506
591
634
677
764
853
2944
2815
2845
2875
2931
2986
3038
3085
3110
3134
3181
3228
3274
3320
3343
3365
3411
3456
3502
3547
3569
3592
3637
3683
kJ / kg
p = 31.4 bar
h
s
78
0.0000
0.2956
0.5702
0.7017
0.8284
1.0722
1.3035
1.5244
1.7350
1.8372
1.9373
2.1336
2.3253
2.5137
6.109
6.2505
6.3062
6.4092
6.5025
6.5883
6.6691
6.7081
6.7466
6.8207
6.8914
6.9596
7.0254
7.0572
7.0886
7.1501
7.2100
7.2686
7.3259
7.3540
7.3812
7.4352
7.4883
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 33.4 bar
h
kJ / kg
3
87
170
212
254
337
421
506
591
633
676
764
853
944
2803
2836
2867
2924
2980
3032
3081
3106
3153
3177
3224
3271
3317
3340
3363
3409
3454
3500
3545
3568
3591
3636
3682
m3 / kg
0.0009985
0.0010003
0.0010064
0.0010106
0.0010155
0.0010274
0.0010417
0.0010586
0.0010780
0.0010887
0.0011002
0.0011255
0.0011548
0.0011888
0.05999
0.06234
0.06452
0.06853
0.07227
0.07581
0.07923
0.08090
0.08255
0.08580
0.08899
0.09212
0.09521
0.09674
0.09826
0.10128
0.10428
0.10726
0.11021
0.11168
0.11315
0.11607
0.11897
0.0000
0.2955
0.5702
0.7016
0.8284
1.0720
1.3035
1.5237
1.7343
1.8364
1.9369
2.1332
2.3249
2.5133
6.1446
6.2074
6.2656
6.3703
6.4657
6.5532
6.6356
6.6750
6.7135
6.7880
6.8600
6.9287
6.9944
7.0262
7.0576
7.1191
7.1794
7.2380
7.2954
7.3234
7.3510
7.4055
7.4590
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009984
0.0010003
0.0010063
0.0010105
0.0010154
0.0010273
0.0010416
0.0010585
0.0010779
0.0010885
0.0011000
0.0011254
0.0011546
0.0011885
0.0012288
0.05816
0.06026
0.06419
0.06782
0.07121
0.07449
0.07669
0.07767
0.08077
0.08380
0.08677
0.08972
0.09118
0.09263
0.09549
0.09833
0.10115
0.10395
0.010534
0.10673
0.10949
0.11225
m3 / kg
v
4
87
170
212
254
337
422
506
592
634
676
764
853
944
1037
2826
2858
2917
2973
3026
3077
3101
3125
3173
3221
3268
3314
3337
3360
3406
3452
3497
3543
3566
3589
3634
3680
kJ / kg
p = 35.3 bar
h
0.0000
0.2955
0.5702
0.7013
0.8284
1.0720
1.3034
1.5237
1.7343
1.8364
1.9369
2.1328
2.3245
2.5129
2.6991
6.1656
6.2250
6.3326
6.4301
6.5197
6.6034
6.6432
6.6821
6.7583
6.8303
6.8994
6.9655
6.9973
7.0287
7.0902
7.1505
7.2100
7.2673
7.2954
7.3230
7.3774
7.4314
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009983
0.0010002
0.0010063
0.0010104
0.0010153
0.0010272
0.0010415
0.0010583
0.0010777
0.0010884
0.0010999
0.0011252
0.0011544
0.0011883
0.0012285
0.05438
0.05646
0.06030
0.06383
0.06710
0.07025
0.07178
0.07329
0.07625
0.07916
0.08202
0.08482
0.08620
0.08757
0.09030
0.09301
0.09570
0.09838
0.09968
0.10100
0.10363
0.10624
m3 / kg
v
4
88
171
212
255
338
422
506
591
634
677
764
853
944
1037
2815
2849
2909
2967
3021
3072
3097
3121
3170
3218
3264
3311
3335
3358
3404
3450
3495
3541
3564
3587
3632
3678
kJ / kg
p = 37.3 bar
h
0.0000
0.2955
0.5702
0.7013
0.8284
1.0718
1.3034
1.5236
1.7342
1.8363
1.9364
2.1328
2.3241
2.5124
2.6983
6.1237
6.1857
6.2966
6.3962
6.4875
6.5724
6.6130
6.6524
6.7286
6.8014
6.8709
6.9370
6.9693
7.0007
7.0626
7.1233
7.1828
7.2409
7.2690
7.2966
7.3515
7.4055
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009982
0.0010001
0.0010062
0.0010103
0.0010152
0.0010271
0.0010414
0.0010582
0.0010776
0.0010883
0.0010997
0.0011251
0.0011542
0.0011880
0.0012282
0.05096
0.05302
0.05679
0.06022
0.06338
0.06636
0.06782
0.06927
0.07212
0.07490
0.07763
0.08030
0.08162
0.08293
0.08555
0.08816
0.09074
0.09330
0.09457
0.09584
0.09835
0.1008
m3 / kg
v
5
88
171
213
255
338
422
507
592
634
678
765
853
944
1038
2804
2839
2902
2959
3013
3065
3090
3115
3164
3212
3260
3307
3331
3354
3400
3446
3492
3538
3561
3584
3630
3675
kJ / kg
p = 39.2 bar
h
s
79
0.0004
0.2952
0.5702
0.7013
0.8281
1.0718
1.3034
1.5236
1.7342
1.8363
1.9360
2.1323
2.3236
2.5120
2.6979
6.0834
6.1479
6.2622
6.3644
6.4573
6.5444
6.5854
6.6248
6.7001
6.7730
6.8433
6.9103
6.9430
6.9748
7.0372
7.0979
7.1569
7.2139
7.2415
7.2687
7.3227
7.3759
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 41.2 bar
h
kJ / kg
4
88
171
213
255
338
422
506
591
634
677
764
853
944
1037
1085
2828
2893
2952
3008
3062
3088
3113
3162
3211
3258
3306
3329
3353
3399
3445
3491
3537
3561
3584
3630
3675
m3 / kg
0.0009981
0.0010000
0.0010064
0.0010103
0.0010152
0.0010270
0.0010413
0.0010581
0.0010775
0.0010882
0.0010996
0.0011249
0.0011540
0.0011878
0.0012279
0.0012510
0.04988
0.05360
0.05696
0.06004
0.06296
0.06439
0.06579
0.06853
0.07121
0.07382
0.07639
0.07766
0.07892
0.08142
0.08389
0.08634
0.08877
0.08997
0.09117
0.09336
0.09594
0.0004
0.2951
0.5701
0.7012
0.8280
1.0712
1.3027
1.5233
1.7334
1.8356
1.9360
2.1319
2.3232
2.5116
2.6975
2.7904
6.1086
6.2271
6.3297
6.4268
6.5138
6.5553
6.5959
6.6733
6.7462
6.8165
6.8839
6.9169
6.9496
7.0124
7.0731
7.1329
7.1911
7.2196
7.2476
7.3025
7.3565
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009980
0.0009999
0.0010060
0.0010102
0.0010151
0.0010269
0.0010412
0.0010580
0.0010774
0.0010880
0.0010994
0.0011247
0.0011538
0.0011875
0.0012275
0.0012506
0.04701
0.05069
0.05398
0.05698
0.05981
0.06119
0.06254
0.06519
0.06777
0.07028
0.07275
0.07397
0.07518
0.07758
0.07995
0.08230
0.08462
0.08577
0.08692
0.08921
0.09150
m3 / kg
v
5
88
171
213
255
338
422
506
591
634
677
764
853
944
1037
1085
2817
2884
2944
3002
3056
3038
3108
3158
3207
3255
3303
3326
3350
3397
3443
3489
3535
3559
3582
3628
3674
kJ / kg
p = 43.2 bar
h
0.0004
0.2951
0.5697
0.7007
0.8280
1.0712
1.3027
1.5229
1.7334
1.8356
1.9356
2.1315
2.3228
2.5112
2.6970
2.7900
6.0710
6.1936
6.3016
6.3983
6.4862
6.5281
6.5687
6.6469
6.7210
6.7918
6.8600
6.8931
6.9257
6.9889
7.0501
7.1099
7.1681
7.1966
7.2246
7.2799
7.3339
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009979
0.0009998
0.0010059
0.0010101
0.0010150
0.0010268
0.0010411
0.0010579
0.0010772
0.0010879
0.0010993
0.0011246
0.0011536
0.0011783
0.0012272
0.0012502
0.04437
0.04804
0.05127
0.05419
0.05694
0.05827
0.05958
0.06214
0.06462
0.06705
0.06943
0.07060
0.07177
0.07408
0.07635
0.07860
0.08084
0.08195
0.08305
0.08525
0.08743
m3 / kg
v
5
88
171
213
255
338
422
507
591
634
677
764
853
944
1037
1085
2806
2875
2937
2996
3051
3078
3104
3154
3204
3253
3300
3324
3347
3394
3441
3487
3534
3557
3580
3626
3672
kJ / kg
p = 45.1 bar
h
0.0004
0.2951
0.5697
0.7007
0.8280
1.0712
1.3023
1.5229
1.7330
1.8351
1.9356
2.1311
2.3224
2.5108
2.6966
2.7887
6.0345
6.1614
6.2715
6.3694
6.4590
6.5017
6.5427
6.6218
6.6968
6.7683
6.8370
6.8705
6.9031
6.9668
7.0316
7.0882
7.1463
7.1748
7.2003
7.2581
7.3121
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009978
0.0009997
0.0010058
0.0010100
0.0010149
0.0010267
0.0010410
0.0010578
0.0010771
0.0010878
0.0010992
0.0011244
0.0011534
0.0011871
0.0012270
0.0012499
0.0012755
0.04538
0.04877
0.05163
0.05430
0.05560
0.05687
0.05934
0.06174
0.06409
0.06638
0.06751
0.06863
0.07085
0.07305
0.07522
0.07737
0.07844
0.07950
0.08167
0.08371
m3 / kg
v
5
88
172
213
255
338
423
507
592
635
677
765
853
944
1037
1085
1135
2867
2931
2990
3047
3073
3099
3150
3200
3249
3297
3337
3345
3392
3439
3485
3532
3555
3578
3624
3671
kJ / kg
p = 47.1 bar
h
s
80
0.0004
0.2951
0.5697
0.7007
0.8276
1.0708
1.3023
1.5224
1.7330
1.8351
1.9352
2.1311
2.3224
2.5103
2.6958
2.7887
2.8825
6.1287
6.2422
6.3418
6.4326
6.4757
6.5172
6.5967
6.6729
6.7449
6.8144
6.8479
6.8809
6.9450
7.0065
7.0672
7.1254
7.1539
7.1819
7.2372
7.2912
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 49 bar
h
kJ / kg
5
88
172
213
255
339
422
507
592
635
677
764
853
944
1037
1086
1135
2858
2924
2983
3039
3065
3090
3143
3194
3243
3292
3316
3400
3387
3434
3481
3528
3551
3575
3621
3667
m3 / kg
0.0009977
0.0009997
0.0010057
0.0010099
0.0010148
0.0010266
0.0010409
0.0010577
0.0010770
0.0010877
0.0010990
0.0011243
0.0011532
0.0011868
0.0012266
0.0012459
0.0012751
0.04330
0.04646
0.04927
0.05186
0.05310
0.05432
0.05671
0.05904
0.06130
0.06352
0.06462
0.06571
0.06786
0.06999
0.07208
0.07416
0.07519
0.07622
0.07827
0.08029
0.0004
0.2952
0.5698
0.7009
0.8277
1.0710
1.3025
1.5227
1.7333
1.8351
1.9351
2.1311
2.3224
2.5104
2.6959
2.7888
2.8826
6.0977
6.2140
6.3166
6.4092
6.4527
6.4946
6.5745
6.6507
6.7227
6.7918
6.8253
6.8580
6.9216
6.9840
7.0435
7.1012
7.1297
7.1578
7.2126
7.2666
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009975
0.0009995
0.0010056
0.0010097
0.0010146
0.0010264
0.0010407
0.0010575
0.0010768
0.0010874
0.0010987
0.0011239
0.0011527
0.0011863
0.0012259
0.0012486
0.0012741
0.03831
0.04140
0.04411
0.04659
0.04776
0.04891
0.05115
0.05332
0.05543
0.05748
0.05849
0.05948
0.06146
0.06341
0.06534
0.06724
0.06818
0.06912
0.07098
0.07283
m3 / kg
v
5
89
172
214
255
339
423
507
592
635
679
765
854
944
1037
1086
1134
2829
2905
2968
3028
3056
3083
3137
3188
3238
3287
3311
3435
3384
3431
3478
3525
3549
3572
3619
3665
kJ / kg
p = 53.9 bar
h
0.0004
0.2947
0.5693
0.7003
0.8272
1.0704
1.3018
1.5220
1.7322
1.8343
1.9344
2.1298
2.3211
2.5091
2.6945
2.7870
2.8804
6.0182
6.1430
6.2518
6.3477
6.3929
6.4347
6.5176
6.5950
6.6687
6.7399
6.7696
6.8073
6.8722
6.9354
6.9969
7.0563
7.0852
7.1141
7.1694
7.2238
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009972
0.0009992
0.0010053
0.0010093
0.0010144
0.0010262
0.0010404
0.0010572
0.0010764
0.0010870
0.0010984
0.0011235
0.0011522
0.0011857
0.0012251
0.0012478
0.0012729
0.03405
0.03711
0.03976
0.04213
0.04324
0.04432
0.04642
0.04845
0.05052
0.05233
0.05327
0.05420
0.05604
0.05785
0.05962
0.06138
0.06227
0.06315
0.06488
0.06658
m3 / kg
v
5
89
172
214
255
339
423
507
592
635
678
765
854
944
1037
1086
1134
2809
2885
2952
3013
3041
3069
3124
3176
3228
3277
3301
3325
3374
3422
3470
3518
3541
3568
3615
3661
kJ / kg
p = 58.8 bar
h
0.0004
0.2947
0.5693
0.7000
0.8273
1.0701
1.3017
1.5218
1.7321
1.8342
1.9339
2.1294
2.3207
2.5083
2.6934
2.7863
2.8797
5.9402
6.0759
6.1914
6.2923
6.3388
6.3832
6.4678
6.5461
6.6206
6.6918
6.7261
6.7600
6.8253
6.8885
6.9493
7.0087
7.0376
7.0661
7.1213
7.1753
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009970
0.0009990
0.0010051
0.0010093
0.0010142
0.0010260
0.0010402
0.0010569
0.0010761
0.0010867
0.0010981
0.0011231
0.0011518
0.0011850
0.0012243
0.0012468
0.0012719
0.03055
0.03357
0.03617
0.03836
0.03943
0.04153
0.04247
0.04489
0.04624
0.04805
0.04898
0.04980
0.05152
0.05321
0.05487
0.05641
0.05722
0.05814
0.05974
0.06132
m3 / kg
v
6
90
173
214
256
339
423
508
593
635
678
765
854
944
1037
1086
1134
2782
2863
2936
2995
3031
3060
3116
3169
3221
3272
3297
3322
3371
3420
3468
3516
3540
3564
3611
3658
kJ / kg
p = 63.7 bar
h
s
81
0.0004
0.2947
0.5693
0.6999
0.8267
1.0695
1.3006
1.5208
1.7313
1.8335
1.9331
2.1282
2.3190
2.5066
2.6916
2.7845
2.8775
5.8633
6.0082
6.1308
6.2363
6.2849
6.3309
6.4176
6.4988
6.5754
6.6474
6.6825
6.7169
6.7826
6.8466
6.9094
6.9571
6.9990
7.0283
7.0852
7.1401
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 68.7 bar
h
kJ / kg
7
90
173
215
257
340
424
508
593
636
679
766
854
944
1037
1086
1134
1236
2841
2919
2985
3016
3045
3102
3170
3210
3262
3287
3312
3362
3411
3459
3508
3531
3555
3603
3650
m3 / kg
0.0009967
0.0009988
0.0010049
0.0010090
0.0010139
0.0010257
0.0010399
0.0010566
0.0010758
0.0010864
0.0010977
0.0011226
0.0011513
0.0011845
0.0012236
0.0012460
0.0012709
0.0013308
0.03029
0.03287
0.03512
0.03615
0.03714
0.03903
0.04084
0.04260
0.04430
0.04513
0.04596
0.04759
0.04918
0.05073
0.05227
0.05304
0.05381
0.05532
0.05678
0.0004
0.2948
0.5690
0.6996
0.8265
1.0697
1.3008
1.5211
1.7312
1.8330
1.9330
2.1277
2.3191
2.5062
2.6913
2.7838
2.8768
3.0635
5.9432
6.0750
6.1852
6.2354
6.2831
6.3723
6.4548
6.5322
6.6051
6.6403
6.6750
6.7420
6.8063
6.8680
6.9279
6.9572
6.9861
7.0426
7.0970
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009965
0.0009986
0.0010047
0.0010089
0.0010137
0.0010255
0.0010397
0.0010564
0.0010755
0.0010861
0.0010974
0.0011223
0.0011508
0.0011839
0.0012229
0.0012452
0.0012699
0.0013293
0.02749
0.03004
0.03226
0.03326
0.03425
0.03608
0.03784
0.03954
0.04053
0.04133
0.04269
0.04422
0.04572
0.04719
0.04865
0.04936
0.05007
0.05183
0.05288
m3 / kg
v
8
91
174
216
257
341
424
509
594
636
679
766
854
944
1037
1086
1134
1236
2818
2900
2971
3003
3035
3094
3150
3204
3256
3283
3308
3359
3409
3457
3507
3530
3555
3603
3650
kJ / kg
p = 73.6 bar
h
0.0004
0.2943
0.5690
0.6996
0.8265
1.0691
1.3002
1.5204
1.7305
1.8322
1.9323
2.1269
2.3178
2.5049
2.6895
2.7824
2.8749
3.0612
5.8755
6.0165
6.1333
6.1865
6.2359
6.3271
6.4104
6.4891
6.5636
6.5996
6.6356
6.7035
6.7692
6.8328
6.8943
6.9245
6.9542
7.0124
7.0672
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009962
0.0009983
0.0010045
0.0010086
0.0010135
0.0010252
0.0010394
0.0010561
0.0010752
0.0010858
0.0010970
0.0011219
0.0011504
0.0011833
0.0012221
0.0012443
0.0012689
0.0013279
0.02503
0.02757
0.02976
0.03076
0.03171
0.03348
0.03514
0.03674
0.03828
0.03903
0.03977
0.04122
0.04265
0.04405
0.04542
0.04610
0.04678
0.04813
0.04944
m3 / kg
v
8
91
174
216
257
341
424
509
594
636
679
766
854
945
1037
1086
1134
1235
2792
2880
2955
2989
3021
3081
3138
3193
3246
3272
3298
3349
3399
3448
3497
3521
3546
3594
3642
kJ / kg
p = 78.5 bar
h
0.0004
0.2943
0.5690
0.6992
0.8261
1.0689
1.3000
1.5202
1.7304
1.8321
1.9318
2.1265
2.3174
2.5045
2.6892
2.7813
2.8738
3.0597
5.8092
5.9616
6.0851
6.1399
6.1910
6.2852
6.3711
6.4510
6.5268
6.5632
6.5988
6.6675
6.7332
6.7964
6.8571
6.8869
6.9162
6.9735
7.0288
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009960
0.0009982
0.0010043
0.0010184
0.0010133
0.0010251
0.0010392
0.0010599
0.0010750
0.0010855
0.0010967
0.0011215
0.0011499
0.0012213
0.0012270
0.0012433
0.0012679
0.0013264
0.02276
0.02536
0.02754
0.02853
0.02946
0.03118
0.03280
0.03435
0.03583
0.03654
0.03690
0.03863
0.04003
0.04127
0.04263
0.04328
0.04392
0.04518
0.04643
m3 / kg
v
9
92
175
216
258
341
425
509
594
637
679
766
854
945
1038
1086
1134
1235
2763
2859
2940
2975
3008
3072
3131
3187
3242
3268
3294
3346
3397
3447
3497
3521
3546
3594
3643
kJ / kg
p = 83.4 bar
h
s
82
0.0004
0.2943
0.5683
0.6986
0.8255
1.0683
1.2993
1.5195
1.7297
1.8314
1.9310
2.1257
2.3161
2.5032
2.6874
2.7799
2.8720
3.0575
5.7390
5.9035
6.0358
6.0931
6.1463
6.2426
6.3305
6.4121
6.4900
6.5272
6.5636
6.6344
6.6997
6.7654
6.8274
6.8579
6.8881
6.9467
7.0032
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 88.2 bar
h
kJ / kg
10
93
176
217
259
342
426
510
595
638
680
767
855
945
1038
1086
1135
1236
1345
2838
2923
2960
2994
3059
3118
3175
3230
3257
3284
3336
3388
3438
3487
3512
3537
3585
3634
m3 / kg
0.0009957
0.0009979
0.0010040
0.0010082
0.0010130
0.0010248
0.0010389
0.0010556
0.0010746
0.0010851
0.0010963
0.0011211
0.0011494
0.0011822
0.0012206
0.0012425
0.002669
0.0013250
0.0014024
0.02336
0.02553
0.02652
0.02745
0.02914
0.03070
0.03218
0.03339
0.03428
0.03496
0.03629
0.03758
0.03884
0.04009
0.04071
0.04133
0.04254
0.04372
0.0004
0.2939
0.5681
0.6984
0.8252
1.0681
1.2992
1.5190
1.7291
1.8309
1.9305
2.1248
2.3161
2.5025
2.6867
2.7792
2.8713
3.0564
3.2506
5.8481
5.9834
6.0483
6.1035
6.2040
6.2932
6.3765
6.4552
6.4929
6.5297
6.6009
6.6675
6.7315
6.7935
6.8236
6.8534
6.9116
6.9677
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009955
0.0009977
0.0010038
0.0010080
0.0010128
0.0010245
0.0010386
0.0010552
0.0010743
0.0010848
0.0010960
0.0011207
0.0011489
0.0011816
0.0012198
0.0012417
0.0012659
0.0013237
0.0014001
0.02157
0.02375
0.02470
0.02562
0.02728
0.02881
0.03025
0.03162
0.03229
0.03294
0.03422
0.03546
0.03668
0.03787
0.03846
0.03904
0.04020
0.04133
m3 / kg
v
10
93
176
217
259
342
426
510
595
638
680
767
855
945
1038
1085
1134
1234
1343
2811
2905
2944
2980
3048
3111
3169
3226
3253
3280
3333
3385
3436
3487
3512
3537
3586
3635
kJ / kg
p = 93.1 bar
h
0.0004
0.2939
0.5680
0.6982
0.8251
1.0674
1.2985
1.5183
1.7284
1.8301
1.9297
2.1236
2.3144
2.5011
2.6852
2.7774
2.8695
3.0541
3.2467
5.7884
5.9387
6.0027
6.0597
6.1630
6.2551
6.3405
6.4217
6.4603
6.4942
6.5716
6.6394
6.7043
6.7675
6.7985
6.8290
6.8880
6.9450
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009952
0.0009975
0.0010036
0.0010077
0.0010126
0.0010243
0.0010384
0.0010550
0.0010740
0.0010854
0.0010957
0.0011203
0.0011485
0.0011810
0.0012192
0.0012409
0.0012650
0.0013222
0.0013979
0.01988
0.02210
0.02307
0.02397
0.02560
0.02709
0.02848
0.02981
0.03046
0.03109
0.03232
0.03352
0.03469
0.03584
0.03641
0.03697
0.03807
0.03910
m3 / kg
v
11
93
177
218
260
343
427
511
595
638
681
768
856
946
1038
1086
1135
1234
1343
2789
2886
2927
2965
3034
3098
3158
3215
3243
3270
3323
3375
3426
3477
3502
3527
3576
3625
kJ / kg
p = 98.1 bar
h
0.0004
0.2939
0.5677
0.6979
0.8248
1.0676
1.2983
1.5181
1.7283
1.8301
1.9293
2.1235
2.3140
2.5008
2.6846
2.7767
2.8688
3.0534
3.2452
5.7309
5.8912
5.9582
6.0189
6.1261
6.2207
6.3074
6.3891
6.4280
6.4661
6.5385
6.6072
6.6729
6.7357
6.7663
6.7964
6.8555
6.9220
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009948
0.0009971
0.0010032
0.0010074
0.0010122
0.0010239
0.0010380
0.0010545
0.0010735
0.0010839
0.0010950
0.0011195
0.0011476
0.0011799
0.0012177
0.0012393
0.0012631
0.0013194
0.0013937
0.01689
0.01925
0.02023
0.02112
0.02260
0.02414
0.02545
0.02671
0.02732
0.02792
0.02906
0.03018
0.03127
0.03234
0.03286
0.03338
0.03441
0.03541
m3 / kg
v
11
94
178
219
261
345
428
512
596
639
682
768
856
946
1038
1086
1135
1234
1342
2732
2846
2892
2935
3009
3077
3131
3199
3227
3255
3310
3363
3415
3466
3492
3517
3567
3617
kJ / kg
p = 107.9 bar
h
s
83
0.0004
0.2935
0.5673
0.6975
0.8240
1.0668
1.2975
1.5177
1.7275
1.8292
1.9284
2.1223
2.3124
2.4987
2.6825
2.7746
2.8659
3.0501
3.2402
5.6053
5.7924
5.8686
5.9365
6.0529
6.1525
6.2434
6.3275
6.3677
6.4066
6.4807
6.5511
6.6181
6.6817
6.7127
6.7437
6.8036
6.8509
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 117.7 bar
h
kJ / kg
12
95
178
219
261
344
427
512
596
639
682
768
856
946
1038
1086
1134
1233
1340
1460
2802
2853
2900
2981
3054
3121
3182
3211
3239
3295
3350
3403
3455
3481
3507
3557
3608
m3 / kg
0.0009943
0.0009966
0.0010028
0.0010069
0.0010117
0.0010234
0.0010375
0.0010540
0.0010728
0.0010832
0.0010943
0.0011188
0.0011476
0.0011788
0.0012163
0.0012377
0.0012613
0.0013169
0.0013897
0.001495
0.01679
0.01780
0.01870
0.02024
0.02166
0.02292
0.02412
0.02470
0.02527
0.02635
0.02740
0.02842
0.02942
0.02991
0.03039
0.03135
0.03229
0.0008
0.2935
0.5573
0.6971
0.8235
1.0664
1.2967
1.5169
1.7266
1.8280
1.9272
2.1210
2.3111
2.4970
2.6804
2.7721
2.8634
3.0472
3.2360
3.4436
5.6915
5.7769
5.8523
5.9796
6.0864
6.1818
6.2697
6.3112
6.3510
6.4272
6.4988
6.5670
6.6325
6.6637
6.6947
6.7550
6.8132
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009938
0.0009962
0.0010023
0.0010065
0.0010113
0.0010229
0.0010370
0.0010535
0.0010723
0.0010826
0.0010937
0.0011180
0.0011457
0.0011777
0.0012149
0.0012361
0.0012594
0.0013143
0.0013858
0.001487
0.01457
0.01566
0.01659
0.01815
0.01955
0.02078
0.02193
0.02248
0.02302
0.02405
0.02505
0.02602
0.02695
0.02742
0.02787
0.02877
0.02965
m3 / kg
v
13
96
179
220
262
345
428
512
597
640
682
769
857
946
1038
1086
1134
1233
1339
1457
2752
2810
2863
2952
3031
3102
3164
3194
3223
3282
3337
3391
3444
3471
3497
3548
3599
kJ / kg
p = 127.5 bar
h
0.0008
0.2931
0.5669
0.6967
0.8231
1.0655
1.2958
1.5160
1.7258
1.8271
1.9263
2.1198
2.3094
2.4949
2.6783
2.7696
2.8608
3.0442
3.2314
3.4349
5.5844
5.5615
5.7661
5.9072
6.0231
6.1236
6.2140
6.2568
6.2978
6.3761
6.4502
6.5197
6.5858
6.6181
6.6495
6.7102
6.7692
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009933
0.0009958
0.0010019
0.0010061
0.0010109
0.0010225
0.0010365
0.0010529
0.0010717
0.0010820
0.0010930
0.0011172
0.0011448
0.0011766
0.0012136
0.0012346
0.0012576
0.0013118
0.0013820
0.001481
0.01253
0.01374
0.01471
0.01634
0.01772
0.01893
0.02004
0.02057
0.02109
0.02208
0.02303
0.02394
0.02484
0.02527
0.02570
0.02652
0.02738
m3 / kg
v
14
97
180
221
262
345
429
513
598
640
683
769
857
947
1038
1086
1134
1233
1338
1455
2691
2764
2824
2922
3007
3082
3146
3177
3207
3267
3325
3380
3434
3461
3487
3539
3591
kJ / kg
p = 137.3 bar
h
0.0008
0.2931
0.5661
0.6963
0.8227
1.0651
1.2954
1.5152
1.7245
1.8259
1.9251
2.1185
2.3082
2.4932
2.6762
2.7675
2.8583
3.0409
3.2276
3.4286
5.4659
5.5844
5.6786
5.8343
5.9595
6.0667
6.1605
6.2048
6.2471
6.2371
6.4025
6.4740
6.5419
6.5741
6.6055
6.6671
6.7269
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009929
0.0009954
0.0010015
0.0010056
0.0010104
0.0010221
0.0010360
0.0010524
0.0010711
0.0010814
0.0010924
0.0011165
0.0011439
0.0011755
0.0012122
0.0012330
0.0012558
0.0013094
0.0013782
0.001474
0.001639
0.01200
0.01307
0.01474
0.01613
0.01732
0.01840
0.01891
0.01941
0.02037
0.02127
0.02215
0.02300
0.02341
0.02383
0.02463
0.02541
m3 / kg
v
15
98
180
222
263
346
430
514
598
641
683
770
857
947
1038
1086
1134
1233
1337
1452
1594
2711
2780
2890
2981
3061
3128
3160
3192
3253
3312
3367
3424
3450
3477
3530
3582
kJ / kg
p = 147.1 bar
h
s
84
0.0008
0.2931
0.5661
0.6958
0.8219
1.0647
1.2946
1.5144
1.7237
1.8250
1.9238
2.1173
2.3065
2.4916
2.6741
2.7654
2.8562
3.0379
3.2234
3.4219
3.6580
5.4776
5.5885
5.7606
5.8963
6.0139
6.1081
6.1538
6.1977
6.2815
6.3589
6.4313
6.5000
6.5331
6.5653
6.6281
6.8888
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 157.0 bar
h
kJ / kg
16
98
181
223
264
347
431
515
599
641
684
770
858
947
1039
1086
1133
1233
1336
1450
1588
2638
2729
2856
2954
3039
3109
3143
3175
3238
3299
3357
3413
3440
3467
3521
3574
m3 / kg
0.0009924
0.0009950
0.0010011
0.0010052
0.0010100
0.0010216
0.0010356
0.0010519
0.0010705
0.0010808
0.0010917
0.0011157
0.0011430
0.0011744
0.0012108
0.0012314
0.0012541
0.0013070
0.0013746
0.001468
0.001621
0.01032
0.01154
0.01331
0.01471
0.01590
0.01696
0.01746
0.01794
0.01887
0.01974
0.02058
0.02139
0.02179
0.02218
0.02294
0.02369
0.0008
0.2927
0.5656
0.6954
0.8215
1.0639
1.2937
1.5135
1.7229
1.8242
1.9230
2.1160
2.3053
2.4895
2.6720
2.7629
2.8537
3.0354
3.2196
3.4160
3.6459
5.3507
5.4897
5.6861
5.8351
5.9595
6.0583
6.1052
6.1508
6.2362
6.3162
6.3899
6.4594
6.4929
6.5260
6.5896
6.6512
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009919
0.0009945
0.0010007
0.0010048
0.0010096
0.0010211
0.0010351
0.0010514
0.0010700
0.0010802
0.0010911
0.0011150
0.0011422
0.0011733
0.0012095
0.0012299
0.0012523
0.0013046
0.0013712
0.001462
0.001608
0.001742
0.01006
0.01202
0.01345
0.01464
0.01569
0.01618
0.01665
0.01754
0.01839
0.01919
0.01998
0.02035
0.02073
0.02146
0.02218
m3 / kg
v
2
99
182
224
265
348
431
515
600
642
685
770
858
947
1039
1086
1133
1232
1335
1449
1583
1672
2770
2818
2926
3015
3090
3125
3158
3223
3286
3345
3401
3429
3457
3512
3565
kJ / kg
p = 166.8 bar
h
0.0008
0.2922
0.5652
0.6946
0.8210
1.0634
1.2933
1.5127
1.7220
1.8229
1.9222
2.1148
2.3036
2.4878
2.6699
2.7608
2.8512
3.0321
3.2155
3.4101
3.6333
3.7773
5.3834
5.6095
5.7753
5.9042
6.0089
6.0583
6.1048
6.1931
6.2748
6.3505
6.4213
6.4556
6.4891
6.5536
6.6160
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009914
0.0009941
0.0010003
0.0010044
0.0010092
0.0010207
0.0010347
0.0010508
0.0010694
0.0010796
0.0010905
0.0011143
0.0011412
0.0011722
0.0012082
0.0012284
0.0012506
0.0013023
0.0013678
0.001457
0.001596
0.001713
0.0082
0.01083
0.01231
0.01351
0.01454
0.01503
0.01549
0.01636
0.01718
0.01796
0.01874
0.01908
0.01944
0.02014
0.02083
m3 / kg
v
18
102
183
224
266
349
432
516
600
643
685
771
859
947
1039
1086
1133
1232
1334
1447
1578
1660
2597
2775
2896
2991
3070
3106
3141
3209
3272
3333
3390
3419
3447
3502
3557
kJ / kg
p = 176.5 bar
h
0.0008
0.2922
0.5652
0.6946
0.8202
1.0626
1.2925
1.5119
1.7208
1.8221
1.9209
2.1135
2.3023
2.4861
2.6678
2.7573
2.8487
3.0296
3.2125
3.4051
3.6233
3.7568
5.2515
5.5274
5.7112
5.8490
5.9603
6.0118
6.0604
6.1508
6.2346
6.3116
6.3845
6.4192
6.4527
6.5184
6.5816
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009910
0.0009937
0.0009999
0.0010040
0.0010087
0.0010203
0.0010342
0.0010503
0.0010688
0.0010790
0.0010898
0.0011135
0.0011404
0.0011712
0.0012068
0.0012269
0.0012489
0.0013000
0.0013645
0.001452
0.001584
0.001690
0.00702
0.00972
0.01127
0.01248
0.01351
0.01399
0.01445
0.01530
0.01610
0.01686
0.01758
0.01794
0.01828
0.01896
0.01962
m3 / kg
v
19
101
184
225
267
350
433
517
601
644
686
772
859
948
1039
1086
1133
1231
1333
1445
1574
1652
2489
2792
2864
2966
3049
3087
3124
3193
3259
3320
3373
3408
3437
3493
3548
kJ / kg
p = 186.3 bar
h
s
85
0.0008
0.2922
0.5644
0.6938
0.8298
1.0622
1.2920
1.5110
1.7199
1.8213
1.9196
2.1122
2.3006
2.4844
2.6657
2.7562
2.8462
3.0266
3.2083
3.3997
3.6140
3.7413
5.0648
5.4416
5.6459
5.7945
5.9126
5.9658
6.0156
6.1102
6.1960
6.2752
6.3497
6.3849
6.4188
6.4845
6.5486
kJ / kg K
temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
273.15
0
293.15
20
313.15
40
323.15
50
333.15
60
353.15
80
373.15
100
393.15
120
413.15
140
423.15
150
433.15
160
453.15
180
473.15
200
493.15
220
513.15
240
523.15
250
533.15
260
553.15
280
573.15
300
593.15
320
613.15
340
623.15
350
633.15
360
653.15
380
673.15
400
693.15
420
713.15
440
723.15
450
733.15
460
753.15
480
773.15
500
793.15
520
813.15
540
823.15
550
833.15
560
853.15
580
873.15
600
p = 196 bar
h
kJ / kg
20
102
185
226
267
350
434
517
602
644
686
772
860
948
1039
1086
1133
1231
1333
1443
1570
1646
1744
2678
2830
2940
3028
3068
3106
3178
3245
3308
3368
3397
3426
3483
3539
m3 / kg
0.0009905
0.0009933
0.0009995
0.0010036
0.0010083
0.0010198
0.0010337
0.0010498
0.0010682
0.0010784
0.0010892
0.0011128
0.0011395
0.0011701
0.0012055
0.0012254
0.0012472
0.0012977
0.0013612
0.001446
0.001573
0.001671
0.001841
0.00868
0.01033
0.01155
0.01259
0.01306
0.01351
0.01436
0.01513
0.01586
0.01656
0.01691
0.01724
0.01790
0.01854
s
0.0013
0.2918
0.5640
0.6938
0.8189
1.0609
1.2912
1.5102
1.7191
1.8200
1.9192
2.1127
2.2998
2.4836
2.6653
2.7545
2.8441
3.0237
3.2054
3.3955
3.6057
3.7283
3.8854
5.3465
5.5797
5.7401
5.8649
5.9201
5.9729
6.0700
6.1584
6.2996
6.3149
6.3505
6.3853
6.4531
6.5176
kJ / kg K
86
kJ / kg
29
111
193
234
275
358
441
525
608
650
693
778
864
952
1042
1088
1135
1230
1329
1434
1548
1611
1678
1843
2201
2587
2766
2837
2901
3007
3095
3175
3249
3318
3385
3450
3495
m3 / kg
0.0009860
0.0009889
0.0009954
0.0009995
0.0010042
0.0010156
0.0010292
0.0010449
0.0010627
0.0010725
0.0010829
0.0011056
0.0011313
0.0011603
0.0011934
0.0012118
0.0012316
0.0012772
0.0013326
0.001403
0.001497
0.001561
0.001642
0.00191
0.00306
0.00520
0.00646
0.00697
0.00743
0.00824
0.00894
0.00955
0.01013
0.01040
0.01067
0.01118
0.01167
0.0013
0.2901
0.5602
0.6891
0.8143
1.0551
1.2837
1.5018
1.7099
1.8104
1.9088
2.1009
2.2872
2.4690
2.6473
2.7357
2.8236
2.9977
3.1736
3.3532
3.5420
3.6438
3.7514
4.0063
4.5464
5.1154
5.3912
5.4726
5.5601
5.7037
5.8184
5.9231
6.0169
6.0600
6.1010
6.1785
6.2521
kJ / kg K
s
0.0009837
0.0009867
0.0009935
0.0009976
0.0010023
0.0010135
0.0010270
0.0010425
0.0010600
0.0010697
0.0010799
0.0011020
0.0011273
0.0011557
0.0011879
0.0012056
0.0012244
0.0012680
0.0013203
0.001385
0.001470
0.001525
0.001592
0.001778
0.00217
0.00329
0.00461
0.00515
0.00563
0.00646
0.00715
0.00775
0.00829
0.00855
0.00879
0.00926
0.00971
m3 / kg
v
34
116
198
239
280
362
445
528
612
654
696
781
867
954
1044
1089
1135
1230
1328
1430
1540
1599
1661
1802
2004
2341
2599
2697
2781
2992
3012
3103
3186
3225
3263
3335
3405
kJ / kg
p = 343 bar
h
s
0.0008
0.2889
0.5581
0.6871
0.8118
1.0521
1.2799
1.4968
1.7049
1.8053
1.9037
2.0955
2.2810
2.4623
2.6398
2.7273
2.8144
2.9873
3.1598
3.3344
3.5177
3.6136
3.7124
3.9293
4.2308
4.7311
5.0995
5.2368
5.3532
5.4324
5.6639
5.7803
5.8845
5.9327
5.9783
6.0625
6.1408
kJ / kg K
87
kJ / kg
48
129
211
251
292
374
456
539
622
663
705
790
874
960
1048
1093
1138
1231
1325
1422
1525
1578
1633
1748
1884
2041
2211
2302
2315
2579
2750
2882
2992
3043
3092
3183
3267
m3 / kg
0.0009764
0.0009799
0.0009976
0.0009919
0.0009966
0.0010075
0.0010204
0.0010354
0.0010521
0.0010613
0.0010710
0.0010922
0.0011161
0.0011431
0.0011733
0.0011899
0.0012075
0.0012461
0.0012902
0.001343
0.001406
0.001444
0.001489
0.00160
0.00175
0.00196
0.00232
0.00255
0.00282
0.00343
0.00402
0.00455
0.00502
0.00524
0.00545
0.00585
0.00622
0.0000
0.2843
0.5518
0.6799
0.8047
1.0438
1.2694
1.4846
1.6910
1.7911
1.8891
2.0787
2.2625
2.4413
2.6159
2.7017
2.7867
2.9542
3.1229
3.2887
3.4591
3.5445
3.6329
3.8117
4.0118
4.2391
4.4866
4.6185
4.7495
4.9957
5.2184
5.3901
5.5287
5.5906
5.6501
5.7564
5.8523
kJ / kg K
s
0.000967
0.000971
0.000978
0.000982
0.000987
0.000997
0.001010
0.001024
0.001040
0.001048
0.001057
0.001078
0.001101
0.001127
0.001155
0.001170
0.001186
0.001222
0.001260
0.001304
0.001353
0.001379
0.001407
0.001471
0.00155
0.00165
0.00177
0.00185
0.00193
0.00212
0.00235
0.00262
0.00290
0.00304
0.00318
0.00345
0.00372
m3 / kg
v
72
151
231
271
312
393
474
556
638
680
721
804
888
972
1058
1101
1145
1234
1325
1418
1513
1562
1612
1714
1823
1936
2053
2113
2175
2309
2453
2592
2719
2780
2838
2949
3051
kJ / kg
p = 736 bar
h
-0.0017
0.2784
0.5422
0.6691
0.7921
1.0283
1.2531
1.4662
1.6697
1.7685
1.8648
2.0520
2.2324
2.4074
2.5778
2.6611
2.7432
2.9061
3.0681
3.2280
3.3863
3.4654
3.5441
3.7032
3.8644
4.0281
4.1939
4.2793
4.3681
4.5531
4.7382
4.9061
5.0635
5.1385
5.2105
5.3457
5.4684
kJ / kg K
s
0.000960
0.000965
0.000972
0.000976
0.000980
0.000990
0.001002
0.001015
0.001030
0.001038
0.001047
0.001066
0.001088
0.001113
0.001140
0.001154
0.001169
0.001201
0.001236
0.001274
0.001315
0.001336
0.001357
0.001401
0.00145
0.00151
0.00159
0.00164
0.00169
0.00180
0.00191
0.00205
0.00221
0.00229
0.00238
0.00256
0.00274
m3 / kg
v
94
172
251
291
331
412
493
574
655
696
736
819
901
983
1067
1109
1152
1238
1327
1417
1509
1556
1603
1699
1797
1897
1999
2051
2103
2209
2319
2438
2559
2617
2675
2788
2896
kJ / kg
p = 981 bar
h
s
88
-0.0029
0.2742
0.5351
0.6603
0.7817
1.0149
1.2372
1.4491
1.6509
1.7476
1.8426
2.0272
2.2052
2.3760
2.5422
2.6234
2.7034
2.8604
3.0153
3.1673
3.3176
3.3921
3.4658
3.6128
3.7585
3.9038
4.0486
4.1206
4.1927
4.3379
4.4849
4.6352
4.7872
4.8609
4.9325
5.0685
5.1941
kJ / kg K
t
o
C
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
T
K
203.2
208.2
213.2
218.2
223.2
228.2
233.2
238.2
243.2
248.2
253.2
258.2
263.2
268.2
273.2
278.2
283.2
288.2
293.2
298.2
303.2
308.2
313.2
318.2
323.2
Temperatura
11.67
13.50
15.54
17.82
20.33
5.157
6.150
7.283
8.572
10.030
1.903
2.363
2.909
3.549
4.294
0.546
0.718
0.933
1.195
1.516
0.108
0.157
0.219
0.302
0.409
Tlak
p
bar
0.001680
0.001702
0.001726
0.001750
0.001777
0.001583
0.001601
0.001619
0.001639
0.001659
0.001504
0.001519
0.001534
0.001550
0.001566
0.001437
0.001449
0.001462
0.001476
0.001490
0.001379
0.001390
0.001401
0.001413
0.001425
0.111
0.0959
0.0833
0.0727
0.0635
0.244
0.206
0.175
0.149
0.128
0.624
0.509
0.419
0.347
0.290
2.01
1.55
1.22
0.963
0.772
9.01
6.46
4.70
3.49
2.62
Specifini volumen
v
v
3
3
m / kg
m / kg
141.5
166.2
190.5
215.2
240.3
23.0
46.5
69.9
93.8
117.6
-91.3
-68.7
-46.0
-23.0
0
-203.0
-180.8
-158.6
-136.5
-114.3
-310.2
-288.8
-267.5
-246.1
-225.2
1287
1289
1291
1292
1292
1268
1272
1277
1280
1284
1237
1244
1250
1256
1262
1198
1206
1214
1222
1229
1154
1163
1172
1181
1189
Entalpija
h
h
kJ / kg
kJ / kg
0.4877
0.5659
0.6438
0.7208
0.7970
0.0837
0.1662
0.2478
0.3286
0.4086
-0.3458
-0.2574
-0.1704
-0.0846
0
-0.8100
-0.7137
-0.6195
-0.5266
-0.4353
-1.307
-1.204
-1.103
-1.004
-0.9075
4.266
4.212
4.158
4.105
4.052
4.558
4.496
4.436
4.378
4.322
4.902
4.827
4.756
4.688
4.622
5.332
5.237
5.146
5.061
4.980
5.903
5.774
5.653
5.539
5.433
Entropija
s
s
kJ / kg K
kJ / kg K
89
t
o
C
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
T
K
243.2
248.2
253.2
258.2
263.2
268.2
273.2
278.2
283.2
288.2
293.2
298.2
303.2
308.2
313.2
Temperatura
4.889
5.690
6.586
7.590
8.702
2.106
2.521
3.003
3.552
4.178
0.772
0.957
1.177
1.440
1.750
Tlak
p
bar
0.001085
0.001097
0.001109
0.001122
0.001134
0.001032
0.001042
0.001052
0.001063
0.001074
0.00986
0.00995
0.001004
0.001013
0.001022
0.0873
0.0750
0.0651
0.0572
0.0511
0.202
0.168
0.142
0.120
0.102
0.528
0.432
0.354
0.291
0.241
Specifini volumen
v
v
m3 / kg
m3 / kg
31.8
39.8
47.7
55.7
64.0
-7.95
0
7.95
15.9
23.9
-46.0
-38.5
-31.0
-23.4
-15.5
416
418
420
422
424
403
406
409
411
414
388
391
394
397
400
Entalpija
h
h
kJ / kg
kJ / kg
0.1118
0.1390
0.1658
0.1926
0.2185
-0.0285
0
0.0285
0.0565
0.0841
-0.1783
-0.1314
-0.1180
-0.0879
-0.0578
1.423
1.409
1.395
1.383
1.371
1.504
1.486
1.469
1.453
1.437
1.610
1.586
1.563
1.542
1.523
Entropija
s
s
kJ / kg K
kJ / kg K
90
t
o
C
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
T
K
253.2
263.2
273.2
283.2
293.2
303.2
313.2
323.2
Temperatura
0.469
0.693
0.991
1.37
0.0559
0.109
0.188
0.299
Tlak
p
bar
0.61
0.417
0.301
0.235
4.14
2.35
1.42
0.92
Specifini volumen
v
v
3
3
m / kg
m / kg
0.000749
-
28.5
44.0
56.9
71.2
-28.5
-14.2
0
14.2
372
377
379
382
353
358
363
368
Entalpija
h
h
kJ / kg
kJ / kg
0.0913
0.131
0.168
0.203
-0.112
-0.0532
0
0.0477
1.263
1.232
1.179
1.165
1.399
1.363
1.331
1.297
Entropija
s
s
kJ / kg K
kJ / kg K
91
t
o
C
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
T
K
233.2
238.2
243.2
248.2
253.2
258.2
263.2
268.2
273.2
278.2
283.2
288.2
293.2
298.2
303.2
308.2
313.2
318.2
323.2
Temperatura
8.470
9.595
10.825
12.165
4.235
4.195
5.673
6.516
7.445
1.827
2.193
2.611
3.088
3.627
0.642
0.808
1.005
1.238
1.510
Tlak
p
bar
0.0007855
0.0007976
0.0008104
0.0008244
0.0007348
0.0007439
0.0007537
0.0007637
0.0007742
0.0006936
0.0007011
0.0007091
0.0007174
0.0007259
0.0006600
0.0006662
0.0006728
0.0006794
0.0006864
0.0214
0.0188
0.0166
0.0146
0.0420
0.0365
0.0317
0.0277
0.0243
0.0927
0.0781
0.0663
0.0566
0.0486
0.2442
0.1972
0.1633
0.1331
0.1106
Specifini volumen
v
v
3
3
m / kg
m / kg
34.3
39.3
44.8
49.8
9.6
14.2
19.3
24.3
29.3
-13.8
-9.2
-4.6
0
4.6
-35.2
-31.0
-26.8
-22.6
-18.0
170
172
173
175
160
162
164
166
168
148
150
153
155
157
136
138
141
143
145
Entalpija
h
h
kJ / kg
kJ / kg
0.104
0.133
0.149
0.165
0.0335
0.0502
0.0670
0.0833
0.100
-0.0511
-0.0339
-0.0167
0
0.0167
-0.139
-0.121
-0.104
-0.0862
-0.0687
0.5559
0.5546
0.5530
0.5500
0.5634
0.5618
0.5605
0.5588
0.5576
0.5747
0.5718
0.5697
0.5672
0.5655
0.5940
0.5894
0.5848
0.5810
0.5777
Entropija
s
s
kJ / kg K
kJ / kg K
92
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
31
263.2
268.2
273.2
278.2
283.2
288.2
293.2
298.2
303.2
304.2
50.93
57.33
64.32
71.92
73.51
26.47
30.45
34.85
39.72
45.06
12.02
14.27
16.81
19.67
22.89
5.18
5.55
6.84
8.33
10.05
-56.6
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
1.34
1.98
2.87
4.10
5.18
0.001223
0.001298
0.001417
0.001667
0.002156
0.001019
0.001048
0.001081
0.001120
0.001166
0.000913
0.000931
0.000950
0.000971
0.000994
0.000849
0.000853
0.000867
0.000881
0.000897
0.000643
0.000647
0.000657
0.000661
0.000661
0.000627
0.000629
0.000632
0.000635
0.000639
0.139
0.231
0.372
0.584
0.896
0.00632
0.00526
0.00417
0.00299
0.00216
0.0142
0.0121
0.0104
0.00885
0.00752
0.0320
0.0270
0.0229
0.0195
0.0166
0.0722
0.0676
0.0554
0.0458
0.0382
0.269
0.1854
0.1293
0.0912
0.0722
2.336
1.442
0.920
0.598
0.398
Specifini volumen
v
v
m3 / kg
m3 / kg
Tlak
p
bar
-75
-70
-65
-60
-56.6
238.2
243.2
248.2
253.2
258.2
198.2
203.2
208.2
213.2
216.6
Kapljevina- para
216.6
218.2
223.2
228.2
233.2
Temperatura
T
t
o
K
C
Krutnina-para
173.2
-100
178.2
-95
183.2
-90
188.2
-85
193.2
-80
42.3
58.6
78.7
108
140
-24.7
-13.0
0
13.0
27.2
-75.8
-66.1
-56.5
-46.5
-36.0
-117
-114
-105
-95.0
-85.4
-344
-337
-329
-319
-313
-373
-368
-362
-356
-350
h
kJ / kg
Entalpija
223
214
198
172
140
237
236
235
232
229
236
237
237
237
237
231
231
233
234
235
226
228
230
231
231
212
215
219
221
224
h
kJ / kg
0.142
0.196
0.263
0.357
0.460
-0.0892
-0.0460
0
0.0431
0.0913
-0.287
-0.248
-0.209
-0.170
-0.130
-0.467
-0.453
-0.410
-0.368
-0.327
-1.517
-1.482
-1.444
-1.400
-1.371
-1.676
-1.643
-1.612
-1.581
1.549
0.768
0.726
0.663
0.566
0.460
0.905
0.883
0.860
0.831
0.802
1.023
0.998
0.975
0.951
0.928
1.140
1.130
1.101
1.074
1.048
1.360
1.299
1.239
1.180
1.140
1.704
1.628
1.556
1.488
1.422
Entropija
s
s
kJ / kg K
kJ / kg K
93
t
C
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
223.2
228.2
233.2
238.2
243.2
248.2
253.2
258.2
263.2
268.2
273.2
278.2
283.2
288.2
293.2
298.2
303.2
308.2
313.2
318.2
323.2
T
K
Temperatura
8.189
3.903
4.566
5.331
6.186
7.135
1.554
1.897
2.296
2.757
3.284
0.494
0.635
0.807
1.014
1.261
0.119
0.163
0.218
0.289
0.380
p
bar
Tlak
0.000722
0.000730
0.000738
0.000745
0.000754
0.000763
0.000697
0.000704
0.000710
0.000716
0.000723
0.000668
0.000674
0.000680
0.000686
0.000692
0.000642
0.000647
0.000652
0.000658
0.000663
v
m3 / kg
0.045
0.093
0.079
0.068
0.059
0.051
0.220
0.183
0.154
0.128
0.108
0.641
0.507
0.406
0.328
0.267
2.429
1.801
1.378
1.058
0.819
v
m3 / kg
Specifini volumen
69.9
33.9
41.0
48.1
55.7
62.8
0
6.7
13.4
20.1
27.2
-31.8
-25.5
-19.3
-13.0
-6.7
-61.5
-56.1
-50.2
-44.4
-37.7
h
kJ / kg
396
389
391
392
393
395
379
381
383
386
387
368
370
373
375
377
353
356
359
362
365
h
kJ / kg
Entalpija
0.245
0.125
0.150
0.174
0.197
0.221
0
0.0255
0.0507
0.0758
0.101
-0.121
-0-0971
-0.0728
-0.0498
-0.0251
-0.252
-0-225
-0-198
-0.172
-0.146
s
kJ / kg K
1.254
1.314
1.302
1.289
1.277
1.265
1.388
1.372
1.357
1.342
1.328
1.487
1.465
1.445
1.423
1.404
1.607
1.581
1.557
1.532
1.509
s
kJ / kg K
Entropija
94
19. LITERATURA
1. N. Petric, I. Vojnovi, V. Martinac, Tehnika termodinamika, 2. nepromijenjeno izdanje (on
line), (2007-01-09), Kemijsko-tehnoloki fakultet u Splitu, 2007. (ISBN 97-953-99372-1-9);
URL Internet adrese: http://www.ktf-split.hr/bib/tehnicka_termodinamika.pdf
2. O. Fabris, Osnove inenjerske termodinamike, Pomorski fakultet Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, 1994.
3. A. Kosteli, Nauka o toplini, Tablice i dijagrami, kolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1992.
4. A. Galovi, M. Tadi, B. Halasz, Nauka o toplini II, Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje, Zagreb,
1994.
5. A. Bejan, Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York, 1993.
6. J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, 8th Ed., McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2001.
7. W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith, P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th Ed.,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2005.
8. F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, A. S. Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass
Transfer,6th Ed., Wiley, New York, 2006.
93