1

! Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads

! Cable Subjected to Uniform Distributed
Loads
! Arches
! Three-Hinged Arch
Cables and Arches
2
Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads
L
B
C
D
L
1
L
2
L
3
P
1
P
2
!
y
C
y
D
C
P
2
T
CD
T
CB
x
y
A
y
A
x
T
CD
B
P
1
x
y
T
BC
T
BA
"F
x
= 0:
+
"F
y
= 0:
+
+
" M
A
= 0:
Obtain T
CD
L
A
B
C
D
L
1
L
2
L
3
P
1
P
2
!
y
C
y
D
3
Example 5-1
Determine the tension in each segment of the cable shown in the figure below.
Also, what is the dimension h ?
2 m
2 m
h
2 m 2 m 1.5 m
A
B
C
D
3 kN
8 kN
4
2 m
h
2 m 2 m 1.5 m
A
B
C
D
3 kN
8 kN
SOLUTION
+
"M
A
= 0:
A
y
A
x
5
T
CD
3
4
T
CD
(3/5)(2 m) + T
CD
(4/5)(5.5 m) - 3kN(2 m) - 8 kN(4 m) = 0
T
CD
= 6.79 kN
5
6.79(3/5) - T
CB
cos !
BC
= 0
!
BC
= 32.3
o
T
CB
= 4.82 kN
Joint C
"F
x
= 0:
+
"F
y
= 0:
+
6.79(4/5) - 8 + T
CB
sin !
CB
= 0
C
8 kN
5
3
4
T
CD
= 6.79 kN
T
CB
!
BC
x
y
Joint B
"F
x
= 0:
+
- T
BA
cos !
BA
+ 4.82 cos 32.3
o
= 0
B
3 kN
x
y
T
BC
= 4.82 kN
T
BA
!
BA
32.3
o
"F
y
= 0:
+
T
BA
sin !
BA
- 4.82 sin 32.3
o
- 3 = 0
!
BA
= 53.8
o
T
BA
= 6.90 kN
h = 2 tan!
BA
= 2 tan53.8
o
= 2.74 m
A
B
C
D
3 kN
8 kN
h
6
y
x
x = L
T
o
Cable Subjected to Distributed Load
!
W
T
o
W
T
!
T cos ! = T
o
= F
H
= Constant
T sin ! = W
o
T
W
dx
dy
$ $ ! tan
Concepts & Conclusion:
T
7
w
o
= force / horizontal distance
T
!
x
T
o
x
y
x
w
o
x
2
x
T
o
w
o
x
o
o
T
x w
dx
dy
$ $ ! tan
%
$ dx
T
x w
y
o
o
1
2
2
C
T
x w
y
o
o
& $
at x = L , T = T
B
= T
max
2
2
max
) ( L w T T
o o
& $
y
x w
T
o
o
2
2
$
0
T
o
w
o
L
T
max
!
'
x
A
B
T
!
x
Parabolic Cable: Subjected to Linear Uniform distributed Load
y
x
L
8
w
o
y
x
h
L
x
(x
w
o
((x)
2
x (
(x
(s
O
(y
!
T
!& (!
T + (T
"F
x
= 0:
+
"F
y
= 0:
+
+
"M
O
= 0:
-T cos! + (T + (T) cos (! + (!) = 0
-Tsin! + w
o
((x) + (T + (T) sin(! + (!) = 0
w
o
((x)((x/2) - T cos !)(y) - T sin!((x) = 0
Derivation:
9
Dividing each of these equations by (x and taking the limit as (x 0, and hence
(y 0, (! 0, and (T 0, we obtain
0
) cos (
$
dx
T d !
----------(5-1)
o
w
dx
T d
$
) sin ( !
----------(5-2)
! tan $
dx
dy
----------(5-3)
Integrating Eq. 5-1, where T = F
H
at x = 0, we have:
H
F T $ ! cos
----------(5-4)
Integrating Eq. 5-2, where T sin ! = 0 at x = 0, gives
x w T
o
$ ! sin
----------(5-5)
Dividing Eq. 5-5 by Eq. 5-4 eliminates T. Then using Eq. 5-3, we can obtain the slope
at any point,
H
o
F
x w
dx
dy
$ $ ! tan
----------(5-6)
T
o
w
o
x
T
!
10
Performing a second integration with y = 0 at x = 0 yields
2
2
x
F
w
y
H
o
$
----------(5-7)
This is the equation of a parabola. The constant F
H
may be obtained by using the boundary condition y =
h at x = L. Thus,
h
L w
F
o
H
2
2
$
----------(5-8)
Finally, substituting into Eq. 5-7 yeilds
2
2
x
L
h
y $
----------(5-9)
From Eq. 5-4, the maximum tension in the cable occurs when ! is maximum; i.e., at
x = L. Hence, from Eqs. 5-4 and 5-5,
2
max
) (
2
L w F T
o H
& $ ----------(5-10)
T
o
w
o
L
T
max
!
'
w
o
y
x
h
L
11
Example 5-2
The cable shown supports a girder which weighs 12kN/m. Determine the tension
in the cable at points A, B, and C.
12 m
30 m
6 m
A
B
C
12
SOLUTION
L 30 - L
12 m
30 m
6 m
A
B
C
y
x
w
o
= 12 kN/m
x
1
x
2
T
C
!
C
T
A
!
A
13
12x
1
T
C
!
C
w
o
= 12 kN/m
L
x
1
6 m
B
C
y
x
12 L
T
o
T
o
T
x1
!
o
T
x
dx
dy
1
1
1
12
tan $ $ !
%
$
1
1
1
12
dx
T
x
y
o
0
o
T
L
2
' 12
6
2
$
----------(1)
2
' L T
o
$
1
2
1
1
2
12
C
T
x
y
o
& $
14
12 m
A
B
y
x
w
o
= 12 kN/m
30 - L
x
2
T
o
T
A
!
A
12 (30 - L)
12 x
2
T
o
T
x2
!
o
T
x
dx
dy
2
2
2
12
tan $ $ !
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
12 12
C
T
x
dx
T
x
y
o o
& $ $
%
0
o
T
L
2
) ' 30 ( 12
12
2
*
$
o
T
x
y
2
12
2
2
2
$
----------(2)
o
T
L
2
) ' 30 (
1
2
*
$
15
----------(1)
2
' L T
o
$
----------(2)
o
T
L
2
) ' 30 (
1
2
*
$
From (1) and (2), L = 12.43 m, T
o
= 154.5 kN
12 L
T
o
T
C
!
C
T
B
= T
o
= 154.5 kN
12 (30 - L )
T
o
T
A
!
A
2
2
) ' 12 ( L T T
o C
& $
2 2
) 43 . 12 12 ( ) 50 . 154 ( + & $
2
2
)] ' 30 ( 12 [ L T T
o A
* & $
2 2
)] 43 . 12 30 ( 12 [ ) 50 . 154 ( * & $
= 214.8 kN
= 261.4 kN
16
Example 5-3
The suspension bridge in the figure below is constructed using the two stiffening
trusses that are pin connected at their ends C and supported by a pin at A and a
rocker at B. Determine the maximum tension in the cable IH. The cable has a
parabolic shape and the bridge is subjected to the single load of 50 kN.
I H
A
B
D
F G
C
8 m
6 m
50 kN
4 @ 3 m = 12 m 4 @ 3 m = 12 m
Pin
rocker
E
17
----------(1)
SOLUTION
I
A
D
F G
C
E
12 m
8 m
6 m
+
"M
A
= 0:
0 8 12 $ & *
o y
T C
y o
C T 5 . 1 $
T
o
C
y
C
x
T
o
I
y
A
y
A
x
H
B
C
8 m
6 m
50 kN
9 m
3 m
T
o
T
o
H
y
B
y
C
y
C
x
+
"M
B
= 0:
----------(2)
0 8 ) 9 ( 50 12 $ * & *
o y
T C
25 . 56 5 . 1 & * $
y o
C T
From (1) and (2), C
y
= 18.75 kN, T
o
= 28.125 kN
18
I
12 m
w
o

8 m
x
y
w
o
x
T
o
=

28.12 kN
From (1) and (2), C
y
= 18.75 kN, T
o
= 28.12 kN
x
!
I

T
I
28.12 kN
w
o
x
T
x
!
12 . 28
tan
x w
dx
dy
o
$ $ !
%
$ dx
x w
y
o
12 . 28
0
1
2
12 . 28
C
x w
y
o
& $
) 12 . 28 ( 2
) 12 (
8
2
o
w
$
w
o
= 3.125 kN/m
19
8 m
H
8 m
I
12 m 12 m
37.5 kN
12w
o
= 37.5 kN 12w
o
= 37.5 kN
T
o
=

28.12 kN T
o
=

28.12 kN
T
H
!
H
2 2
) 12 . 28 ( ) 5 . 37 ( & $
I
T
= 46.88 kN
T
max
= T
I
= T
H
= 46.88 kN
T
min
= T
o
= 28.12 kN
28.12 kN
T
I
!
I
T
I
!
,
20
A
B
D
F G
C
50 kN
4 @ 3 m = 12 m 4 @ 3 m = 12 m
E
B
y
A
y
A
x
T T T T T T T
3 125 . 3 3 + $ + $
o
w T
= 9.375 kN
0
+
"M
A
= 0:
0 ) 24 ( ) 15 ( 50 ) 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 ( 375 . 9 $ & * & & & & & &
y
B
"F
y
= 0:
+
0 56 . 1 50 ) 375 . 9 ( 7 $ * * &
y
A
A
y
= -14.07 kN,
B
y
= -1.56 kN,
21
Example 5-4
For the structure shown:
(a) Determine the maximum tension of the cable
(b) Draw quantitative shear & bending-moment diagrams of the beam.
8 m
8 m
0.5 m
A
B
C
5 m 20 m
D
E
1 kN/m
Hinge
22
8 m
0.5 m
A
B
5 m
D
1 kN/m
5 kN
T
o
B
y
B
x
A
y
A
x
T
o
D
y
8 m
B
C
20 m
E
1 kN/m
20 kN
T
o
T
o
E
y
C
y
B
y
B
x
+
"M
A
= 0:
0 ) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 2 ( 5 ) 5 ( $ & *
o y
T B
+
"M
C
= 0:
0 ) 8 ( ) 10 ( 20 ) 20 ( $ * &
o y
T B
From (1) and (2), B
y
= 0, T
o
= 25 kN
SOLUTION
23
!
20w
o
T
o
= 25 kN
8 m
20 m
E
x
y
T
E
= T
max
2 2
max
) 20 ( ) 25 ( & $ $
E
T T
T
max
= 32.02 kN
!
T
E
= T
max
T
o
= 25 kN
20w
o
= 20 kN
25
tan
x w
dx
dy
o
$ $ !
1
2
) 25 ( 2
25
C
x w
dx
x w
y
o
o
& $
$
%
0
) 25 ( 2
) 20 (
8
2
o
w
$
w
o
= 1 kN/m
!
T
x
T
o
= 25 kN
w
o
x
24
A
B
C
1 kN/m
C
y
A
y
A
x
5 m
20 m
10 @ 2.5 m = 25 m
T = w
o
(2.5 m) = (1kN/m)(2.5 m) = 2.5 kN
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
=1.25 kN
= 1.25 kN
1.25
-1.25
1.25
-1.25
1.25
-1.25
1.25
-1.25
1.25
-1.25
x (m)
V (kN)
x (m)
M (kNm)
0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
25
Example 5-5
The cable AB is subjected to a uniform loading of 200 N/m. If the weight of the
cable is neglected and the slope angles at points A and B are 30
o
and 60
o
,
respectively, determine the curve that defines the cable shape and the maximum
tension developed in the cable.
30
o
60
o
A
B
15 m
200 N/m
x
y
26
SOLUTION
(0.2 kN)(15 m) = 3 kN
30
o
60
o
A
B
15 m
T
A
60
o
T
B
3 kN
T
A 30
o
T
B
60
o
30
o
30
o
30
o
120
o
o
A
o o
B
T T
30 sin 30 sin
3
120 sin
$ $
T
B
= 5.20 kN
T
A
= 3 kN
27
30
o
3

k
N
30
o
A
x
y
T
A
= 3 kN
0.2x
x
T
!
0.2x
3 sin 30
o
= 1.5
3 cos 30
o
= 2.6
T
!
6 . 2
5 . 1 2 . 0
tan
&
$ $
x
dx
dy
!
0
%
& $ 577 . 0 0769 . 0 x y
577 . 0 0769 . 0 & $ x
dx
dy
1
2
577 . 0
2
0769 . 0
C x
x
y & & $
y = 0.0385x
2
+ 0.577x
28
Example 5-6
The three-hinged open-spandrel arch bridge shown in the figure below has a
parabolic shape and supports the uniform load . Show that the parabolic arch is
subjected only to axial compression at an intermediate point D along its axis.
Assume the load is uniformly transmitted to the arch ribs.
7 kN/m
15 m
7.5 m 7.5 m
7.5 m
A C
B
2
2
) 15 (
5 . 7
x y
*
$
y
x
D
29
210 kN
15 m
B
2
2
) 15 (
5 . 7
x y
*
$
15 m
SOLUTION
A
x
A
y
C
y
C
x
Entire arch :
+
"M
A
= 0:
0 ) 15 ( 210 ) 30 ( $ *
y
C
"F
y
= 0:
+
0 105 210 $ & *
y
A
A
y
= 105 kN
C
y
= 105 kN
30
105 kN
B
7.5 m 7.5 m
105 kN
C
x
B
Arch segment BC :
+
"M
B
= 0:
"F
y
= 0:
+
0 105 105 $ & *
y
B
B
x
B
y
"F
x
= 0:
+
C
x
= 105 kN
B
x
= 105 kN
B
y
= 0
0 ) 5 . 7 ( ) 15 ( 105 ) 5 . 7 ( 105 $ * & *
x
C
31
52.5 kN
B
D
105 kN
0
3.75 m
26.6
o
26.6
o
A section of the arch taken through point D, x = 7.5 m, y = -7.5(7.5
2
)/(15)
2
= -1.875 m,
is shown in the figure. The slope of the segment at D is
"F
y
= 0:
+
N
D
= 117.40 kN, V
D
= 0, M
D
= 0 kN
"F
x
= 0:
+
105 - N
D
cos 26.6
o
- V
D
sin 26.6
o
= 0
Arch segment BD :
V
D
N
D
M
D
5 . 0
) 15 (
15
tan
5 . 7
2
* $
*
$ $
$ x
x
dx
dy
!
+
"M
D
= 0:
M
D
+ 52.5(3.75) - 105(1.875) = 0
-52.5 + N
D
sin 26.6
o
- V
D
cos 26.6
o
= 0
, ! = 26.6
o

32
52.5 kN
B
D
105 kN
0
3.75 m
26.6
o
26.6
o
A section of the arch taken through point D, x = 7.5 m, y = -7.5(7.5
2
)/(15)
2
= -1.875 m,
is shown in the figure. The slope of the segment at D is
Arch segment BD :
V
D
N
D
M
D
5 . 0
) 15 (
15
tan
5 . 7
2
* $
*
$ $
$ x
x
dx
dy
!
, ! = 26.6
o

!
N
o
= 25 kN
7.5 w
o
= (7.5)(7)= 52.5 kN
N
D
2 2
max
) 5 . 52 ( ) 105 ( & $ $
E
T T
T
max
= 117.4 kN
Notes : Since the arch is a parabola, there are no
shear and bending moment, only N
D
is present
Alternate Method
33
Example 5-7
The three-hinged tied arch is subjected to the loading shown in the figure below.
Determine the force in members CH and CB. The dashed member GF of the truss
is intended to carry no force.
E
15 kN
20 kN
15 kN
A
B
C
D
F
G
H
3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m
4 m
1 m
34
E
15 kN
20 kN
15 kN
A
B
C
D
F
G
H
3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m
4 m
1 m
SOLUTION
+
"M
A
= 0:
"F
y
= 0:
+
"F
x
= 0:
+
0 25 15 20 15 $ & * * *
y
A
0 ) 9 ( 15 ) 6 ( 20 ) 3 ( 15 ) 12 ( $ * * *
y
E
A
x
A
y
E
y
A
x
= 0
A
y
= 25 kN
E
y
= 25 kN
35
15 kN
20 kN
A
B
C
G
H
3 m 3 m
5 m
0
25 kN
+
"M
C
= 0:
"F
y
= 0:
+
"F
x
= 0:
+
0 20 15 25 $ & * *
y
C
0 ) 3 ( 15 ) 6 ( 25 ) 5 ( $ & *
AE
F
0
C
x
C
y
F
AE
-C
x
+ 21= 0
C
x
= 21.0 kN
C
y
= 10 kN
F
AE
= 21.0 kN
36
"F
y
= 0:
+
"F
x
= 0:
+
0 20 $ *
GC
F
F
GC
= 20 kN (C)
F
HG
= 0
20 kN
0
F
GC
F
HG
G
Joint G :
"F
y
= 0:
+
"F
x
= 0:
+
F
CH
= 4.75 kN (T),
Joint C :
20 kN
21 kN
10 kN
F
CB
C
18.43
o
18.43
o
F
CH
-F
CH
cos18.43 - F
CB
cos18.43 - 21= 0
F
CH
sin18.43 - F
CB
cos18.43 - 20 + 10 = 0
F
CB
= -26.88 kN (C)
Thus,
37
Arches
crown
extrados
(or back)
Intrados
(or soffit)
huanch
centerline rise
abutment
springline
fixed arch two-hinged arch
three-hinged arch
tied arch
38
P
1
A
C
P
2
B
C
Three-Hinged Arch
P
1
P
2
A
B
C
B
x
B
y
C
x
C
y
A
x
A
y
C
x
C
y
D
N
D
M
D
V
D
A
x
A
y
D
39
Example 5-8
The tied three-hinged arch is subjected to the loading shown. Determine the
components of reaction at A and C and the tension in the cable.
10 kN
15 kN
B
A
C
0.5 m 1 m
2 m 2 m
D
2 m
40
SOLUTION
10 kN
15 kN
B
A
C
0.5 m 1 m
2 m 2 m
D
2 m
C
y
A
x
A
y
Entire arch :
+
"M
A
= 0:
0 ) 5 . 0 ( 15 ) 5 . 4 ( 10 ) 5 . 5 ( $ * *
y
C
C
y
= 9.545 kN
"F
y
= 0:
+
0 545 . 9 10 15 $ & * *
y
A
A
y
= 15.46 kN
0
41
T
D
10 kN
C
1 m
2 m
D
B
B
x
B
y
C
y
= 9.545 kN
15 kN
B
A
0.5 m
2 m
2 m
B
x
B
y
T
A
A
y
= 15.46 kN
Member AB :
+
"M
B
= 0: 0 ) 2 ( ) 5 . 2 ( 455 . 15 ) 2 ( 15 $ & *
A
T
T
A
= 4.319 kN
"F
y
= 0:
+
0 15 455 . 15 $ * *
y
B
B
y
= 0.455 kN
"F
x
= 0:
+
0 319 . 4 $ *
x
B
B
x
= 4.319 kN
Member AB :
"F
x
= 0:
+
0 319 . 4 $ *
D
T
T
D
= 4.319 kN