21.

77: a) The field is all in the

x
-direction (the rest cancels). From the
q +
charges:
.
) ( 4
1
4
1
4
1
2 3 2 2
0
2 2
2 2
0
2 2
0
x a
qx

x a
x
x a
q

E
x a
q

E
x
+
=
+
+
=
+
=
(Each
q +
contributes this). From the
: 2q
). 1 ) 1 ((
2
4
1 2
) (
2
4
1 2
4
1
2 3 2 2
2
0
2 2 3 2 2
0
total 2
0
+ =

+
= =

x a
x
q
x
q
x a
qx

E
x
q

E
x
b)
.. for
3
4
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
1
4
2
0
2
2
2
0
total
a x
x
qa
x
a
x
q

E >> =

+
!ote that a "oint charge dro"s off li#e
2
1
x
and a di"ole li#e
3
1
x
.