KANARESEGRAMMAR

Wi t h Gr aduat ed Exer c i s es
BY
HAROLDSPENCER, B. A.
REVI SEDBY
W. PERSTON, B. D.
MYSORECTr Y
PRI NTEDAT THEWESLEYPRESS
1950
Ther evi si on
of `Spencer ' s
Gr ammar ' was under t aken some
year s ago
at
t he
r equest of t he Rev.
H. H. Newham, at t hat
t i me Gener al Super i nt endent of t he Met hodi st
Mi ssi onar y
Soci et y
i n Mysor e St at e, t he Mi ssi on Pr ess havi ng
publ i shed
t he
or i gi nal edi t i on, as al so i t s pr edecessor , t he
`El ement ar y
Gr ammar ' of t he Rev. Thomas Hodson ( 1859) . The
wor k
coul d not bet aken up at onceandhas hadt o bedonei n
oddment s
of t i me. When i t was deci ded t o makear evi si on, i t was agr eed
t o makei t f ai r l y t hor ough t hat i t mi ght r ef l ect , t o some ext ent
at l east , t he changes whi ch have t aken pl ace i n wr i t t en and
spoken Kanar ese
as
a r esul t
of
t he not abl e l i t er ar y r enascence
of t he per i od si nce
t hi s gr ammar
was wr i t t en.

Theyear af t er
l

Mr .
Spencer ' s
book was publ i shed, t hat
i s, 1915, i s commonl y
r egar ded as
mar ki ng t he appear ance of a
newi nt er est i n t he
hi st or y of
Kanar ese l i t er at ur e and a newef f or t t o
maket he
l anguage
an ef f ect i ve medi umof expr essi on i n t he,
moder n
wor l d. Thi s was t heyear of t heest abl i shment of t he Kannada
Sahi t ya Par i shat , t heKanar ese Li t er ar y Academy. As f r ui t of
t he l abour s of t he
f ounder s of
t he Academy and t hei r coadj ut or s
gr eat changes have
been wr ought i n
t he l anguage as popul ar l y
wr i t t en and spoken
. The movement
r epr esent ed a r eact i on
away f r oma hi ghl y
Sanskr i t i zed st yl e
of wr i t i ng, a st yl e of
r esoundi ng
compound wor ds, or nat ef i gur es
andl abyr i nt hi ne sen-
t ences, and
t owar ds t henat ur al i di omof
Kannada as f ound i n
ol dbal l ads
andf ol k t al es .

I t s r esul t i s seen i n subst ant i al l i t er ar y
achi evement
of consi der abl e var i et y. Fr omt he poi nt
of
vi ew
of
l anguage t heconsequencehas been t o f or gea f r esh st yl e
f or
popul ar wr i t i ng andj our nal i sm, as al so f or f act ual st at ement s i n
hi st or y and br anches of moder n knowl edge. Char act er i st i c
wor ds andi di oms havebeen r est or ed t o usewhi chundeser vedl y
had been al l owed
t o l apse.
No change
has
been made i n t he gener al f or mof Mr .
Spencer ' s book.
The
f eat ur es whi ch di st i ngui shed t he f i r st
edi t i on ar e
r et ai ned, namel y,
t he
gr aded
exer ci ses i n t r ansl at i on
and a cer t ai n
amount of exposi t i on .
The t r ansl i t er at i on of
PREFACE
Kannadawords i n Roman l et t ers whi ch charact eri zed t he f i rst
edi t i on t hroughout , has been abandoned af t er t he f i rst t hree
l essons, except i n t he case of t echni cal t erms of grammar . A
chapt er hasbeenaddedont he f orms of Kanarese correspondence
as anai dt ot hose whot ake t he l anguage exami nat i ons appoi nt ed
f or mi ssi onari es.
Of t he col l eagues whose opi ni on Mr. Spencer was abl e t o
obt ai n duri ng t he composi t i onof hi s book none remai ns i n t he
count ry.

Mr. Spencer was good enough t o send f romEngl and
aseri es of not es he hadmade .

The opi ni on of t he col l eagues
who have t aken t he pl ace of t hose whose names were quot ed
i n t he ori gi nal pref ace has been el i ci t ed f romt i me t o t i me on
vari ous poi nt s.

Pandi t K. Hanumant aRao has been consul t ed
ondoubt f ul mat t ers.
As i n t he composi t i onof t hi s_work, so i n i t s revi si on, t he ol d
andst andard grammars have been used, Dr . Ki t t el ' s edi t i on of
Sabdamani darpana, hi s own grammar based on t hat , t he
Hosagannadanudi gannadi of Kri shnamaehi rya ( 1838) t oget her
wi t h Dr . Ki t t el ' s monument al di ct i onary. So al so more recent
books such as t he Uni versi t y of Mysore Kannada Kei pi di , t he
Si l i vyi karana of t he Basel Mi ssi on Press, Sabdi dara, t he
Madhyama Vyi karana of Mr. T. N. Sri kant ai ya, and ot hers,
have been consul t ed.

An occasi onal i l l ust rat i ve exampl e has
been t aken f romt hese works.

I t i s hoped t hat no breach of
ri ght s or et i quet t e has t aken pl ace whi ch may not be met by
grat ef ul acknowl edgment .
Acknowl edgment s are due t o my assi st ant s i n t he Di ocesan
Of f i ce f or cl eri cal and ot her hel p, as al so t o our Kannada
Li t erat ure Depart ment and t he management of t he Wesl ey
Press f or exempl ary pat i ence .
Bangal ore,
Apri l , 1950
i v
W. P.
CORRECTI ONS ANDADDI TI ONS
Page 6, col . 2, t hi rd l et t er, read "i " f or " 1".
10, f oot not e 1, f or r readr.
13, t hi rd l i ne f rombot t om, readri f ore.
16, ri ght handcol umn, read i hri f or j hri andri t hroughout t he col umn.
17, l ef t handcol umn; read t hri f or Fhri andri t hroughout t he col umn.
18, i n j ni paka l ong a has got det ached f romt vs ; t he f ormshoul d be
WV ; cf . t he f oot not e.
48, smal l t ype pare, af t er "pl ural ", read commaf or st op andt he smal l
l et t er f or t he capi t al i n "I f ".
56, f oot not e, read "sami ayarupa" f or "sami ayarupa. "
121, l i ne 11, t he subscri pt s` i n damQt has got broken.
126, f oot not e one, add"For ot her except i ons, see p. 300. "
145, add t o t he paragraph i ns mal l t ype : "See f urt her on t hi s subj ect
f oot not e onp. 338. "
154, Vocabul ary, under +d, Aot i ; f or "pron. and", read "andpron. "
161, f oot not e 5, f or ( n. ) read ( 1 n. ) .
165, f oot not e 1, l ast l i ne, f or t he semi col on read a comma.
166, f oot not e 8, remove t he st op af t er "Past ".
223, f oot not e 4, read "I NS t rue, t rut h ( 1 n. ) ".
227, 9t h l i ne f rombot t omof page, af t er "rat ) he i s not " read
"( 35' 2
d) , yes, he i s) ". I n t he f ol l owi ng l i ne af t er "no" read
"not ours ( ad' ' Ll o yes, - ours) ".
230, smal l t ype pars, del et e "et c. ", at end.
246, f oot not e 6, f or "n. " read "m. ".
248, si xt h l i ne f rombot t om, read 8 f or t .
285, f oot not e 3, read "see" f or "sec".
347, f oot not e 2 t o be read t hus : edom
pi t y ; del et e f oot not e 12 .
pi t i abl e ; i ddun ( Kan. vt ht a)
CONTENT' S
PAGES
CHAPTERI
THE ALPHABET-Vowel s-Consonants-
Combi nati onof Vowel s wi thConsonants
EXERCI SEI .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

6-17
THE ALPHABET ( contd. )-Combi nati on of
Consonants wi th Consonants-ExERctsEI I
-Semi -Vowel s, or Semi -Consonants-Ex.
ERCI SEI I I .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

18-25
MUTATI ONAL COMBI NATI ON OF LETTERS
( 4oq~ sandhi )-EXERCI SE I V.

. . .

. . .

26-30
CHAPTERI I
CLASSI FI CATI ON OF WORDS-Cl assi f i cati on
accordi ng to Ori gi n-Cl assi f i cati on accor-
di ng to Grammati cal Use-DECLENSi oNs
AND CONJ UGATI ONs-The Three Decl en-
si ons-Gender-Number-Case-Person-
TheTwoConj ugati ons-Moods, Tenseand
Voi ce. . . .

. . .

. . .

. .

. . . 31-39
THE FI RSTDECLENSI ON-Mascul i ne-THE
FI RST CONJ UGATI ON-I mperati ve-Present
Tense-SYNTAX-ThePresent Tense-De-
monstrati ve Adj ecti ves-The Sentence
EXERCI SEV.

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

40-45
THEFI RSTDECLENSI ON( contd. )-Femi ni ne
-Personal Pronounsof theThi rd Person-
THEFI RST CONJ UGATI ON( contd. )-Future
Tense-SYNTAX-The Fut ur e Tense-
Transl ati ono `And ' -EXERCI SEVI .

. . .

46-49
THEFI RSTDECLENSI ON( contd. )-Neuter-
THE FI RST CONJ UGATI ON ( contd. )-Past
ABBREVI ATI ONS
A( i n3A) f or the3Adecl ensi on i nterj . , i nterj ecti on
acc . , accusati vecase i nterr. , i nterrog. , i nterrogati ve
adj . , adj ecti ve i rreg. , i rregul ar
I NTRODUCTI ON
adj ctvl . , adj ecti val Kan. , Kanarese
adv. , adverb l oc. , l ocati vecase
advbl . , adverbl . , adverbi al m. , mascul i ne
al t . , al ternati ve n. , neut. , neuter
LESSON I .
B( i n313), the313decl ensi on neg. , negati ve
c. ( cum), wi th nom. , nomi nati vecase
cf . , compare p. , page
conj . , conj ugati on partc . , ptc . , ptcp. , parti ci pl e LESSON I I .
conj uncti on ptcpl . , parti ci pi al
cont. , conti ngent pf . , perf . , perf ect
dat . , dati vecase pers. , person
decl . , decl ensi on pl u. , pl ural
e. g. , f or exampl e postp. , postposi ti on LESSON I I I .
ex. , exampl e pref . , pref i x
emph. , emphati c pres. , present
f . , f emi ni ne pro. , pron. , pronoun
f ut. , f uture redupl . , redupl i cati on
gen. , geni ti vecase rel . , rel ati ve LESSON I V.
honf c. , honori f i c a. , si ng. , si ngul ar
i . e. , that i s Sk. ( Skt . ), Sanskri t
i mpv. , i mperat. , i mperv. , i mperati ve tad. , tdb. , tadbhava
mood tr . , transi ti ve( verb)
i nf . , i nf i n. , i nf i ni ti vemood
vbl . , verbal
i natr . , i nstrumental case
voc. , vocati ve case
i ntr. , i ntrans. , i ntransi ti ve( verb)
LESSON V.
LESSON VI .
LESSON VI I .
and `Adj ect i val Noun&' -EXERCI SE XV. 100-105
i x
USE of VERBAL PARTI CI PL99---Coat ot npo-
raneous or Successi ve Act i ons-Manner,
Means, Cause-Verbal Part i ci pl es fol l owed
by a Negat i ve Verb-Part i ci pl es fol l owed
bya Fi ni t e Verbhavi ng a di fferent Subj ect
-EXERCI SEXVI . . . . . . . . .
NOUNSOF RELATI ONSHI P-PRONOUNS-Fi rst
Person-Second Person-SPECI AL USES OF
THE PLURAL-Honori fi c Pl ural Dvandva-
sam4sa-TaEI RREGULAR VERB' A
Cont i nuat i ve Forms of Verbs-Perfect
Forms of Verbs-The Verb %d) wi t h t he
Dat i ve Case-ExERCI 8EXVI I . . . . . . .
PRoNouNs(cont d. )-Emphat i candRefl exi ve
Pronounaai da
t dnu-Thi rd Person Neut er
on
t edVerbal Forms-ExERci ss XXI V.

. . .
PAGRi
106-114
115-125
Pronoun-THEI N' STRUMENTALCASE--
EXERCI SEXVI I I

. . .

. . .

. . .

126--132
VERBS ENDI NG I N ' 44o i m, ETC. -THE
I RREGULAR VERB foa hoqu- EXERCI SE
XX.

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . . 133-141
PRONOUNS (cont d. )-I nt errogat i ve Pro-
nouns oi pdgi yavanu, 44~) e-Repet i t i on
of Pronouns, em-WORDS OF NUMBER-
WORDSOF QUANTI TY-THEDATI VEOF THE
POI NTOF TI ME-EXERCI SEXX. . . . . . .
WORDSOF MANNER-PRONOMI NALENDI NGS
ATTACHED To GENI TI VE CASE- USE OF
I NTERROGATI VE WoRDs-THELOCATI VE
CASE-ExERci sz XXI .

. . .

. . .

. . .
UNI NFLECTEDWORDSOzai aavyaya-Used
as Post posi t i ons, al ong wi t h Rel at i ve Part i -
ci pl es and as i ndependent Adverbs-as
Adj ect i ves-Uni nfl ect ed Forms part l y or
whol l y decl i nabl e-Conj unct i ons-Onoma-
t opoei c (I mi t at i ve) Words-I nt erj ect i ons-
Affi xes-ExERci nXXI I .

. . .
UNI NFLECTED WORDS (cont d. )--Not es
some I ndecl i nabl es-EXERci sz XVI I I .
UNI NFLECTEDWORDS(cont d. )-Unconj uga-
142-155
156-164
165-180
181-188
189-196
vi i i
Tense--SYNTAX-The Past Tense-The PAGES
LESSON XVI .
Crude Formof Nouns compounded wi t h
Verbs-The Word de ddj dJ varu,
God-
EXERCI SEVI I . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-53
LESSON VI I I . THESECONDDECLENSI ON-MaSCUl i ne-THE
FI RST CONJ UGATI ON (cont d. )-Cont i ngent
Form-SYNTAX-The Cont i ngent Form-
LESSON XVI I .
I nt errogat i ve Sent ences-ExsRcxsEVI I I - . . . 54-60
LESSON I X. THESECONDDECLENSI ON(co. ; t d. )-Femi ni ne
-The FI RST CONJ UGATI ON (cont d. )-I m-
perat i ve Mood-SYNTAX-Personal Pro-
nouns of t he Thi rdPerson-Post posi t i ons-
The i rregul ar verbs, mW, t ad), ; kJ , -#ALSJ ,
azda, fact )-EXERCI SEI X. . . . . . . 61-65
LESSON XVI I I .
LESSON X. THESECONDDECLENSI ON(cont d. )-Neut er
-THEFI RST CONJ UGATI ON(cont d. )-
Negat i ve Mood-ExERci sEX. . . . . . 66-69
LESSON XI . THETHI RDDECLENSI ON-The Thi rd (A)
LESSON XI X.
Decl ensi on -- THE FI RST CONJ UGATI ON
(cont d. )-Part i ci pi al and I nfi ni t i ve Forms-
The Verbal Noun i n emda-EXERCI SE XI . 70-78
LESSON XX.
LESSON XI I . THETHI RDDECLENSI ON(cont d. )-TheThi rd
(B) Decl ensi on-THE FI RST CONJ UGATI ON
(cont d. )-Negat i ve Forms-The i rregul ar
verbs, oda, agat ri a, ej ri a-EXERCI SE XI I . 79-85
LESSON XI I I . REcAPI TULATORY-Conspect us of Regul ar
LESSON XXI .
Decl ensi ons-Const ruct i onof Fi ni t e Verbal
Forms-Paradi gmof Fi rst Conj ugat i on
Verb-SYNTAX-Use of Crude Formof
Nouns-Emphat i c " Affi x enra - EXERCI SE
LESSON XXI I .
XI I I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86-94
LESSON XI V. THE SECOND CONJ UGATI ON-Paradi gm-
The i rregul ar verbs, few, of o. ), 9#, pdoa
EXERCI SEXI V. . . . . . . . . . . . . 95-99
CHAPTERI I I
LESSON XV. CLASSI FI CATI ON OF DECLI NABLE WORDS-
LESSON XVI I I .
Nouns-Pronouns-Words of Number and
Quant i t y-Words of Manner-Adj ect i ves
LESSON XXI V,
LESSON
-
XXV.
LESSON XXVI .
LESSON XXVI I .
LESSON XXXVI I .
LESSON XXI X.
LESSON XXX.
LESSON XXXI .
LESSON XXXI I .
LESSONXXXVI I .
x
SOMECOMMONI RREGULAR VERBS, t dda bare
- . 5W=au- t srb agu- Combi nat i on of t ut )
and l ad- Combi nat i on of t i ri a wi t h
Uni nf l ect ed Verbal Forms- EXERCI SEXXV.
RELATI VEPARTI CI PLES- The Transl at i on of
Engl i sh Adj ect i val Cl auses- ExERci sE
XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RELATI VEPARTI CI PLES( cont d. ) - TheTrans-
l at i on of Engl i sh Adverbi al Cl auses-
Temporal - Local - Fi nal - Manner and
Degree- Comparat i ve- Causal - Condi -
t i onal and Concessi ve- Apposi t i onal use of
Rel at i ve Part i ci pl es- The Rel at i ve Part i ci -
pl e

t akka- The Tense of Rel at i ve
Part i ci pl es- EXERCI SE, XXVI I . . . .

- -
NEUTER PARTI CI PI AL NOUNS- THENEGA-
TI vEs mt ) i l l s, 00 al l a- The Transl at i on
of `Yes' and ' No' - EXERCi ss XXXVI I . . . .
CONDI TI ONALCLAUSES- Concessi veCl auses
- I di omat i c use of UddA adaru- ADVERSA-
TI VE CLAUSES- ALTERNATI VE CLAUSES
ANDWORDS- I LLATI VECLAUSES- EXERCI SE
XXI X-
ADJ ECTI VESANDTHEI R EQUI VALENTS- Des-
cri pt i ve Nouns- ' Adj ect i val Nouns ' - Kar-
madharaya Samasa and Adj ect i ves- Nouns
used Adj ect i val l y- Rel at i ve Part i ci pl es-
EXERCI SEXXX. . . . . . . . .
ADJ ECTI VESANDTHEI R EQUI VALENTS( cont d. )
Sanskri t Adj ect i ves- Sanskri t Adj ect i val
Nouns- To di st i ngui sh Sanskri t f rom
Kanarese Words- Compari son- EXERCI SE
XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE CASES- ACCUSATI VE- DATI VE- GENI
TI VE- - EXERCI SEXXXI I .

. . .

. . .
I DI OMATI CUSESOF t i ri ) - f i n i n Adverbi al
sense- t f C0J 4a
ayi t u represent i ng Com-
pl et eness- Neut er Forms i n sense of
PAGES
197- 202
203- 209
210- 220a
221- 229
230- 238
239- 245
246- 254-
255- 261
LESSONXXXI V.
LESSON XXXV.
LESSON XXXVI .
LESSONXXXVI I .
LESSONXXXVI I .
LESSON XXXVX.
possi bi l i t y, et c. - t f t i a denot i ng Rel at i on-
shi p- wri a i n Passi ve si gni f i cance- - urb
wi t h Aadeu modal u and Wao; 9. ) munt u-
EXERCI SEXXXVI I .

. . .

. . .
I DI OMATI CUSESOF SOMECOMMONVERBS
al at rb hogu- ant f o haku- Waa 44u- Ex.
ERCI SE=I V

. . .

. . .

. . .
USESOF THEI NFI NI TI VE- Compound Sen-
t ences wi t h Change of Subj ect - I nf i ni t i ve
of Purpose- - Usages resembl i ngAccusat i ve
wi t h I nf i ni t i ve Const ruct i on- I nf i ni t i ve as
Verbal Noun- Passi ve Conj ugat i on- Ot her
Met hods of t ransl at i ngt heEngl i shPassi ve-
DEFECTI VE VERBS- t PD6 ar- W36
ue6 ol - ExERCi sEXXXV.
THEI MPERATI VEMOOD- ABBREVI ATED
FORMSOF PRONOUNSANDVERBS- REPETI -
TI ONOF WORDS- EXERCI SEXXXVI .

. . .
CHAPTER I V
bal -
I RREGULAR VERBS- Cl ass I - - Cl ass I I - #J a
kuri - Cl ass I I I - Sect i on ( a) - Si d
a
t nnu-
4~{( e4a) ennu ( annu) - I di omat i c Uses
of
44a-
. J oda endu i n Report ed Speech-
aod3 i n t ransl at i ng Cl auses of Reason=
. hod . ) i n t ransl at i ng Fi nal and J ussi ve
Cl auses- Di rect and I ndi rect Speech-
EXERCI SEXXXVI I .

. . .

. . .

. . .
FURTHERI DI OMATI CUSESOF
) 4a
ennuva, sot ) emba- . ) ot ) ; 34) embavanu,
. ) oWo; *da embuvudu, et c. - . ) odd endare-
e9od ant e- ExERci sEXXXVI I . . . . . . .
I RREGULARVERBS( cont d. ) - - Cl ass I I I ( b) -
Cl ass I I I ( c) - - &) da baru- &I sevl bi j u- Cl ass
I V- 4i oi 33i yu- - nai . .. ) sdyu- Cl ass V- 4da
kedu- 0dj bi du- eadda hora4u- vzma
kanu- Cl ass VI - 4ri a nagu- ExERci sE
XXXVX. . . . . . . . . . . . .
PAGES
263- 269
270- 275
276- - 286
287- 292
293- 302
303- 309
310- 317
LESSON XL.
LESSON XLI .
LESSON XLII.
LESSON XLIII .
LESSON XLIV.
LESSON XLV.
RwAPITULATORY-The Order of Words
andPhrases i na Kanarese Sentence-The
TheOrder of Cl ausesi naKanaresesentence
-Transl ati on of the Engl i sh Inf i ni ti ve
Mood-Co-ordi nate Cl auses-EXERCISE
XL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THETRANSLATIONOFSUBORDINATECLAUSES
( contd. ) -Adj ecti val - Adverbi al - Noun
Cl auses-EXERCISEXLI . . .

. . .

. . .
CHAPTERV
KANNADASANDHI-KanareseVowel Sandhi
-Kanarese Consonant Sandhi -EXERCISE
XLII. . . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . . 334-339
SANSKRITSANDHi -Sanskri t Vowel Sandhi
-Sanskri t Consonant Sandhi -EXERCISE
XLIII .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . . 340-350
SAMASA-Sanskri t

Samosa-ExERcIsE-
XLIV. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . . 351-356
KanareseSamosa-Hybri d Samosa-EXER-
cl sEXLV.

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

357-367
LESSON

XLVI . CORRESPONDENCEINKANARESE . . .
PAGES
318-325
326-333
. . . 368-376
APPENDIX

I .

NOUNSOF RELATIONSHIP

. . .

. . .

379-382
APPENDIX

II. CARDINAL NUMBERS ( NEUTER FORMS) -
Fracti ons . . .

. . .

. . .

. . . 383-385
APPENDIX

III .

IRREGULARVERBS

. . .

. . .

. . .

386-396
APPENDIX

IV.

IMITATIVEWORDS

. . .

. . .

. . .

397-399
APPENDIX

V. THECALENDAR, TIMESANDSEASONs-The
Day-TheWeek-TheMonth-TheYear
-TheRai ns-Cycl es

. . .

. . .

. . .

400-404
APPENDIX

VI . LISTOFGRAMMATICALTERMS

. . .

. . . 405-406
VOCABULARIES

( 1) KANARESE. . .

. . .

. . .

. . . 407-430
( 2) ENGLISH . . .

. . .

. . .

. . . 431---444
NOTEONPUNCTUATION

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . . 445
INDICES

( 1) SUBJ ECTS . . .

. . .

. . .

. . . 446--4. 48
( 2) KANARESEWORDSANNOTATEDINTHE
LESSONS . . .

. . .

. . .

. . . 449-452
KANARESEGRAMMAR
INTRODUCTION
KANARESEGRAMMATICALUSAGES
CONTRASTEDWITHENGLISH
Thi s handbook i s desi gned f or theuseof thosewho desi re
to l earnthemodernf ormof Kannada ( angl i ce Kanarese) , thei r
ownmother tonguebei ng Engl i sh. Theobvi ous i ni ti al obstacl e
i n thi s endeavour i s that of acqui ri ng anaccuratepronunci ati on
of thewords of thel anguage. Andhere Kanaresedoes present
consi derabl edi f f i cul ty to af orei gner whoknows no other Indi an
l anguage.

It maybehopedthat, whenthework of thePhoneti cs
Associ ati on of the Mysore Uni versi ty has been more f ul l y
devel oped, therewi l l be a possi bi l i ty of af f ordi ng a cl ear and
accurate account of Kanaresepronunci ati on such as woul d f orm
arel i abl e gui deto af orei gn student; but that ti me i s not yet.
In the paragraphs whi ch f ol l ow, the roman al phabet, poi nted
wherenecessary, i s used to i ndi cateKanaresesounds. Thi s use
i s expl ai ned i n LessonI .

But al l such suggesti ons as arethere
madeamount to no morethananapproxi matei ndi cati on of the
proper sounds.

Apassabl e pronunci ati oncanonl y beachi eved
wi th thehel p of someonewhosemother tonguei s Kanarese.
Whenthepronunci ati on di f f i cul ty has been partl y overcome
i t i s i mportant that as soon-as possi bl ea begi nni ng be madei n
theuseof such sentences as maybel earnt . To hel p makesuch
use i ntel l i gent and to f aci l i tate the acqui si ti on of f resh
sentences, certai nf eatures of Kanaresegrammati cal usagewhi ch
makei t di f f er f romEngl i sharehere di scussed i n a prel i mi nary
way.
2

KANARESEGRAMMAR
Take t he Kanar ese sent ence en , , ; 60r \ A , z ~ o3a~a z SeM
anna ( nu) t angi ( ge) bal e [ y] ( annu) begane t ar uvanu. '
Tr ansl at ed l i t er al l y, i t says, `( The) el der - br ot her t o ( hi s) younger -
si st er ( a) bangl e qui ckl y wi l l br i ng. "

I n t he Kanar ese sent ence
t her ei s not hi ng i n t heor der of t he subj ect , t he i ndi r ect anddi r ect
obj ect s whi ch cal l s f or comment , as i t cor r esponds wi t h t he
nor mal Engl i sh or der .

Theadver b, as i n Engl i sh, i s br ought as
near t o t he ver b i t modi f i es as t he sense wi l l al l ow; but her e
a di f f er ence comes t o vi ew.

I n Kanar ese, t he adver b pr act i cal l y
never f ol l ows t he ver b i t modi f i es, i n t he Engl i sh f ashi on, but
pr ecedes i t .

Thi s i s connect ed wi t h t hegener al r ul e i n Kanar ese
t hat t he f i ni t e ver b cl oses t he sent ence.
I n t he t r ansl i t er at i on above, t he l et t er i n squar e br acket s
may be di sr egar ded, f or t he pr esent . I t i s one of a f ew l et t er s
whi ch, f or t he sake of euphony, ar e i nser t ed bet ween t he cr ude
f or ms of wor ds and gr ammat i cal endi ngs. The l et t er s i n t he
smal l br acket s ar e case endi ngs. They her e st and f or t he f act
t hat , i n f or mal Kanar ese, pr act i cal l y al l nouns and pr onouns i n
sent ences have case endi ngs.
The wor d ucK~~ anna ( nu) , above, must be t r ansl at ed
' t he el der br ot her ' , and z , ~4o~L c- ~ bal e [ y] ( annu) , ' a bangl e' .
I t i s t o be not ed t hat Kanar ese has nei t her def i ni t e nor i ndef i ni t e
ar t i cl e.

I n t he Kanar ese sent ence above t he nouns t hemsel ves
convey a compl et e and cl ear meani ng; but i n some sent ences
t he sense of t he i ndef i ni t e ar t i cl e of Engl i sh i s r epr esent ed by
t he numer al adj ect i ve t , , 0d, ~ ondu ( n. ) , t Qz - ~, obba ( m. and f . ) ,
' one' , and t he def i ni t e ar t i cl e by t he demonst r at i ve adj ect i ve
ej d, ' t hat ' , ' t hose' , or *i , ' t hi s' , ' t hese' . Thi s i s easy t o
under st and as ' t he' i s a demonst r at i ve adj ect i ve l i ke ' t hat ' and
' t hi s' , and ' an' or ' a' i s j ust a shor t ened f or mof ' one' .
At t ent i on has al r eady been dr awnt o t he adver b Z3e7~4 begane.
1 Wi t h r ef er ence t o t hese t r ansl i t er at i ons i t ought t o be not i ced t hat i n
Kanar ese wr i t i ng no l et t er i s ever si l ent ( t he uni t s i n a doubl ed consonant ar e
no except i on) , and t hi s appl i es t o t he t r ansl i t er at i on.
Avocabul ar y i s gi ven bel ow.
I NTRODUCTI ON

3
I t s endi ng shows t hat i t i s an adver b and, gener al l y speaki ng,
a Kanar ese adver b wi l l al ways show t hat i t i s such by one o
a number of endi ngs such as, er i age, e3~ ane and, especi al l y,
ei n dgi . But i n Kanar ese i t i s not onl y wor ds whi ch Engl i sh
r egar ds as adver bs t hat t ake t he adver bi al endi ng. Nouns and
adj ect i ves whi ch compl et e t he sense of a ver b and ar e used, as
wesay, pr edi cat i vel y al so have t headver bi al endi ng. For exampl e,
t he sent ence, ' The boy gr ows t al l ' , i s r ender ed
d~~r 1 z 3s o3. : ~s~~ huduga( nu) et t ar a[ v] dgi bel eyut t dne.
Her et he wor d f or ' t al l ' i s adver bi al i n f or m. So i n sent ences
wher et hever b ' t o be' occur s wi t h anounor adj ect i vecompl ement ,
t he compl ement , accor di ng t o Kanar ese usage, wi l l t ake adver bi al
f or m. ' That f l ower i s r ed' i s t r ansl at ed UZ&r ~4, 40' A ' ad
d hu, [ v] ( u) ket hpagel . i de.
I n col l oqui al speech, t hever b ' t obe' , t hus usedas acopul at i ve,
i s of t en omi t t ed and wi t h i t t he adver bi al endi ng of t he
pr edi cat i ve noun or adj ect i ve.

Thus we may say
,
t l

4o; ~
d huvu kempu. Exampl es of t hi s usagear et o be f ound on page 21 .
L et us add a shor t sent ence t o our f i r st exampl e : UO=r at
adj ; ~ e9

~~ e5di z : ~ bal e [ y] ( annu) t ar uva
anna ( nu) adannu' chdpe [ y] ( a) mel e i duvanu, ' The el der - br ot her
whobr i ngs t he bangl e wi l l pl ace i t on t he mat . ' Her e, t he wor d
t ar uva, ' who br i ngs" , r epr esent s a gr ammat i cal f or mwhi ch i s
pecul i ar t o t he f ami l y of l anguages t o whi ch Kanar ese bel ongs.
I t i s cal l ed a r el at i ve par t i ci pl e. Ther e ar e no r el at i ve pr onouns
i n Kanar ese.

The r el at i ve par t i ci pl e i ncl udes i n i t sel f t he sense
of bot h t he r el at i ve pr onoun and t he f i ni t e ver b of an Engl i sh
adj ect i val cl ause. I t i s par t i ci pi al i n f or mand, as an adj ect i ve,
qual i f i es t he wor d whi ch i n Engl i sh gr ammar woul d be t he
ant ecedent .

Anal ogi es ar e not want i ng i n Engl i sh.

I f we speak
of a pol i cy as ' f or war d- l ooki ng' or a sound as ' ear - spl i t t i ng' ,
t he t wo par t i ci pl es ar e equi val ent t o ' whi ch l ooks' and ' whi ch
1 I n t hi s wor d t he f i nal u of t hecr ude f or mkedi pu, ' r edness' , i s el i ded on
t headdi t i on of t he adver bi al endi ng age. Such el i si on of f i nal ui s ver y common,
' adu, ' i t ' , wi t h t he acc. endi ng annu.

3 Or ' whi ch br i ngs' .
I {ANARESE GRAMMAR
s pl i t s ' . `Bat t l e- s car r ed' i s an exampl e of s i mi l ar us e of t he
pas t par t i ci pl e. The r el at i ve par t i ci pl e cover s t he s ens e of s uch
i ns t ances al ong wi t h al l t he cons t r uct i ons i n whi ch Engl i s h us es
r el at i ve pr onouns and r el at i ve adver bs .

I t has ot her us es al s o.
Thes e ar e di s cus s ed i n Les s ons XXVI and XXVI I ; but i t i s as
wel l t o accus t omt he mi nd t o t he f or mas s oon as pos s i bl e.
The s ent ence above i l l us t r at es t he f act , al s o, t hat , i n Kanar es e,
t he pl ace of what i n Engl i s h ar e cal l ed pr epos i t i ons i s t aken by
' pos t pos i t i ons ' .

That i s , t he par t i cl es whi ch gover n nouns and
pr onouns ( i n Kanar es e chi ef l y i n t he geni t i ve cas e) come af t er
t he wor ds t hey gover n and not bef or e . Thus &~d mi l e, ' on' ,
comes af t er za, Da chape, `mat ' .
Our or i gi nal s ent ence mi ght have been wr i t t en: . : nJ~uonA
t a4oJ~~t om4ACL' d~ anna ( nu) t af gi ( ge) bal e [ y] ( annu)
t andu koduvanu, `The el der - br ot her wi l l br i ng and gi ve a bangl e
t o hi s younger - s i s t er . ' But t he f or m oz

t andu, whi ch i s her e
t r ans l at ed `wi l l br i ng' i s a pas t par t i ci pl e and s o means , `havi ng
br ought ' . The i l l us t r at i on i s chos en f or t he s ake of t he
obs er vat i on t hat a Kanar es e s ent ence r ar el y t ol er at es mor e t han
one f i ni t e ver b.

One ver b i n t he s ent ence onl y wi l l be f i ni t e i n
f or m. Ver bs whi ch, i n Engl i s h, woul d be co- or di nat e wi t h i t
ar e put i n t he f or m of t he pas t par t i ci pl e . As i f we s ai d, i n
Engl i s h, `The br ot her havi ng br ought wi l l gi ve' .
Ot her poi nt s i n whi ch Kanar es e us age di f f er s f r om Engl i s h
ar e, ( a) t he us e i n Kanar es e of ) of f endu, t he pas t par t i ci pl e
of t he ver b

cad ennu, `s ay' , at t he end of s peech di r ect l y
r epor t ed and i n cer t ai n s i mi l ar s i t uat i ons , and ( b) t he Negat i ve
Mood of t he Kanar es e ver b. The f or mer poi nt i s deal t wi t h
i n Les s on XXXVI I ; a s i mpl e exampl e i s , z3~d s oda zt ewdTt ~
bi da endu hel i danu, `he s ai d, "( you) mus t not "' . t l ~~d bi da,
z3_ F) dt i a bar adu, 7u-at z~) s al adu, a, f ; dd, ) kudadu i n Exer ci s e I
, ( p . 15) , ar e exampl es of t he Negat i ve Mood. The us e of t he
mood i s not ver y common i n conver s at i on, except i n t he above
and a f ew ot her wor ds .
- I NTRODUCTI ON

5
Anot her di f f er ence bet ween Engl i s h and Kanar es e i s t hat i n
t he l at t er , when addr es s i ng per s ons , and even wi t h r ef er ence t o
peopl e not pr es ent , t he s i ngul ar number can onl y be us ed i n t he
cas e of j uni or s and s er vant s ( Les s on XVI I ) .
et c anna, el der br ot her
ooh t angi , younger s i s t er
u4bal e, bangl e
z3P r i Nbi gane, qui ckl y
t ar uvanu, he wi l l br i ng
z- oci , ~ondu ( n. ) ZN2~obba
( m. and f . ) , one
ej a, t hat , t hos e ( adj . )
- 6 ~i , t hi s , t hes e ( adj . )
zd) dJ7j huduga, boy
- ~&t i et t ar a, hei ght
bel eyut t ane, he
gr ows
a6 , p hu, f l ower
4a q kempu, r ednes s
4o- Aker kpage, r ed ( adv . )
- ae i de, i t i s
t ar uva, whi ch br i ngs
Wor ds us ed above
( The P r onunci at i on mus t be l ear nedf r oma Muns hi )
UCS4a adannu, i t ( acc . )
znt chape, mat
&~d mi l e, on
i duvanu, he wi l l pl ace
: ~OL~J t andu, havi ng br ought
koduvanu, he wi l l
gi ve
ennu, s ay
4oC: S~ endu, havi ng s ai d
t i ed bi da, i t i s not want ed
( mus t not )
4el gci NJ hel i danu, he s ai d
znt j t 4a bar adu, i t i s not
becomi ng ( mus t not )
- N- - e) vt S, ) s al adu, i t i s not ,
s uf f i ci ent
' Uad~kudadu, i t i s not f i t t i ng
( mus t not )
Endi ngs : nom. c~
acc. ecad annu, ( al l decl s . )
dat . Age
gi n. e9 a
advbl . er \ agi , UAage, e3
nu, and et o u
ane
The Kanar ese Al phabet
Vowel s ,
For t hesecondar yf or ms of t he vowel s see p. 13 .
s
For t he secondar y f or ms of t heconsonant s see pp. 18, 19.
p
ph
b
bh
m
Y
r
l
v
sh or s
s
h
l
r h ( t r ansl i t er -
at ed9, i i , t i and
n bef or e con-
sonant s of t he
I , t d, k i and
gr oups)
h
CHAPTERI
LESSONI
The Al phabet
As wi l l be seen f r omt he t abl e opposi t e t her e ar e i n t he
Kanar ese al phabet f our t een vowel s, t hi r t y- f our consonant s and
t wo ot her l et t er s . We shal l consi der t he pr onunci at i on of t he
var i ous l et t er s br i ef l y.
Wi t hr ef er ence t o Kanar ese vowel s i t i s t o be not edt hat t hey
t ak e t hei r char act er not onl y f r omt he posi t i on i n t he mout h
wher e t hey ar e soundedbut al so f r omt he pr esence or absence of
pr ol ongat i on. Amongst Engl i shvowel s t hevar i et i es of a i n `st and'
and`st ar ' di f f er i n sound but not necessar i l y i n t he t i me t hey
t ak e t o pr onounce; but as bet ween Uand ej t her e i s not onl y
a ( sl i ght ) di f f er ence of sound but t he l ong l et t er i s i nvar i abl y
pr ol onged i n pr onunci at i on. That i s t he si gni f i cance of t he
si gn : at t ached t o l ong vowel s on t he opposi t e page.
Ther e i s no Kanar ese vowel sound whi ch has an exact
equi val ent i n Engl i sh.
e~

Thea i n `about ' ( phonet i c a) and u i n ` but ' ( A)
have bot h been suggest edas equi val ent s. Bot h sounds
ar e hear d.

Thel at t er i s near er t he nor mal Kanar ese
pr onunci at i on but t he Kanar ese sound i s madewi t h
t he t ongue sl i ght l y l ower t han i n t he Engl i sh. The
f or mer sound ( a) i s hear d i n a wor d l i k e 40 sar i ,
`r i ght ' , wher et he pr onunci at i onof e5 a appr oaches t he
sound of - ~ e. The t endency t o var i at i on may be
i l l ust r at ed i n t he f act t hat someKanar ese wor ds have
t wo f or ms, i n one of whi ch - ) e t ak es t he pl ace of "
5 a;
e. g. M~ channu or z&Fad
chennu, beaut y and t ~w
chal l u or 2ak a chel l u, scat t er.
Kanar ese
Si ns
APPr oxi mat e
Phonet i c
Equi val ent s
I
Commonl y
usedi n
Tr ansl i t er at i on
I
Kanar ese
Si gns
I
Appr oxi mat e
Phonet i c
Equi val ent s
Commonl y
used
I Tr ansl i t er at i on
i n
A or a a ai a, t ~ + r i or r
a: a e e
I i e: e
ai ai
W u u YN o 0
e. M u : u ' t om o : o
r i or , r au au
Consonant s'
k h n
k h k h
n
8 g
p
ph
gh gh
za b
n or ng
bh
z~ t r , ch or c m
t ph chh or ch
o: a
1
1
d~, h j h
r or r
I
r
7 7
u
1! 3
t
t
f o
a
t h
t h
d s
ct h dh h
n
"t t
t h t h
O
a_ d
dh dh
a h
KANARESEGRAMMAR
I s pr oduced wi t h t he t ongue l ower s t i l l .

I t di f f er s
l i t t l e f r oma i n `har d' or `f at her ' .
Thevowel i n `i t ' or `hi m' r es embl es t he Kanar es e
vowel but i s pr onounced f ar t her back i n t he mout h
and wi t h t he t ongue l ower .
Cl os el y r es embl es ee i n ` s een' or i i n `machi ne ' .
I t i s pr oduced wi t h t he t ongue s l i ght l y hi gher t han i n
t he s hor t vowel .
The u i n `put ' or `pul l ' i s pr oduced not s o f ar
back as t he Kanar es e vowel and wi t h t he t ongue i n a
l ower pos i t i on.
Thel ong vowel i s pr onounced wi t h t he t ongue i n
a s l i ght l y hi gher pos i t i on t han i n t he s hor t vowel . I t
i s near t o t he s ound of ue i n `r ue' or oo i n moon' .
a~~

I t may be doubt ed whet her t hes e ar e t r ue vowel s .
Syl l abi c cons onant s woul d be a bet t er name. The
near es t s ugges t i on t hat can be made f or t hei r pr onun-
ci at i on i s t hat of a t r i l l ed r j oi ned wi t h a ver y cl os e
s hor t u, wi t h l i p s pr eadi ng.
a

Thee i n `men' , t hough pr oduced wi t h t he t ongue
s l i ght l y l ower , i s pr act i cal l y equi val ent t o t hi s vowel .
I s pr onounced wi t h t he t ongue s l i ght l y hi gher
t han i n t he s hor t vowel .

I t r es embl es a i n `mat e' or
ey i n `t hey' ; but wher eas t he Engl i s h s ound i s a
di pht hong (ei ) t he Kanar es e vowel i s pur e.
Thi s i s al mos t equi val ent t o i i n `pi ne' or ei i n
`hei ght ' (- a+i ) but t he Kanar es e s ound i s bes t
r epr es ent ed by w. Per haps ever y pur e Kanar es e wor d
whi ch nowbegi ns wi t h Monce began wi t h Uo336 (ay) .
a. , ' w

The l engt heni ng i s t he onl y di s t i nct i on i n s ound
bet ween t hes e t wo.

The o i n ' or ' i s pr oduced- wi t h
t he t ongue l ower t han i n Y ea. ' w r es embl es t he vowel
s ound i n `s ew' ; but t he Engl i s h s ound i s a di pht hong
(ou) and i s pr onounced f ur t her f or war d i n t he mout h.
THEALPHABET

(I
Kanar es e gr ammar r ecogni s es t hi s f or adi pht hong
(U+w).

The s ound i s appr oxi mat el y t hat of ow i n
`now' . The- Engl i s h s ound
i s bes t r epr es ent ed by au,
t he Kanar es e s ound by au.
TheCons onant s
The t hi r t y- f our cons onant s ar e di vi ded i nt o t went y- f i ve
cl as s i f i ed and ni ne uncl as s i f i ed cons onant s .
The cl as s i f i ed cons onant s ar e di vi ded i nt o f i ve gr oups , whi ch
r epr es ent s ounds pr oduced r es pect i vel y i n t he t hr oat , t he pal at e,
t he r oof of t he mout h, t he t eet h and t he l i ps . Each gr oup
cont ai ns f i ve cons onant s , vi z. , a voi cel es s cons onant unas pi r at ed
and as pi r at ed, a voi ced cons onant unas pi r at ed and as pi r at ed,
and a nas al cons onant .
I n t he t abl e bel ow, as on page 6 , t he cons onant s have t he f or m
whi ch i ndi cat es t hat t hey ar e combi ned wi t h t he s hor t vowel
Ua, as i s t he cus t omi n s chool s .
1 Or Vel ar , i . e. pr onounced wi t h t he ai d of t he s of t pal at e.
2 Har d, as i n `good' .
a
As ng i n `ki ng' .
Pr oduced by t he ar ched t ongue i n t he pal at e j us t above t he t eet h.
' Res embl i ng ch i n `chai n' ; but t he Engl i s h s ound equal s t pl us
d
(s h
i n ' s hi p' ) whi l e t he Kanar es e s ound i s r epr es ent ed by t p, (s ee t he not e on S
p. 11).
" Wi t h t he s ound of ny, as i n ' canyon' .
' Or , accor di ng t o cur r ent t er mi nol ogy, Ret r of l ex.
That i s , bi - l abi al .
Gr oups
Voi cel es s Voi ced
Nas al
Unas pi r at ed As pi r at ed Unas pi r at ed As pi r at ed
Gut t ur al ' a k kh
7~ga
~' gh i ?
Pal at al ' z~ ch' chh z; j j h ' 7l e
Cer ebr al ' e3 t r 3 t h d ~dh n
Dent al t t h ~S d dh N n
Labi al ' ph z- ~ b bh ~~n
l O

KANARESEGRAMMAR
Theuncl assi f i ed consonant s ar e-
odoY,dr4,e. ) l , ; ~v,6s' , ; ; ~ sh,"1s,Z6h,0i s
Not et hat as t he vowel Ma i s i nher ent i n eachof t he f or ms i n t he above
t abl e, i t woul d be mor e st r i ct l y cor r ect t o t r ansl i t er at e t hemby t he syl l abl es
ka, kha, et c . , t han by t heconsonant s k, kh, et c. Thesubj ect i s r ef er r ed t o at
gr eat er l engt hl at er .
Not es on t hePr onunci at i on of t heConsonant s
1.

I n t hepr onunci at i on of t heaspi r at ed consonant s, t her e i s
not hi ng t o cor r espond t o t he Engl i shsounds r epr esent ed by t he
combi nat i ons t handphi n ` t hesi s' and ` phot o' . AKanar eseaspi r at e
i s t heunaspi r at ed soundwi t ht hi s di f f er encet hat i t i s accompani ed
by a heavy out - br eat hi ng. I f an at t empt be madet o pr onounce
suchwor ds as ` bul khead' , ` l og- house' ,' pi t - head'
a
and' t ap- house'
wi t hout pausi ng bef or e t he l et t er h, an appr oxi mat i on t o t he
cor r espondi ng Kanar ese aspi r at ed consonant s may be r eached.
Themunshi shoul d be asked t o pr oducet hese sounds unt i l t he
l ear ner can r ecogni ze and r epr oduce t hemwi t hout hesi t at i on.
2. Theconsonant s of t he cer ebr al or r et r of l ex gr oup and
t he uncl assi f i ed consonant s t shand 0l ar e pr onounced wi t h t he
t i p of t he t ongue cur l ed back and t ouchi ng t he r oof of t he
mout h as f ar back f r omt he f r ont t eet h as possi bl e. Some
Engl i shwr i t er s det ect a l i keness t o t , d and n i n t he nor t her n
Engl i shpr onunci at i on ( i . e. wi t h t he r ol l ed r ) of ' mar t ' , ' har d' ,
` bar n' as cont r ast ed wi t h ' mat ' , ' had' , ' ban' .
3 . Theconsonant s of t he dent al gr oup and t he uncl assi f i ed
' The consonant d r i n t he moder n l anguage r epr esent s t wo consonant s,
and eJ of anci ent Kanar ese. The l at t er was r ougher or mor e r ol l ed i n
sound t han t he f or mer and t her e ar e t r aces ( of whi ch, however , peopl e ar e
not consci ous) of t hi s di f f er ence i n popul ar pr onunci at i on. Thi s i s why
t her ear e t wo phonet i c symbol s f or d r .
x
The moder n consonant 10 l r epr esent s t he t wo anci ent consonant s
and W, t hough t hei r pr onunci at i on was not exact l y al i ke. The anci ent
consonant s ar e r et ai ned i n Dr . Ki t t el ' s Kannada- Engl i shDi ct i onar y, and when
wor ds cont ai ni ng d r or 0l ar e not f ound i n t he expect ed pl ace, t hey may
be f ound by r ef er r i ng t o ebr or Wl .
' But t he l et t er t i n ' pi t - head' cor r esponds t o nei t her ki nor t .
THEALPHABET

11
consonant vZar e- pr onounced- wi t h t het i p of t het ongue agai nst
t he upper f r ont t eet h. Thesi gn added t o t he phonet i c symbol s
of t he: 9 gr oup on page 6 i ndi cat es dent al pr onunci at i on.

The
Engl i shconsonant s, t , d, ar e i nt er medi at e i n pl ace of pr oduct i on
bet ween t he Kanar ese r et r of l exes and dent al s ; and t he Kanar ese
dent al s ar e i nt er medi at e bet ween t he Engl i sh t and d and t he
Engl i sh' poi nt - t eet h' consonant s r epr esent ed by t h i n ` t hi n' and
` t hen' . Anot i ceabl e di f f er ence bet ween t he Kanar ese dent al
l et t er s and t heEngl i sh' t h' i s t hat t he f or mer ar e pl osi ve and t he
l at t er i s f r i cat i ve or r ubbed. I t i s i mpossi bl e t o pr ol ong t he
pr onunci at i on of t he f or mer but easi l y possi bl e wi t h t he l at t er .
Thegr eat est car e must be exer ci sed t o di st i ngui sh, bot h i n speaki ng
and i n l i st eni ng t o ot her s speaki ng, bet ween t he sounds of t he
r et r of l ex and t he dent al gr oups, and bet ween bot h t hesegr oups and
t he Engl i sh sounds .
4. Theuncl assi f i ed consonant ; ; ~ v does t he wor k of bot h
Engl i shwand v. Bef or et he vowel s ea, el d, t Nu, eve u, Qai ,
2u o, ~- o, L' au, i t cl osel y r esembl es wi n sound, t hough t he
Engl i sh l et t er i s pr oduced t o a l ar ger ext ent by t he l i ps .

d v
bef or e ' a i , - 6s 1, vl j r i , ) e,

e and t he consonant s uL y and
6r r esembl es v i n pr onunci at i on, but wi t h a di f f er ence.

I n
pr onounci ng t he Kanar ese l et t er t he upper f r ont t eet h do not
t ouch t he l ower l i p as i n Engl i sh.
5 .

TheKanar ese sound r epr esent ed by 6s di f f er s f r omt he
Engl i shshi n ' shi p' i n t hi s t hat , whi l et he Engl i shsound i s made
wi t h t he t i p, t he Kanar ese sound i s made wi t h t he bl ade of
t he t ongue. Thesound of ; ~ sh t akes i t s char act er f r omt he
f act t hat i t i s pr onounced wi t h t he t ongue- t i p bent back and
t ouchi ng t he pal at e as f ar i n t he r ear as possi bl e. That t her e i s
a cl ear di st i nct i on i n sound bet ween 6 and ' i s evi dent f r omt he
di f f er encei n t hemanner of t hei r pr oduct i on, Whi l ei n t hecaseof
; i ~t het ongue- t i p i s r ai sed and bent back, i n t hecaseof 6i t i s t ur ned
down and t he sound madewi t h t hear ched t ongue on t he pal at e.
6.

I n col l oqui al speecht hei ni t i al vowel s a3 e, i s e, aQo,
: kQ:
o
12

KANARESEGRAMMAR
ar e of t en combi ned wi t h a consonant al sound and pr onounced
ye, ye, wo, wo, r espect i vel y ; e. g. , i n 2QOLL ondu, ' one' and ) Odj
er adu, ' t wo' ; but t hi s i s not t o be r egar ded as cor r ect : at l east
car e must be t aken not t o exagger at e t he consonant al sound.
7. Whi l e, wi t h t he above modi f i cat i ons, t he Engl i sh t r ans-
l i t er at i on gi ven i n t he t abl es of vowel s andconsonant s r epr esent s
appr oxi mat el y t he Kanar ese pr onunci at i on of t he sever al l et t er s,
t he gener al obser vat i on appl i es t o t hemal l t hat a cor r ect
pr onunci at i on can be acqui r ed onl y by t he pai nst aki ng i mi t at i on
of a r el i abl e I ndi an t eacher .
READI NGEXERCI SE
endf i l e ed, ki ng ; e1Odept h; szdpr esent wor l d; t N, ( pr ef i x)
cont i guous, subor di nat e ; uvn3 f ood; . A l ef t si de ; : dt i door ;
nz3~~ saw; " - ' pr ayer ; 4- d obst acl e ; zed shor e ; t 4 weal t h;
smoot hness ; t o pat h; ue) st r engt h ; i t s t r ee ; d, j ui ce ;
cont r ol ; eon money.
Combi nat i on of Vowel s wi t h Consonant s
I t was obser ved above t hat t he f or mof t he consonant s gi ven
on pages 9 and 10 i ndi cat es t hat t hey ar e combi ned wi t h t he shor t
vowel e3 a. Each of t hem, t her ef or e, const i t ut es a syl l abl e i n i t sel f ;
t hus ; ~6=vasa ( not vi ) ; ; ~, O=mar a ( not mr ) ; uda=ar asa ( not ar s) .
Thi s ' i nher ent vowel ' i s r epr esent ed ( i n most cases) by t he
upper par t of t he consonant si gn
( - J ) ,
whi chi s cal l ed t he t al ekat t u,
or ' cr est ' . Thi s i s t he secondar y f or mof t he vowel Ua, and
i t i s used i nst ead of t he pr i mar y f or m when t he vowel i s
combi ned wi t h a consonant t o f or ma syl l abl e .
Anor mal syl l abl e i n Kanar ese consi st s of ei t her a consonant
combi ned wi t h a vowel , or ( at t he begi nni ng of a wor d onl y) an
uncombi nedvowel . Hence t he pr i mar y ( i . e . , uncombi ned) f or ms
of t he vowel s gi ven on page 6ar e f ound onl y at t he begi nni ng
of a wor d. Aconsonant can be combi ned onl y wi t h t he vowel
whi ch f ol l ows i t , never wi t h t hat whi ch pr ecedes i t ; t hus t he wor d
uo' Nar asa consi st s of t he t hr ee syl l abl es a- r a- sa, not ar - as- a.
THEALPHABET

13
Each of t he vowel s shewn on page 6has a secondar y f or m
used i n combi nat i on wi t h consonant s . These ar e shewn, wi t h t hei r
Kanar ese names, i n t he f ol l owi ng t abl e. The t abl e on pages 16,
17 shews al l t he combi nat i ons of t he consonant s wi t h t he vowel s .
Vowel ( Pr i m-
ar y For m)
Vowel ( Second-
ar y For m)
~t e3i ~hi 3~ t al ekat t u
" dQ
i l i
Mat o gudi su
Msb; ~ Me OFgudi si na di r gha
&z=kor hbu
&AOn, wkor hbi ni l i
, t 1: 3JJ tt wvat r u sul i
; ; SZ: dJJ

aJ e? qS9 vat r u sul i #1
~~ et va
~~et va
ai t va
z,Aot va
t , Z

ot va
nz
d
aut va
Kanar ese Name
I n or der t o combi ne a consonant wi t h any of t hese vowel s,
we must f i r st r emove t he cr est . f r om t he consonant as
shewn i n t he t abl e on pages 9 and10, andt hen addt he secondar y
f or m of t he vowel . Thus, i f i t i s r equi r ed t o r epr esent i n
Kanar ese t he sound ke, t he cr est must f i r st be r emoved f r om
- d ka, l eavi ng t he f or m- 4 . To t hi s t he secondar y f or m' e e i s
added, r esul t i ng i n t he f or m4e ke. I t i s t o be r emember ed
t hat t he cr est i s r et ai ned wi t h t he secondar y f or ms of t he vowel s
eNu, UV; u, @? J r i , D6~~ ~r i , t hus : d, ~ ku, : dr ~ ku, 4~kr i , - d kr i .
Not e al so t hat t he f ol l owi ng l et t er s have no cr est
si kha,

r ha, t 3j a, ' W na, . e~ t a, . Mna, 2J ba, v l a.
14

KANARESEGRAMMAR
The consonant s d* j h and o6a y, i n combi nat i on wi t h t he
vowel -s i , t ake t he f or ms SOS; j hi , o~, Tyi , i nst ead of d, o9~e.
I n t he combi nat i on of d, ~ mwi t h t hi s vowel t wo f or ms ar e
f ound, ZTe~, Z, 4, mi .

; : : ~~ ~mando6, ) y, i n combi nat i on wi t h t he
vowel s z , o, t Q o, t ake t he f or ms ; r mo, ar t mo, 03' z yo,
o3. r ~yo, i nst ead of ; S, \ S; , 4~, J r ~, 01, ) ,Z,
oL, 0e.
I t wi l l beseen t hat i f et v ( , ) ) u, wer ej oi ned t o dv, t hus,

,
t hef or mwoul dbe i dent i cal i n appear ance wi t h ; : ~~ ~ma. I n or der t o
avoi dconf usi on t he vowel s t Nu, eJ \ n u, z No, t o, when combi ned
wi t h --~ v, t akesl i ght l y di f f er ent f or ms, t hus, 4vu, *; vu, ; ~p vo,
; , Pt vo. Thesamef or ms occur when t hese vowel s combi newi t h
p and

ph: t hus, qpu,
; ~R
pi t , 4z po,
4~
po, 0 phu,
0
phu,
q~
pho,
~e
pho.
I f i t i s r equi r ed t o wr i t e a consonant uncombi ned wi t h any
vowel , t he cr est ( i f t her e i s one) i s r emoved, and t he si gn
_s
at t ached i n i t s pl ace: t hus, : 5a k, z ~6 ch, ; : : ~p, Z; ' r , %0 1.
Wher et her e i s no cr est t he si gn -6 i s at t ached t o t he r i ght
handcor ner of t hel et t er ; e. g . So" kh, n--` r e, u` j , -. 0
6
n, U6 t ,
n' b, U6 1; but t he st yl ei n t he caseof n i s sl i ght l y di f f er ent , 17
6
nl
memor y,
t hen
4J Si i now
i s

what ( pr o. ) ?
t i p cat t l e
*u bag
z 3e~l i f e
~eF" you
you ( pl u.
honf c . f or s . )
~~ he
t abl e
EXERCI SEI
Thewor ds i n t hi s Readi ng Exer ci se shoul d
al l of t hembei ng i n common use.
AAer wal l
i ~ medi ci ne
d. r e) mo9, ) r upee
book
J Ugame
t hi s ( pr o. )
t 5t : S~ t hat ( or i t )
mz t 7 r oad
or

-Awhy ?
r ~o3~f avour
hand
f i r ewood
1 Thef or m9- i s an al t er nat i ve f or Z~
6 .
be commi t t ed t o
o6R; ~whi ch ( adj . ) ?
e5e7 t her e
god
z do, , d~r i ( 4, ) ) boy
so
A3 Ast r ai ght ( adv. )
so much( so
many) as t hi s
e4o~so much ( sa
many) as t hat
how much
( howmany) ?
ej ci d but
*10, ~say ( i mpv. 2 s. )
*14t o say ( i nf . )
z 3z come ( i mpv. 2 s . i r r eg. )
ZJ d, t o come ( i nf . )
~) U' 6WL enqui r e ( i mpv. 2s. )
go ( i mpv. 2s . )
4r vi t o go ( i nf . )
U4wash ( i mpv. 2s. )
. THEALPHABET

i 5
z 3t z e-~ i t i s want ed ( must )
z l t r i i t i s not want ed ( must not )
uew6~i t i s per mi t t ed ( may)
z uz dd, ~i t i s not becomi ng ( must
not )
: d, r @daS, ) i t i s not f i t t i ng ( must not )
; Ti mS, i t i s not suf f i ci ent
N-e) t -~ i t i s suf f i ci ent
i nt er r ogat i ve af f i x
Af ew si mpl e sent ences ar e
may be f or med wi t h t he wor ds of t her eadi ng exer ci se.
z ~~e~z 3e3~chi l a beku, a bag i s want ed.
z 3~d mej u beda, a t abl e i s not want ed.
Ae

Aj ; ~~10 ni nu hogu, you go.
i ~cJ Z~J 7j c~J Zadd, r i dd, ~ huduganu bar akudadu, t he
not come.
e5t i d
; e4
UdW6~ddar e ni vu bar abahudu,
may come.
I not go?
cSDr ~

~z i z 3Q ~ndnu hogabi ku, I must
X61 U4kai t ol e, wash ( your ) hands.
76 ; Uz ' ~saude saku, t hef i r e woodi s suf f i ci ent .
~. i

z 3eVa aushadha beku, medi ci ne i s want ed.
~~ Ui z oV 4e1, ~esht u r upayi beku, howmany
ar e want ed?
-m~L
j
N74, r t t , 8 aht u sakd, i s t hi s muchsuf f i ci ent ?
e3~, ~7ne4j asht u sdl adu, t hat muchi s i nsuf f i ci ent .
uO Zz ) t ; ~L al l i vi chdr i su, enqui r e t her e.
%Sz sz i l l i bd, comeher e.
m-; ) A4e0, ) hdge hgl u, say so.
gi ven bel ow; si mi l ar sent ences
boy must
but you ( pl u. )
ndnu eke hogabdr adu, why must
go.
1 Accusat i ve endi ng
[y]
annu omi t t ed as of t en i n col l oqui al speech,
si ngul ar i s usedf or t hepl ur al .
' Si ngul ar f or pl ur al as somet i mes af t er numer al adj ect i ves.
s
On t he i nt er r ogat i ve par t i cl e L j oi ni ng 4a9~) f i nal emi s el i ded.
r upees
The:
16
Vowel s
Vel ar
e5 a
- d ka
e9 d

' . , i
~nkd

- & ki
KANARESEGRAMMAR
Tabl e Shewi ng the Al phabet wi th the
emu

eva u

V: ~) r i
~d j ~ku

%kr i
g4 i
4- e ki

9~- ~ ku .
THEALPHABET
Combi nati ons of the Vowel s and Consonants
ai r , Pr i

~e

011~ e

j ai

to.

' ~+o

' au
: 6kr i

4 ke

4e ke

y kai

4J ~ko

4, Ae ko

TOkau
- 3 khs!khe - 3 khai La kho Oat kho W- ' O khau
khr i e e
,
17
Consonants
Pal atal
a) kha snkhd . 0khi
7i ga r te gd r \ gi
o~gha ghd ' ghi
ha 207e nd Zr g r i i
2$ cha za7c chd 2$ chi
Lt khi
ne gi
2e ghi
zj ~9 e r i i
zS~chi
g; ~khu AAkhu ~~khr i
7i , ~gu
Ti Smgu gr i
0, ) ghu
0, 2 ghu a. ghr i
2za r i u M, 1~r i u 2%r i r i
zl ~chu 2 chu , ) chr i
117gr i
*, , ghr i
r t, 7i r i
2~, chr i
chhr i
nge
; , ~, ghe
M3
he
2$ the
~
chhe
At ge
; ' e ghe
Z03 e
hi
29e the
epchhe
A~gai
t%ghai
M3 ~
hai
2%chai
eke chhr i
Aa go
Oj ; gho
r , 3
Ri o
d i ; cho
~a
chho
7i J; e
go
0, 2t gho
Z03 , Ze Ri o
zi s- ) e cho
~e chho
TS' O
gau
; Rghau
Z' ; 1 nau
za- *"Ochau
V
chhau
~chha epchha e; chhi e9e chhi ep chhu e~Pchhu 0chhr i
j r i Z2 j e d t j i q6 j ai v- ~j o i e j o zT- j au
Vj a
azj d 29j i e f t z; ' ) j u UAj u z. ,
6
j r i
4, j hr i 4j he 4ej he 4~j hai 6*, . r oj ho #, nt j ho ~j hau
d * j ha d , ~, nj hd W, 3
j hi e. nj hi j hu
sj hu , ) j hr i
' o" Y ' r , nr i
r a, 3
ne
~x3 e
ne ' X3~n" ai , r Sr @ ho a' 3 J ~P no ' ' ' ~ n" au
' . ' na nd ' - ^" g hi
'
. ' ae ni - , - Y ' ~ f l u
n" u
- WI )
nr i
tr i e to et to t~tai Ur e) to kz., ~t to U' , tau
Retr of l ex e3 to - ~td ~3 ti ~3 e ti
e3 3 to to
e~tr i
-d thr i 6 the 6t the 6 thai 6, r @ tho 6st tho f - I thau
6 tha
z- - , ) the e thi se thi ~thu t, r ; !ha ~. ~ thr i
~
d r i z9 d e z9e d e ~~d ai ZUd o d s; t d o f f D d au
zt d a
c3 ~d a a d i at d l d ~d u d Ad u
d hu d hu
~o)
d hr i
z, d hr i d he
I t d he
16
d hai
J a d ho J J e d ho ; !I d hau
I d ha
7z
d hd s d hi d hi
J , ~
nr i Mne t ne nai ?U, no r Ut no M~nau
Mna i ) nd t~ni Cue ni mnu nAnu nr i
~) tr i 9 to 9t to y tai 9a to tnt to Vtau
Dental to
3 - . @ t d ' s ti
,; t ti Z2~~ ~to
to
thu t~Athu Z3 ~thr i
thr i z3
.
the d e the
6~
thai z3 ~tho tae tho zr thau
z~tha the q~thi 4) e thi q~~~
c, ) d u z~Ad u
zi p d r i
Z~' , d r i z3 d e 6e d e 6~d ai z3 , r , ~d o d at d o r 3- -z d au
zi d a =- ~D d d nd i nt d i
d hu
d hu c~6 d hr i '
d hr i d he e d he z3 ~d hai z, ~a d ho r , e Ad Zj Tz d hau
d ha
zs~d ha nd hi Ept d hi
nr i
nr i Nne ~t ni %nai Ns no e no i ~' nau
Nna i ~~ ~nd Nni ; , e ni nu nu '
; , z
pu
zt , pr i
Ad ope ae pi 3 ~pai ; ~ppo ape po ; f ~pau
Bi - l abi al
pa ; U- ,) pd ' L pi ~t pi pu
0pha ~~phr i
phu
phr i 4y phe 4. 4 phi , 6 phai * pho pe pho j phau
pha ; p- , ) phd phi phi
bi t br i
z
; ~
br i 23 be et be z%bai z1a bo eqe bo z3 Obau
2J ba znbd zj bi z' ) e bi 2J - ~ bu z~A ~~
bhu z~, Abhu
bhr i 2~, ,
bhr i 23 bhe 23 e bhe Z~bhai ~a bho Z~~~e bho ZP
bhau
2~, bha zpbhd 2~bhi i ; , e bhi 23 J
~~mr i
mr i ; !, ~me ; 1, ~e me ; !; %mai ; ; Sa mo ; &F~e mo ; ~~ ~mau
; : ~~ ~ma ; ~~ ~and ~~mi zz- ~) mi d , ~~~mu ma
09 . n o~~
03 J J r ) yu u~' ) yr i
o~Oyr i ol . ~ ye o5 4 ye 0%yai O&r, ) yo
o3 , r; t yo ( : d f D you
Uncl assi f i ed ~ya
03 ~yd OZ, 3 yi yi yu
d j d i ; r u ~~r r i
r r i 6 r e d t r e r ai CJ ; r o OS) e r d d , r au
d r a omr d t) r i be r i r u
U' r @ l u l r i
e~0l r i e3 l e e3 e l e e36 l ai e3 J ) to e3 , s; e to Uv l au
v l a e~l d OD i i
Z vi
eye l i U) l u
~, ~
ne vi 4vu ;, p vu
; ~6 vr i
~~vr i ; ; t ve 4t vi i vai vo o3 , pe vo vau
; ~va vd
i i 6, ~i u
6~i r i
11 i r i 8 i e 8e se 6~i ai gs i o 73 Ae so ar " a i au
6 i s
b si
shi
be
4e shi p shu
shu shr i
shr i 8 she 4- e she A~shai ms; sho 3 J ; e sho - ' - shau
; ea sha M- e) Ad
%~si
t
, %e si ~~su , 4i z su
sr i
sr i - - , ~ se Ne se sai Na so " r ~e so 4' 7~) sau
sa %- - e~sd
i 3 6 ha onha 3 0hi 3 oe hi e, > , ) hu eoa ha ~~hr i
~~hr i 8 he u8t he ~~hai e5 a ho u&Pe
ho 5 ' z hau
I
v, ~l u qj ~i f , ~~l r i
- 4. l r i 4 l e 4e l e 4~j ai 4J ~to Owe to l au
l a Y Z I d I i i e
i f
2