Allowable Stress Design

2008: Allowable stresses permitted to be increased by 1/3 for

wind and seismic load combinations
2011: Major change
Allowable stresses no longer allowed to be increased
Recalibration of allowable stresses; most increase by
i t l thi d approximately one-third
Major change to shear design provisions; similar to strength
design
Allowable Stress Design 1
Flexural Members - Allowable Stress Design
d
c
m
k
d
f
m
C=f
m
(b)(kd)/2
k
d
b
h
M U it
A
s
Grout
c
s f
s T=A
s
f
s
j
d
C f
m
(b)(kd)/2
nA
s
=nbd
Masonry Unit
b
Strains
s
Stresses
T A
s
f
s
Transformed
Section
bd
A
s
=
m
s
E
E
n =
Assumptions:
1. Plane sections remain plane
2. Stress-strain relationship for masonry
i li i i is linear in compression
3. All masonry in tension is neglected
4. Perfect bond between steel and grout
5. Member is straight prismatic section
Allowable Stress Design 2
g p
Allowable Stress Design
To find neutral axis, equate moments of areas about neutral axis.
) )( ( ) )( (
2
1
kd d bd n kd bkd =
b
k
d
2
nA
s
=nbd
n n n k + = 2 ) (
2
3
1
k
j =
Transformed
Section
Steel moment: jd f A M =
Allowable stresses (2.3.2.1, 2.3.3.2.2)
Steel moment: jd f A M
s s s
=
Steel stress:
jd A
M
f
s
s
=
f
Allowable masonry stress =
1
/
3
f
m
Allowable steel stress:
Masonry moment:
) (
2
) ( jd
f
kd b M
m
m
=
Masonry stress:
2M
f
20 ksi Grade 40 steel
24 ksi Grade 60 steel
30 ksi Wire joint reinforcement
Allowable Stress Design 3
Masonry stress:
) )( ( jd kd b
f
m
=
Example - Masonry Beam
Given: M=250k-in; Grade 60 steel, f
m
=1500psi; 8 in CMU; Type S mortar;
4 course high beam (d=28 in.); #6 rebar
Required: Is section adequate?
S l ti Solution:
F
b
=
F
s
= F
s

E
m
= 1.35 x 10
6
psi
E
s
= 29 x 10
6
psi
n = E
s
/E
m
= 21.5
s m
=
n = 21.5(0.00206) = 0.0443
( ) ( ) 0443 0 0443 0 2 0443 0 2 ) (
2 2
k ( ) ( ) = + = + = 0443 . 0 0443 . 0 2 0443 . 0 2 ) (
2 2
n n n k
= = =
3
256 . 0
1
3
1
k
j
Allowable Stress Design 4
3 3
Example - Masonry Beam, cont
k=0.256 j=0.914
M
f = =
jd A
f
s
s
2M
= =
) )( (
2
jd kd b
M
f
m
What is maximum moment beam could carry?
= = jd f A M
s s s
j f
s s s
( ) ( ) = = jd
f
kd b M
m
m
2
Allowable Stress Design 6
M
all
= 270 kip-in
Example - Masonry Beam
Given: M=250k-in; Grade 60 steel, f
m
=1500psi; 8 in CMU; depth of
section limited to three courses; Type S mortar
Required: Design section
S l ti Solution:
F
b
= 500 psi
F
s
= 24000 psi
E 1 35 10
6
i
For three units, d = 2(8in) + 4in = 20 inches
Assume j=0.9
250 i k M E
m
= 1.35 x 10
6
psi
E
s
= 29 x 10
6
psi
n = E
s
/E
m
= 21.5
2
579 . 0
) 20 )( 9 . 0 ( 24
250
in
in ksi
in k
jd F
M
A
s
s
=

= =
Steel A
s
(in
2
) k j f
s
(ksi) f
m
(psi)
1 - #7 0.60 0.00393 0.335 0.888 23.5 551
1 #8 0 79 0 00518 0 374 0 875 18 1 501
A 32% increase in
steel caused a 9%
reduction in masonry
stress
1 - #8 0.79 0.00518 0.374 0.875 18.1 501
1 - #7 0.60 0.00393 0.309 0.897 23.2 591
stress.
Use 1-#8
Close enough for Use stronger block. If blocks are 2500 psi, f
m
=1830psi,
Allowable Stress Design 8
government work!
E
m
=1650ksi, F
b
=610psi. Results are shown on last line
of table.
Masonry Beam - Parametric Study
350
400
f'
m
=2400 psi
250
300
k
-
i
n
)
f'
m
=2100 psi
f'
m
=1800 psi
150
200
M
a
l
l
o
w

(
k
f'
m
=1500 psi
50
100
d=20inch b=7.625inch
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
A (in
2
)
Allowable Stress Design 9
A
s
(in )
Allowable Stress vs. Strength Design
M
allow
for strength
d i bt i d
500
600
0.5b
design obtained as
0.9M
n
/1.6 (assumes
all load is live load).
300
400
o
w

(
k
-
i
n
)
Strength
min
M
n
is relatively
insensitive to f
m
,
100
200 M
a
l
l
Allowable Stress
m
although increasing
f
m
does change
max
.
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
A
s
(in
2
)
d=20in b=7.625in
f
m
=1.5ksi f
y
=60ksi

max
= 1.089 in
2
Allowable Stress Design 10
Partially Grouted Walls - Allowable Stress
s
b
b
d
k
d
d
t
f
A
s
b = width of effective flange = min{s, 6t, 72 in}
(2.3.3.3.1)
A Neutral axis in flange; design and analysis for solid section
( )
d
t
b
b
b
b
n
d
t
b
b
b
b
d
t
n n
b
b
d
t
b
b
k
f f f f
|
.
|

\
|
'
+
'

|
|
.
|

\
| '

'
+ + +
|
.
|

\
|
'

'
= 1 2 1
2
2
2

A. Neutral axis in flange; design and analysis for solid section
B. Neutral axis in web
d j C d j C M
w w f f
+ =
f
f
m
f
bt
kd
t kd
f
C
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
f
f f
f
t kd
t kd
d
t
j
2
2 3
3
1
( )
d b b d b b d b d b
. \
' '
|
.

\
. \
'
2
kd
. \
2
) (
2
f
f
m
w
t kd b
kd
t kd
f
C '
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
. \
f
d
kd t
j
f
w
3
2
1
+
=
f
m
= F
b
if masonry controlling
f
m
= F
s
k/(n(1-k)) if steel controlling
Allowable Stress Design 11
Partially Grouted Walls - Example
Given: 8 in CMU wall; 12 ft high; Grade 60 steel, f
m
=1350 psi; Lateral
load of 20 psf
Required: Reinforcing (place in center of wall)
S l ti
2 2 2
Solution:
ft ft k ft in lb
ft ft in ft lb wh
M / 36 . 0 / 4320
8
) 12 )( / 12 ( / 20
8
2 2 2
= = = =
ft in
i k i
ft in kip
jd F
M
A
s
/ 052 . 0
) 81 3 )( 9 0 ( 24
/ 320 . 4
2
=

~ =
in
in t
d 81 . 3
625 . 7
= = =
f
in ksi jd F
s
s
) 81 . 3 )( 9 . 0 ( 24
2 2
Try #4 @48 in (0.050in
2
/ft)
Solve as solid section
= 0 00109
F
b
= 450 psi
F
s
= 24000 psi
E
m
= 1.215 x 10
6
psi
E = 29 x 10
6
psi
= 0.00109
k = 0.204
kd = 0.776 in < t
f
= 1.25 in OK
j = 0.932
E
s
= 29 x 10
6
psi
n = E
s
/E
m
= 23.9
f
m
= 261 psi OK
f
s
= 24.3 ksi say OK
Use #4 @48 inches
Allowable Stress Design 12
Use #4 @ 48 inches
Shear - Allowable Stress Design
A. Masonry carries all the shear (2.3.5.2.2)
B. Steel carries all the shear (2.3.5.2.3; 2.3.5.3)
Sh t th f k d b f Shear strength of cracked beams comes from:
1. Dowel action
2. Aggregate interlock
3 Shear transfer in flexural compression region 3. Shear transfer in flexural compression region
4. Tensile strength of uncracked masonry
Aggregate interlock accounts for about 50 70% transfer in reinforced Aggregate interlock accounts for about 50-70% transfer in reinforced
concrete. This will be less in masonry due to possible bond failure
between grout and unit, and inherent weakness of mortar joint planes.
Allowable Stress Design 13
Shear - Allowable Stress Design
bd
V
f
v
=
psi f F
m v
50 s ' =
If steel is required:
d F
Vs
A
v
=
psi f F
m v
150 3 s ' =
.} 48 , 2 / min{
max
in d s =
d F
s
Sections within d/2 from face of support can be designed for shear at d/2:
A. Noncantilever beam A. Noncantilever beam
B. Reaction introduces compression into end region of member
C. No concentrated load between d/2 and face of support
Allowable Stress Design 14
Compressive Force
Allowable stress design (2.3.3.2.1)
( ) 99 1 65 . 0 25 . 0
2
s
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ ' =
h h
F A A f P
s st n m a
A
st
is area of
laterally tied steel
( ) 99
140
65 . 0 5 . 0
(
(

|
.

\
r r
f
s st n m a
( ) 99
h
70r
65 . 0 25 . 0
2
> |
.
|

\
|
+ ' =
h
F A A f P
s st n m a
laterally tied steel
( )
h
. \
r
s st n m a
Allowable Stress Design 15
Example 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall
Given: CMU bearing wall, Type S masonry cement mortar; Grade 60 steel
in center of wall; #4 @ 48 in.
Required: Construct interaction diagram ASD; present results in terms
f it f t of capacity per foot
Allowable Stress Design 16
Example 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall, ASD
Choose strain/stress distribution (alternatively kd)
Balanced conditions (allowable stress)
Stress
0.50 ksi
24 ksi
Strain
C
3.82 in
=
m
C
= T
= = -T C P
m
= M
Allowable Stress Design 17
= M
Interaction Diagram: ASD
35
40
25
30
35
p
)
15
20
25
A
x
i
a
l

(
k
i
p
5
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Moment (kip-ft)
Allowable Stress Design 19
Moment (kip-ft)
Interaction Diagram: Comparison
50
60
SD/1 6
40
50
)
SD/1.6
30
P

(
k
i
p
-
f
t
/
f
t
)
ASD
10
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
M (ki f /f )
Allowable Stress Design 20
M (kip-ft/ft)
Partially Grouted Bearing Wall
Small _______ forces
Partially grouted walls act as ______ walls
Compression area is in Compression area is in _____________
ASD interaction diagram
Difficult when neutral axis not in __________
Trapezoidal stress distribution in flange Trapezoidal stress distribution in flange
Three point approximation
____________________________
_________________________
_________________________
Allowable Stress Design 21
Allowable Stress - Design Procedure
1. Select trial size. For initial guess, consider axial load and moment
independently. Size for axial load alone and moment alone.
2. Assume steel is in tension. Assume compression controls and
neglect compression steel. Determine kd.
(
(

+ | | M h d P d d ) ) 2 / ( ( 2
2
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
b F
M h d P d d
kd
b
3
) ) 2 / ( ( 2
2 2
3
If kd>d, check compression or increase size of member. F
k
b
, p
Compare k to k
b
, k for balanced conditions.
If k k
b
compression controls.
n
F
F
k
s
b
b
b
+
=
) ( 3 b kd F
b
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
1
6
) ( 3
k
nF
P
b kd F
A
b
b
s
Can result in negative area of steel. Use
minimum steel in that case.
Allowable Stress Design 22
. \
k
Allowable Stress - Design Procedure
If k < k
b
tension controls. Use iterative procedure. Start with kd from
compression controlling.
|
|

|
'
kd h
|
.
|

\
|
= '
3 2
kd h
P M
'
=
M M
A
|
.
|

\
|

=
3
1
k
d F
A
s
s
( ) A ( )
b F
n F A P
s
s s
+
= ,
( ) , , , + = d kd 2
2
2
Iterate. Use (kd)
2
as new guess and repeat.
Allowable Stress Design 23
Strength Design - Design Procedure
1. Determine a, depth of compressive stress block
( ) | |
Neglect compression steel, and assume steel yields
( ) | |
( ) b f
M h d P
d d a
m
u u
'
+
=
8 . 0
2 / 2
2
|
2 Solve for A
u m
s
f
P ba f
A
| / 8 . 0 '
=
2. Solve for A
s
y
f
This neglects reduction in axial load due to slenderness effects. A value
can be assumed with 0 9 being reasonable Design for 1/0 9 or about can be assumed, with 0.9 being reasonable. Design for 1/0.9 or about
10% greater axial load than actually present.
Allowable Stress Design 24
Example - Pilaster Design
Given: Nominal 16 in. wide x 16 in. deep CMU pilaster; f
m
=1500 psi;
Grade 60 bar in each corner, center of cell; Effective height = 24 ft; Dead
load of 9.6 kips and snow load of 9.6 kips act at an eccentricity of 5.8 in. (2
i i id f f ) Wi d l d f 16 f ( d ti ) d lift f in. inside of face); Wind load of 16 psf (pressure and suction) and uplift of
5.1 kips (e=5.8 in.); Pilasters spaced at 16 ft on center; Wall is assumed to
span horizontally between pilasters; No ties.
Required: Determine required reinforcing using allowable stress design Required: Determine required reinforcing using allowable stress design.
Solution:
e=5.8 in 2.0 in
n
n
i
n
g
x
E
m
= 1350ksi
n = 21.5
d
e
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

S
p
a
n
x
Load
Lateral Load
w=16psf(16ft)=256lb/ft
I
n
s
i
Allowable Stress Design 25
V
e
d=11.8 in
Example - Pilaster Design
D + S
Critical location is top of pilaster. P = 19.2 kips M = 19.2kips(5.8in) = 111.4 kip-in
(
2
=
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=
b F
M h d P d d
kd
b
3
) ) 2 / ( ( 2
2 2
3
2
71 4 i kd 500 0 k i F
399 . 0
8 . 11
71 . 4
= = =
in
in
d
kd
k
309 . 0
5 . 21
24
500 . 0
500 . 0
=
+
=
+
=
ksi
ksi
ksi
n
F
F
F
k
s
b
b
b
k > k
b
Compression
controls
=
|
|

=
1
1
6
) ( 3
nF
P
b kd F
A
b
s
Allowable Stress Design 26
|
.

\
1
k
nF
b
Example - Pilaster Design
Why the negative area of steel?
Sufficient area from just masonry to resist applied forces.
Determine kd from just compression.
in
ksi in
kip
bF
P
kd
b
92 . 4
) 500 . 0 ( 6 . 15
) 2 . 19 ( 2 2
= = =
Find the moment
in kip
in in
kip
kd t
P M = |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
= 3 . 118
3
92 . 4
2
6 . 15
2 . 19
3 2
Sufficient capacity from just masonry No steel needed
M
app
= 111.4 kip-in
Sufficient capacity from just masonry. No steel needed.
Allowable Stress Design 28
Example - Pilaster Design
D + W Check wind suction
2 2
M wL M
M L
If <0 >L M M
At top of pilaster. P = M = 4.5kips(5.8in) = 26.1kip-in
2 max
2 8 2 wL
M wL M
M + + =
wL
M L
x =
2
If x<0 or x>L, M
max
=M
= =
wL
M L
x
2 wL 2
= + + =
2
2 2
max
2 8 2 wL
M wL M
M
Find axial force at this point. Include weight of pilaster.
( ) k in ft in ft k k P 8 . 6 12 / 1 8 . 139 / 20 . 0 5 . 4 = + =
Weight of pilaster:
W i ht f f ll t d 8 i ll
( ) f f
Weight of fully grouted 8 in wall
(lightweight units) is 75 psf.
Pilaster is like a double thick
wall. Weight is
Design for P=6.8k, M=234k-in
Allowable Stress Design 29
g
2(75psf)(16in)(1ft/12in)=200lb/ft
Example - Pilaster Design
D + W
P=6.8k, M=234k-in
kd=7.12in k=0.603 Compression controls A
s
=2.96in
2
D + 0.75W + 0.75S
At top: P=13.0k, M=75k-in
C
2
x=128in M=206k-in P=15.1k
kd=7.28in k=0.617 Compression controls A
s
=1.99in
2
0.6D + W
At top: P=0.7k, M=4k-in
kd=6.07in k=0.514 Compression controls A
s
=2.13in
2
x=144in M=223k-in P=2.1k
Required steel = 2.96in
2
Use 2-#11 each face, A
s
=3.12in
2
Total bars 4-#11 one in each cell
Allowable Stress Design 31
Total bars, 4-#11, one in each cell
Example - Pilaster Design
4-#11 is a lot of steel.
Masonry is controlling.
S l ti
60
70
80
Several options are
examined for reducing
amount of steel:
20
30
40
50
A
x
i
a
l

(
k
i
p
)
1. Increasing f
m
0
10
20
0 5 10 15 20 25
g
m
2. Adding ties
3. Size of pilaster
4. Location of bars
Moment (kip-ft)
Increasing f
m
: Use an f
m
of 2000 psi; requires units of 2800 psi. Use 4-#8
Adding ties: Steel is effective in compression Use 4 #9 Adding ties: Steel is effective in compression. Use 4-#9
Size of pilaster: Increase width, make nominal 24in. wide by 16in. deep. Use 4-#7
Increase depth, make nominal 16in. wide by 24in. deep. Use 4-#5
Allowable Stress Design 32
Location of bars: Move bars to 2.5 from face, d = 13.1in. Use 4-#8