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Module 1: Overview of Vibration
Lecture 1: Introduction to Vibration Control

The Lecture Contains:
Adverse effects of vibration
Quantitative description of vibration
Parameters of vibration system














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Module 1: Overview of Vibration
Lecture 1: Introduction to Vibration Control

Vibration signifies to and fro motion about some equilibrium configuration
This is undesirable in most engineering systems.
The ill effects of vibration include:

Fatigue failure
Structures like aircraft fuselage
Machine components like crankshaft.

Severe damages due to resonance
collapsing of bridges,
damages in transmission lines
damages to offshore structures.

Malfunctioning of sensitive Instruments/ systems
payloads from vibration of launching rockets.
high precision machining
micromachines & microassembly

Loss of accuracy of work-piece due to vibration of machine tools.














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Module 1: Overview of Vibration
Lecture 1: Introduction to Vibration Control

Loss of accuracy of work-piece: Shifting of tool position due to vibration of
cutting tool
This phenomenon is generally referred as 'chatter vibration'.
There are two types of chatter:
Forced chatter : Force chatter originates in the driving system ( for eg. from a
motor) and gets transmitted to the cutting zone.
Self excited chatter : Self excited chatter is generated due to uneven surface of the
work piece, fractures of metal swarf etc.















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Module 1: Overview of Vibration Control
Lecture 1: Introduction to Vibration Control

Typical fatigue failure in a shaft due to torsional oscillation
Camshaft assembly of a 6.5 MW diesel engine

Broken camshaft (apparently due to malfunctioning of torsional damper)
Such torsional oscillations are caused either due to the periodic accelerations of the pistons, rods and
cranks or due to the periodic variation in gas pressure inside the engine cylinder.















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Module 1: Overview of Vibration Control
Lecture 1: Introduction to Vibration Control

Vibration isolation of spacecraft from the launching vehicle
The challenge is to isolate the payload such that at three different sinusoidal excitations of frequencies
5Hz, 25Hz and 100 Hz, the vibration amplitude is to be reduced by 20 dB. The isolation is achieved by
the hexapod assembly by using stiff piezoelectric actuators that extend and contract in response to the
vibration originating at the base. This hexapod assembly is commonly known as Active Stewart Platform.















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Module 1: Overview of vibration Control
Lecture 1: Introduction to Vibration Control

Quantitative Description of Vibration
Vibration is defined as the response of an elastic system subjected to dynamic disturbance.
Complete description of a vibration problem involves three components:,
Vibrating system
Excitation and
Response















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Module 1: Overview of Vibration Control
Lecture 1: Introduction to Vibration Control

Parameters of Vibration System
Every vibrating system, in general, comprises of three parameters, these are Inertia, Stiffness, and
Damping.
Inertia and Stiffness are generally modelled as simple elements like:
Parameters Rectilinear Angular
Inertia Mass Moment of Inertia
Stiffness Linear Spring Torsional Spring

Spring element Spring constants
D - Coil diameter
d - wire diameter
n - no. of turns
G - shear modulus
E: modulus of elasticity
I: area moment
l: length of candilever beam
E: modulus of elasticity
I: area moment
l: length of candilever beam
E: modulus of elasticity
I: area moment
l: length of candilever beam

E: modulus of elasticity
I: area moment













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l: length of the fixed beam
k
1
, k
2
: spring constants of springs
in series
k
1
, k
2
: spring constants of springs
in parallel

Torsional Spring Element Spring Constants
D - Coil diameter
d - wire diameter
n - turns
E - Elastic modulus

E - Elastic modulus
I: area moment
l: length of cantilever beam
E - Elastic modulus
I: area moment
l: length of cantilever beam


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Module 1: Overview of Vibration Control
Lecture 1: Introduction to Vibration Control

Damping
Damping is the most difficult parameter among the three parameters. Various mechanisms, indeices
and measures are used to model damping.
Some of the simple damping models are: Viscous damping, Coulomb Friction and Material damping
model.

Viscous damping


Coulomb Damping















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Module 1: Overview of Vibration Control
Lecture 1: Introduction to Vibration Control

Consider a single degree of freedom (SDOF ) model
Figure 1.1: Spring-Mass- Dashpot system
m = mass
k = spring constant
c = viscous damping coefficient
Here, Excitation is the applied dynamic force and Response is Monitored in terms of
displacement or velocity .
The excitation and response of a system are often characterized by the physical variables, such as:
Displacement,
Velocity,
Acceleration,
Stress and Noise etc.
The selection of these variables depends on various factors, such as the nature of the problem and the
objective of the analysis. A typical example will clarify this issue.














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Module 1: Overview of Vibration Control
Lecture 1: Introduction to Vibration Control

Analysis of ride-comfort
Here excitation is described in terms of displacement and response is described in term of
acceleration of the vehicle.