Vibration Engineering

Lesson 1 – Introduction to Vibration Control

Introduction:
Vibration signifies to and fro motion about some equilibrium configuration This is
undesirable in most engineering systems. The ill effects of vibration include: Fatigue failure
Structures like aircraft fuselage Machine components like crankshaft. Severe damages due to
resonance collapsing of bridges, damages in transmission lines damages to offshore structures.
Malfunctioning of sensitive Instruments/ systems payloads from vibration of launching rockets.
High precision machining micromachines and microassembly. Loss of accuracy of work-piece
due to vibration of machine tools.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
 Adverse effects of vibration
 Quantitative description of vibration
 Parameters of vibration system

Course Materials:
Loss of accuracy of work-piece: Shifting of tool position due to vibration of cutting tool
 This phenomenon is generally referred as 'chatter vibration'. There are two types of
chatter: Forced chatter : Force chatter originates in the driving system ( for eg. from a motor)
and gets transmitted to the cutting zone. Self excited chatter : Self excited chatter is generated
due to uneven surface of the work piece, fractures of metal swarf etc.

Typical fatigue failure in a shaft due to torsional oscillation

Camshaft assembly of a 6.5 MW diesel engine

 Broken camshaft (apparently due to malfunctioning of torsional damper) Such torsional
oscillations are caused either due to the periodic accelerations of the pistons, rods and cranks
or due to the periodic variation in gas pressure inside the engine cylinder.

Vibration isolation of spacecraft from the launching vehicle

The challenge is to isolate the payload such that at three different sinusoidal excitations
of frequencies 5Hz, 25Hz and 100 Hz, the vibration amplitude is to be reduced by 20 dB. The
isolation is achieved by the hexapod assembly by using stiff piezoelectric actuators that extend
and contract in response to the vibration originating at the base. This hexapod assembly is
commonly known as Active Stewart Platform.

Quantitative Description of Vibration Vibration is defined as the response of an elastic

system subjected to dynamic disturbance. Complete description of a vibration problem involves
three components: Vibrating system Excitation and Response
 Parameters of Vibration System Every vibrating system, in general, comprises of three
parameters, these are Inertia, Stiffness, and Damping.

Inertia and Stiffness are generally modelled as simple elements like:

Damping is the most difficult parameter among the three parameters. Various mechanisms,
indeices and measures are used to model damping. Some of the simple damping models are:
Viscous damping, Coulomb Friction and Material damping model.
Viscous damping

Coulomb Damping

Consider a single degree of freedom (SDOF ) model

Here, Excitation is the applied dynamic force and Response is Monitored in terms of
displacement or velocity . The excitation and response of a system are often characterized by
the physical variables, such as: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Stress and Noise etc. The
selection of these variables depends on various factors, such as the nature of the problem and
the objective of the analysis. A typical example will clarify this issue.
 Analysis of ride-comfort

Here excitation is described in terms of displacement and response is described in term of acceleration
of the vehicle.

Watch
Video 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJ_v9b6nqUI&fbclid=IwAR1zs4u-
yXIZ7hMBrtIwo33uKTMJ4lzumdza-tTr1RNmgYH2R3Q_RCLqlXE
Activity 1

I. Define the following:

a. Periodic Motion
b. Periodic Vibrations
c. Hooke’s Law
d. Simple Harmonic motion
e. Amplitude
f. Period
g. Frequency
II. Why do we study Vibration?
III. What are the importance concepts in periodic motion?