CABLE STAYED BRIDGES

Presented By:
CHINTAN R PATEL
Roll No. : 11CME13
EN No. :110410720010
M.E. Civil 3
rd
sem
Introduction
Consists of one or more pylons
Cables supports bridge deck
Elegant, economical & efficient structure
Highly cost-effective for short & medium
span



Components
History of development:
-First cable bridge was of timber designed
by C.T.Loescher in 1784
-Many early suspension bridges were of
hybrid suspension & cable-stayed
construction.
-The 1
st
cable-stayed bridge of modern
time was with steel decks.
The idea of using cable-stays to support a
bridge has been around for a while, it was
first applied in the 1800s in England
(incorporated with suspension bridges),
many of which had failed due to
insufficient resistance to wind pressure
(but also failure of the designer, and failure
to understand the mechanics of such a
bridge.)



But in the 1900s, several factors
contributed to successful implementations:
Better methods of structural analysis of
statically indeterminate structures (via
computers)
Development of orthotropic steel decks
High strength steels, new methods of
fabrication and erection.










First concrete-stayed bridge , 1952
Why We Require Cable-stayed ?
-The cable-stay design is optimum within
cantilever bridges & suspension bridges.
-Within this range suspension bridge will
require more steel while cantilever bridge
will require more material.
Types:
(according to cable arrangement)
Radial : cables connect evenly throughout the
deck, but all converge on the top of the pier
Harp : cables are parallel, and evenly spaced
along the deck and the pier
Fan : a combination of radial and harp types
Star-shaped : cables are connected to two
opposite points on the pier
Buying different size cables for the radial
bridge may or may not reduce the total
cost compared to harp bridge (because
you can buy in bulk) so the fan bridge is a
structural and economic compromise.

The star shaped bridge only may have
asthetic value; it is structurally flawed.

Types:
(according to shape)
(1)Side-spar cable-stayed
bridge
-cables are only on one
side
-useful for curved bridge
-bridge exerts considerable overturning
force upon its foundation and the spar
must resist the bending caused by cables,
as cables are on one side only.

(2)Multiple cable-stay bridge
-2 to 3 span structure
-structure is less stiff,
creates difficulties both in
construction & design of
deck & pylon.
(3)Cantilever spar cable-stay bridge
-modern modification of bridge
-reduces overturning force
(4)Extra dosed bridge
-is a bridge with more sustainable bridge
deck that being stiffer & stronger.
-cable can be omitted close to the tower

(5)Cable-stayed cradle stayed bridge
-it eliminates anchorages of pylons.
-each epoxy-coated steel is carried inside
cradle in a steel tube.











CABLE BRIDGE
Connect the deck
directly.

Not requires firm
anchorages from
ground.
Construction is faster.
Design is simple.
Requires less cable.



SUSPENSION
Connect the deck with
large suspension
cables dropped
towards deck.
Anchorage from
ground is necessary.
Comparatively slower.
Design is not simple.
Requires more cables.



Tension and Compression
Important!
Tension
Compression
The tower is
responsible for absorbing
and dealing with
compression forces
Tension occurs along
the cable lines
This works because a moving
load is not applied evenly across
the bridge, and as it moves one
set or the other of the diagonals
will find itself in tension
Key advantages:
Much stiffness which reduces deformation
of deck under L.L.
Cable acts both as temporary &
permanent supports.
No requirement of large ground
anchorage.
Very economical for span between 100 to
500 m.

Offers greater stiffness, torsional & lateral
rigidity. It helps bridge to stay more stable
against the wind & provide aerodynamic
effects.
Minimizes deflections.
Wide choice of design methods.
Outstanding architectural appearance due
to its smaller diameter cables.
Simple analysis of harp bridge:
given : the weight of the
deck is 60 units, so
each segment along the
deck is 10 units; the
angle each cable makes
with the deck

can easily calculate
the tension in each
cable.
significance :
all cables endure the same high tension
axial component along the deck is higher (compared to radial)
causes bending moments in the tower
Simple analysis of radial bridge
given : the weight of the
deck is 60 units, so
each segment along the
deck is 10 units; the
angle each cable makes
with the deck

can easily calculate
the tension in each
cable.
significance :
cables further along the deck must endure a higher tension than
cables closer to the pier
axial component along the deck is minimal (compared to harp)
however, cables congest the very top of the pier
Construction procedure:


Cross-section:

Deck, Tower are made of reinforced concrete.

A box girder supports the deck so as to reduce
buckling of the deck from high compressions,
twisting or torsion, and distribute among the stays
non-uniform loads.



Working:
Towers are erected above piers in middle
of span.
From these piers cables are attached
diagonally to the girder
Bridge has low centre of gravity helps
bridge against earthquake. But at the
same time, it is weak against wind.
Fabrication of the cable bridge is
somewhat difficult.
Bridge Failure

Salient features:
It is elegant & attractive bridge.
It is the most economical between the
span 500m 2000m.
Bridge gives great architectural view.
Considerably saves steel & concrete than
other types of bridges.
The largest cable stayed bridge is Tatara
bridge, Japan having span length=890 m.
LARGEST CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
Tatara Bridge, Japan
Span Length : 890 m
Recent largest application of cable-stay
bridge in India is Bandra-Worli sea-link.
Bridge length is 4 km having span length
500m on only single pylon
It carries 8 carriage-way

Bandra-Worli sea-link
1) Location : Athwa side: (Agri university on Surat Dumas Road)
Adajan side: (Near Dr.V.S.Marg on Surat-Hajira road)
2) DetailofCable Stayed
portion

a. Length : 300 mt.
b. Width (Avg.) : 23.30 mt.
c. Area : 7050 Sq. Mt.(avg.)
d. Pylon

e.tender.cost
:

:
Two nos. each 35 mt. height

143.65 Crore
Gujarat government has given final nod to the cable stayed bridge project in
Surat. The one kilometer long two-pillar flood-proof bridge would connect citys
Athwa Lines and Pal(Rander-Adajan)
SMC Commissioner Aparna told government officials, presently there is no
bridge between ONGC-Magdalla bridge and Sardar bridge and there is heavy
traffic in the area. Therefore new bridge is needed.
Proposed bridge is estimated at cost of Rs86 crore. The project was re-
designed as bidders were quoting about 50% higher prices for the project. A
new design will not have two approach flyovers.



Construction of Cable Stay Bridge
across river Tapi joining Athwa &
Adajan


Building A Cable-Stayed Bridge
Many things to think about mathematically:
Horizontal distance from tower to point of attachment
Height of point of attachment above bridge level
Stretched length of cable
Angle between cable and tower
Experiments to consider:
Cable needs to be tested to see how its stretch varies
with the angle to the vertical
an experiment to determine how much a length of cable
stretches when it supports a mass


Building A Cable-Stayed Bridge
The tower of the bridge forms the vertical side of
the right triangle
The distance between the points of attachment of
preceding cables on the tower should be equal
Likewise, the points of attachment of the cables on
the beam of the span should be equidistant.
You can calculate the length of the remaining
cables after the first cable has been installed by
applying the proportionality concept or the
Pythagorean theorem
Building A Cable-Stayed Bridge
When building a cable-stayed bridge, to
figure out how long the cables need to be,
engineers either use scale drawings or
Pythagoras and trigonometry to find the
required length of cable for each section
and the angle between the cable and the
vertical



Lets Look at Shapes
Triangles are one of the
shapes used by the attachment
of the cables and the beam
this shape is used because of
its ability to transfer the tension
as the moving load goes across
the bridge
In this bridge, the distance
of the cable up the tower
is equal to the distance
from the tower to
connection point on the
beam and is a 90 degree
angle
A rectangle is
attached at the
convergence
point of the
beam and tower
for stability
Triangulated bracing between the
cables reduces the amplitude of
oscillations
Lets Look at Combinations of Side
Length
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 3/4
1 1/2
1 1
The red triangle has two sides
of 1 and one side of 1 1/2. If
you use what we learned about
triangles,
a + b > c; 1+1 > 1 1/2.

The yellow triangle has two
sides of 1 1/4 and one side of 1
3/4. So, 1 1/4 + 1 1/4 > 1 3/4

Both triangles are very close to
an equilateral triangle with all
sides being equal. This is the
strongest triangle.
Strengths of Cable-Stayed Bridges
Uses a single support only
Well-balanced
Cables can be fabricated separately
Horizontal loads are contained within the structure
Ideal for use when the river banks are fragile
For example if the banks are alluvial mud
The cables disperse a load across more area easily
Cables from nodes on tower to road is variant of a triangle
Greater inherent rigidity of the triangulated cable-
stayed bridges
Math - Helping Me Understand My
World
Civil engineers need to use a combination of
geometric shapes to build the strongest
structures
Extremely important for engineers to carry out
the technical calculations necessary to plan a
bridge project
If the specifications are not correct, the bridge could
collapse
For medium length spans between 500 and
2,800 feet, cable-stayed is fast becoming the
bridge of choice
Modern looking geometric shapes (eye pleasing as
well as necessary for strength)
Cost effective