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Biaxial Columns Design

Biaxial Columns Design
Biaxial Bending and Axial
Biaxial Bending and Axial
Load
Load
Unaxial bending
about y-axis
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Biaxial Bending and Axial
Biaxial Bending and Axial
Load
Load
The biaxial bending moments
M
x
= P*e
y
M
y
= P*e
x
Approximate Analysis
Approximate Analysis
Methods
Methods
Design: P
u
M
uy
, M
ux
P
u
, P
u
e
x
, P
u
e
y
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Approximate Analysis
Approximate Analysis
Methods
Methods
P
n
= Nominal axial strength at eccentricities, e
x
& e
y
0 0y 0x
n
0 0y 0x n n
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1
P P P
P
P P P P P
+

+ =

Approximate Analysis
Approximate Analysis
Methods
Methods
P
0
= Axial Load Strength under pure axial compression
M
nx
= M
ny
= 0
P
0x
= Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, e
y
M
nx
= P
n
e
y
P
0y
= Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, e
x
M
ny
= P
n
e
x
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Biaxial Bending in Short
Biaxial Bending in Short
Columns
Columns
1) Calculate P
0
2) Calculate P
0y
( P
n
for e = e
x
, e
y
= 0 )
3)Calculate P
0x
( P
n
for e
x
= 0, e = e
y
)
4) Calculate P
n
(from Breslers Formula )
Analysis Procedure: Reciprocal Load Method
Breslers Formula:
Steps:
0 0y 0x n
1 1 1 1
P P P P
+
Slender Columns
Slender Columns
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Long
Long

Columns
Columns
Slender Columns
Column with a significant reduction in
axial load capacity due to moments
resulting from lateral deflections of the
column (ACI Code: significant
reduction 5%)
Slender =
Column

Long
Long

Column
Column
OA - curve for end moment
OB - curve for maximum
column moment @ mid-
height)
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
Axial capacity is reduced
from A to B due to increase
in maximum moment due to
s (slenderness effects)
6

Long
Long

Columns
Columns
Less than 10 % of columns in braced or non-sway
frames and less than half of columns in unbraced or
sway frames would be classified as slender
columns.

Long
Long

Columns
Columns
braced or non-sway frames
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unbraced or sway frames

Long
Long

Columns
Columns
Effective Length
Effective Length
The effective length - kl
u
l
u
- clear distance between floors.
k - ratio of the distance between points of zero
moments in the columns
Slenderness ratio =
u
kl
r
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Long
Long

Column
Column
-
-
Slenderness
Slenderness
Ratio
Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns
Pinned-Pinned
Connection
Fixed-Fixed
Connection
(a)
(b)

Long
Long

Column
Column
-
-
Slenderness
Slenderness
Ratio
Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns
Fixed-Pinned
Connection
Partial restrained
Connection
(c)
(d)
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Long
Long

Column
Column
Unsupported height of column from top of
floor to bottom of beams or slab in floor
Radius of gyration
= 0.3* overall depth of rectangular columns
= 0.25* overall depth of circular columns
l
u
=
r =
A
I
=
Slenderness ratio =
u
kl
r
K Factor
K Factor

=
beams of /
columns of /
u
u
l EI
l EI

A
and
B
are the top and
bottom factors of the
column. For a hinged end
is infinite or 10 and for
a fixed end is zero or 1
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General Formulation
General Formulation
Modulus of Elasticity
Moment of Inertia
ck c
15000 f E =
column a for 70 . 0
beam a for 35 . 0
g
g
I I
I I
=
=
K Factor
K Factor

A
and
B
are the top and bottom factors of the
column.
For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)
( )
A B
min
0.70 0.05 1.0
smaller of
0.85 0.05 1.0
k
k
k
= + +
=

= +

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K Factor
K Factor
For a Sway Frame:
a) Restrained @both ends
b) One hinged or free end
Non-sway frames:
Sway frames:
m
m avg m
m m
20
if 2.0: 1
20
if 2.0: 0.9 1
k
k

| |
= < = +
|
\ .
= +
2.0 0.3 k = +
( )
0 1.0
1.0 typically k=1.5
k
k

Long
Long

Column
Column
Lateral deflection -
increases moment
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
M = P*( e + )
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Long
Long

Column
Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

o
= first-order deflection due to M
o

a
= second-order deflection due to P
o

Long
Long

Column
Column
OA - curve for end moment
OB - curve for maximum
column moment @ mid-
height)
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
Axial capacity is reduced
from A to B due to increase
in maximum moment due to
s (slenderness effects)
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Moment Magnification in Moment Magnification in
Non Non- -sway Frames sway Frames
If the slenderness effects need to be considered. The
non-sway magnification factor,
ns
, will cause an
increase in the magnitude of the design moment.
where
m
ns
u
c
1.0
1
0.75
C
P
P
=
| |

|
\ .
c ns 2
M M =
Moment Magnification in Moment Magnification in
Non Non- -sway Frames sway Frames
The components of the equation for an Euler bucking
load for pin-end column
and the stiffness, EI is taken as
( )
2
c
2
u
EI
P
kl

=
{
c g s se c g
conservatively
d d
0.2 0.4
1 1
E I E I E I
EI EI

+
= =
+ +
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Moment Magnification in Moment Magnification in
Non Non- -sway Frames sway Frames
A coefficient factor relating the actual moment
diagram to the equivalent uniform moment diagram.
For members without transverse loads
For other conditions, such as members with transverse
loads between supports, C
m
= 1.0
1
m
2
0.6 0.4 0.4
M
C
M
| |
= +
|
\ .

Long
Long

Column
Column
singular curvature double curvature
Ratio of moments at two column ends M
1
/M
2
=