Problem 4.8 The op-amp circuit shown in Fig. P4.

8 has a constant dc voltage of

6 V at the noninverting input. The inverting input is the sum of two voltage sources,
a 6-V dc source and a small time-varying signal
s
.
(a) Use the op-amp equivalent-circuit model given in Fig. 4-5 to develop an
expression for
o
.
(b) Simplify the expression by applying the ideal op-amp model, which lets A
, R
i
and R
o
0.
R
L

s
6 V
6 V
+
_
+
_
+
_
+
_
Figure P4.8: Circuit for Problem 4.8.
Solution: (a) Replacing the op amp with its equivalent circuit:
R
L
R
o
R
i

s
+
_
+
_
6 V
+
_
6 V
+
_
+
_
+
_
+
_
A(
p

n
)
For node
o
,

o
R
L
+

o
A(
p

n
)
R
o
= 0.
Also,

p
= 6 V,

n
= 6 V+
s
.
Solving for
o
, we have:

o
=
A
s
R
L
R
L
+R
o
.
(b) For R
L
R
o
,

o
=A
s
.
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. c 2013 National Technology and Science Press
Hence, the output will be amplied by A, but inverted. If |A
s
| V
cc
, then the op
amp will saturate. Hence,

o
=

A
s
, for |
s
|
V
cc
A
V
cc
, if |
s
| >
V
cc
A
and
s
is positive
+V
cc
, if |
s
| >
V
cc
A
and
s
is negative.
Assume all op amps to be ideal from here on forward.
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. c 2013 National Technology and Science Press