Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann

Definitions for Chemistry SPM ( Form 5 )

Rate of Reaction
- The change in quantity of the reactant or products per time unit
- Is a measure of how quickly a chemical reaction happens
Fast Reaction
- The conversion of reactant to products takes place in a short time
Slow Reaction
- The conversion of reactant to products takes more time to complete
Observable Change
- A change that can be observed by our senses
Average Rate of Reaction
- The rate of reaction over an interval of time
Instantaneous rate of reaction
- Rate of reaction at any given time
Catalyst
- A substance that changes the rate of reaction. It does not undergo any chemical change
Decomposition
- A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler substances
Effective Collision
- A collision between reactant particles that result in reaction between them
Activation Energy, E
A

- The minimum energy the colliding particles must have before collision between them can
result in chemical reaction
Energy Profile Diagram
- A graph that represents the energy change that occurs in a chemical reaction
Collision Frequency
- The number of collisions per unit time

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Effective Collision Frequency
- The number of effective collisions per unit time
Collision Theory
- Theory used to explain chemical reactions in terms of collisions between particles, effective
collisions, and activation energy
Carbon Compound
- A compound that contains carbon, C combined with other elements
Organic Compound
- A carbon compound found in, produced by, or derived from living organisms
Hydrocarbon
- An organic compound that contains only carbon, C and hydrogen, H
Saturated Hydrocarbon
- A hydrocarbon that has only single covalent bonds
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
- A hydrocarbon that has double or triple covalent bonds
Alkane
- A group of saturated hydrocarbons
Structural Formula
- A formula that shows which atoms are bonded to each other in a molecule of the organic
compound
General Formula
- A formula that shows the general form of the molecular formula of a homologous series
Straight-chain Alkane
- An alkane in which the carbon, C atoms are joined in a continuous straight line
Substitution Reaction
- A reaction in which one atom replaces another atom within a molecule
Alkene
- A group of unsaturated hydrocarbons
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Addition Reaction
- A reaction in which a molecule adds to the two carbon, C atoms of a double bond
Homologous Series
- A group of organic compounds in which each member differs from the next one in the series
by a fixed unit of structure
Isomers
- Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae
Isomerism
- The phenomenon of organic compounds existing as isomers
Alkyl Group
- A side-chain containing only carbon, C and hydrogen, H atoms joined by single bonds
Alcohol
- A homologous series containing the hydroxyl group (-OH)
Functional Group
- An atom or a group of atoms that is responsible for the similar chemical properties of a
homologous series
Hydroxyl Group
- The functional group of alcohols
Hydration
- A reaction in which water is added to a compound
Fermentation
- The reaction in which yeast converts glucose, C
6
H
12
O
6
, into ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH
Distillation
- The process of extracting a substance by vaporizing it then condensing the vapour
Carboxylic Acid
- A homologous series containing the carboxyl group (-COOH)
Carboxyl Group
- The functional group of carboxylic acids
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Esterification
- The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester and water. The
reaction is catalyzed by hydrogen ion, H
+

Ester
- A homologous series containing the carboxylate functional group
Extraction of Ester
- To take out the ester from its natural sources (fragrant plants)
Oils and Fats
- Natural Esters
Fatty Acid
- A carboxylic acid that has a long chain of about 10 to 20 carbon, C atoms. It has only one
carboxyl group
1,2,3-propanetriol/ glycerol
- An alcohol that has three hydroxyl groups
Saturated Fat
- Has a higher proportion of saturated fat molecules than unsaturated fat molecules
Unsaturated Fat
- Has a higher proportion of unsaturated fat molecules than saturated fat molecules
Hydrogenation
- The addition of hydrogen, H
2
to the double bond between two carbon, C atoms
Natural Rubber
- Polymer obtained from the latex of the rubber tree
Elasticity
- The ability to return to the original shape after being stretched, compressed, or bent
Latex
- A milk- like colloid obtained from the rubber tree
Coagulation of Latex
- The separation of rubber particles from the water in the latex
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Redox Reaction
- A reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur at the same time
Oxidizing Agent
- Oxidizes a substance. It is reduced in the redox reaction
Reducing Agent
- Reduces a substance. It is oxidized in the redox reaction
Oxidation Number/ Oxidation State
- The imaginary charge of an atom if it exists as an ion
Oxidation
- A chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen, O; loses hydrogen, H; loses
electrons; or undergoes an increase in oxidation number
Reduction
- A chemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen, O; gains hydrogen, H; gains
electrons; or undergoes a decrease in oxidation number
Corrosion of a Metal
- The oxidation of the metal through the action of water, air, and/or electrolytes
Rusting of Iron, Fe
- The corrosion of iron, Fe. It is a redox reaction in which iron, Fe is oxidized to form hydrated
iron (III) oxide, Fe
2
O
3
.3H
2
O or rust
Reactivity Series of Metals
- An arrangement of metals in the order of their reactivity towards oxygen, O
2

Vigour of a Chemical Reaction
- Shows how reactive the reaction is
The Extraction of Metal
- The process of obtaining a metal from its ore
Electrolytic Cell
- An electrochemical cell that uses electricity to produce a chemical change

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Chemical/ Voltaic Cell
- An electrochemical cell that produces electricity from a chemical change
Exothermic Reaction
- A chemical reaction that releases energy (in the form of heat) to the surroundings
Endothermic Reaction
- A chemical reaction that absorbs energy (in the form of heat) to the surroundings
Energy Level Diagram
- A graph that shows the energy change of a chemical reaction
Heat of Reaction, H
- The energy change of a chemical reaction. It is the difference between the energy of the
reactants and the energy of the products
Thermochemical Equation
- A chemical equation with the heat of reaction, H written at the end of the equation
Heat of Precipitation
- The energy change when one mole of precipitate is formed from its ions
Heat of Displacement
- The energy change when one mole of metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more
electropositive metal
Heat of Neutralization
- The energy change when one mole of water is formed from the neutralization between one
mole of hydrogen ions, H
+
from an acid and one mole of hydroxide ions, OH
-
from an alkali
Heat of Combustion
- The heat given off when one mole of substance is burnt completely in excess oxygen, O
2

Fuel Value/ Heat Value
- The amount of energy (measured in kilojoules) that can be obtained when 1g of fuel is burnt
Soap
- The salt formed when a fatty acid is neutralized by an alkali

Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann


Detergent
- The salt formed when an alkyl hydrogen sulphate is neutralized by an alkali
Additives
- Substances added to a detergent to increase its effectiveness
Biological Enzyme
- An organic catalyst
Whitening Agent
- An additive that makes clothes whiter and cleaner
Saponification
- The hydrolysis of an ester. The catalyst is an alkali
Hydrolysis
- A reaction of a compound with water
Surface Tension
- The attractive force between water molecules. This force prevents water from wetting the
surface
Food Additive
- Any substance that is added to food to preserve it or improve its flavour and appearance
Preservative
- Food additives that prevent or slow down spoilage of food
Antioxidant
- Food Additives that prevent oxidation of food
Flavouring Agent
- Food additives that give flavour to food or enhance its natural flavour
Stabilizers and Thickening Agents
- Food additives that improve the texture and consistency of food
Dyes
- Food additives that colour food or replace lost colours

Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann


Drug
- Any natural or artificial made chemical that is ue=sed as a medicine
Traditional Medicines
- Medicines that are derived from plants and animals
Modern Medicines
- Medicines that are manufactured on a large-scale for consumers
Analgesic
- Modern medicines that relieve pain
Antibiotics
- Modern medicines that kill bacteria
Psychotherapeutic Medicine
- Modern medicines used to treat mental illness
Side Effects of a Drug
- The undesirable effects that the drug produces in addition to that intended