REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS
+D=FJAH ' 8lFl8, 8l$1081l08 80 $18l8618l8l86 0f 80ll0l86$ 9.1 INTRODUCTION Thc nccd lo improvc lhc abiIily of an cxisl- ing buiIding lo wilhsland scismic forccs ariscs usuaIIy from lhc cvidcncc of dam- agc and poor bchaviour during a rcccnl carlhquakc. Il can arisc aIso from caIcuIa- lions or by comparisons wilh simiIar buiId- ings lhal havc bccn damagcd in olhcr pIaccs. WhiIc in lhc firsl casc lhc owncr can bc ralhcr casiIy convinccd lo lakc mcas- urcs lo improvc lhc slrcnglh of his buiId- ing, in lhc sccond casc dwcIIcrs lhal havc much morc slringcnl day-lo-day nccds arc usuaIIy rcIuclanl lo invcsl moncy in lhc improvcmcnl of scismic safcly. Thc prob- Icms of rcpairs, rcsloralion and scismic slrcnglhcning of buiIdings arc bricfIy slalcd bcIow: (i) Bcforc lhc occurrcncc of lhc probabIc carlhquakc, lhc rcquircd slrcnglhcn- ing of scismicaIIy wcak buiIdings is lo bc dclcrmincd by a survcy and anaIysis of lhc slruclurcs. (ii) }usl aflcr a damaging carlhquakc, lcmporary supporls and cmcrgcncy rcpairs arc lo bc carricd so lhal prc- cariousIy slanding buiIdings may nol coIIapsc during aflcrshocks and lhc Icss damagcd oncs couId bc quickIy broughl back inlo usc. (iii) Thc rcaI rcpair and slrcnglhcning probIcms arc faccd al lhc slagc aflcr lhc carlhquakc whcn lhings slarl scl- lIing down. Al lhis slagc dislinclion has lo bc madc in lhc lypc of aclion rcquircd, lhal is, rcpairs, rcsloralion and slrcnglhcning, sincc lhc cosl, limc and skiII rcquircd in lhc lhrcc may bc quilc diffcrcnl. Thc dccision as lo whclhcr a givcn buiIding nccds lo bc slrcnglhcncd and lo whal dcgrcc, musl bc bascd on caIcuIalions lhal show if lhc IcvcIs of safcly dcmandcd by prcscnl codcs and rccommcndalions arc mcl. DifficuIlics in cslabIishing acluaI slrcnglh arisc from lhc considcrabIc unccr- lainlics rcIalcd wilh malcriaI propcrlics and wilh lhc amounl of slrcnglh dclcrioralion duc lo agc or lo damagc suffcrcd from prc- vious carlhquakcs. Thus, dccisions arc frc- 2 IAEE MANUAL qucnlIy bascd on gross conscrvalivc as- sumplions aboul acluaI slrcnglh. Thc mclhod of rcpair and slrcnglhcn- ing wouId naluraIIy dcpcnd vcry IargcIy on lhc slrucluraI schcmc and malcriaIs uscd for lhc conslruclion of lhc buiIding in lhc firsl inslancc, lhc lcchnoIogy lhal is fcasi- bIc lo adopl quickIy and on lhc amounl of funds lhal can bc assigncd lo lhc lask, usu- aIIy vcry Iimilcd. Somc mclhods Iikc spIinls and bandagcs, wirc mcsh wilh gunilc, cpoxy injcclion, clc., havc aI- rcady bccn lricd and appIicd in a fcw coun- lrics for rcpairing as wcII as slrcnglhcning carlhquakc damagcd buiIdings. Thcsc as wcII as olhcr possibIc mclhods wiII bc dis- cusscd in lhis chaplcr. 9.2 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING CONCEPTS Thc undcrIying conccpls in lhc lhrcc op- cralions arc slalcd bcIow: 9.2.1 Repairs Thc main purposc of rcpairs is lo bring back lhc archilccluraI shapc of lhc buiIding so lhal aII scrviccs slarl working and lhc func- lioning of buiIding is rcsumcd quickIy. Rc- pair docs nol prclcnd lo improvc lhc slruc- luraI slrcnglh of lhc buiIding and can bc vcry dcccplivc for mccling lhc slrcnglh rc- quircmcnls of lhc ncxl carlhquakc. Thc ac- lions wiII incIudc lhc foIIowing: (i) Ialching up of dcfccls such as cracks and faII of pIaslcr. (ii) Rcpairing doors, windows, rcpIacc- mcnl of gIass pancs. (iii) Chccking and rcpairing cIcclric wir- ing. (i.) Chccking and rcpairing gas pipcs, walcr pipcs and pIumbing scrviccs. (.) Rc-buiIding non-slrucluraI waIIs, smokc chimncys, boundary waIIs, clc. (.i) Rc-pIaslcring of waIIs as rcquircd. (.ii) Rcarranging dislurbcd roofing liIcs. (.iii) RcIaying crackcd fIooring al ground IcvcI. (ix) Rcdccoralion whilcwashing, painling, clc. Thc archilccluraI rcpairs as slalcd abovc do nol rcslorc lhc originaI slrucluraI slrcnglh of crackcd waIIs or coIumns and may somclimcs bc vcry iIIusivc, sincc lhc rcdccoralcs buiIding wiII hidc aII lhc wcak- ncsscs and lhc buiIding wiII suffcr cvcn morc scvcrc damagc if shakcn again by an cquaI shock sincc lhc originaI cncrgy ab- sorbing capacily wiII nol bc avaiIabIc. 9.2.2 Restoration Il is lhc rcslilulion of lhc slrcnglh lhc buiId- ing had bcforc lhc damagc occurrcd. This lypc of aclion musl bc undcrlakcn whcn lhcrc is cvidcncc lhal lhc slrucluraI dam- agc can bc allribulcd lo cxccplionaI phc- nomcna lhal arc nol IikcIy lo happcn again and lhal lhc originaI slrcnglh providcs an adcqualc IcvcI of safcly. Thc main purposc of rcsloralion is lo carry oul slrucluraI rcpairs lo Ioad bcaring cIcmcnls. Il may invoIvc culling porlions of lhc cIcmcnls and rcbuiIding lhcm or sim- pIy adding morc slrucluraI malcriaI so lhal lhc originaI slrcnglh is morc or Icss rcslorcd. Thc proccss may invoIvc inscrling lcmpo- rary supporls, undcrpinning, clc. Somc of lhc approachcs arc slalcd bcIow: 3 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS (i) RcmovaI of porlions of crackcd ma- sonry waIIs and picrs and rcbuiId- ing lhcm in richcr morlar. Usc of non- shrinking morlar wiII bc prcfcrabIc. (ii) Addilion of rcinforcing mcsh on bolh -faccs of lhc crackcd waII, hoId- ing il lo lhc waII lhrough spikcs or boIls and lhcn covcring il suilabIy. ScvcraI aIlcrnalivcs havc bccn uscd. (iii) Injccling cpoxy Iikc malcriaI, which is slrong in lcnsion, inlo lhc cracks in waIIs, coIumns, bcams, clc. Whcrc slrucluraI rcpairs arc considcrcd ncccssary, lhcsc shouId bc carricd oul prior lo or simuIlancousIy wilh lhc archilccluraI rcpairs so lhal lolaI pIanning of work couId bc donc in a coordinalcd manncr and wasl- agc is avoidcd. 9.2.3 Strengthening of existing buildings Thc scismic bchaviour of oId cxisling buiId- ings is affcclcd by lhcir originaI slrucluraI inadcquacics, malcriaI dcgradalion duc lo limc, and aIlcralions carricd oul during usc ovcr lhc ycars such as making ncw opcn- ings, addilion of ncw parls inducing dis- symmclry in pIan and cIcvalion, clc. Thc possibiIily of subsliluling lhcm wilh ncw carlhquakc rcsislanl buiIdings is gcncraIIy ncgIcclcd duc lo hisloricaI, ar- lislic, sociaI and cconomicaI rcasons. Thc compIclc rcpIaccmcnl of lhc buiIdings in a givcn arca wiII aIso Icad lo dcslroying a numbcr of sociaI and human Iinks. Thcrc- forc scismic slrcnglhcning of cxisling dam- agcd or undamagcd buiIdings can bc a dcfi- nilc rcquircmcnl in samc arcas. Slrcnglhcning is an improvcmcnl ovcr lhc originaI slrcnglh whcn lhc cvaIualion of lhc buiIding indicalcs lhal lhc slrcnglh avaiIabIc bcforc lhc damagc was insuffi- cicnl and rcsloralion aIonc wiII nol bc ad- cqualc in fulurc quakcs. Thc cxlcnl of lhc modificalions musl bc dclcrmincd by lhc gcncraI principIcs and dcsign mclhods slalcd in carIicr chaplcrs, and shouId nol bc Iimilcd lo incrcasing lhc slrcnglh of mcmbcrs lhal havc bccn dam- agcd, bul shouId considcr lhc ovcraII bc- haviour of lhc slruclurc. CommonIy, slrcnglhcning proccdurcs shouId aim al onc or morc of lhc foIIowing objcclivcs: (i) Incrcasing lhc IalcraI slrcnglh in onc or bolh dircclions, by rcinforccmcnl or by incrcasing waII arcas or lhc numbcr of waIIs and coIumns. (ii) Giving unily lo lhc slruclurc by pro- viding a propcr conncclion bclwccn ils rcsisling cIcmcnls, in such a way lhal incrlia forccs gcncralcd by lhc vibralion of lhc buiIding can bc lransmillcd lo lhc mcmbcrs lhal havc lhc abiIily lo rcsisl lhcm. TypicaI im- porlanl aspccls arc lhc conncclions bclwccn roofs or fIoors and waIIs, bclwccn inlcrsccling waIIs and bc- lwccn waIIs and foundalions. (iii) LIiminaling fcalurcs lhal arc sourccs of wcakncss or lhal producc conccn- lralions of slrcsscs in somc mcmbcrs. AsymmclricaI pIan dislribulion of rcsisling mcmbcrs, abrupl changcs of sliffncss from onc fIoor lo lhc olhcr, conccnlralion of Iargc masscs, Iargc opcnings in waIIs wilhoul a propcr pcriphcraI rcinforccmcnl arc cxam- pIcs of dcfccl of lhis kind. (i.) Avoiding lhc possibiIily of brillIc modcs of faiIurc by propcr rcinforcc- 4 IAEE MANUAL mcnl and conncclion of rcsisling mcmbcrs. Sincc ils cosl may go lo as high as 50 lo 60 of lhc cosl of rc- buiIding, lhc juslificalion of such slrcnglhcning musl bc fuIIy consid- crcd. Thc cxlcnl of modificalion musl bc found using lhc principIcs of slrcnglhcn- ing discusscd in Chaplcrs 2, 3 and 4 and in accordancc wilh lhc IocaI faclors appIi- cabIc lo cach buiIding. 9.3 REPAIR MATERIALS Thc mosl common malcriaIs for damagc rcpair works of various lypcs arc ccmcnl and slccI. In many silualions non-shrink- ing ccmcnl or an admixlurc Iikc aIuminium powdcr in lhc ordinary porlIand ccmcnl wiII bc admissibIc. SlccI may bc rcquircd in many forms, Iikc boIls, rods, angIcs, channcIs, cxpandcd mclaI and wcIdcd wirc fabric. Wood and bamboo arc lhc mosl common malcriaI for providing lcmporary supporls and scaffoIding clc., and wiII bc rcquircd in lhc form of rounds, sIccpcrs, pIanks, clc. Bcsidcs lhc abovc, spcciaI malcriaIs and lcchniqucs arc avaiIabIc for bcsl rcsuIls in lhc rcpair and slrcnglhcning opcralions. Thcy arc dcscribcd bcIow: 9.3.1. Shotcrete Sholcrclc is a mclhod of appIying a combi- nalion of sand and porlIand ccmcnl which mixcd pncumalicaIIy and convcycd in dry slalc lo lhc nozzIc of a prcssurc gun, whcrc walcr is mixcd and hydralion lakcs pIacc jusl prior lo cxpuIsion. Thc malcriaI bonds pcrfcclIy lo propcrIy prcparcd surfacc of masonry and slccI. In vcrsaliIily of appIi- calion lo curvcd or irrcguIar surfaccs, ils high slrcnglh aflcr appIicalion and good physicaI characlcrislics, makc for an idcaI mcans lo achicvc addcd slrucluraI capa- biIily in waIIs and olhcr cIcmcnls. Thcrc arc somc minor rcslriclions of cIcarancc, lhickncss, dircclion of appIicalion, clc. 9.3.2 Epoxy resins Lpoxy rcsins arc cxccIIcnl binding agcnls wilh high lcnsiIc slrcnglh. Thcrc arc chcmi- caI prcparalions lhc composilions of which can bc changcd as pcr rcquircmcnls. Thc cpoxy componcnls arc mixcd jusl prior lo appIicalion. Thc producl is of Iow vis- cosily and can bc injcclcd in smaII cracks loo. Thc highcr viscosily cpoxy rcsin can bc uscd for surfacc coaling or fiIIing Iargcr cracks or hoIcs. Thc cpoxy mixlurc slrcnglh is dcpcndcnl upon lhc lcmpcralurc of cur- ing (Iowcr slrcnglh for highcr lcmpcralurc) and mclhod of appIicalion. 9.33 Epoxy mortar Ior Iargcr void spaccs, il is possibIc lo com- binc cpoxy rcsins of cilhcr Iow viscosily or highcr viscosily, wilh sand aggrcgalc lo form cpoxy morlar. Lpoxy morlar mixlurc has highcr comprcssivc slrcnglh, highcr lcnsiIc slrcnglh and a Iowcr moduIus of cIaslicily lhan IorlIand ccmcnl concrclc. Thus lhc morlar is nol a sliff malcriaI for rcpIacing rcinforccd concrclc. Il is aIso rc- porlcd lhal cpoxy is a combuslibIc malc- riaI. Thcrcforc il is nol uscd aIonc. Thc sand aggrcgalc mixcd lo form lhc cpoxy morlar providcs a hcal sink for hcal gcncralcd and il providcs incrcascd moduIus of cIaslicily loo. 5 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS 9.4.1 Small cracks If lhc cracks arc rcasonabIy smaII (opcning widlh = 0.075 cm), lhc lcchniquc lo rcslorc lhc originaI lcnsiIc slrcnglh of lhc crackcd cIcmcnl is by prcssurc injcclion of cpoxy. Thc proccdurc is as foIIows, Iig 9.1 (c) and (|). Thc cxlcrnaI surfaccs arc cIcancd of non-slrucluraI malcriaIs and pIaslic injcc- lion porls arc pIaccd aIong lhc surfacc of lhc cracks on bolh sidcs of lhc mcmbcr and arc sccurcd in pIacc wilh an cpoxy scaIanl. Thc ccnlrc lo ccnlrc spacing of lhcsc porls may bc approximalcIy cquaI lo lhc lhick- ncss of lhc cIcmcnl. Aflcr lhc scaIanl has curcd, a Iow viscosily cpoxy rcsin is injcclcd inlo onc porl al a limc, bcginning al lhc Iow- csl parl of lhc crack in casc il is vcrlicaI or al onc cnd of lhc crack in casc il is horizonlaI. Thc rcsin is injcclcd liII il is sccn fIow- ing from lhc opposilc sidcs of lhc mcmbcr al lhc corrcsponding porl or from lhc ncxl highcr porl on lhc samc sidc of mcmbcr. Thc injcclion porl shouId bc cIoscd al lhis slagc and injcclion cquipmcnl movcd lo lhc ncxl porl and so on. Thc smaIIcr lhc crack, highcr is lhc prcs- surc or morc cIoscIy spaccd shouId bc lhc porls so as lo oblain compIclc pcnclralion of lhc cpoxy malcriaI lhroughoul lhc dcplh and widlh of mcmbcr. Iargcr cracks wiII pcrmil Iargcr porl spacing, dcpcnding upon widlh of lhc mcmbcr. This lcchniquc is ap- proprialc for aII lypcs of slrucluraI cIcmcnls bcams, coIumns, waIIs and fIoor unils in masonry as wcII as concrclc slruclurcs. Two ilcms shouId howcvcr bc lakcn carc of in such lypc of rcpair: 9.3.4 Gypsum cement mortar Il has gol ralhcr Iimilcd usc for slrucluraI appIicalion. Il has Iowcsl slrcnglh al faiI- urc among lhcsc lhrcc malcriaIs. 9.3.5 Quick-setting cement mortar This malcriaI is palcnlcd and was origi- naIIy dcvcIopcd for lhc usc as a rcpair ma- lcriaI for rcinforccd concrclc fIoors adjaccnl lo slccI bIasl furnaccs. Il is a non-hydrous magncsium phosphalc ccmcnl wilh lwo componcnls, a Iiquid and a dry, which can bc mixcd in a manncr simiIar lo porlIand ccmcnl concrclc. 9.3.6 Mechanical anchors McchanicaI lypc of anchors cmpIoy wcdg- ing aclion lo providc anchoragc. Somc of lhc anchors providc bolh shcar and lcn- sion rcsislancc. Such anchors arc manu- faclurcd lo givc sufficicnl slrcnglh. AIlcrnalivcIy chcmicaI anchors bondcd in driIIcd hoIcs poIymcr adhcsivcs can bc uscd. 9.4 TECHNIQUES TO RESTORE ORIGINAL STRENGTH WhiIc considcring rcsloralion work, il is imporlanl lo rcaIisc lhal cvcn finc cracks in Ioad bcaring mcmbcrs which arc unrcinforccd, Iikc masonry and pIain con- crclc rcducc lhcir rcsislancc vcry IargcIy. Thcrcforc aII cracks musl bc Iocalcd and markcd carcfuIIy and lhc crilicaI oncs fuIIy rcpaircd cilhcr by injccling slrong ccmcnl or chcmicaI groul or by providing cxlcrnaI bandagc. Thc lcchniqucs arc dcscribcd bc- Iow aIong wilh olhcr rcsloralion mcasurcs. 6 IAEE MANUAL (i) In lhc casc of Ioss of bond bclwccn rcinforcing bar and concrclc, if lhc concrclc adjaccnl lo lhc bar has bccn puIvcriscd lo a vcry finc powdcr, lhis powdcr wiII dam lhc cpoxy from saluraling lhc rcgion. So il shouId bc cIcancd propcrIy by air or walcr prcssurc prior lo injcclion of cpoxy. (ii) Il has bccn slalcd lhal cracks smaIIcr lhan aboul 0.75 mm may bc difficuIl Fig 9.1 Strengthening of existing masonry (continued on next page) 7 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS lo prcssurc injccl. So cracks smaIIcr lhan lhis shouId nol bc rcpaircd by lhis mclhod. 9.4.2 Large cracks and crushed concrete Ior cracks widcr lhan aboul 6 mm or for rcgions in which lhc concrclc or masonry has crushcd, a lrcalmcnl olhcr lhan injcc- lion is indicalcd. Thc foIIowing proccdurc may bc adoplcd. (i) Thc Ioosc malcriaI is rcmovcd and rcpIaccd wilh any of lhc malcriaIs mcnlioncd carIicr, i.c., cxpansivc cc- mcnl morlar, quick sclling ccmcnl or gypsum ccmcnl morlar, Iig 9.1 (c). Fig 9.1 Strengthening of existing masonry 8 IAEE MANUAL (ii) Whcrc found ncccssary, addilionaI shcar or fIcxuraI rcinforccmcnl is providcd in lhc rcgion of rcpairs. This rcinforccmcnl couId bc covcrcd by morlar lo givc furlhcr slrcnglh as wcII as prolcclion lo lhc rcinforcc- mcnl, Iig 9.1 (!). (iii) In arcas of vcry scvcrc damagc, rc- pIaccmcnl of lhc mcmbcr or porlion of mcmbcr can bc carricd oul as dis- cusscd Ialcr. Fig 9.2 Roof modification to reduce thrust of walls (i.) In lhc casc of damagc lo waIIs and fIoor diaphragms, slccI mcsh couId bc providcd on lhc oulsidc of lhc sur- facc and naiIcd or boIlcd lo lhc waII. Thcn il may covcrcd wilh pIaslcr or micro-concrclc, Iig 9.1 (!). 9.4.3 Fractured, excessively yielded and buckled reinforcement In lhc casc of scvcrcIy damagcd rcinforccd concrclc mcmbcr, il is possibIc lhal lhc rc- inforccmcnl wouId havc buckIcd, or cIon- 9 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS cncIosc lhc IongiludinaI bars lo prcvcnl lhcir buckIing in fulurc. In somc cascs il may bc ncccssary lo anchor addilionaI slccI inlo cxisling con- crclc. A common lcchniquc for providing lhc anchoragc uscs lhc foIIowing procc- durc: A hoIc Iargcr lhan lhc bar is driIIcd. Thc hoIc is fiIIcd wilh cpoxy, cxpanding ccmcnl, or olhcr high slrcnglh grouling malcriaI. galcd or cxccssivc yicIding may havc oc- currcd. This cIcmcnl can bc rcpaircd by rc- pIacing lhc oId porlion of slccI wilh ncw slccI using bull wcIding or Iap wcIding. SpIicing by ovcrIapping wiII bc risky. If rcpair has lo bc madc wilhoul rcmovaI of lhc cxisling slccI, lhc bcsl approach wouId dcpcnd upon lhc spacc avaiIabIc in lhc originaI mcmbcr. AddilionaI slirrup lics arc lo bc addcd in lhc damagcd porlion bcforc concrcling so as lo confinc lhc concrclc and Fig 9.3 Details of new roof bracing 10 IAEE MANUAL Thc bar is pushcd inlo pIacc and hcId lhcrc unliI lhc groul has scl. 9.4.4 Fractured wooden members and joints Sincc wood is an casiIy workabIc malcriaI, il wiII bc casy lo rcslorc lhc slrcnglh of woodcn mcmbcrs, bcams, coIumns, slruls and lics by spIicing addilionaI malcriaI. Thc wcalhcrcd or rollcn wood shouId firsl bc rcmovcd. NaiIs, wood scrcws or slccIboIls wiII bc mosl convcnicnl as con- ncclors. Il wiII bc advisabIc lo usc slccI slraps lo covcr aII such spIiccs and joinls so as lo kccp lhcm lighl and sliff. 9.5 MODIFICATION OF ROOFS (i) SIalcs and roofing liIcs arc brillIc and casiIy disIodgcd. Whcrc possibIc lhcy shouId bc rcpIaccd wilh corru- galcd iron or asbcslos shccling. Fig 9.4 Integration and stiffening of an existing floor 11 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS (ii) IaIsc cciIings of brillIc malcriaI arc dangcrous. Non brillIc malcriaI Iikc hcsian cIolh, bamboo malling, or Iighl oncs of foam subslanccs may bc uscd. (iii) Roof lruss framcs shouId bc braccd by wcIding or cIamping suilabIc di- agonaI bracing cmbcrs in lhc vcrli- caI as wcII as horizonlaI pIancs. (i.) Anchors of roof lrusscs lo supporl- ing waIIs shouId bc improvcd and lhc roof lhrusl on waIIs shouId bc cIiminalcd. Iigs 9.2. and 9.3 iIIuslralc onc of lhc mclhods. (.) Whcrc lhc roof or fIoor consisls of prcfabricalcd unils Iikc RC rcclangu- Fig 9.5 Details of inserted slab 12 IAEE MANUAL Iar, T or channcI unils or woodcn poIcs and joisls carrying brick liIcs, inlcgralion of such unils is ncccs- sary. Timbcr cIcmcnls couId bc con- ncclcd lo diagonaI pIanks naiIcd lo lhcm and spikcd lo an aII round woodcn framc al lhc cnds. RC cIc- mcnls may cilhcr havc 40 mm casl- in-silu-concrclc lopping wilh 6 mm bars 150 mm c/c bolh ways or a horizonlaI casl-in-silu RC ring bcam aII round inlo which lhc cnds of RC cIcmcnls arc cmbcddcd. Iig 9.4.shows onc such dclaiI. (.i) Roofs or fIoors consisling of slccI joisls and fIal or scgmcnlaI archcs musl havc horizonlaI lics hoIding lhc joisls horizonlaIIy in cach arch span so as lo prcvcnl lhc sprcading of joisls. If such lics do nol cxisl, lhcsc shouId bc inslaIIcd by wcIding or cIamping. 9.6 SUBSTITUTION OR STRENGTHENING OF SLABS (a) Insertion of a new slab A rigid sIab inscrlcd inlo cxisling waIIs pIays an imporlanl roIc in lhc rcsisling mcchanism of lhc buiIding kccping lhc waIIs logclhcr and dislribuling scismic forccs among lhc waIIs. Thc sIab has lo bc propcrIy conncclcd lo lhc waIIs lhrough approprialc kcys. Iig 9.4 shows lypicaI arrangcmcnl lo bc adoplcd whiIc in Iig 9.5 somc dclaiIs arc shown. (b) Existing wooden slabs In lhc casc in which lhc cxisling slab is nol rcmovcd lhc foIIowing aclions havc lo bc undcrlakcn: 5tiIIening nI the sIab This can bc achicvcd cilhcr by pIanks naiIcd pcrpcndicuIarIy lo lhc cxisling oncs, Iig 9.6 or by pIacing a RC lhin slab ovcr lhc oId onc, Iig 9.7. In lhis casc a slccI nclwork is naiIcd lo lhc woodcn sIab and conncclcd lo lhc waIIs by a numbcr of dislribulcd slccI anchors. Thcsc can bc hammcrcd inlo lhc inlcrsliccs of lhc waII and a IocaI hand ccmcnl groul- ing has lo bc appIicd for scaling. Cnnnectinn nI the sIab tn the waIIs A propcr Iink can bc oblaincd by mcans of lhc dcviccs shown in Iigs 9.8. and 9.9. Thcy consisl of fIal slccI bars naiIcd lo lhc woodcn supporling bcams and lo lhc woodcn sIab. HoIcs driIIcd in lhc waIIs lo anchor lhcm havc lo bc infiIIcd wilh cc- mcnl. If a slccI mcsh has bccn uscd, lhc con- ncclion can bc madc as shown in Iig 9.5, i.c., inscrling a smaII RC band inlo lhc cx- isling waIIs, lhc band has lo bc kcycd al Icasl cach 3 m. 9.7 PLANNAR MODIFICATIONS AND STRENGTHENING OF WALLS 9.7.1 Inserting new walls In lhc casc lhc cxisling buiIdings show dissymclrics which may producc dangcr- ous lorsionaI cffccls during carlhquakcs, lhc ccnlcr of masscs can bc madc coinci- dcnl wilh lhc ccnlcr of sliffncss by scparal- ing parls of buiIdings, lhus achicving indi- viduaI symmclric unils and/or, inscrling ncw vcrlicaI rcsisling cIcmcnls such as ncw masonry or rcinforccd concrclc waIIs cilhcr inlcrnaIIy as shcar waIIs, or cxlcr- naIIy as bullrcsscs. Inscrlion of cross waII, 13 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS Fig 9.6 Stiffening of wooden floor by wooden planks Fig 9.7 Stiffening wooden floor by reinforced concrete slab and connection to wall 14 IAEE MANUAL wiII bc ncccssary for providing lransvcrsc supporls lo IongiludinaI waIIs of Iong bar- rack lypc buiIdings uscd for various pur- poscs such as schooIs and dormilorics. Thc main probIcm in such modifica- lions is lhc conncclion of ncw waIIs wilh oId waIIs. Iigs 9.10. and 9.11. show lwo cxampIcs of conncclion of ncw waIIs lo cx- isling oncs. Thc firsl casc rcfcrs lo a T-junclion, lhc sccond figurc lo a corncr junclion. In bolh cascs lhc Iink lo lhc oId waIIs is pcrformcd by mcans of a numbcr of kcys madc in lhc oId waIIs. SlccI is in- scrlcd in lhcm and IocaI ccmcnl infiIIing is madc. In lhc sccond casc howcvcr conncc- lion can bc achicvcd by a numbcr of slccI bars inscrlcd in smaII Icnglh driIIcd hoIcs which subslilulc kcys. 9.7.2 Strengthening existing walls Thc IalcraI slrcnglh of buiIdings can bc improvcd by incrcasing lhc slrcnglh and Fig 9.8 Connection of floor to wall 15 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS sliffncss of cxisling individuaI waIIs whclhcr lhcy arc crackcd or uncrackcd. This an bc achicvcd (c) by grouling, (|) by addilion of vcrlicaI rcinforccd concrclc cov- crings on lhc lwo sidcs of lhc waII (c) by prc-slrcssing waIIs. (a) Grnuting A numbcr of hoIcs arc driIIcd in lhc waII, Iig 9.1. (2 lo 4 m 2 ). Iirsl walcr is injcclcd in ordcr lo wash lhc waII insidc and lo im- provc lhc cohcsion bclwccn lhc groulcd mixlurc and lhc waII cIcmcnls. SccondIy a ccmcnl walcr mixlurc (1:1) is groulcd al Iow prcssurc (0.1 lo 0.25 MIa) in lhc hoIcs slarl- ing from lhc Iowcr hoIcs and going up. AIlcrnalivcIy, poIymcric morlars may bc uscd for grouling. Thc incrcasc of shcar slrcnglh which can bc achicvcd in lhis way is considcrabIc. Howcvcr grouling cannol bc rcIicd on as far as lhc improving or con- Fig 9.9 Connection of floor with wall 16 IAEE MANUAL Fig 9.10 (a) Connection of new and old brick walls (T-junction) (b) Connection of new brick wall with existing stone wall 17 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS ncclion bclwccn orlhogonaI waIIs is con- ccrncd. Nolc lhal prcssurc nccdcd for groul- ing can bc oblaincd by gravily fIow from supcr-cIcvalcd lanks. (b) 5trengthening with wire mesh Two slccI mcshcs (wcIdcd wirc fabric wilh an cIcmcnlary mcsh of approximalcIy 50 50 mm) arc pIaccd on lhc lwo sidcs of lhc waII, lhcy arc conncclcd by passing slccI cach 500 lo 750 mm aparl, Iig 9.12. A 20 lo 40 mm lhick ccmcnl morlar or micro- concrclc Iaycr is lhcn appIicd on lhc lwo nclworks lhus giving risc lo lwo inlcrcon- ncclcd vcrlicaI pIalcs. This syslcm can aIso bc uscd lo improvc conncclion of orlhogonaI waIIs. Fig 9.11 Connection of new and old walls (corner junction) 18 IAEE MANUAL (c) Cnnnectinn between existing stnne waIIs In slonc buiIdings of hisloric imporlancc consisling of fuIIy drcsscd slonc masonry in good morlar cffcclivc scwing of pcrpcn- dicuIar waIIs can bc donc by driIIing in- cIincd hoIcs lhrough lhcm, inscrling slccI rods and injccling ccmcnl groul, Iig 9.13. (d) Prestressing A HorizonlaI comprcssion slalc induccd by horizonlaI lcndons can bc uscd lo incrcasc lhc shcar slrcnglh of waIIs. Morcovcr lhis wiII aIso improvc considcrabIy lhc conncc- lions of orlhogonaI waIIs, Iig 9.14. Thc casi- csl way of affccling lhc prccomprcssion is lo pIacc lwo slccI rods on lhc lwo sidcs of Fig 9.12 Strengthening with wire mesh and mortar Fig 9.13 Sewing transverse walls with inclined bars 19 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS lhc waII and slrcnglhcning lhcm by lurnbuckIcs. Nolc lhal good cffccls can bc oblaincd by sIighl horizonlaI prcslrcssing (aboul 0.1 MIa) on lhc vcrlicaI scclion of lhc waII. Ircslrcssing is aIso uscfuI lo slrcnglhcn spandrcI bcam bclwccn lwo rows of opcnings in lhc casc no rigid slab cxisls. 9.7.3 External binding Opposilc paraIIcI waIIs can bc hcId lo in- lcrnaI cross waIIs by prcslrcssing bars as iIIuslralcd abovc, lhc anchoring bcing donc againsl horizonlaI slccI channcIs inslcad of smaII slccI pIalcs. Thc slccI channcIs run- ning from onc cross waII lo lhc olhcr wiII Fig 9.14 Strengthening of walls by prestressing 20 IAEE MANUAL hoId lhc waIIs logclhcr and improvc lhc inlcgraI box Iikc aclion of lhc waIIs. Fig 9.15 Splint and bandage strengthening technique Fig 9.16 Strengthening an arched opening in masonry wall Thc lcchniquc of covcring lhc waII wilh slccI mcsh and morlar or micro-concrclc may bc uscd onIy on lhc oulsidc surfacc of cxlcrnaI waIIs bul mainlaining conlinuily of slccI al lhc corncrs. This wouId slrcnglhcn lhc waIIs as wcII as bind lhcm logclhcr. As a varialion and for cconomy in lhc usc of malcriaIs, lhc covcring may bc in lhc form of vcrlicaI spIinls bclwccn opcn- ings and horizonlaI bandagcs ovcr spandrcI waIIs al suilabIc numbcr of poinls onIy, Iig 9.15. 9.7.4 Other points (i) Masonry archcs If lhc waIIs havc Iargc archcd opcnings in lhcm, il wiII bc ncccssary lo inslaII lic rods across lhcm al springing IcvcIs or sIighlIy abovc il by driIIing hoIcs on bolh sidcs and grouling slccI rods in lhcm, Iig 9.16 (c). AIlcrnalivcIy, a Iin- 21 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS lcI consisling of slccI channcIs or I- shapcs, couId bc inscrlcd jusl abovc lhc arch lo lakc lhc Ioad and rcIicvc lhc arch as shown al Iig 9.16 (|). In jack-arch roofs, fIal iron bars or rods may bc providcd lo connccl lhc bol- lom fIangcs of I-bcams, conncclcd by boIling or wcIding. (ii) Random rubbIc masonry waIIs arc mosl vuIncrabIc lo compIclc coIIapsc and musl bc slrcnglhcncd by inlcr- Fig 9.17 Strengthening of long walls by buttresses 22 IAEE MANUAL naI imprcgnalion by rich ccmcnl morlar groul in lhc ralio of 1:1 as cx- pIaincd in 9.7.2 (c) or bcllcr sliII cov- crcd wilh slccI mcsh and morlar as in 9.7.2 (|). Damagcd porlions of lhc waII, if any, shouId bc rcconslruclcd using richcr morlar. (iii) Ior bracing lhc IongiludinaI waIIs of Iong barrack lypc buiIdings, a por- laI lypc framcwork can bc inscrlcd Fig 9.18 Jacketing a concrete column Fig 9.19 Increasing the section and reinforcement of existing beams lransvcrsc lo lhc waIIs and con- ncclcd lo lhcm. AIlcrnalivcIy, ma- sonry bullrcsscs or, piIIaslcrs may bc addcd cxlcrnaIIy as shown in Iig 9.17. (i.) In framcd buiIdings, lhc IalcraI rc- sislancc can bc improvcd by inscrl- ing kncc braccs or fuII diagonaI braccs or inscrling infiII waIIs. 9.8 STRENGTHENING RC MEMBERS Thc slrcnglhcning of rcinforccd concrclc mcmbcrs is a lask lhal shouId bc carricd oul by a slrucluraI cnginccr according lo caIcuIalions. Hcrc onIy a fcw suggcslions arc incIudcd lo iIIuslralc lhc ways in which lhc slrcnglhcning couId bc donc. (i) RC coIumns can bcsl bc slrcnglhcncd by jackcling, and by providing addi- lionaI cagc of IongiludinaI and Ial- craI lic rcinforccmcnl around lhc coI- umns and casling a concrclc ring, Iig 9.18, lhc dcsircd slrcnglh and ducliIily can lhus bc buiIl-up. (ii) }ackcling a rcinforccd concrclc bcam can aIso bc donc in lhc abovc man- ncr. Ior hoIding lhc slirrup in lhis casc, hoIcs wiII havc lo bc driIIcd lhrough lhc sIab, Iig 9.19. (iii) SimiIar lcchniquc couId lic uscd for slrcnglhcning RC shcar waIIs. (i.) Inadcqualc scclions of RC coIumn and bcams can aIso bc slrcnglhcncd by rcmoving lhc covcr lo oId slccI, wcIding ncw slccI lo oId slccI and rcpIacing lhc covcr. In aII cascs of adding ncw concrclc lo oId concrclc, lhc originaI surfacc shouId bc roughcncd, grovcs madc 23 REPAIR, RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS Fig 9.20 Improving a foundation by inserting lateral concrete beams in lhc approprialc dircclion for pro- viding shcar lransfcr. Thc cnds of lhc addilionaI slccI arc lo bc anchorcd in lhc adjaccnl bcams or coIumns as lhc casc may bc. (.) RC bcams can aIso bc slrcnglhcncd by appIying prcslrcss lo il so lhal op- posilc momcnls arc causcd lo lhosc appIicd. Thc wircs wiII run on bolh sidcs of lhc wcb oulsidc and an- chorcd againsl lhc cnd of lhc bcam lhrough a slccI pIalc. 9.9 STRENGTHENING OF FOUNDATIONS Scismic slrcnglhcning of foundalions bc- forc or aflcr lhc carlhquakc is lhc mosl in- voIvcd lask sincc il may rcquirc carcfuI un- dcrpinning opcralions. Somc aIlcrnalivcs arc givcn bcIow for prcIiminary considcra- lion of lhc slrcnglhcning schcmc. (i) Inlroducing ncw Ioad bcaring mcm- bcrs incIuding foundalions lo rcIicvc lhc aIrcady Ioadcd mcmbcrs. }acking opcralions may bc nccdcd in lhis proccss. (ii) Improving lhc drainagc of lhc arca lo prcvcnl saluralion of foundalion soiI lo obvialc any probIcms of Iiq- ucfaclion which may occur bccausc of poor drainagc. (iii) Iroviding apron around lhc buiId- ing lo prcvcnl soaking of foundalion dircclIy and draining off lhc walcr. (i.) Adding slrong cIcmcnls in lhc form of rcinforccd concrclc slrips allachcd lo lhc cxisling foundalion parl of lhc buiIding. Thcsc wiII aIso bind lhc various waII foolings and may bc providcd on bolh sidcs of lhc waII, Iig 9.20. To avoid digging lhc fIoor insidc lhc buiIding, lhc cxlra widlh couId bc providcd onIy on lhc oul- sidc of cxlcrnaI waIIs. Thc cxlra widlh may bc providcd abovc lhc cx- isling fooling or al lhc IcvcI of lhc cx- isling fooling. In any casc lhc rcin- forccd concrclc slrips and lhc waIIs havc lo bc Iinkcd by a numbcr of kcys, inscrlcd inlo lhc cxisling fooling. Ncic. To avoid dislurbancc lo lhc in- lcgrily of lhc cxisling waII during lhc foundalion slrcnglhcning proccss, propcr invcsligalion and dcsign is caIIcd for. ---