ClAPTER Z

PoIiticaI Parties
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Type: Conceptual
Ans: D
Page: 151
1. Which oI the Iollowing statements about political parties in the
United States is true?
a. Parties in this country are relatively new, having emerged only
aIter the Civil War.
b. Parties today are relatively strong, but they are not strong in all
areas oI the country.
c. Parties in this country have never been as strongor meant as
muchas in many European countries.
d. Parties today are relatively weak, but they are not weak in all
areas oI the country.
e. Parties are relatively strong today although loyalties are spread
more widely.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 152
2. The term label is most closely associated with the deIinition oI
American
a. leadership groups.
b. interest groups.
c. solidary groups.
d. ideological groups.
e. political parties.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 152
3. The key term in the deIinition oI a political party is
a. organi:ationwith the purpose oI giving the party clout.
b. ideologvto provide clear policy choices Ior the party.
c. labelto give a candidate party identiIication.
d. nationalismto create a strong national party.
e. allegiance to enhance party strength.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 152
4. Party identiIication among voters is one way oI gauging the strength
oI a party. Another cited by the text is the
a. number oI parties that appear on the ballot in a national
election.
b. use oI a party label or symbol on ballots in municipal elections.
c. strength oI the organization that recruits and campaigns Ior
candidates.
d. protection oIIered to individual parties by the U.S.
Constitution.
e. amount oI attention given to parties by the media.
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200 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 152
5. Party identiIication among voters is one way oI gauging the strength
oI a party. Another cited by the text is the
a. number oI parties that appear on the ballot in a national
election.
b. use oI a party label or symbol on ballots in municipal elections.
c. election oI leaders who can dominate one or all branches oI
government.
d. protection oIIered to individual parties by the U.S.
Constitution.
e. amount oI attention given to parties by the media.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 153
6. The Iederalist system goes a long way toward explaining why U.S.
parties are ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ than their European counterparts.
a. more ideological
b. less ideological
c. more aggressive
d. more centralized
e. more decentralized
Type: Conceptual
Ans: D
Page: 153
7. A major diIIerence between U.S. and European political parties is
that
a. European parties make more patronage jobs available.
b. Europeans tend to have a winner-take-all electoral system.
c. Americans are more ideologically oriented and less pragmatic
than Europeans.
d. U.S. Iederalism promotes the decentralization oI parties.
e. European parties are less ideologically extreme.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 153
8. One reason why political parties in the United States today are
weaker than in Europe is that, in the United States,
a. political-party organizations are decentralized.
b. local party leaders rarely have as much power as national ones.
c. candidates are typically chosen by party leaders to run Ior
oIIice.
d. Congress reserves the right to select the chieI executive oI the
government.
e. party leaders have become less ideological.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 153
9. One reason why political parties in the United States today are
weaker than in Europe is that, in the United States,
a. party leaders do not typically select people to run Ior oIIice.
b. local party leaders rarely have as much power as national ones.
c. political parties organizations are highly centralized.
d. Congress reserves the right to select the chieI executive oI the
government.
e. party leaders have become less ideological.
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 201
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 153
10. Candidates Ior public oIIice in the United States are chosen by
primary elections in
a. all states.
b. most states.
c. about halI oI the states.
d. very Iew states.
e. seven states.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 153
11. In most states, candidates Ior oIIice are chosen by
a. the people.
b. party leaders.
c. primary elections.
d. conventions.
e. delegations.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 153
12. In Europe, almost the only way a person can become a candidate is
by
a. winning a constituency reIerendum.
b. being nominated by a member oI the executive branch.
c. winning in the primary election.
d. hiring his or her own campaign organization.
e. being nominated by party leaders.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 153
13. One reason why political parties in the United States today are
weaker than in Europe is that, in the United States,
a. the president's power to use appointments to control Congress
is limited.
b. local party leaders rarely have as much power as national ones.
c. candidates are typically chosen by party leaders to run Ior
oIIice.
d. partisanship plays an important role in our social, business, and
cultural lives.
e. party leaders have become less ideological.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 153
14. Compared to the role political parties in Europe play in the lives oI
their citizens, U.S. political parties
a. have much more inIluence.
b. have about the same inIluence.
c. have much less inIluence.
d. have more inIluence only in times oI war.
e. are increasingly inIluential to the average voter.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 154
15. What role do political parties play in the lives oI most Americans?
a. U.S. political parties dominate a variety oI associations to
which a person may belong.
b. Most Americans separate political parties Irom other aspects oI
their lives.
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202 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
c. Most Americans are highly partisan in their politics, and this
partisanship aIIects more than just their voting.
d. Fewer Americans than Europeans think oI themselves as
political independents.
e. A and C.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 154
16. The U.S. political culture has contributed to the creation oI a weak
party system by
a. perpetuating a belieI that parties are corrupt.
b. developing a tradition oI strong national parties but weak and
ineIIective local ones.
c. limiting the average citizen's involvement in parties to the act
oI voting only.
d. disregarding the party aIIiliation oI a candidate when voting.
e. allowing the campaign season to be stretched to extraordinary
lengths.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 154
17. Which oI the Iollowing statements about the U.S. political party
system is true?
a. It has remained largely stable, with the Democratic and
Republican parties dominating since the Iounding oI the
country.
b. It has experienced broad changes, with parties rising and
declining over the years.
c. It all but ceased to exist by the 1980s.
d. It has grown steadily stronger as the power oI the presidency
has grown stronger.
e. It has rarely been strong and has never truly mobilized voters.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 154
18. Why should George Washington, among other Founders oI our
nation, have been so opposed to political parties?
a. because disputes over policies and elections were not easily
separated Irom disputes over government legitimacy
b. because the U.S. Constitution made clear the dangers oI
partisanship in government
c. because political parties during the early years oI the republic
were both strong and centralized
d. because political parties during the early years oI the republic
represented clear, homogeneous economic interests
e. because the presidency was vulnerable to the inIluence oI rival
Iactions
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 154
19. BeIore the early parties could become legitimate, people Iirst had to
separate
a. personalities Irom political organization.
b. slavery Irom other economic issues.
c. the constitutional myth Irom political reality.
d. economic and social issues.
e. disputes over issues Irom questions oI legitimacy.
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 203
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 154
20. The Founders saw political parties as
a. an important aspect oI democracy.
b. eIIective only in raising money Ior campaigns.
c. appropriate Ior a direct democracy but not Ior a republic.
d. a means communicating public opinion to the president.
e. Iactions motivated by ambition and selI-interest.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 154
21. Political parties were seen as Iactions motivated by ambition and selI-
interest in the eyes oI
a. the Founders.
b. early twentieth-century reIormers.
c. most voters in the 1980s.
d. nations around the world.
e. the leaders oI the ConIederacy.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 155
22. During the Iounding period oI U.S. history, political parties could
best be characterized as
a. national coalitions in which large, raucous party conventions
played a major role.
b. small coalitions based more on geography and class than on
common economic interests.
c. instruments though which debate over the legitimacy oI the
new government could take place.
d. bureaucratized, well organized, and well Iinanced.
e. national coalitions which were well organized by impersonal.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 156
23. According to the text, when did political parties in the United States
develop a comprehensive organizational Iorm and appeal?
a. since the New Deal
b. Irom the Founding to the 1920s
c. Irom the time oI President Jackson to the Civil War
d. Irom the Civil War to the 1930s
e. since the Kennedy administration
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 155
24. At the turn oI the nineteenth century, Thomas JeIIerson organized the
a. Federalist party.
b. mugwumps.
c. Democratic party.
d. Iirst Republican party.
e. the Whigs.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 155
25. The Iirst Republican party, with its base oI support in the South, was
organized in the 1790s by
a. Thomas JeIIerson.
b. James Madison.
c. Alexander Hamilton.
d. George Washington.
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204 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
e. John Adams.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 155
26. The Federalist party could not compete eIIectively in national
elections because
a. its leadership was constantly changing.
b. it could not convince Americans to participate in elections.
c. it reIused to campaign in the Northeastern states.
d. election laws minimized the impact oI voters in the South.
e. it had such a limited sectional and class base.
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 156
27. National party conventions were developed as a reIorm oI
a. the electoral college.
b. party caucuses.
c. primary elections.
d. direct elections.
e. recall elections.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 156
28. The Iirst time a political party was organized Irom the bottom up
with party conventions playing a rolewas in the movement headed
by
a. Thomas JeIIerson.
b. John Adams.
c. Abraham Lincoln.
d. Theodore Roosevelt.
e. Andrew Jackson.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 156
29. In the Jacksonian era, Ior the Iirst time a party system was built
a. Irom the bottom up.
b. on economic interests.
c. Irom the top down.
d. on ideological concerns.
e. without reIerence to the interests oI voters.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 156
30. Prior to 1824, presidential candidates were nominated by
a. regional party conventions.
b. delegates selected by state legislatures.
c. popular vote Irom a slate oI candidates drawn up by the two
national parties.
d. caucuses comprised oI members oI Congress.
e. delegates selected by members oI the state judiciary.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 156
31. The congressional caucus system oI selecting a presidential
candidate was replaced by
a. state caucus nominations.
b. direct popular nominations.
c. the party convention.
d. the open primary.
e. the blanket primary.
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 205
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 156
32. Party conventions emerged during the Jacksonian era as a means oI
a. giving some measure oI local control to the presidential
nominating process.
b. involving Congress in the process oI nominating presidential
candidates.
c. allowing national elections to be held by direct primary rather
than by legislative caucus.
d. ratiIying the nomination oI the party's candidate Ior president.
e. providing the party with a stronger base oI support among
Protestants.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 156
33. The convention system oI the parties was Iirst developed as a(n)
a. antidote to democracy.
b. means oI retaining political oIIice.
c. response to wartime hysteria.
d. political reIorm.
e. device in which to entice new voters.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 157
34. Which oI the Iollowing statements about the modern Republican
party is correct?
a. It was Iounded by Thomas JeIIerson to oppose the policies oI
Alexander Hamilton.
b. It was originally called the AntiIederalist party.
c. It emerged as a major party only aIter the Civil War.
d. It emerged around 1824 with Andrew Jackson's Iirst run Ior
the presidency.
e. None oI these.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: D
Page: 157
35. A northerner who opposed the Civil War was most likely to belong
to which party?
a. Republican
b. Whig
c. Federalist
d. Democratic
e. Tory
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 157
36. One eIIect oI the geographic split in parties that occurred as a
consequence oI the Civil War was
a. the end oI the Democrat-Republican party oI Thomas JeIIerson.
b. the emergence oI strong party Iactions such as the mugwumps.
c. the rise to power oI Democratic progressives and others who
supported Iree trade.
d. the establishment oI national conventions to nominate
presidential candidates.
e. an equal distribution oI party power among the states.
Type: Factual
Ans: A 37. The progressives developed as a reIorm movement within the
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20ô 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
Page: 157
a. Republican party.
b. mugwumps.
c. Democratic party.
d. Whig party.
e. Democratic-Republican party.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 157
38. The ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸, a Iaction oI the Republican party, were opposed to
the patronage system and Ieared the inIlux oI immigrants who could
be incorporated into the political machine.
a. stalwarts
b. Whigs
c. Old Guards
d. Iolemen
e. progressives
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 157
39. The progressives Iavored all oI the Iollowing except
a. nonpartisan elections.
b. strict voter registration requirements.
c. civil service reIorm.
d. better relations with business.
e. primary elections.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 157
40. Nonpartisan elections and civil service reIorm were originally
Iavored by the
a. Democrats.
b. Republicans.
c. mugwumps.
d. progressives.
e. Iolemen.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 158
41. Beginning in the early 1900s, measures to curtail the power oI
political partiesincluding an end to partisanship and
patronage were strongly advocated by the
a. Republican progressives.
b. Southern Democrats.
c. Democratic mugwumps.
d. Whigs.
e. Northeastern Whigs.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 158
42. The progressive movement reduced the level oI political corruption
but ultimately Iailed to
a. solve the problem oI divided government.
b. weaken the power oI political parties.
c. decentralize political power.
d. end the destructive eIIect oI primary elections.
e. solve the problem oI how to select candidates.
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 207
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 158
43. Procedures such as the initiative and the reIerendum arose as eIIorts
to give
a. Congress a way oI controlling the president.
b. citizens a direct say in making laws.
c. courts a system Ior prosecuting election Iraud.
d. governors more power in relation to legislatures.
e. party regulars a say in nominating candidates.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 158
44. Scholars have identiIied ¸¸¸¸ critical or realigning periods in
American politics.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 158
45. Some observers have noted critical or realigning periods have
occurred with marked regularity once every
a. seven to eight years.
b. eleven to eighteen years.
c. twenty to twenty-Iour years.
d. twenty eight to thirty-six years.
e. Iorty to IiIty years.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 158
46. Which oI the Iollowing is not generally considered as a possible
benchmark Ior an election signaling a critical or realigning period?
a. 1828
b. 1865
c. 1896
d. 1932
e. 1984
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 158
47. The three clearest cases oI critical or realigning elections seem to be
a. 1800, 1828 and 1865.
b. 1828, 1865 and 1896.
c. 1865, 1896 and 1932.
d. 1896, 1932 and 1984.
e. 1932, 1984 and 1992.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 159
48. Which oI the Iollowing were major issues in the three clearest cases
oI critical or realigning periods?
a. crime
b. slavery
c. war
d. economics
e. B and D
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 159
49. Which oI the Iollowing were major issues in the three clearest cases
oI critical or realigning periods?
a. slavery and economics
b. crime and war
c. suIIrage and state`s rights
d. the electoral college and war debt
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208 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
e. the Iederal income tax and immigration
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 159
50. Which oI the Iollowing statements about the election oI critical
election oI 1896 is correct?
a. The Republicans carried most oI the South.
b. The Democrats carried most oI the North.
c. The Republicans won the support oI those in cities.
d. The Democrats represented business interests.
e. The Democrats wanted higher tariIIs.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 161
51. The elections oI Ronald Reagan could not have represented a
realignment because
a. they Ieatured low vote turnout.
b. they leIt control oI Congress in the hands oI the Democratic
party.
c. they did not involve salient economic issues.
d. the vote oI the electoral college was actually quite close.
e. Republican governors were rarely reelected.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: D
Page: 161
52. Dramatic realignments, such as the one that occurred in 1932, may
not occur again because
a. vote turnout has consistently decreased over the last Iorty years.
b. presidential candidates are rarely as popular with the voters as
they used to be.
c. the electoral college is malapportioned.
d. party labels have lost their meaning Ior a growing number oI
voters.
e. economic issues rarely dominate presidential campaigns.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 161
53. The best evidence suggests
a. electoral realignments are an inevitable aspect oI American
politics.
b. an electoral realignment will certainly take place in the next
ten to IiIteen years.
c. parties are decaying not realigning.
d. realignment will occur once again iI economic issues are
prominent in presidential elections.
e. declining vote turnout increases the possibility oI critical or
realigning elections.
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 161
54. In recent elections, ticket splitting has been most common
a. in the Northeast.
b. in the South.
c. in the Midwest.
d. in the Midwest and Northeast.
e. in the Iar West.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 162
55. The most obvious result oI ticket splitting is
a. reIorm oI political institutions.
b. eIIiciency in government.
c. machine style politics.
d. party realignment.
e. divided government.
Type: Factual
Ans: A 56. In recent years the Republican National Committee has outdone the
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 209
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Democratic National Committee in all oI the Iollowing except
a. incorporation oI diverse Iactions.
b. participation by party oIIiceholders.
c. help given to party candidates.
d. money solicited Irom small contributors.
e. B and D.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 162
57. The national convention meets every ¸¸¸¸¸ years to nominate a
presidential candidate.
a. two
b. three
c. Iour
d. six
e. eight
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 162
58. Between the national conventions party aIIairs are managed by a
¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ made up oI delegates Irom each state and territory.
a. congressional campaign committee
b. national caucus
c. troika
d. national committee
e. rules committee
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 162
59. In Congress each party has a ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ that helps members
oI Congress who are running Ior re-election or would-be members
seeking election.
a. legislative caucus
b. national party committee
c. national party caucus
d. political action committee
e. congressional campaign committee
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 162
60. This person manages the day-to-day work oI the party.
a. precinct captain
b. national chairman
c. national selectman
d. national alderman
e. organizational deputy
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 163
61. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Republican party, compared to the
Democratic party, was
a. more Iactionalized.
b. better organized.
c. more loosely organized.
d. underIinanced.
e. less motivated.
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210 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 163
62. Beginning in the 1960s, the ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ became more bureaucratized,
while the ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ became more Iactionalized.
a. Republican party, Democratic party
b. major parties, minor parties
c. Democratic party, Republican party
d. minor parties, major parties
e. Republican party, minor parties
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 163
63. The structure oI the Democratic party today can best be described as
¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸, while that oI the Republican party can best be described
as ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸.
a. conservative, liberal
b. homogeneous, heterogeneous
c. organizational, representational
d. uniIied, loosely organized
e. Iactional, bureaucratic
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 163
64. AIter the Republicans became more bureaucratized, they won Iour
out oI Iive presidential contests, beginning in
a. 1952.
b. 1960.
c. 1964.
d. 1968.
e. 1984.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: D
Page: 163
65. All oI the Iollowing activities were part oI the Republican party's
strategy Ior electing candidates during the 1970s and 1980s except
a. giving legal and Iinancial advice to candidates.
b. studying issues and analyzing voting trends.
c. using computerized mailing lists to raise money.
d. encouraging strong party Iactions.
e. A and C.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 163
66. The Republican party has been more successIul than the Democratic
party at raising money. The Democrats have managed to make up the
diIIerence by
a. the wider use oI media.
b. better organization at the local level.
c. the use oI Iocus groups.
d. the use oI commissioned public opinion polls.
e. the money raised by individual candidates.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 164
67. Which party(ies) has redoubled eIIorts to raise soIt money?
a. Democratic
b. Republican
c. both the Democratic and Republican
d. no party
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 211
e. the Democrats in House races, the Republicans in Senate races
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 164
68. Who selects the time and place oI the national convention and issues
a call Ior the convention?
a. the president
b. a select committee on convention aIIairs
c. leaders in the House and Senate.
d. the state caucus national committee
e. a party's national committee
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 165
69. The number oI convention delegates Irom each state, along with the
rules under which they are chosen, is determined by
a. the party's national committee.
b. Congress.
c. the party's congressional campaign committee.
d. state party committees.
e. leaders in the House and Senate.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 164
70. Which oI the Iollowing statements about the Iormula by which
delegates to the nominating conventions are apportioned is true?
a. Both Democrats and Republicans give extra delegates to large
states.
b. Both Democrats and Republicans give extra delegates to loyal
states.
c. The Democrats and Republicans use diIIerent Iormulas.
d. The Iormula reIlects a movement to the center by both
Democrats and Republicans.
e. Formulas have had not noticeable impact on the selection oI
delegates to the conventions.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 164
71. The Republican party has tended to become more conservative and
the Democratic party more liberal as the result oI
a. pressure Irom constituents.
b. divisions between levels oI government.
c. increased activity oI proponents oI states' rights.
d. changing rules on delegate allocation.
e. pressure Irom state party organizations.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 164
72. Recent ideological trends in the major parties indicate that
a. both parties have become more conservative.
b. both parties have become more liberal.
c. the Democrats have become more liberal, the Republicans
more conservative.
d. the Republicans have become more liberal, the Democrats
more conservative.
e. both parties have become less ideological.
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212 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 165
73. Weakening the hold oI the party leaders and strengthening that oI the
rank and Iile was the objective oI
a. Democratic reIormers in the 1970s.
b. Republican reIormers in the 1970s.
c. Democratic reIormers in the 1920s.
d. Republican reIormers in the 1920s.
e. Democratic and Republican reIormers in the 1930s.
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 165
74. Throughout the 1970s, the general thrust oI the Democratic
commissions considering delegate selection was to
a. create a more uniIied national organization.
b. weaken the inIluence oI party leaders and enlarge the role oI
the rank and Iile.
c. decrease intraparty competition Ior the delegate seats.
d. increase the size oI the delegations to accommodate all interest
groups.
e. centralize power within the party and make it less ideological.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 165
75. The Republicans changed the goal oI their national party to the
election oI candidates while the Democrats sought to make their party
a. a type oI political consulting Iirm.
b. less ideological.
c. a more bureaucratic party.
d. more powerIul than the local ones.
e. achieve a Iairer distribution oI power.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 165
76. Democratic rule changes were draIted in 1972 by a commission
headed by
a. Edward Kennedy.
b. Barbara Mikulski.
c. Jacob Javits.
d. George McGovern.
e. Hubert Humphrey.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 165
77. Between 1972 and 1981, rules adopted by the Democrats Ior
allocating delegates to the nominating convention tended to
a. reward local party leaders who delivered the vote.
b. strengthen representation among traditional Democratic groups
such as southerners.
c. make the party itselI more democratic.
d. allow candidates to vote Ior whomever they wished.
e. centralize power within the party and make it less ideological.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 166
78. Increasing the inIluence oI party leaders in the presidential candidate
selection process was the goal oI the
a. McGovern commission.
b. Kerner commission.
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 213
c. Humphrey commission.
d. Tower commission.
e. Hunt commission.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 166
79. The Hunt commission's changes in the Democratic party rules were
designed to
a. centralize power within the party and make it less ideological.
b. continue the thrust oI previous reIorms.
c. bind delegates to the primary election winner.
d. eliminate quotas Ior the representation oI minorities.
e. increase the inIluence oI party leaders.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 166
80. The term superdelegate reIers to
a. elected oIIicials and party leaders who are not required to
pledge themselves in advance to a presidential candidate.
b. delegates representing special-interest caucuses, such as those
organized to represent blacks or homosexuals.
c. delegates-at-large who are chosen by a vote oI the national
party leadership.
d. delegates chosen by primary elections and grassroot caucuses.
e. delegates who received more than eighty percent oI the vote
necessary to achieve their status.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 166
81. Walter Mondale beneIited most in the 1984 Democratic campaign
Irom new party rules on
a. runoII primaries.
b. proportional representation.
c. recall conventions.
d. bloc voting.
e. superdelegates.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 166
82. The chieI beneIiciary oI the Democratic rule changes in 1984, which
allowed superdelegates and winner-take-all primaries, was
a. Gary Hart.
b. Jesse Jackson.
c. Walter Mondale.
d. John Anderson.
e. Hubert Humphrey.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 167
83. The winner-reward systems oI delegate distribution were banned in
the campaign oI
a. 1980.
b. 1984.
c. 1988.
d. 1992.
e. 2000.
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Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 167
84. The 1992 Democratic National Committee penalized states that
violated the rules with what percentage loss oI their national
delegates?
a. 0 percent
b. 5 percent
c. 10 percent
d. 25 percent
e. 45 percent
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 167
85. The three areas oI rule-changes approved by the 1992 Democratic
National Committee were
a. winner-reward systems, proportional representation, delegate
selection.
b. proportional representation, rules violation penalty, delegate
selection.
c. rules violation penalty, winner-reward systems, proportional
representation.
d. delegate selection, rules violation penalty, winner-reward
systems.
e. delegate selection, delegate voting penalty, plurality
representation.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 167
86. The chairman oI the 1992 Democratic National Committee was
a. James B. Hunt.
b. George McGovern.
c. Paul Kirk.
d. Ronald H. Brown.
e. Hubert Humphrey.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 167
87. According to the text, the role oI the Democratic national convention
has been transIormed by party rules into a
a. media showcase where newscasters inIluence the outcome.
b. place where delegates ratiIy decisions made by voters.
c. gathering where party leaders make important decisions.
d. gathering oI representatives Irom interest groups.
e. place where delegates vote their conscience, regardless oI the
party`s platIorm.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 167
88. Within both major parties, the local or grassroots level oI
organization in recent years has been
a. growing both in power and in popularity.
b. struggling to redeIine itselI.
c. continuing with little change.
d. growing ever more powerIul.
e. withering away.
Type: Factual
Ans: E 89. Within both major parties, it is the ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ level that has most
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Page: 167
obviously declined.
a. national
b. regional
c. state
d. district
e. grassroots
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 168
90. Party machines
a. are characterized by a high degree oI leadership control over
member activity.
b. do not use tangible incentives to recruit members.
c. help to solve the problem oI voting Iraud.
d. cut down the number oI patronage jobs in government.
e. enIorce electoral reIorm and encourage competition.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 168
91. The supreme expression oI the value oI organization to a political
party was the
a. committee system.
b. political machine.
c. national committee.
d. political caucus.
e. legislative conIerence.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: D
Page: 168
92. The strength oI the political machine was in its
a. national orientation.
b. social concern.
c. personal loyalty.
d. organization.
e. control oI the media.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 168
93. The classical machine-type party was developed and perIected
a. in the nineteenth century beIore the large-scale Irish and Italian
immigrations.
b. in the nineteenth century aIter the large-scale Irish and Italian
immigrations.
c. at the time oI the New Deal, when thousands oI civil servants
were jobless.
d. aIter World War II, when thousands oI soldiers returned Irom
Europe and the PaciIic.
e. during the implementation oI Great Society programs in the
deep south.
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 168
94. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are oIten considered
the heyday oI the
a. sponsored party.
b. political machine.
c. ideological party.
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21ô 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
d. political action committee (PAC).
e. legislative conIerences.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 168
95. Old-style political machines counted heavily on the support oI
a. the national party.
b. ideological party members.
c. welIare recipients.
d. civil servants.
e. the House oI Representatives.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 168
96. All oI the Iollowing helped bring an end to political machines except
a. the Hatch Act oI 1939.
b. government welIare programs.
c. party caucuses.
d. competitive-bidding laws.
e. B and C.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 169
97. All oI the Iollowing statements about old-style political machines are
true except
a. The chieI concern oI machine members was patronage.
b. To machines, winning was less important than voting one's
ideology.
c. Machines were characterized by a high degree oI leadership
control over member activity.
d. Machines were heavily staIIed by Iederal employees.
e. B and D.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 169
98. Unlike political machines, ideological parties tend to be
a. uniIied.
b. hierarchical.
c. disciplined.
d. committed to winning.
e. Iactionalized.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 170
99. The ideological groups, or reIorm clubs, oI the 1950s and 1960s gave
rise to ideological parties composed oI
a. political machines.
b. solidary associations.
c. single-issue activists.
d. rank-and-Iile voters.
e. Iluid interest groups.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: D
Page: 169
100. Which oI the Iollowing are oIten Iactionalized and value principle
above all else?
a. personal Iollowings
b. solidary groups
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 217
c. sponsored parties
d. ideological parties
e. Iluid interest groups
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 170
101. According to Barbara Mikulski, the training grounds Ior national
political activists today are
a. state and local parties.
b. social movements.
c. sponsored parties.
d. solidary groups.
e. Iluid interest groups.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: D
Page: 170
102. People can join a party Ior reasons other than patronage. The text
cites all oI the Iollowing other reasons except
a. to promote a cause (ideological parties).
b. to be with Iriends (solidary associations).
c. to support a charismatic leader (personal Iollowings).
d. to join a delegating committee (caucus groups).
e. to promote a philosophy (ideological parties).
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 170
103. Solidary parties are based on
a. employment beneIits to participants.
b. commitment to a common set oI belieIs.
c. members' enjoyment oI party activities.
d. the support oI an outside group.
e. All oI these.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 170
104. Party organizations based on their members' enjoyment oI the
sociability oI politics are reIerred to as
a. solidary parties.
b. ideological parties.
c. sponsored parties.
d. party machines.
e. reciprocal parties.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 170
105. The political involvement oI the United Auto Workers (UAW) in
Detroit provides an example oI a(n)
a. sponsored party.
b. political machine.
c. ideological party.
d. solidary group.
e. reciprocal party.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 170
106. An example oI an organization that sponsors a local party is
a. a southern textile Iirm.
b. the American Petroleum Institute in Texas.
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218 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
c. the United Auto Workers (UAW) in Detroit.
d. government employees' unions in the Washington, D.C.,
suburbs.
e. a northern glee club.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 171
107. Today, a person wanting to win an election will most oIten seek the
support oI
a. a political machine.
b. issue-oriented clubs.
c. sponsored parties.
d. party based societies.
e. a personal Iollowing.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 171
108. The Kennedys, Humphreys, Wallaces, and Byrds are all examples oI
politicians who built their campaigns around the support oI
a. traditional party organization.
b. sponsored parties.
c. personal Iollowings.
d. solidary groups.
e. state oIIicials.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 171
109. Which oI the Iollowing statements about the traditional party
organization in the United States is correct?
a. It exists, but only in a Iew states.
b. It remains as strong a Iorce as ever in most states.
c. It is strongest in western states such as CaliIornia.
d. It is strongest in states with term limits.
e. It no longer exists.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 171
110. Which oI the Iollowing statements about the two-party system is
correct?
a. Most European countries have such a system.
b. The United States is one oI the Iew countries with such a
system.
c. It exists in the United States because oI the absence oI local
party organizations.
d. It has existed in the United States only since the early 1900s.
e. It has always been on the verge oI collapse.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 171
111. Only some IiIteen nations in the world today have
a. two-party systems.
b. competitive elections.
c. mass-based political parties.
d. routinized Iormations oI party coalitions.
e. parties without an ideological basis.
Type: Factual
Ans: E 112. To win in a plurality system such as that in the United States, a
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 219
Page: 173
candidate must
a. exert considerable inside inIluence.
b. win a runoII election.
c. secure a majority oI the votes.
d. secure at least 70 percent oI the votes.
e. gather more votes than anyone else.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 173
113. U.S. political parties must strive to become broad-based coalitions or
Iace being irrelevant, in part because oI the
a. lack oI party strength in Congress.
b. proportional system oI elections.
c. nature oI political aIIiliation in the United States.
d. need to articulate clear party platIorms.
e. plurality system oI elections.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 173
114. The plurality electoral system in the United States means that
a. the party system will be competitive.
b. every party must be a broad-based coalition.
c. politics will be more ideological than it would otherwise be.
d. the risk oI electoral corruption is less than in Europe.
e. smaller parties have a greater chance oI winning at least some
seats.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 173
115. Why should elections based on a plurality system discourage new
parties Irom Iorming?
a. because a plurality system discourages patronage and reduces
voter interest in joining a party
b. because a plurality system requires parties to Iorm alliances
with other parties to win elections
c. because under this winner-take-all system no incentive is given
Ior Iinishing second (or lower)
d. because a plurality system requires each party to be as
narrowly based as possible, leaving little room Ior new parties
e. because a plurality system gives an advantage to savy political
unknowns who can grab the media spotlight
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 173
116. Why should the two-party system in the United States have persisted
Ior so long?
a. because a minor party is unlikely to gather enough public
support to elect its presidential candidate
b. because a two-party system discourages patronage and reduces
voter interest in joining a minor party
c. because oI the large number oI divisive issues that have
persisted in the United States since its Iounding
d. because a two-party system requires each party to be as
narrowly based as possible, leaving little room Ior minor parties
e. because the two party system Iorces parties to subject
themselves to media scrutiny
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220 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 173
117. The most dramatic example oI the winner-take-all principle in the
U.S. electoral system is the
a. ideal oI pluralism.
b. municipal elections in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
c. partisan judicial elections.
d. two-party system.
e. electoral college.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 174
118. The two-party system has worked in the United States, but not in
Europe, because
a. Americans are more aggressive and less deIerential.
b. Iewer Americans want to participate in party activities.
c. Americans agree on enough issues to Iorm broad coalitions.
d. Americans are more economically conservative than
Europeans.
e. Europeans are less ideological than Americans.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 173
119. The most recent independent candidate Ior president who was able to
get on the ballot in every state was
a. Ross Perot.
b. Henry Wallace.
c. George Wallace.
d. John Anderson.
e. Ralph Nader.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: D
Page: 173
120. Which oI the Iollowing statements about minor parties in the United
States is correct?
a. They have been a major Iorce in many national elections, most
recently in 1986.
b. They have been virtually nonexistent in U.S. political history.
c. They generally downplay ideology in Iavor oI winning
elections.
d. They are discouraged by the election laws oI many states.
e. The ones that have endured have been non-ideological.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 175
121. The platIorm oI the Free Love party (a Iictitious party) is, as you
might guess, Iree love. This party is most likely a(n)
a. economic-protest party.
b. ideological party.
c. Iactional party.
d. consensual party.
e. one-issue party.
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 175
122. The Libertarian and Socialist parties in the United States are
examples oI
a. one-issue parties.
b. ideological parties.
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 221
c. economic-protest parties.
d. Iactional parties.
e. consensual parties.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 175
123. An example oI a Iactional minor party was
a. George Wallace's American Independent party (1968).
b. the Greenback party (1876!1884).
c. the Populist party (1892!1908).
d. the Socialist party (1901!1960s).
e. A and D.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 175
124. George Wallace's American Independent party was an example oI
a(n)
a. ideological party.
b. one-issue party.
c. economic protest party.
d. Iactional party.
e. consensual party.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 175
125. The Populist party is an example oI a(n)
a. ideological party.
b. one-issue party.
c. economic protest party.
d. Iactional party.
e. consensual party.
Type: Factual
Ans: D
Page: 175
126. An example oI an economic protest party is the
a. Communist party.
b. Libertarian party.
c. American Independent party.
d. Populist party.
e. Bull Moose party.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 175
127. Which oI the Iollowing kinds oI minor parties tends to endure the
longest?
a. ideological
b. one-issue
c. economic protest
d. Iactional
e. consensual
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 177
128. The kind oI minor party that has probably had the greatest inIluence
on public policy is the
a. ideological party.
b. economic protest party.
c. Iactional party.
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222 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
d. one-issue party.
e. consensual party.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 176
129. Many strong social movements in the United States (e.g., the antiwar
movement oI the late 1960s) never produced a signiIicant third party.
One reason Ior this is that
a. most states have laws against the Iormation oI third parties.
b. dissident elements were able to inIluence elections through
party primaries and national conventions.
c. the size oI these social movements was never large enough to
encourage the Iormation oI parties.
d. Iormation oI a third party would undermine the goals oI these
movements.
e. such movements typically Iailed to generate signiIicant interest
in mainstream politics.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 177
130. Even though minor parties have had little success in national
elections, they have played an important role in many elections by
a. Iorcing runoIIs that sharpened the policy positions oI the two
major parties.
b. inIluencing the public policy positions oI the two major parties.
c. encouraging dissident Iactions to remain in the Democratic or
Republican party.
d. removing barriers in state election laws.
e. making the cost oI running Ior the presidency much higher.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 177
131. It was easier Ior party conventions to disregard the concerns oI
dissident Iactions when those conventions were heavily inIluenced by
a. party leaders and elected oIIicials.
b. the results oI state conventions.
c. regional groupings oI state delegations.
d. the results oI direct primaries.
e. B and D.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 178
132. The policy interests oI parties have recently become a weightier
Iactor in
a. primary elections.
b. general elections.
c. candidate screening.
d. legislative caucuses.
e. national conventions.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 178
133. In the days when party conventions were heavily inIluenced by party
leaders and elected oIIicials, it was relatively easy to ignore
a. the electoral objectives oI the party.
b. deals made in smoke-Iilled rooms.
c. the will oI the people.
d. the party`s strongest supporters.
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 223
e. the policy preIerences oI dissident Iactions.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B
Page: 178
134. At party conventions in recent years, the ¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ has (have)
become increasingly important.
a. will oI elected oIIicials
b. policy interests oI the party
c. will oI the people
d. policy preIerences oI party leaders
e. concerns oI state legislators
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 178
135. A major source oI conIlict within the national parties stems Irom the
Iact that
a. convention delegates are less interested in issues and more
interested in winning the election than rank-and-Iile voters.
b. party activists and leaders tend to be underrepresented at
nominating conventions.
c. party activists and leaders tend to have views diIIerent Irom
rank-and-Iile voters.
d. the risk oI losing groups to a minor party makes the major
parties timid on important issues.
e. rank-and-Iile voters are over represented at the national
conventions.
Type: Factual
Ans: A
Page: 178
136. National convention delegates, compared to their respective party
members, tend to be
a. more liberal iI they are Democrats, more conservative iI they
are Republicans.
b. more liberal regardless oI party.
c. more conservative regardless oI party.
d. more conservative iI they are Democrats, more liberal iI they
are Republicans.
e. quite similar in most respect, but not so much in terms oI
occupational prestige.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 179
137. A meeting oI party Iollowers at which convention delegates are
picked is known as a
a. preconvention.
b. primary.
c. nominating primary.
d. party commission.
e. caucus.
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 178
138. The makeup oI state party caucuses can best be characterized as
a. rank and Iile.
b. highly partisan.
c. nationally controlled.
d. mainstream.
e. concentric.
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224 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 179
139. Compared to primary voters, members oI caucuses are more likely to
a. show little ideological diIIerence Irom rank-and-Iile voters.
b. support the candidate most likely to win the election.
c. support the most ideological candidate.
d. support the least ideological candidate.
e. support the candidate who appears to be the 'underdog.¨
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 179
140. An example oI how the partisan makeup oI state party caucuses can
result in the choice oI the most ideological candidate was the success
oI
a. Jesse Jackson in the 1988 Democratic party caucuses.
b. Michael Dukakis in the 1988 Democratic party caucuses.
c. Walter Mondale in the 1984 Democratic party caucuses.
d. George Bush in the 1984 Republican party caucuses.
e. All oI these.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 179
141. An example oI how the partisan makeup oI state party caucuses can
result in the choice oI the most ideological candidate was the success
oI
a. Pat Robertson in the 1988 Republican party caucuses.
b. Michael Dukakis in the 1988 Democratic party caucuses.
c. Walter Mondale in the 1984 Democratic party caucuses.
d. Edmund Muskie in the 1984 Republican party caucuses.
e. All oI these.
Type: Factual
Ans: C
Page: 179
142. The typical convention delegateDemocratic or Republicancan
best be characterized as a(n)
a. oIIiceholder seeking reelection.
b. rank-and-Iile party voter.
c. issue-oriented amateur.
d. individual seeking a patronage job.
e. political proIessional with little or no ideological constraint.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 179
143. The advantage oI the new primary system that has developed in the
United States is that it
a. increases the role that rank-and-Iile voters have in inIluencing
the party's candidate choice.
b. increases the chances that the party will nominate a candidate
who is appealing to the average voter.
c. increases the opportunity Ior those with strong policy
preIerences to play a role in the party.
d. decreases the likelihood that one party or the other will gain
control oI the presidency Ior several terms.
e. decreases the likelihood oI interest groups supporting
candidates who are not appealing to a large number oI voters.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: B 144. The disadvantage oI the new primary system that has developed in
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 225
Page: 179
the United States is that it
a. increases the role oI rank-and-Iile party members to exert an
inIluence over the party's candidate choice.
b. increases the chances that the party will nominate a candidate
who is unappealing to the average voter.
c. decreases the opportunity Ior those with strong policy
preIerences to play a role in the party.
d. decreases the likelihood that one party or the other will gain
control oI the presidency Ior several terms.
e. increases the likelihood oI interest groups supporting
candidates who are appealing single-issue voters.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 179
145. Which oI the Iollowing statements most accurately summarizes the
success oI the Democratic party since 1968?
a. It has controlled the presidency but not Congress.
b. It controlled the Presidency at Iirst, then Congress.
c. It has controlled both the presidency and Congress.
d. It has controlled neither the presidency nor Congress.
e. It has controlled Congress but not the presidency.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: C
Page: 180
146. Why should the Democrats have been so unsuccessful in winning the
presidency beIore 1992 at the same time that they were so successful
in winning congressional seats?
a. because they relied too heavily on party Iinancing Ior their
presidential campaigns
b. because they relied too heavily on individual candidate
Iinancing Ior their presidential campaigns
c. because their presidential candidates tended to be out oI step
with voters on issues oI taxation and social policy
d. because their choice oI presidential candidates Iailed to
account Ior the appeal oI ideology in the United States
e. because the media coverage oI Democratic candidates was
universally harsh and critical
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 179
147. Compared with the national conventions oI 1956, the conventions oI
1980 were more likely to be attended by
a. elected oIIicials and party leaders.
b. delegates supporting a mainstream candidate.
c. delegates whose views reIlect the average citizen.
d. delegates who only Iaintly identiIied with the parties.
e. delegates with strong policy preIerences.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 178
148. Which oI the Iollowing statements most accurately summarizes the
ideological diIIerences between rank-and-Iile Democrats and
Republicans?
a. They diIIer on many issues, but the diIIerences are small.
b. Their diIIerences are greater than those between Democratic
and Republican delegates.
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22ô 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
c. Their diIIerences are greater than those between Democratic
and Republican caucus members.
d. They diIIer greatly on many issues.
e. They diIIer mainly on economic (as opposed to social) issues.
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 178
149. Since 1972, ideological diIIerences between convention delegates
and rank-and-Iile party voters have been greatest among
a. Republicans.
b. Democrats.
c. The diIIerences have been great with both parties.
d. The diIIerences have been minor with both parties.
e. the Democrats until 1990 and the greatest among the
Republicans Irom that point Iorward.
Type: Factual
Ans: E
Page: 178
150. Major diIIerences in policy preIerences can be Iound across the
board between
a. younger and older voters.
b. urban and rural voters.
c. Democratic and Republican supporters.
d. Democratic and Republican voters.
e. Democratic and Republican activists.
Type: Factual
Ans: B
Page: 178
151. How can the diIIerences between the two major parties in the United
States best be characterized?
a. There are very large diIIerences in policy views.
b. There are large policy diIIerences among activists and much
smaller ones among the rank and Iile.
c. There are only trivial diIIerences.
d. There are diIIerences on social issues but not on economic
issues.
e. There are diIIerences on economic issues but not on social
issues.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: E
Page: 180
152. The text argues that the major parties today need to appeal more to
moderate voters, despite the parties'
a. tendencies toward authoritarianism.
b. lack oI political interest.
c. disdain Ior the new media.
d. conservative oIIiceholders.
e. ideological orientation.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: A
Page: 180
153. The text argues that the central problem oI the parties today is how to
a. appeal to moderate voters despite the parties' ideological
orientation.
b. win the trust oI an increasingly mistrustIul electorate.
c. keep up the appearance oI diversity despite the parties'
homogeneous makeup.
d. attract the attention oI an increasingly apathetic electorate.
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 227
e. mobilize voters with a declining sense oI internal political
eIIicacy.
Type: Conceptual
Ans: D
Page: 180
154. The political views oI delegates to the Democratic national
convention in 1988 were signiIicantly diIIerent Irom those oI rank-
and-Iile voters. Why then were these delegates chosen?
a. because party delegates were committed to winning at any cost
b. because party delegates tend to reIlect the views oI the
candidate, who apportions delegates Irom each state
c. because the average voter has relatively little inIluence over
who is elected president
d. because party delegates were activists, who tend to be more
ideological than the average voter
e. because party delegates are generally the top Iinancial
contributors to the candidates
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
Ans: True
Page: 153
155. Political parties in other democratic nations are more eIIective at
mobilizing voters than those here.
Ans: True
Page: 151
156. American political parties are the oldest in the world.
Ans: False
Page: 152
157. For modern political parties, the appeal oI their label to voters is less
important than the eIIiciency oI their operations.
Ans: True
Page: 152
158. A powerIul party is one with a label that strongly appeals to the
voters.
Ans: True
Page: 152
159. A political party exists at three levels: label, organization, and a set
oI leaders.
Ans: False
Page: 151
160. The United States has never had very strong national party
organizations.
Ans: False
Page: 152
161. Parties in the United States have grown stronger in recent decades,
both in terms oI leadership and organization.
Ans: False
Page: 153
162. Federalism encouraged political parties to acquire jobs and money
Irom local sources and to Iight local contests.
Ans: False
Page: 153
163. Federalism helps to account Ior the increasing strength oI central
party organizations.
Ans: True
Page: 153
164. The spread oI the direct primary has made it more diIIicult Ior parties
to control who is nominated Ior elective oIIice.
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228 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
Ans: False
Page: 153
165. European parties have less control over the nomination process than
do U.S. parties.
Ans: False
Page: 153
166. In the United States, much more than in Europe, party leaders select
the candidate who will be nominated and run Ior oIIice.
Ans: False
Page: 154
167. Political parties play a greater role in an individual's liIe in the
United States than in most European countries.
Ans: True
Page: 154
168. Political parties in general were viewed with distaste by the Founders.
Ans: False
Page: 154
169. The Founders held a generally Iavorable view oI political parties.
Ans: False
Page: 154
170. Unlike today, numerous political parties existed at the time oI the
Iounding oI the country.
Ans: False
Page: 154
171. Thomas JeIIerson was the Iirst leader oI the Federalist party.
Ans: True
Page: 154
172. The Iollowers oI Alexander Hamilton constituted the Federalist party.
Ans: False
Page: 155
173. The earliest method Ior nominating presidential candidates was the
party convention.
Ans: True
Page: 155
174. The early Congresses used the caucus system to nominate
presidential candidates.
Ans: False
Page: 155
175. Parties prior to the Jacksonian era tended to be organized Irom the
bottom up, with party conventions a major Iixture.
Ans: True
Page: 156
176. Party conventions were Iirst organized during the time oI Andrew
Jackson.
Ans: False
Page: 157
177. The Republican party came into existence with the emergence oI the
modern corporation.
Ans: True
Page: 157
178. The Republican party began as a third party, largely on the issue oI
slavery.
Ans: False
Page: 157
179. The progressive Iaction oI the Republican party stressed the
advantages oI patronage jobs.
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 229
Ans: True
Page: 157
180. The stalwarts Iaction oI the Republican party was interested in
building party machinery and in dispensing patronage jobs.
Ans: True
Page: 157
181. The mugwumps emerged as a Iaction within the Republican party.
Ans: False
Page: 157
182. The mugwumps were a Iaction in the Democratic party and emerged
around the turn oI the century.
Ans: False
Page: 157
183. The goal oI the progressives was to strengthen the party system.
Ans: True
Page: 157
184. ReIorms supported by the progressives weakened the party system.
Ans: True
Page: 158
185. The reIerendum is one procedure that allows citizens to vote directly
on proposed legislation.
Ans: False
Page: 158
186. By using the procedure known as the initiative, legislators could
bypass citizen interIerence with the legislative process.
Ans: False
Page: 158
187. Political scientists divide the nation`s electoral history in terms oI
Iive realignments.
Ans: False
Page: 158
188. Electoral realignments appear to occur about once every IiIty years.
Ans: True
Page: 159
189. The administrations oI Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Roosevelt are
associated with realignments in American politics.
Ans: True
Page: 159
190. In some realignments, a party is deIeated so badly that it disappears
and a new party emerges and takes its place.
Ans: False
Page: 159
191. Slavery was the critical issue in two oI the three clearest cases oI
electoral realignment.
Ans: False
Page: 161
192. The text suggests Ronald Reagan`s administration clearly signaled a
realignment in American politics.
Ans: True
Page: 161
193. The proportion oI split ticket voting has increased in the last Iorty
years.
Ans: False
Page: 161
194. Split ticket voting is most common in the Northeast and Midwest.
Ans: False
Page: 162
195. The oIIice-bloc ballot Iacilitates straight party ticket voting.
Ans: True
Page: 162
196. Ticket splitting was almost unheard oI in the nineteenth century.
Ans: True
Page: 162
197. America`s two-party system remains strong despite the Iact that split
ticket voting has increased.
Ans: True
Page: 162
198. For both Democrats and Republicans, ultimate authority is in the
hands oI the national convention.
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230 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
Ans: False
Page: 162
199. A party's national chairperson is chosen by state party caucuses.
Ans: True
Page: 163
200. Over the past three decades, the Republican party has been better
organized, better Iinanced, and more eIIective than the Democratic
party.
Ans: False
Page: 163
201. Although generally outspent by the Republicans, the Democrats have
remained successIul because oI their superior organization.
Ans: False
Page: 163
202. Only the Democratic party has made eIIective use oI direct-mail
techniques Ior raising money.
Ans: False
Page: 164
203. The Democratic party was the Iirst to make systematic and eIIective
use oI public opinion polls.
Ans: False
Page: 164
204. The Democrats and Republicans use basically the same Iormula Ior
apportioning convention delegates.
Ans: False
Page: 165
205. Rules adopted by the Democratic party beginning in 1972 have
tended to strengthen the local party leaders' control over delegates.
Ans: False
Page: 165
206. Ironically, the Democratic party has grown increasingly
undemocratic in its own makeup over the past two decades.
Ans: True
Page: 165
207. Fewer party leaders and elected oIIicials could vote at the 1980
Democratic convention than at the one in 1972.
Ans: False
Page: 166
208. A greater number oI party leaders and elected oIIicials could vote at
the 1980 than at the 1984 Democratic convention.
Ans: False
Page: 166
209. The text suggests that, aIter a decade oI 'reIorming¨ national
political conventions, the two major parties are more moderate and
centrist.
Ans: True
Page: 166
210. The text suggests that a decade oI 'reIorm¨ in the national political
conventions may have brought the Republicans closer to the opinions
oI most citizens.
Ans: True
Page: 167
211. The 1992 Democratic National Committee approved putting the
proportional representation system into place.
Ans: True
Page: 167
212. Convention delegates Irom both parties are now chosen by primary
elections and grassroots caucuses.
Ans: False
Page: 167
213. Convention delegates Irom both parties are now chosen primarily by
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 231
party leaders.
Ans: False
Page: 167
214. State and local parties throughout the United States tend to be
organized and controlled in the same way.
Ans: True
Page: 168
215. One hallmark oI a political machine is a high degree oI leadership
control over party membership activity.
Ans: False
Page: 168
216. The Hatch Act made extending more job opportunities to their
activists possible Ior parties.
Ans: True
Page: 168
217. The Hatch Act made taking part in political campaigning illegal Ior
Iederal or civil employees.
Ans: True
Page: 168
218. The party machine's patronage welIare system was largely taken over
by the Iederal government's own welIare system.
Ans: False
Page: 169
219. Party machines tended to be highly ideological in their choice oI
candidates to support.
Ans: False
Page: 169
220. An ideological party values winning above all else.
Ans: True
Page: 170
221. Many party activists today represent a single issue.
Ans: False
Page: 170
222. Solidary groups are those that would support socialized medicine
throughout the country.
Ans: True
Page: 170
223. Solidary groups are a way people get together and become involved
in politics.
Ans: False
Page: 170
224. The best example oI a sponsored party is the Republican party in
Orange County, CaliIornia.
Ans: True
Page: 170
225. The Democratic party in Detroit is an example oI a sponsored party
because the United Auto Workers (UAW) union has traditionally
supported that party.
Ans: True
Page: 171
226. Many oI the strongest personal Iollowings among politicians have
been organized by southern politicians.
Ans: False
Page: 171
227. The personal Iollowing strategy tends to work best where party
organization is strong.
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232 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
Ans: True
Page: 171
228. In countries around the world, a two-party system is rare.
Ans: False
Page: 173
229. Elections at every level oI government in the United States are based
on the majority systemthe winner must get more than 50 percent
oI the votes cast.
Ans: False
Page: 173
230. The plurality system in the United States encourages the Iormation
oI minor parties.
Ans: True
Page: 173
231. The U.S. electoral system discourages the Iormation oI small parties.
Ans: True
Page: 173
232. The U.S. electoral college is based on the winner-take-all principle.
Ans: True
Page: 173
233. The U.S. electoral college is an example oI the winner-take-all
principle in our electoral system.
Ans: False
Page: 173
234. In the electoral college, states allocate their votes in proportion to the
composition oI the popular vote.
Ans: False
Page: 173
235. The U.S. electoral system predominantly tries to achieve
proportional representation.
Ans: True
Page: 173
236. Although the electoral system does not prevent the Iormation oI
minor parties, it may prevent minor parties Irom winning elections.
Ans: False
Page: 174
237. Most independent voters voted Ior the independent candidates Ior
President in 1984 and 1988.
Ans: True
Page: 175
238. Ideological parties tend to be less successIul but more long-lived
than other minor parties.
Ans: False
Page: 175
239. Ideological minor parties have tended to be rather short-lived aspects
oI U.S. politics.
Ans: True
Page: 173
240. The text suggests there remains a kind oI rough parity between the
two parties regarding which oI them most citizens think is best likely
to govern on given issues.
Ans: True
Page: 174
241. Recent surveys suggest Americans Iavor the Democrats over the
Republicans on issues like the environment or poverty.
Ans: False
Page: 174
242. Recent surveys suggests Americans Iavor the Democrats over the
Republicans on issues like national deIense and crime.
Ans: True
Page: 175
243. The Socialist party is an example oI an ideological party.
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 233
Ans: False
Page: 175
244. The Socialist party is an example oI a Iactional party.
Ans: True
Page: 177
245. Factional parties have probably enjoyed the greatest success among
minor parties in presidential elections.
Ans: True
Page: 177
246. Factional parties have inIluenced the outcome oI presidential
elections.
Ans: False
Page: 176
247. The civil rights movement produced not one but two Iactional
parties, one oI which nearly caused a Democratic deIeat in 1964.
Ans: True
Page: 177
248. Minor parties generally Iorm when major parties Iail to
accommodate dissenting members.
Ans: True
Page: 177
249. Ross Perot's appeals in 1992 and 1996 seemed to reIlect a heightened
demand Ior bringing in a leader who would run the government
without politics.
Ans: False
Page: 178
250. The policy interests oI party regulars have tended lately to dominate
the nominating process.
Ans: True
Page: 178
251. Today, with delegates more interested in issues than in compromise,
policy interests oI party activists have become more important.
Ans: False
Page: 178
252. Primary voters tend to be less ideological than voters in general
elections.
Ans: False
Page: 178
253. Most convention delegates have the stability oI the party as their
primary objective.
Ans: True
Page: 178
254. Convention delegates have more pronounced views on policy issues
than do rank-and-Iile party members.
Ans: False
Page: 179
255. Voters in primaries are essentially no diIIerent Irom voters in general
elections.
Ans: True
Page: 179
256. Primaries today are both more numerous and more decisive.
Ans: False
Page: 179
257. Party caucuses tend to choose the saIest, most mainstream
candidates.
Ans: True
Page: 179
258. Party convention delegates tend to have an amateur or purist view oI
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234 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
politics.
Ans: False
Page: 179
259. The policy views oI party convention delegates are quite similar to
those oI the rank-and-Iile party members.
Ans: False
Page: 180
260. Relatively little diIIerence exists between Republican and
Democratic activists on concrete policy issues.
Ans: True
Page: 180
261. Democratic and Republican party activists diIIer greatly in their
views on public policy.
Ans: True
Page: 180
262. Since 1968, Democrats have enjoyed more success in congressional
elections than in presidential elections.
Ans: False
Page: 180
263. In recent elections, Republican candidates have been out oI step with
average voters on issues oI taxation and social policy.
Ans: True
Page: 180
264. Rank-and-Iile voters in both parties hold less extreme positions than
their delegates to the national conventions.
Ans: False
Page: 180
265. Party delegates and party voters are in general agreement on most
platIorm issues.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
266. Explain how U.S. political parties diIIer Irom those oI other Western nations. Discuss some oI the major
causes oI these diIIerences.
Answer
a. Less control over nominations: primary elections
b. Less control over campaigns: candidates get Iunds independently
c. Less control oI elected members
d. Factors: decentralization oI Iederal system, regulation oI parties by state and Iederal laws, separation
oI legislative and executive powers
Page: 151-154
267. List and explain the Iive kinds oI party organization described in the text. Give examples oI each.
Answer
a. The machine: use oI tangible incentives; Chicago, Philadelphia, Albany
b. Ideological parties: principle above all else; Socialist, Prohibition, Libertarian
c. Solidary groups: sociability; ward and town organizations in St. Louis
d. Sponsored parties: external organization supports; Detroit Democrats
e. Personal Iollowings: devotion to politician, Iamily; Kennedys, Longs, Byrds
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6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es 235
Page: 167-171
268. How do scholars explain the long survival oI the two-party system?
Answer
a. Electoral system: plurality election, winner-take-all, electoral college
b. Distribution oI opinion: two broad consensus coalitions, little rejection oI prevailing economic
system, deep divisions (race, North-South) have been muted by electoral rules
Page: 171-175
269. U.S. political parties have experienced Iour diIIerent periods in history. List each period and discuss the
distinctive Ieatures oI the period.
Answer
a. Founding (1789!1820s): parties created and constituted loose caucuses oI political notables in
various localities
b. Jacksonian (1824!Civil War): two-party system emerged; political participation a mass phenomenon
with parties built Irom bottom-up; party convention invented
c. Civil War!1930s: comprehensive organizational Iorm and appeal developed; Republicans dominated
nationally but competition at local level; both parties split into two Iactions, stalwarts and progressives
d. New Deal!present: reIorm weakened parties by use oI primaries, strict voter registration, civil service
Page: 154-162
270. How do the structures oI the Democratic and Republican parties diIIer?
Answer
a. Republican: bureaucratized structure, well Iinanced, highly staIIed, devoted to winning elections by
serving as a political consulting Iirm to candidates
b. Democrat: Iactionalized to distribute power in the party
Page: 162-167
ESSAY QUESTIONS
271. The weakness oI U.S. political parties has many causes, some the result oI reIorm eIIorts. Discuss (1) the
causes responsible Ior parties' weakness and (2) how parties can be strengthened to improve the presidential
selection process.
Answer
a. Factors responsible Ior weak parties include a decentralized political system, U.S. political culture,
primary election system, strict voter registration requirements, civil service reIorms, regulation oI
parties at state level, and president chosen independently oI Congress.
b. The presidential selection system is plagued by the increased participation oI ideologues as delegates.
c. To be nominated, presidential candidates are Iorced into extreme positions to win the support oI
ideologues. This hurts the party's nominee in the general election because the average voter is more
moderate.
d. Ideologues have become more involved due to three Iactors: the increased number oI primaries and
caucuses, new rules on delegate selection, and attraction oI a diIIerent type oI delegate (activist).
e. Parties can strengthen both themselves and their presidential nominees in two ways. First, parties
should decrease the use oI primaries and caucuses while intensiIying the control oI party leaders in
the procedures oI presidential selection. In the process, parties could attempt to make state laws more
uniIorm. Second, voter registration requirements should be relaxed. More traditional voters would
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23ô 6hapter 7: Po||t|ca| Part|es
dilute the inIluence oI ideologues, especially in primaries.
Page: 162-167
272. Does a diIIerence exist between the Democratic and Republican parties? Consider how the voters and
candidates diIIer on the issues.
Answer
a. Wide diIIerences on issues separate the national convention delegates oI the two parties.
b. In addition, Democratic nominees Ior the presidency have tended to take more extreme positions on
social and taxation issues.
c. On reIlecting membership views, the Democratic party maintains a greater openness to representation
oI various Iactions. This openness is misleading because it culminates in a nominating convention
dominated by ideologues who are more extreme than the average Democratic voter.
d. The Republican party in presidential elections has been more successIul, despite a convention
controlled by ideologues, because the traditional middle class is closer to the conservative tendencies
oI Republican activists.
Page: 162-167

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