-

E
- -

,
, 2011.
0

.............................................................................................................2
1. .....................................................4
1.1. , .......................5
1.2. ......................8
1.3. .......................................9
2. ................................15
3. .........21
4. ............................................28
5. - .................36
6. ..............................................45
6.1. ..............................................45
6.2. ..........................56
6.3. ............................64
6.4. ....................................................76
7.
...........................................................86
8. ....................96
9. .......................107
.............................................................................................111
.........................................................................................112
........................................................................................113
1


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3

1.
( ) ,
.
( , ; 5)

(Gauss, 1777-1855, , , ),
(Couchy, 1789-1857, ) (,
1821-1894, ).
.

. ,
, , , , ,..
:
1. (
, )
2. ( ,
).

,

.
a , , ,
.

1.1.

1.
b
b.
1.1.
b,
b , b.

b, b

b,

.
) , b
b .
b.
) , b
-b 0, b- = -(-b) 0.
, b , b- 0, -b = -(b-) 0,
b.
1.2.
, b, ,

bb

.
b -b 0 b b- 0.
(-b)+(b-) 0, . - 0, .
1.3.
b, +

b+.

.
b -b 0. -b = (+)-(b+) (+)-(b+c)
+c b+c.
1.4.
) b c 0, ac bc.
) b c 0, ac bc.
5

0,

.
)

-b 0 c
(-b) c 0
ac bc 0
ac bc.
-b 0 c
(-b) c 0
ac bc 0
ac bc.

1.5.

b -b

0,

1
a

1
.
b

1.6.
b c d b 0 d 0 ( 0, c
ac bd. b, c d, 0 c 0, ac bd.
1.7.
, m, n ,

1m

1.8.
b

b, 2

. 2

n, m

0),

n.

(-b) (a+b).

2-b2 = (-b) (a+b)

1.9.
b

b,

a
b

a 1
.
b 1

a 1
b b 1
, .

b,

a(b 1) b(a 1)
b(b 1)

1.10.

a 1
2a 1

2a 1
.
4a 1

a b
b(b 1)

.
a 1 2a 1
2a 1 4a 1

(4a 1)(a 1) (2a 1) 2

(2a 1)(4a 1)

a
.
(2a 1)(4a 1)

. .
1.11.

0, b

0,

a 1 b 1

.
a
a 1 1
1
a
1
,
a 1
1
1
1
.
1.12.

0, 2

0.

1.13.
b ,
= b.

a
b

b
a

2.

.
( a-b)2 0, a2+b2 2ab ab,
a b
a2 b2
2 . = b.
2
b a
ab ab
(. Bernoulli) ,
1.1.
(1654-1705).
1.1.
a x

-2 n (1+x)n

.
: x

-1 -2

-1.

1+n x.

) x -1
. n = 1 .
k, (1+x)k 1+k x.
1+x 0
(1+x) (1+x)k (1+k x) (1+x), (1+x)k+1 1+(k+1) x+kx2.
kx2 0, (1+x)k+1 1+(k+1) x.
x -1.
) -2

-1, (1+x)n

-|1+x|n

-|1+x| = 1+x

1+n x.

1.2.
x y,
. , x y, y = max{x,y}.
2.
max{x, -x} x
|x|.
1.2.
x :
) |x| =
) |-x| = |x|
) x |x|.

.

.
1.3.
x y |x+y|

|x|+|y|.

. x+y 0, |x+y| x+y |x|+|y|.

x+y < 0, |x+y| = -(x+y) = (-x)+(-y) |x|+|y|.
n

T 1.2.
i 1

xi

xi .
i 1

. n=1 .
n

n 1

2,

xi
i 1

xi x n

i 1

xi

xn

i 1

1.4.
x y : x

n 1

xi

xn

i 1

xi .

1
i 1

y.

. x-y = z, x = y+z.
|x|=|y+z| |y|+|z|, |z| |x|-|y| |x-y| |x|-|y|.
|x-y| = |x+(-y)| |x|+|-y| = |x|+|y|, .
, |y|-|x| |x-y| |x-y| = |y-x|.
||x|-|y|| |x|-|y| (|x|-|y|) ,
||x|-|y|| |x-y|.

1.3.
1. 2n

n2, n

5.

:
n = 1 .
n = 2 .
n = 3 8 9 .
n 5, 25 52,
.

1
1
1
2
,
5 n
25
(n 1) 2
1 2
2 1
2 2
2 1 36
(1
) 1
1
1
2.
2
2
2
n
n
n n
n n
5 25 25
(n 1) 2
2 >
.
n2
2n n2
(n 1) 2
2n 2 > n2
, 2n+1 > (n+1)2, n 5.
2
n
n 5
2n < n2 2n+1 < (n+1)2.
n

5,

1
n

2.

5 2 5

1
6

5 2 5
2

5 y=

5 ,

5
5
6 0
2
2
5 2 5
1
x > y,
.
2
6
5
x y

5
2

5
2

3.

17

:
17
17

37

17

17

37

37

37

10

6.

3.

6 ,

10 , 5

37

25 5 2
( )
4
2

5 3 1 9 ,

3.

4. 1991-9119 > 0.
:

1991 > 1691 = (24)91 = 2364 = (27)52=12852 > 9152 > 9119,
1991> 9119, .
5. ) n

1
n

1
.
n(n 1)

1
1
1 2010
)
1.
) ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ... (
2
3
2010
:
) n

2 n2 > n (n-1),

10

1
n2

1
.
n(n 1)

1
1
1 2010 1 2 1 2
1 2
( ) 2 ( ) 3 ... (
)
( ) ( ) ... (
)
2
3
2010
2
3
2010
1
1
1
...
1 2 2 3
2009 2010
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
(
) (
) ... (
) 1
1.
1 2
2 3
2009 2010
2010
6. b > b,
(a+b)100 < 2100 (a100+b100).
:
b < a, a+b < 2.
(a+b)100 < 2100 100 < 2100 100+2100 b100 = 2100 (100+b100).
7. :
1
1
1
)
...
10
1
2
100
1 3 5
78 80 1
...
)
.
2 4 6
79 81 9
:
)

1
1

1
1

1
...
2

1
2

1
1
,
10 2
1
100
100

2 3
,
3 4

1
1
,...,
10
100

1
,
10

1
.
10

4
78
, ...,
5
79

79 80
,
80 81

81
.
82

,
1 3 5
78 80 2 4 6
79 81
...
...
.
2 4 6
79 81 3 5 7
80 82
1 3 5
78 80
...
x

2 4 6
79 81
1
1 1

, x
, x 2
82 x
x 82
1
x
, .
9

11

1
82

1
,
81

8.

1
2 4

1
1
1
...
.
4 6
2008 2010 4

:

1
1
1
1
1
1
(
...
)
2 2 12 2 3 3 4
1004 1005 4
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
(
...
)
4 1 2 2 3
1004 1005 4
1
1
1
(1
)
4
1005 4
1
1
1
.
4 4020 4
9. , b, c, d d > c, a+b = c+d, +d < b+c.
.
:
+d < b+c +d+b < 2b+c, a+b = c+d
c +2d < 2b+c, d < b.
, +d < b+c, +d+c < b+2c.
a+b = c+d 2a+b < b+2c, < c.
c < d c < c < d < b.
10. :
) 3+b3 > b (a+b), b, a+b > 0
) 2 (3+b3) > (a+b) (2+b2), b, a+b > 0.
:
) (-b)2 > 0
a2-2ab+b2 > 0
a2-ab+b2 > ab / (a+b)
a3+b3 > ab(a+b)
) (-b)2 > 0
a2-2ab+b2 > 0
a2-ab+b2-ab > 0 / (a+b)
(a+b) (a2-ab+b2)-b(a+b) > 0
a3+b3-a2b-ab2 > 0
2a3+2b3-a3-b3-a2b-ab2 > 0
2 (a3+b3) > (a+b) (a2-ab+b2)+ab(a+b)
2 (a3+b3) > (a+b) (a2+b2).
12

11. 3(1+x2+x4)
x.

(1+x+x2)2,

:
3+3x2+3x4
1+2x+x2+2x2+2x3+x4
2x4-2x3-2x+2 0
2(x3(x-1)-(x-1)) 0
2(x-1)2 (x2+x+1) 0
x.
12. x
(x-1) (x-2) (x-3) (x-4)+1,0001 > 0.
:

(x2-5x+4) (x2-5x+6)+1,001 > 0
(x2-5x+5 - 1) (x2-5x+5 + 1)+1,001 > 0
(x2-5x+5)2-1+1,001 > 0
(x2-5x+5)2+0,001 > 0.
x.
13. a, b, c, d
1
1
1
1
-b2 > , b-c2 > , c-d2 > , d-a2 > .
4
4
4
4
:
, a+b+c+d-a2-b2-c2-d2 > 1,
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
) (b
) (c
) (d
) 0 , .
(a
2
2
2
2
a, b, c, d
.
14. a, b, p, q, r, s q r-p s = 1
p r
, b q+s.
q b s
:
a r
p

aq-bp > 0, a
br-as > 0. a, b,
b s
q b
p, q, r, s , aq-bp > 0 aq-bp > 1 br-as 1.
13


b = b 1 = b (qr-ps) = bqr-bps = bqr-aqs+aqs-bps = q (br-as)+s(aq-bp)
.

q+s,

15. .
50 .
. ,

. ?
:
k l .
, B. A > 50k, B 50l,
A

A B
B l
B A l k
50 ,
50 ,

,
,
,
k
l
k l
A k
A
k
A
k
A
k
100%
100% .

.
A B 1 k
A B
1 k
,
. .
16. bc (a 0, b
a+b+c = 9 9a2+9b2+9c2-6abc a3+b3+c3.

0, c

0)

:

a2(9-a)+b2(9-b)+c2(9-c)
a2(b+c)+b2(c+a)+c2(a+b)

6abc, a+b+c = 9,
6abc.

ab > 0,
b
c
b c
(
) (
) (
) 6.
b c
c a
c b
1.13. a = b = c.
a+b+c = 3a, 333.

14

2.
.
()
,
ac
.
,
(, 580-500 , ).

,
(, 365-300? , ).

.
.
n .
2.1.
a b ,
=b.

a b
2

1.
(-b)2
:

b ,

a2+b2 2ab (2)

a2+b2+2ab 4ab
(a+b)2 4ab
(a b) 2
ab
4
a b
ab .
2
= b, (a-b)2 0.

15

 2.
S,
a b
, b. , B
2
2
. BSO
A B. MS B.
a b
OMS S

2
a b

.
2
a b 2 a b 2
SM
(
) (
)
ab .
2
2

3.
a+b (a+b)2,

b,

(a+b)2 4ab
a+b 2 ab
a b
ab .
2

b
a

C 2.

.
, -b = 0, = b.

. n
.
16

.
= (a1, a2, ..., an) , :
- An (a) :
... n
An () 1 2
;
n
- Gn (a) :

Gn ()

a1 a2 ... an ;

- Hn (a) :
n
H n ()
;
1 1
1
...
a1 a2
an
- K n (a) :

a12

K n ()

a22

... an2
n

2.2. ( )
n- , An(a) Gn(a), a
a1 = a2 = = an.
.
. n = 2
2
a1 a2 .
1
2
n = k-1 2, Ak-1(a) Gk-1(a) n = k.
0 a1 ak. :

1 ... 1
...
A ()

k
k
ak-Ak(a) 0, a1+ak-Ak(a) a1>0.
(1) 1

k-1 a2, a3,..., ak-1, a1+akAk(a) a

Ak-1(a) >Gk-1(a). :

2 a3 ... k 1 k
k 1

Ak ()

k 1

a2 a3 ... ak 1 (a1 ak

17

Ak (a)) .

 1 a2 ... k 1 k k Ak ( ) ,
k Ak () Ak ()
Ak () k 1 a2 a3 ... ak 1 (a1 ak Ak (a)) .
k 1

Akk 1 (a) 2 3 ... k 1 (a1 ak Ak (a)) ,
Akk (a)

Ak (a) 2 3 ... k

(a1

ak

Ak (a)) .

(2) Ak (a) 2 3 ... k 1 (a1 ak Ak (a)) 1 2 ... k 1 k Gkk (a) .
2 3 ... k 1 0

Ak (a) (a1 ak Ak (a)) 1 k

Ak (a) (a1 ) a1 ak Ak (a) (ak Ak (a)) 0
a1 (ak Ak (a)) (ak Ak (a)) 0
( Ak (a ) a1 ) (ak

Ak (a )) 0 .

(1) Ak(a)-a1 ak-Ak(a) ,

.
, (2).
Akk () Gkk (a) , Ak () Gk (a) .
An () Gn (a) a1 = a2 = = an.
a1, a2, , an , a1 a2,
a1 a 2 a1 a 2
a3 ... a n
1 2 ... n
2
2
n
n
1
2 2
(( 1
) 3 ... n ) n
2
1
2
1 2 .
( a1 2 ... n ) n 1
2
2.3. ( )
a1, a2, , an , Gn(a) Hn(a),

n
n a
.
1 a2 ... an
1
1
1
...
a1 a2
an
a1 = a2 = = an.
18

a.
(GA)

1 1
1
...
)
a1 a2
an

1
a1

1
n

1
a2
n

1 1
1
ac
, ,...,
a1 a2
an
1
...
an
.

2.1.,

1
a1

1
a2

1
,
an

...

a1 = a2 = = an.
a
n
Gn (a) (a1 , a2 ,..., an )
1 1
1
...
a1 a2
an

H n (a) .

2.4. ( , )
a1, a2,, an , An(a) n(a),

a2

... n

a12

a22

... an2

.
n
n
a1 = a2 = = an.
n

.

(1 a2 ... n ) 2
a12

a22 ... an2

2(12

p 1 2

13 ... 1n

2 3 ... 2 n

... n 1n )

2
2

,
2
ai, ak 1 i, k n, 2i k i2 k2 ,
(1 a2 ... n ) 2 n (a12 a22 ... an2 ) .
a1 , a2 ,..., an

An (a)

0 , 1 a 2 ... n

1 a2 ... n
n

a12 a22 ... an2

n

K n (a) .

n(a) = An(a) a1 = a2 = = an.

19

a12

a 22 ... a n2

 a1, a2, , an a,
a1 a2,
a1 a 2 a1 a 2
a3 ... a n
1 2 ... n
2
2
n
n
a a2
2( 1
) a32 ... an2
a12 a22 ... an2
2

n
n
(1 2 ) 2
a12 a22 .
2
2.2., 2.3. 2.4.
Hn(a)

Gn(a)

An(a)

Kn(a).

2.5.
= (a1, a2, , an) ,
min{a1, a2, , an} Hn(a).
.
0 < a1 a2 a3 ... an-1 an. (1)
Ta min{a1, a2, , an} = a1.
a
a
a
(1) 1 1, 1 1,..., 1 1 .
a2
a3
an
a
a1
a1
1
...
1 1 ... 1 n ,
a2 a3
an
n
1
1
1
H n (a) .
a1 (
...
) n , a1
1 1
1
a2 a3
an
...
a 2 a3
an
2.6.
= (a1, a2, , an) ,
Kn(a) max{a1, a2, , an}.
.
0 < a1 a2 a3 ... an-1 an,
a12 a22 ... an2 , a12 a22 ... an2 n an2 ,

a22 ... an2

n

min{a1, a2, , an} Hn(a)
K n (a)

a12

an .
Gn(a)

An(a)
20

Kn(a)

max{a1, a2, , an}

3.

,
.
( . . )

. ac , , ,
,
( ).
,
( Jensen, 1859-1925, )
.
1. = (a1, a2,, an)
b = (b1, b2,, bn)
Gn(a+b),

(1) Gn(a)+Gn(b)
n

a1 a2 ... an

b1 b2 ... bn

(a1 b1 ) (a2 b2 ) ... (an bn ) .

:
x k

b
n

,y

x1 ,..., xn

b
n

(k = 1, 2,, n).

y1 ,..., yn

1.

x1

x1 , x2 ,..., xn

x2 ... xn

y1

y1 , y2 ,..., yn

y2

...
n

yn

, xk+yk = 1
(k = 1,2,n),

x1 , x2 ,..., xn

y1 , y2 ,..., yn

x1 x2 ... xn
n
21

y1

y2 ... yn
n

1,

 (1).
2.
2.
1.13.
:
x

1
x

2 .

1
x
1
1
x
x
x ,
2
x
x
1
1
2 . x
x
, x = 1.
x
x

3. a, b, c , ,
:
) (a+b) (b+c) (a+c) > 8abc
a b
b c
c a
3 2
)
c
a
b
a b c
3.
)
b c a
:
)
a b 2 ab , b c 2 bc a c 2 ac .

(a b) (b c) (a c) 8 ab bc ac 8abc .
)

a b
c

b c
a

c a
b

3 (

a b
c

b c
a

c a 3
)
b
1

a b
b c
c a
( b) (b c) ( c) 6
3 (
)
c
a
b
bc
3. ),

a b
c

b c
a

c a
b

1
3 6

3 (2 )
22

2.

)
a b c
a b c
a b
c
33
33 1 3 .
,
b
c
a
b
c
a
b c
a
a b c

.
b c a
a c
a b

b2=ac,
a2=bc.
b a
b c
b2 a
,
,
a2 b
b3 = a3, = b. = c.
4.

1
a

1
b

1
c

9
, a, b, c
a b c

.
:
a, b c,

a b c
3

3
1
b

1
c

1 1 1
3 b c .
a b c
= b = c.
5. (

n 12
)
2

n! (n

2).

:
1, 2,, n
,
1 2 ... n n
1 2 ... n n n! .
n
n (n 1)
1 2 ... n
, n
2
n (n 1) n n n
(
) ( n!) .
2
23

n (n 1)
2
(
)n
n

n! , .

6. 3n (3n 1) 2

(3n)! .

n 2 (n 1) 2
,
4
13, 23,,n3
13 23 ... (3n) 3 3n 3 3

1 2 ... (3n) 3 ,
3n
2
1 (3n) (3n 1) 2 n
1 2 ... (3n) ,
3n
4
3n (3n 1) 2 4 n (3n)! .
13

23

... n3

7.
( x y z ) 2 3 xyz ( x
y
z ) , x > 0, y > 0 z > 0.
:

:
(x

(x2
2

z) 2

x2

y2 ) ( y2
2

x yz 2

3 ( x 2 yz

y2

xyz ( x

z2

2 xy 2 xz 2 yz

xz) ( z 2
2

y xz 2
xy 2 z

xy)
2

z xy

xy

yz
2

xy 2 z

yz zx
2
yz 2 x

xz xy
2
zx 2 y

xyz2 )

z).

x = y = z.
8. x, y z x > 0, y > 0 z > 0
3xy
3 yz
3xz
x2 y2 z 2
2

.
xy x y yz y z xz x z
3
24

:

3xy
3
1 x y
je
,
1 1
xy x y
3
1
x y
3 yz
3
1 y z
,
1 1
yz y z
3
1
y z
3xz
3
1 x z
.
1 1
xz x z
3
1
x z

3xy
3 yz
3xz
3 2 ( x y z)
2 ( x y z)
(1)
.
1
xy x y yz y z xz x z
3
3
(x-1)2+(y-1)2+(z-1)2 0,
2(x+y+z) 3+x2+y2+z2 (2)
(1) (2) .
9. x4+y4+z4
.

xyz (x+y+z) x, y z

:
x2, y2 z2 je

x4

y4
3

z4

x2

y2
3

z2

y 2 z 2 )2
(1)
x y z
3
, x, y z,
4

x2

y2
3

(x2

z2

x y z
,
3
( x y z) 2
.
x2 y2 z 2
3
( x y z) 4
2
2
2 2
(2)
(x y z )
9
( x y z) 4
(1) (2) x 4 y 4 z 4
(3)
27
25


x y z
3 xyz
. (x+y+z)3 27 xyz.
3
x+y+z > 0,
(x+y+z)4 27 xyz (x+y+z).
(3) x4+y4+z4

xyz (x+y+z).

10. x1, x2,, xn 1,

x1 x2
x2 x3
xn x1
n2
.
...
x1 x2 x2 x3
xn x1 2
:

x1 x2
x1 x2

x2 x3
x2 x3

...

xn x1
xn x1

x1 x2
x2 x3
xn x1
n
...
x1 x2 x2 x3
xn x1
n

n
n

( x1

( x1

2 ( x1

x2 ) ( x2
x2 ) ( x2

n2
x 2 x3

x3 ) ... ( xn x1 )
n
x3 ) ... ( x n x1 )
n
... x n 1 )

n2
.
2
11. x, y z
100xyz
( x y) 2 ( x y 4 z ) 2
.
x y z
:

(x

y) 2

(x

4 z)2

(x

y) 2

(2 xy ) 2 (2 2 xz 2 2 yz ) 2

(x

2z

2 z)2

4 xy 8 xz 8 yz 16z xy .

26

y z

xyz

y) 2

4 xy 8 xz 8 yz 16z xy
( x y 4 z)2
( x y z)
(x
xyz
xyz
4 8 8 16
(
) ( x y z)
z y x
xy
1 1 1
1
1
x x y y
8 (
) (
z)
2z y x
xy
xy 2 2 2 2

(x

8 5

1
5
2 2
2x y z

x2 y2 z
16

z)

100 .

100xyz
.
x y z
,
x = y = 2z.
: ( x y) 2 ( x y 4 z ) 2

12. x, y z xyz = 1,

x3

y3

z3

x2 y

y2z

z2x.

:

3 (x 3

y3

x6 y3

3 (x2 y

z3)

(x 3

y6 z3

3
y2z

x3

y3 ) (y3

y3

z 3 ) (z 3

z3

x3 )

z 6 x3

z 2 x) , , x 3

y3

.
x = y = z

27

z3

x2 y

y2z

z2x.

4.

,
o .
( 355-415, -)

logos = arithmos = .

XV

XVI

.

.
.
,
. :
1. a > 1,
f(x)

g(x)

0 < f(x) g(x).

2. 0 < a < 1,
f(x)

g(x) f(x) g(x) > 0

28

1.
<

: ,
,

log

< log
log 2 <

,
log 2011,

<

.
2.
-

< 2.

3. n
log (n + 1) >

29

:
.
log (n + 1) >

(log 1 + log 2 + ... + log n),

log (n + 1) > log

log (n + 1) > log

,
,

(n + 1)n > n!.

n + 1 > 1, n + 1 > 2, ... , n + 1 > n.
4. n 3
(1)

a, b > 0, a b je

.
a =

b=

30

5. a > 1, b > 1, c > 1

3

:

(x, y, z > 0, x y z), x =

<
y=

z=

<

6. a > 1, b 1, x > 0,
(1)

31

:
1 +
1+

(1)

ab = x.

7. a > 1, c > 1
3

:
x +
x =

2, x.

2
.
.

8.

32

:
10 > 2,
,
log10 > 2 log,
log2 + log5 > 2,

9. > 1, b > 1, c > 1

:
x + 2 x = loga b

= b = c.
33

10. 1 < < b < c

loga(logab) + logb(logbc) + logc(logca) > 0.
:
b > , logab > logaa,
logab > 1. < b loga(logab) > logb(logab).
< c logca < logcc, logca < 1, logc(logca) > logb(logca).

b < c,

.
11.

a > 1, b > 1, c > 1 0 < a < 1, 0 < b < 1, 0 < c < 1.

:
logba > 0, logcb > 0, logac > 0.

34

 (1).

x1 = a + b, y1 = b + c, z1 = c + a

6,
(1)

(2),
(1).

35

5. -

,
. ()
(Cauchy, 1789-1857,
) - (Schwarz, 1843-1921,
) - (, 18041889,

--
.
.
Teo 5.1.
= (a1, a2, , an) b = (b1, b2, , bn) ,

n

a k bk ) 2

(
k 1

a 2 ) (

(
k 1

b2 ) .
k 1

a1
b1

a2
b2

...

an
.
bn

:
)
x, x:
(1 x b1 ) 2 (2 x b2 ) 2 ... (n x bn ) 2 0 ,
(12

22

... n2 ) x 2

2 (a1b1

a2b2

... anbn ) x (b12

b22

... bn2 )

x
12 22 ... n2 0
, D 0.
4 (a1b1 a2b2 ... an bn ) 2 4 (12 22 ... n2 ) (b12 b22 ... bn2 ) 0
(a1b1

a2b2

... anbn ) 2

a k bk ) 2

(
k 1

k 1

22

... n2 ) (b12

a 2 ) (

(12

b2 ) .
k 1

.
36

b22

... bn2 ) ,

 b ,
an
a
a2
t 1
...
t ,
b1 b2
bn
1 = b1t, 2 = b2t,, n = bnt,
n

bk t bk ) 2

k 1

k 1
n

k 1
n

t2 (

bk2 ) 2

b2 ) , .

b2t 2 ) (

(
t2 (

k 1

b2 ) (
k 1

b2 ) .
k 1

.
)
a (1 , 2 ,..., n ) b (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) ,

a b 1b1 2b2 ... nbn , a b

cos (a b)

a b cos (a b) ,

1.

a b

12

22 ... n2 b

1b1

2b2 ... n bn

b12 b22 ... bn2 .

12

22 ... n2

b12

b22 ... bn2 cos (a b) ,

1b1

2
1

1b1

2b2 ... nbn

... n2

2
2

b12

2b2 ... n bn

b22 ... bn2

12

1 .

22 ... n2

b12

b22 ... bn2 .

ak bk )
k 1

ak ) (
k 1

bk ) .
k 1

37

1. -
.
:
b1 = b2 = = bn = 1. Ta je
n

a k bk )
k 1

n
2

bk

ak
k 1

k 1

2 ... n

22 ... n2 ) n ,

(12

1 2 ... n
12 22 ... n2
,
n
n
k > 0 (k = 1, 2, , n).
2. -
.
:
a12
1 2
b12
, b2
x1

x1 ,, an2 xn , xk 0 (k = 1, 2,, n)
1
1
.
,..., bn2
x2
xn
n

ak bk )

k 1

ak ) (
k 1

bk )
k 1

( x1

1
x1

1
x2

x2

(1 1 ... 1) 2

( x1

...

x2 ... xn ) (

1 2
)
xn
1
x1

1
x2

( x1

...

x2 ... xn ) (

1
x1

1
)
xn

1 1
1
...
)
x1 x2
xn
n
.
1
1
...
x2
xn

n2

( x1 x2 ... xn ) (

x1

x2 ... xn
n

1
x1

xn

.
38

1
x2

...

1
)
xn

3.
(Minkowski, 1864-1909, ).
n- a (1 , 2 ,..., n )
n

(b1 , b2 ,..., bn )

(a k

bk )

k 1

k 1

b2 .
k 1

.
-
n

a k2

a k bk
k 1

bk2 .

k 1

k 1

2,

12 22 ... n2 b12 b22 ... bn2 ,

a 2 + 2
k 1

k 1

(a

b2

a k bk +
k 1

2 k bk

( k

b )
n

(a
k 1

b ) 2

a
k 1

k 1

k 1

a2
k 1

b2

k 1
n

bk )

bk2

k 1

k 1

ak2

k 1

k 1

a2

b2 .
k 1

4. x, y, z > 0
1 1 1
( x y z) (
) 9.
x y z
:
-
1
1
1
a1
x , a2
y , a3
z , b1
, b2
, b3
.
x
y
z
1 1 1
1
1 2
1
( x y z) (
) (( x ) 2 ( y ) 2 ( z ) 2 ) (( ) 2 (
) ( )2 )
x y z
x
y
z
1
1
1 2
( x
y
z
) 32 9 .
y
x
z
x = y = z.
39

5. a+b+c = 1. a 2 b 2

1
.
3

c2

:
- ,
a1 a, a2 b, a3 c, b1 b2 b3 1 ,
1 (a b c) 2

a 2 b2 c2

(a 2

c 2 ) (1 1 1) ,

b2

1
.
3

6. x

x2

z2

y2

z2

x2

y2

z2 .

:
- ,

a1

y2

x, a2

z 2 , b1

x2

z 2 , b2

y.

x2

x2

z2

y2

y2

z2

z2

x2

z2

y2

7. a 2 b2 c2

x2

y2

z 2.

ab bc ac .

:
a1 a, a2 b, a3 c, b1 b, b2 c, b3 a ,
-
(ab bc ac) 2 (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) ,

ab bc ac

a 2 b2 c 2

a 2 b2 c 2 .

8. x, y, z x+y+z = 6,
x 2 y 2 z 2 12 .
:
-
a1 a2 a3 1, b1 x, b2 y, b3 z
40

(x

x2

y2

z)2

(12 12 12 ) ( x 2

z2

y2

z 2 ) , 62

3 (x2

z 2 ) ,

y2

12 .

9. x1 , x2 ,..., xn
x1

x2

1 .

... xn

x1

x2 ...

xn

n.

:
-
:
( x1
(12

x2
12

( x1

x2

xn ) 2

...

(1

... 12 ) ( x12
xn ) 2

...

x1
x 22

x2

... 1

xn ) 2

x n2 ),

...

x1 ... xn ) .

n ( x1

x1 x2 ... xn 1 ,
( x1
x2 ...
xn ) 2 n ,

x1

x2 ...

n , .

xn

10. a, b, c

1
,
4

:
a1

a2

a3

, a+b+c = 1.
4 1

1, b1

4b 1

4a 1, b2

5.

4c 1

4b 1, b3

4c 1 .

4a 1

4b 1

4c 1

12 12 12

4a 1

4b 1

4a 1

4b 1

4c 1

4 (a b c) 3 , a b c 1

4a 1

4b 1

4c 1

4a 1

4b 1

4c 1

21

4a 1

4b 1

4c 1

5.

41

4c 1

11. a, b, c ,
abc (a b c) a 3b b 3c c 3 a . .
:

(a b c)

a
c

b
a

c
b

a2
c

b2
a

c2
b

(c a b)

a 2 b2 c2
. abc
( a b c)
c
a b
abc (a b c) a 3b b 3c c 3 a .
2

12. x, y, z x+y+z = 4
x2

y2

z2

6 ,

2
,2 .
3

:
y + z = 4-x, y 2 z 2 6 x 2 .
- a1 = a2 = 1, b1 = y, b2 = z,

(4 x) 2 ( y z ) 2 (12 12 ) ( y 2 z 2 ) 2 (6 x 2 ) .
(4 x) 2 2 (6 x 2 ) 3x 2 8x 4 0 .
2
2
,2 .
x1
x2 3 , x
3
3
x, y, z , y z
2
,2 .

3
13. a, b, c , s ,
1 1 1
(a 3 b 3 c 3 ) (
) 4s 2 .
b c
:
-
1
1
1
a1 a, a2 b, a3 c, b1
, b2
, b3
,
a
b
c
1 1 1
(a 3 b 3 c 3 ) (
) a 2 b 2 c 2 ( a b c) 2 ( 2 s ) 2 4 s 2 .
b c
42

14. a, b, c
3
ta, tb, tc ata bt b ct c
(a 2 b 2 c 2 ) ,
2
.
:
1 = , 2 = b, 3 = c, b1 = ta, b2 = tb,
b3 = tc.

a ta

b tb

c tc

(a 2 b 2 c 2 ) (ta2 tb2 tc2 )

(1)

ta, tb, tc ac A, B, ,

2
3 ,
2
3 ,
t a,
t a , t a
t a , tb,
tb tb
tb ,
3
2
3
2
2
3 ,
tc tc
tc .
tc,
3
2

1
1
1
ta
2b 2 2c 2 a 2 , tb
2c 2 2a 2 b 2 , tc
2a 2
2
2
2

2b 2 2c 2 a 2 2c 2 2a 2 b 2 2a 2 2b 2 c 2
t a2 tb2 tc2
4
4
4
3 2
(a b 2 c 2 ).
4
(1)

ata

btb

ct c

a2

b2

c2

3 2
a
4

b2

c2

3 2
a
2

b2

2b 2 c 2 ,

c2 .

.
15. a, b, c a+b+c=1,
a2
b2
c2
1

.
a b b c c a 2
:
-
43

a1

b3

a
a b

, a2

b c

, a3

c a

, b1

a b , b2

b c,

c a.

( a b c) 2

a2
a b

b2
b c

( a b c) 2
2

a2
a b

b2
b c

a b c
2

a2
a b

b2
b c

c2
c a

c2
c a
c2

c a

((a b) (b c) (c a)) ,

a+b+c=1, .
= b = =

44

1
.
3

6.
.
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
( , Lagrange, 1736- 1813, -
)

, ,
(, , , ).
.
,
.
,
.

6. 1.

. a, b, c a + b > c,
b + c > a c + a > b a - b < c < a + b.
a, b, c ,
a, b, c .

45

 x, y, z A, B C ABC
( 3.). a = y + z, b = x + z, c = y + z
(x, y, z > 0). ,

a, b c . S =
S = x + y + z.
C

z
y

x
A

x
3.

.
1. ,
.
:

ABC,

ta = AD. ABD
ADC

a, b, c

ta
-

B
b

E
4.
46

 , AD D E,
AD = DE , ABE ta <

, .
2. a, b, c
S, :
a) (a + b c) (b + c a) ( a + c b) abc

:
) a > b c, b > c a, c > a b

a2 > (b c)2 a2 (b c)2 a2 ,
b2 > (c a)2 b2 (c a)2 b2 ,
c2 > (a b)2 c2 (a b)2 c2 ,

(1)
(2)

(3)

(1), (2) (3)

abc,

.
.

47

.
3. a, b, c S
:

:
)

48

) x = S a, y = S b, z = S c,

x y 3. ),

, 2S a - b = c,

(S a)(S b)

(S b)(S c)

(S c)(S a)

.
) ,
(S a)2(S b)2(S c)2

. a = b = c.
4. ha, hb, hc r
. :
a) ha hb hc 27 r3
) ha + hb + hc 9 r

49

:
a)

(1)
(a + b +c)3 27 abc.

. a = b = c.
)

ha + hb + hc 9r.
.

50

5.

:
, .

= + + + 2 +
+
= + + + +

> , , +

+ 2

, .

,
.
6. a < (b + c) < ( + ).
a, b, c
, , .
:
-1 sin 1 -1 sin 1
sin < (sin + sin).
sin <
sin

1 sin < sin

2 sin

cos

, .
.
51

7. ABC

:
ABC
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos ab 2cos +

1.13. ( + 2)
2 (1 cos) = 4sin2

4sin2

. b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos,
4sin2 .

.
J .
8. , , ABC,

:
a, b, c . a < b + c
, a < b + c
=

52

 x =

z=

1. 13.
6 = 3. .

a = b = c .
9. , ,
tg2

+ tg2

+ tg2

1.

:
+ + = 180, ,

= 90

53

 x = tg

, y = tg , z = tg

xy + yz + xz = 1.
x2 + y2 + z2 xy + xz + yz,
, 2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2 2xy 2xz 2yz 0,
(x y)2 + (y z)2 + (z x)2 0.
x2 + y2 + z2 1, .
x = y = z =

, = = = 60

( ).

10. a, b, c , ,
( ),

<

:
a) .
a b, (a - b)( - ) 0.
a = b. (b c)( ) 0 (c a)( ) 0.

(a b)( ) + (b c)( ) + (c a)( ) 0 ,
a = b = c.
+ + = ,
, a(2 ) + b(2 ) + c(2 ) 0,
a(3 ) + b(3 ) + c(3 ) 0,
3(a + b + c) (a + b +c)

.
54

 .
) .
,
(b + c a) + (c + a b) + (a + b c) > 0,
a( + ) + b( + ) + c( + ) > 0,
a( - 2) + b( - 2) + c( - 2) > 0,
(a + b + c) > 2 (a + b + c),

.
11. , ,
sin2 + sin2 + sin2

:

sin2
-

=
+

,
-

cos + cos + cos

,
(1)

cos + cos = 2 cos

cos

cos = cos( ( + )) = -cos ( + ) = -2 cos2

55

+ 1,

 (1)
cos

cos
-

cos2

. .
.

6. 2.
1.
.
:
a < c b < c a3 < a2c b3 < b2c.
a3 + b3 < c(a2 + b2) = c c2 = c3.
, a3 + b3 < c3. ,
n > 2, an + bn < cn. an-2 < cn-2 bn-2 < cn-2,
a2 b2 an < a2 cn-2
bn < b2 cn-2. an + bn < cn-2 (a2 + b2) = cn-2 c2 = cn.

2. c
:
c2 = a2 + b2 =

2c2 > (a + b)2, + b < c

.
56

3.
. .
:
c > a c > b c a > 0 c b > 0,

(c a)(c b) > 0, c2 + ab > c (a + b).

c > 0

h =

c + h > a + b, .

4. 0,4 <

< 0,5

r h
.
:
P = c h = (a + b + c) r

. a + b > c,

<

a2 + b2 (a + b)2 c2 = a2 + b2
2c2 (a + b)2, a + b c

57

5. :
) R + r

) R r(1 +

R , r
P .
:
P = r s = r

P=

R =
R+r =

r =

R+r

R+r

.
= b.
) a + b c
1 +
(a + b) (1 +

)c

(a + b c) (1 +

2,

,
(1 +

) = c(

) c.
58

+ 2) = c(1 +

) + c,

 R =
2r (1 +

r=

) 2R R r(1 +

a = b, c = a

), .
R = r(1 +

).

6. ta tb b,
c, :

<

)
)

<2

) ta tb
)

:
) CAA1 BCB1
je

b/2
2

ta2 =

+ b2

tb2 =

+ a2

(1)

ta

B1

tb

b/2

=
C

a/2

A1

a/2

5.
59

.
) (1)
ta2 + tb2 =

(a2 + b2)

(2)

ta2 tb2 =

(a4 + b4) +

a2b2

(3)

(a2 b2) 2 0
a4 + b4 2a2b2

(4)

(3) (4)
ta2 tb2

2a2b2 +

ta2 tb2
ta tb

a2b2,

a2b2,
ab.

(5)

(2) (5)
(ta + tb)2 = ta2 + tb2 + 2tatb

(a2 + b2) +

60

ab =

(a + b)2.

 ta + tb

(a + b),

) (1)
ta2 tb2 = (

+ b2)(

+ a2) =

(4a4 + a2b2 + 16a2b2 + 4b4) =

[4(a2 + b2)2 + 9a2b2]

(6)

2P = ab = c h c2 = a2 + b2 je
ta2 tb2 =

(h2 + 9c2h2) =

h2(1 + 9c2).

Kao je c > 2h, 9c2 > 4h2,

ta2 tb2

h2 ta tb

(6) t a2tb2 =

h.

(4c4 + 9a2b2).

c 2h
ta2 tb2

ta tb

P.

) (ta tb)2 0 ta2 2tatb + tb2 0.

(2)
ta2 + tb2 2tatb
2 (ta2 + tb2) 2ta tb + ta2 + tb2 ,
2 (ta2 + tb2) (ta + tb)2 ,
ta + tb

(7)

61

 (2)

(7),
ta + tb

a = b,

7. cos2

>

, a b c . .
:

+ = 90 sin

sin = sin = = 45.

62

cos

8. c
M N. MN < 2c

:
BC c = AB,
= BAC M N.
AM =
AM =

(AB + AC BC),

( 1 + cos sin)

MN = 2AM sin ,
MN = c cos (1 + cos sin),

MN = c sin (cos - sin ),

C
MN = c
MN =

A
6.

,
-

63

6. 3.

1.
.
:
ABCD AB CD, AB > CD
AB, = CD. CD
, CE = D, B = B - CD. BCE
BE > BC - CE .
AB CD > BC - AD.
D

7.
2.
.
:
BCD, C = l, BD = f;
l + f > a + c l + f > b + d. B D
1B1 1B1 C1D1 C.
64

 C B1C1 B1C1 A1D1 BD.

1B1C 1 = CB1 = x, CC1D1
D1 = CC1 = u , 1BDD1 1B = D1D = y,
BB1C1D BB1 = DC1 = z. 1B, BB1C,
CC1D ADD1 x + y > a, x + z > b, z + u > c, y + u > d.
,
x + y + z + u > a + c x + y + z + u > b + d. y + z = l , x + u = f
l + f > a + c l + f > b + d.
.
C1
u

z
c

C
x

y
d

D
1

B1

z
A

a
y

x
A1
8.

3. ,
.
:
AFD, AB < AF + FB;
BCG, BC < BG + GC; CDH, CD < CH + HD;
DEI, DE < DI + IE; EAK, EA < EK + KA.
65

C
K

B
9.

,
B + BC + CD + DE + EA < AF + FB + BG + GC + CH + HD + DI +
+ EK + KA,
AB + BC + CD + DE + EA < (AF + FG + GC) + (BG + GH + HD) +
+(GH + HI + IE)+ (CH + HI + IE) + (DI + IK + KA) + (EK + KF + FB),
AB + BC + CD + DE + EA < AC +BD + CE + DA + EB.
.
,
ABC, AC < AB + BC; BCD, BD < BC + CD;
CDE, CE < CD + DE; DEA, DA < DE + EA;
EAB, EB < EA + AB.

C + BD + CE + DA + EB < 2 (AB + BC + CD + DE + GA).
,
.

66

4. .

.
:
ABCD, ADC ABC
AC .
AC. ADC ABC
BD BD < AC.

B
10.
11111111
5.
110. 10.
( , 100-178 ..)
A, B, C, D
AB CD + AD BC AC BD.
ABCD AC BD A,
B, C, D , B D A
C, a .

67

.
CMB CDA
.
A
=

BCM=ACD.

D
B

DCM = ACB.

CMD CBA
.

C
MD =

BM =

11.

BM + MD BD je

BD AB CD + AD BC C BD.

B, M D ,
CBD = CAD, ABCD .

6. ( )

A, B, C, D
AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + DA2 AC2 + BD2.
A, B, C, D .

68

:
(x1,y1,z1), B(x2,y2,z2), C(x3,y3,z3), D(x4,y4,z4)
.

(x1 x2)2 + (x2 x1)2 + (x1 x4)2 + (x4 x1)2 (x1 x3)2 + (x2 x4)2,
(y1 y2)2 + (y2 y1)2 + (y1 y4)2 + (y4 y1)2 (y1 y3)2 + (y2 y4)2,
(z1 z2)2 + (z2 z1)2 + (z1 z4)2 + (z4 z1)2 (z1 z3)2 + (z2 z4)2.

(x1 x2 + x3 x4)2 0, (y1 y2 + y3 y4)2 0 (z1 z2 + z3 z4)2 0.
.

x1 x2 + x3 x4 = y1 y2 + y3 y4 = z1 z2 + z3 z4 = 0,
ABCD .

7. a, b, c, d , P
. : P

:
ABCD AB = a, BC = b,
CD = c, DA = d B
D. :
P=

a b sin +

c d sin

(ab + cd)

69

8. n- .
.

, P

S n-.

:
n- T i i = 1, 2, 3, ..., k,
Ti Pi, si

ri. i, ri =

ABC n- s
s. si s i

9. ABCD .
S1 S2 AOB COD, a S
ABCD.

:
OA = a, OB = b, OC = c, OD = d COD = .
S1 =

sin,

S2 =

sin

S=

Kako je sin > 0, (

sin .
-

)2 0

oja je

70

 ad = bc, a : b = c : d,
ABCD .
10. AC BD
ABCD S. ABS, BCS, CDS, DAS
r1, r2, r3, r4.
: r1 r2 + r3 r4

AB BC + CD - DA.

:

PSAB =

(SA + SB + SC),

PSBC =

(SB + SC + BC),

PSCD =

(SC + SD + CD),

PSDA =

(SD + SA + DA).

r1

r2

r3

r1 =

r2 =
r3 =
r4 =

,
,
,

r4

12.

71

Kao je SB = SD, SAB SDA ,

SBC SDC.
r1 r4 = 2 PSAB
-

(1)

.
SB = SD
(SA + SB + AB) (SA + SD + AD) =
= (SA + SB)2 + AB SA + AD SA + AB SB + AD SD + AB AD
8 PSAB + 2 PSAB + 2 PSAD + 2 PSAB + 2 PSAD + 2 PDAB = 20 PSAB.
(1) r1 r4
r2 r3

AB - AD.

CB - CD.

AB > AD CD > CB.

r1 r2 + r3 r4 r1 r4 + r2 r3
=

AB BC + CD - DA

r1 r2 + r3 r4

AB BC + CD - DA.

11. ABCD , :
AB - CD + AD - BC 2 AC - BD.

72

:
AC BD S.

A
SAB = CAB = BDC = SDC
ABS = ABD = DCA = DCS

SAB SDC ,

y
=

AS = x BS = y
CS = y

C
13.

DS = x

AC - BD = AS + SC BS - SD
= x + y
=

-y+x

AB - CD.

ABS x, y AB x - y < AB.

AC - BD AB - CD,
AB - CD AC - BD. AC - BD AD - BC
AD - BC AC - BD.
AB - CD + AD - BC 2 AC - BD.
12.
.

.
73

:
ABCD MNPQ
M

AB, N

BC, P

CD, Q

DA. ABCD

BC A'BCD',
CD' A''B''CD',
D'A'' A''B'''C'''D'.

X X ',
X'' X'''.
MNP'Q''M''' MM''',
ABCD.

13. ABCDEF AB a
ED, BC FE CD AF. RA, RC,
RE FAB, BCD, DEF
, RA + RC + RE

74

:
P Q BC FE, R S
D BC FE.
FAB = CDE = , ABC = DEF = , BCD = EFA = .
FB = 2 RA sin.
FB PQ , FB AQ + AP, FB FA sin + AB sin,
2 RA FA

+ AB

. FB SR, FB DS + DR,

FB ED sin + CD sin, 2 RA ED

+ CD

S
D
E

B
A
P

15.

RE RC, .

4 RA + 4 RE + 4 RC (AB + ED)

+ (BC + FE)

+ (CD + FA)

75

 x + 2 x > 0,
2 O. 4RA + 4RE + 4RC 2 O ,

o RA + RE + RC

= = BF BC, DB DE, FD FA.

ABCDEF .

6. 4. e

1. a, b, c , d1, d2, d3
.
d1 + d2 + d3

( a + b + c).

:

d1 =

, d2 =

, d3 =

d3

d2
d1

b
a
16.
76

d1

(a + b) , d2

(a + c) , d3

d1 + d2 + d3
d1 + d2 + d3

(b + c).

(2a + 2b + 2c),

(a + b + c).

,
a = b = c, .

2. H, r, P
V, P3 54 V2.
:
P = 2r (r + H) V = r2H

(1) (2)

83 0 P3

27

27 2V2 P3 54V2 .
77

 .
3. 18.
.
:
r , H .
V=

r2H =

- ,
,

, a = b = c .

R = H = 6.
.
s , r H s2 = r2 + H2 ,
s = 6

P = r2 + rs = r (r + s) = 6 (6 + 6

) = 36 (1 +

).

4.
0,4 m2, 2 m?

78

:
- a, b, c

, 8 27 0,4

2 27 0,1, 2 2,7 .
.

5. a1, a2; b1, b2; c1, c2 .

a1a2 + b1b2 > c1c2.
:
AB = a1, CD = a2, BC = b1, AD = b2, AC = c1,BD = c2, ( 17.).
B1

AB, C1

AC, D1

AD

AD AB1 = 1, AC AC1 = 1, AD AD1 = 1.

D

D1

C1

B1

B
17.

79

 ABC AB1C1
B1C1 =

C1D1 =

B1D1 =

B1C1D1 je B1C1 + C1D1 > B1D1,

.
a1b2c1 (a1b2c1 > 0)

b1 b2 + a1 a2 > c1 c2.

6. 1.

:
SABC ( 18.) SC > 1,
1 ( 1 1).
S. S'
B SC.
SOS' SO < SS'
SAB 1, SS'

80

S
S
S

C
O
S'

B
1818s
18.
18.
11818

1 (SS' AB ).
H = SO

, ABC B

1.
1.

7. S SABC
60. SA + SB + SC AB + BC + CA.

81

:
SAB SM 60.
SMB , 19,

= 2 AB.

30

30

B
s

1111111

19.
1111111
1111191
919.19.
sin 1, SA + SB 2 AB.
SBC SB + SC 2 BC, SAC je
SC + CA 2 AC.
2 (SA + SB + SC) 2 (AB + BC + AC).
.
82

8. SABC Q .
BQC + CQA + AQB < BSC + CSA ASB.
:
Q SBC, 20.
ABS + SBC = ABC + SBC + Q1BC.

BS + SBQ1 > ABQ1, ABS + SBC > ABQ1 + Q1BC.
ABQ1 = ABQ + QBQ1 QBQ1 + Q1BC > QBC.
S

Q1
Q

B
20.
ABS + SBC > ABQ + QBC,
BCS + SCA > BCQ + QCA CAS + >SAB > CAQ + QAB.

ABS + SBC + BCS + SCA + CAS + SAB >
> ABQ + QBC + BCQ + QCA + + CAQ + QAB.
BCS je
SBC + BCS = 180 - BSC ,
83

SCA + CAS = 180 - CSA ,

SAB + ABS = 180 - ASB.

QBC + BCQ = 180 - BQC ,
QCA + CAQ = 180 - CQA ,
QAB + ABQ = 180 - AQB.

3 180 - (BSC + CSA + ASB) >
> 3 180 - (BQC + CQA + AQB).
.

9. SABC SA SB, S
ABC .

(AB + BC + AC)2 6 (AS2 + BS2 + CS2).
:
ABC SO
21. S .
BC,
SM BC. je BC
SAM, BC AS.
AS SB S BC, AS
SBC, AS SC. BSC = 90.
SAB, SBC, SAC
B2 = SA2 + SB2 , BC2 = SB2 + SC2 , AC2 = SA2 + SC2.
84


B2 + BC2 + AC2 = 2 (SA2 + SB2 + SC2).

(AB + BC + AC)2 3 (AB2 + BC2 + AC2),
2 AB2 + 2 BC2 + 2 AC2 2 AB BC 2 BC AC 2 AB AC 0,
(AB BC)2 + (BC AC)2 + (AC AB)2 0 .
AB = BC = AC, SA = SB = SC.
S

h
A

C
O
M
B
21.

85

7.

()

. .

f (x) c

(1)

x D,

.
x0

D, f (x0)= c,

,
(2), (1) x

D.

e
.

86

1. x 3 .
x+

:
[3, + ) x > y.

x, y
x+

-y-

= (x y) (1 -

xy 3

) > 0.

,
f (x) = x +

[3, + ).

x = 3 f (x) =

2. a, b, c a + b + c

a+b+c+

(1)

:
,

87

(2) (3),

+ b + c
b +

, (1).

= b = c =

3. , b,c
2 + b2 + c2 = 1.

88

2 + b2 + c2 = 1 ,

4
=b=c=

4.
S.

89

 : 2S
.
:
b ( ),
+ b = S b = .
e

= b.
= b, .

S2 .

5. x y , x2 + y2 25.
x2 + y2 + 12x -16y .
:
F (x,y) = x2 + y2 + 12x -16y,
F (x,y) = 2 (x + 3)2 + 2 (y - 4)2 (x2 + y2) 50 -75.
75 x = - 3, y = 4.
,
F (x,y) + F (- x,- y) = 2 (x2 + y2) 2 25 = 50
F (-x,-y) - 75.
(1) F (x,y) 50 F (-x,-y),
F (x,y) 50 (- 75), F (x,y) 125.
125 x = 3 y = - 4.
90

(1).

6. x1, x2, ..., xn

x1 + x2 + ... + xn = 1.

xi .
-
,

xn = n a, xn-1 xn = (n 1) a, ... , xk-1 xk = (k 1) a, ...
..., x1 x2 = 1 a.
(n + 1 - k)
91

7.
f (x) =

:
f (x)
f (x) =

f (x) A(2, -2) B(5, 4)

X(x, 0). X AB (
). x = 3

fmin (x) = f (3) = 3

.
92

8. a, b, c, d, e, f
a + b + c + d + e + f = 10
( 1)2 + (b 1)2 + (c 1)2 + (d 1)2 + (e 1)2 + (f 1)2 = 6.
f.

:
- a 1, b 1,
c 1, d 1, e 1 1,1,1,1,1
(a 1)2 + (b 1)2 + (c 1)2 + (d 1)2 + (e 1)2

6 (f 1)2,

f (3 f 10) 0,

0f

=b=c=d=e=

9.
. .

:
a, b, c, d , ,
a b, c d.
93

a2 + b2 2ab cos = c2 + d2 2cd cos,

a2 + b2 c2 d2 = 2 (ab cos cd cos).

2 P = ab sin + cd sin,
4 P2 = (ab sin + cd sin)2 = a2b2 sin2 + 2abcd sinsin + c2d2 sin2
= a2b2(1 cos2) + 2abcd 2abcd + 2abcd sinsin + c2d2(1 cos2)
= (ab + cd)2 2abcd(1 - sinsin) (ab cos cd cos)2 2abcd coscos
= (ab + cd)2 - (a2 + b2 c2 d2) 2abcd(1 + cos( + ))
= (ab + cd)2 -

(a2 + b2 c2 - d2) 2abcd cos2

(ab + cd)2 -

(a2 + b2 c2 d2).

+ = ,
.

10. f (x) = x3 ax2 + bx 1

,
. a + b.

:
r, s, t f (x),
f (x) = (x r) (x s) (x t) rst = 1.
-
(1 + )2 2

R+

94

(1 + r) (1 + s) (1 + t) 8

= 8.

f (-1) = (-1 r) (-1 s) (-1 t)
= - (1 + r) (1 + s) (1 + t)
- 8.

f (-1) = (-1)2 a(-1)2 b(-1) 1 = - (a + b) 2.

- (a + b) 2 -8,
a + b 6.
f (x) = (x 1)3 = x3 3x2 + 3x 1 a + b = 6
6.

95

8.

,
.
()
(, 1821-1894, )

,
. ,
.

8. 1.
1, 2 ,..., n b1, b2, ..., bn
a1 a2 ... an b1 b2 ... bn
a1 a2 ... an b1 b2 ... bn

1, ..., n b1, ..., bn

a1 a2 ... an b1 b2 ... bn a1 a2 ... an b1 b2 ... bn

96

:
(1)
(2).
(1)
(1 + a2 + ... + an) (b1 + b2 + ... + bn) n (a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn).

97

 a (ai) (bi),

n (a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn) (a1 + a2 + ... + an) (b1 + b2 + ... + bn) 0 ,
. ( )
(n a1) (bn b1).
, ,
1 = n b1 = bn. (i), (bi)
.

b1, b2, ... , bn bn, -bn-1, ..., -b1 .
(i) (- bn+1-i).

8. 2.
(a1, a2, ..., an) (b1, b2, ..., bn)
{1, 2, ..., n}.

98

 (i) ,
bn + 1 - (i) = bi, (i = 1, 2, ..., n),
a b(i) = bi, (i = 1, 2, ..., n).

:
, .
n = 1, .
n
n + 1.
{1, 2, ..., n, n + 1)
ci = b(i) (i = 1, 2, ..., n + 1).
.
1) cn+1 = bn+1, c1, c2, ..., cn b1, b2, ..., bn.

.
2) ck = bn+1, (k n+1), c1', c2', ..., cn', cn+1'
k- (n+1)- .
c1, c2, ,..., cn, cn+1

99

 (1) . (i) ,
ci = bi ,
b(i) = bi i = 1, 2, ..., n.

1. , , , a, b, c
,

S=

:
) x1 x2 x3 > 0 0 y1 y2 y3

>0

(1)
+

(x1 + x2 + x3)

).

100

 x1 = x2 = x3 = 1,
y1 = , y2 = , y3 =
(0

) ( + + = )

) (3)
x1 = b + c, x2 = c + a b, x3 = a + b c,
y1 = , y2 = , y3 = 0 < b c 0
b+cac+aba+bc>0

> 0.

) x1 =

x1

x2

x3

, x2 =

, x3 =

0, y1 = , y2 = , y3 = , 0

(3)

101

0 < a b c

Kao je

2 (a b)2 0 a > 0, b > 0.

2. n, e

:

, n

N.

, .
(1 + x)2n = (1 + x)n (1+ x)n .
xn

102

n = 1.
3. a, b, c n,
S=

103

:

(a1 + a2 + ... + ak)n kn-1 (a1n + a2n + ... + akn)
k, n

(2)

N a1, a2, ..., an .

n = 1,
1 + 2 + ... + k k0 (1 + ... + k) 1 = a2 = ... = ak = a,
(a + a + ... + a)n kn-1 (an + an + .... + an)
(k a)n kn-1 (k an)
(k a)n kn an
(2) n 2 1 2 ... .
0 1 2 ... 1 .

n = 2 je (a1 + a2 + ... + ak)2 < k (a12 + a22 + ... + ak2), o

a1 < ak.
(2) n 2 ,
(a1 + a2 + ... + ak)n < kn-1 (a1n + a2n + ... + akn).
n + 1,
(a1 + a2 + ... + ak)n+1 < kn (a1n+1 + a2n+1 + ... + akn+1).
104

(3)


(1 + 2 + ... + k)n+1 = (a1 + a2 + ... + ak) (a1 + a2 + ... + ak)n <
< (a1 + a2 + ... + ak) kn-1 (a1n + a2n + ... + akn)
< kn-1 (a1n + a2n + ... + akn) (a1 + a2 + ... + ak)
< kn-1 k (a1n+1 + a2n+1 + ... + akn+1)
(a1 + a2 + ... + ak)n+1 < kn (a1n+1 + a2n+1 + ... + akn+1).

(1n + 2n + ... + akn) (a1 + a2 + ... + ak) < k (a1n+1 + ... + akn+1)

(4)

1n (a1 + a2 + ... + ak) + a2n (a1 + a2 + ... + ak) + ... + akn (a1 + a2 + ... + ak)
< (k - 1) (a1n+1 + a2n+1 + ... + akn+1),

0 < 1n ((k -1)a1 a2 - ... - ak) + a2n ((k - 1)a2 - a1 - a3 - ... - ak) + ... + akn
((k - 1)ak - a1 - ... - ak-1) ,
0 < a1n ((a1 - a2) + ... + (a1 - ak)) + a2n ((a2 - a1) + (a2 - a3) + ... + (a2 - ak)) +
... + akn ((ak - a1) + ... + (ak - ak-1)) ,

a1 < ak. (4) , (3) n + 1
(2). (1).
,
0 b c
0 an bn cn 0 <

105

(2) k = 3

(1). (1)
n = 1,
n = 2
, + b + c = 1
. n = 3, 4, ...
+ b + c = 1

106

9.

.
( )
9. 1.
, b, c n ,
an (a b) (a c) + bn (b c) (b a) + cn (c a) ( c b) 0

(1)

= b = c.
Levy, J. J. An easy prof for Schurs integualiti, C. R.
Math. Rep. Acad. Sci. Canada 7 (1985).

:
(1) L.
, b, c . b = c, L = an (a b)2 0.
, b, c
> b > c. .

1. n 0,
L = (a b) [an (a c) bn (b c)] + cn (a c) (b c)
L > (a b) (an bn) (b c) + cn (a c) (b c) > 0.

107

2. n < 0,
L = an (a b) (a c) + (b c) [-bn (a b) + cn (a c)] ,
L > an (a b) (a c) + (b c) (-bn + cn) (a c) > 0.
= b = c.
(1) n a, b, c
.

1. a, b, c
a3 + b3 + c3 + 6abc (a + b + c) (bc + ca + ab).
:
(1) n = 1
a (a b) (a c) + b (b c) (b a) + c (c a) (c b) 0,
a3 a2b a2c + abc + b3 b2c ab2 + abc + c3 ab2 + abc 0,
a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc a2b + a2c + b2c + ab2 + ac2 + bc2 ,
a3 + b3 + c3 + 6abc a2b + ab2 + abc + a2c + ac2 + abc + b2c + bc2 + abc,
a3 + b3 + c3 + 6abc ab (a + b + c) + ac (a + b + c) + bc (a + b + c),
a3 + b3 + c3 + 6abc (a + b + c) (bc + ca + ab).
(1).
= b = c.

2. a, b, c,
abc = 1,

108

:


a2b + b2c + c2a a + b + c + ab + bc + ca

(2)

abc = 1, a = , b = , c =

x, y, z > 0,

, b, c > 0.
(2),
x3 + y3 + z3 + 3xyz x2 y + xy2 + x2z + xz2 + y2z + yz2.

n = 1, x = y = z.
(2) , (1).
= b = c = 1.

3. x, y, z . :
a) x4 + y4 + z4 + xyz (x + y + z) 2 (x2y2 + y2z2 + z2 x2).

(1)

) 9xyz + 1 4 (xy + yz + zx) x + y + z = 1.

(2)

:
) ,

2 (y2z2 + z2x2 + x2y2) (x4 + y4 + z4) =

= (x + y + z) (y + z x) (z + x y) (x + y z).

109

xyz (x + y + z) 2 (x2y2 + y2z2 + z2x2) (x4 + y4 + z4),

xyz (y + z x) (z + x y) (x + y z).

x3 + y3 + z3 + 3xyz x2 y + xy2 + x2z + xz2 + y2z + yz2.
n = 1.
.
x = y = z.

) x + y + z = 1 9xy + 1 4 (xy + yz + zx)

9xyz + (x + y + z)3 4 (x + y + z) (yz + zx + xy).

x3 + y3 + z3 + 3xyz x2 y + xy2 + x2z + xz2 + y2z + yz2.

n = 1.
x = y = z =

.
110


,
.
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.

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,
.
. e
,
.
,
.
( Hlder, 1859-1937, ),
(Jordan, 1838-1922, ), (Young, 18821946, ), -( rds, 1913-1996,
, Mordell, 1888-1972, ).

.

111


[1]
[2]

[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]

[7]

[8]
[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

., ,
, , 1965.
.., . , . . ,
, , , VI
, ,
, 1973.
, , I
, , , 2004.
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I, , , 2004.
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, 1996.
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, VII VIII
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, 3,
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1995.
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, 2000.
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45, , ,
1985.
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, 49,
, , 1986.
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, , 42,
, , 2003.
, , , ,

, ,
49, , , 2008.
, 10,
1995-2005,
, 45, , 2006.
. ,
, ,
, 1987.

112


12.08.1963.
.

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.
, -

.
1990.
,
.


.
, .

, 11.07.2011.

_____________________

113

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9 / 111/ 1 / 21 / 15 / 0

11.07.2011.
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114

UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
KEY WORDS DOCUMENTATION

Accession number:
ANO
Identification number:
INO
Document type:
DT
Type of record:
TR
Contents Code:
CC
Author:
AU

Monograph type
Printed text
aster examination
Biljana Pavkov

Mentor:
MN

Professor Sinia Crvenkovi, Ph.D.,

Full Professor of Faculty of Natural Sciences and
Math., Novi Sad

Title:

Elementary inequality

Language of t e x t :
LT
Language of a bstra ct:
LA
Country of publication:
CP
Locality of p u b l ic a ti o n :
LP
Publication year:
PY
Publisher:
PU
P u bli ca tio n place:
PP

Serbian (Cyrillic)
English
Serbia
Vojvodina
2011.
Authors reprint
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics,
Trg Dositeja Obradovia 4, Novi Sad, Serbia

Physical description (chapters, pages, photographs, pictures, references, table :

PD
9 / 111 / 1 /21 / 15 / 0
Scie ntific field:
SF
Scientific discipline:
SD
Subject / Key words:

Mathematics
Methodic of Mathematics
Mathematics, inequality, theorem, proof,
geometry

SKW
UC
Holding data:

.
Library of Department of Mathematics,
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematic,

Novi Sad
PP
Note:
N

None

Abstract:
AB

Processing and use of elementarary

intequality, numerical, ogarithmic, geometrc

Accepted by the Scientific Board on:

ASB
Defended on:
DE

July 11th, 2011.

July 2011.

Thesis defends board:

DB
President: Ljiljana Gaji Ph.D, Full Professor, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematic, Novi Sad
Mentor: Sinia Crvenkovi, Ph.D. Full Professor, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematic, Novi Sad
Member: Zagorka Crvenkovic Lozanov , Ph.D. Full Professor, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematic, Novi Sad

115