.

, .
10.
1.
.
= bq + r , ,
.
b m (m Z m 0), b
m . b (mod m). b
m , b m b (mod m).1
37 12 (mod 5), 37 12 5 2.
2011 1 (mod 67), 2011 1 67 1. 56 82 (mod 3), 56
3 2, 82 3 1.

, .
1.
b (mod m) b m. .
:

b (mod m), b m

, . = m + r b = lm + r. b = m + r (lm + r) = m( l). b
m.
, = pm + r1 b = qm + r2 (0 r1, r2 < m) b m, .
b = m. b = pm + r1 (qm + r2) = m(p q) + r1 r2 = m.
m, r1 r2 m.
(0 r1, r2 < m) r1 r2 = 0. r1 r2 , b m
, b (mod m).
2.
. 2
: = 0, 0 m.
b (mod m), b = m. , b = m, b m.
b (mod m), . b (mod m) b c (mod m),
b = m b c = lm .

c = m lm =

m( l), . c m, c (mod m),

, .
1

"Disquisitiones arithmeticae", 1801.

, 24 .
, .

 3.
, ,
( ). .
: b (mod m) c d (mod m), b = m c d = lm .
b + c d = m + lm . a + c (b + d) = m( + l), + c b + d
(mod m). , , .
:

b (mod m) c d (mod m), b d (mod m)

b (mod m) c d (mod m), b d (mod m)

b (mod m) n , n bn (mod m).

:

b (mod m) d (mod m), x + cy bx + dy

(mod m) ( )

Ao je b (mod m), q = mq + b..

b (mod m) d (mod m), c bd (mod m) ( )

b (mod m) (x) , () (b) (mod m).

b (mod m) d | m, b (mod d).

n 1 (mod m)
n 1 (mod m).
4.
22011 13 ?
: 26 = 64 1 (mod 13), 22010 = (26)335 (1)335 1 (mod 13).
22011 = 2 22010 2 ( 1) = 2 11 (mod 13). , 22011 13 11.

5.
n (n) 9 . .
: n = + 101 + 1022 + ... + 10, (n) = + 1 + 2 + ... + .
10 1 (mod 9), 10 1 (mod 9), n = + 101 + 1022 + ... + 10
+ 11 + 12 + ... + 1 + 1 + 2 + ... + = (n) (mod 9). n (n) (mod 9)
n (n) 9.


1. 10! + 1 11.
2. 32007 + 1 13 .
3. 317259 8 15.
4. 72006 ?
5. 22225555+ 55552222 3, 7 231.
6. 3105 + 4105 7 13, 11.
7. 9912345.
8. 2100?
9. , 2 + 1 3. .
10. n 72n 42n 33.
11. 72n 1, n .
12. , m n , 55+1 + 45m+2 + 35n 11. .
13. 2 + 2 .
14. n n2 + 1 15 ?
15. 11
11.

16. n , n5 n 5. .
17. 92011 . b, b
. .

18. : 1 2012 + 22012 + ... + 10002012.

19. 2 p 2 13, 3.

1.

110=10 1 (mod 11) ; 26=121 (mod 11) ; 34=121 (mod 11) ; 78=561 (mod 11) ;

59=451 (mod 11), 10! + 1 = 12345678910 + 1 11026347859 + 1 (1)1111 + 1 =

1 + 1 = 0. , 10! + 1 11.

2.

33 = 27 1 (mod 13), 32007 = (33)669 = (27)669 (1)669 = 1 (mod 13). ,

32007 + 1 1 + 1 = 0 (mod 13), 32007 + 1 13 .

3.

317 2 (mod 15) 317259 2259 (mod 15). 24 = 16 1 (mod 15)

2259 = (24)6423 18 = 8 (mod 15). 317259 8 2259 8 8 8 = 0 (mod 15),

.

4.

10.

72 = 49 (1) (mod 10). 72006 = (72)1003 (1)1003 = 1 (mod 10). 72006

9.

5.

2222 2 (mod 3) 22225555 25555 (mod 3). 22= 4 1 (mod 3),

25555 = (22)27772 12 = 2 (mod 3). 5555 2 (mod 3), 55552222 22222 (mod 3).
22 = 4 1 (mod 3), 22222 = (22)1111 1 (mod 3). 22225555 + 55552222 2 + 1 = 0 (mod 3).
7 231.

6.

33 = 27 1 (mod 7) 3105 = (33)35

(1)35 = 1 (mod 7).

43 = 64 1 (mod 7) 4105 = (43)35 135 = 1 (mod 7). 3105 + 4105 1 + 1 = 0 (mod 7).
.

7.

100. ,

99 1 (mod 100). 9912345 (1)12345 = 1 (mod 100), 9912345

99.

8.

210 = 1024 1 (mod 25), 2100 = (210)10 (1)10 = 1 (mod 25). ,

2100 26, 51, 76 01. 2100 4 76,

4. 2 100 76 .

9.

2 1 (mod 3). = 2+1, 2 + 1 =

22+1 + 1 (1)2+1 + 1 = = 1 + 1 = 0 (mod 3).

10. 72 = 49 16 (mod 33) 42 = 16 16 (mod 33), 72n 42n =

49n 16n 16n 16n = 0 (mod 33).

11. 72 = 49 1 (mod 48). 72n 1 = 49n 1 1n 1 = 0 (mod 48)

72n 1 48, 48.

12. 55 = 3125 1 (mod 11) ; 45 = 1024 1 (mod 11) ; 35 = 243 1 (mod 11).
55+1 + 45m+2 + 35n 15 + 116 + 1 = 22 0 (mod 11).

13. =2 2 + 2 = 8 .
=3, 2+ 2 = 17 .
> 3, 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 2 1 = 2 + 1 + (1)(+1). 2 + 1
3 ( 14), (1)(+1) 3 ( ?), 2 + 2 3,
, = 3 .

14. n , n 0 (mod 3) n 1 (mod 3) n 2 (mod 3).

n 0 (mod 3) n2 1 (mod 3), n2 + 1 1 (mod 3) n2 + 1 2 (mod 3),
2

n2 + 1 3, 15.

15. = a n a n 1 ... a1a o = n10n + n110n1+ ... + 2100 + 110 + 0 0 1 + 2 + ... +

(1)n1n1 + (1)n n (mod 11) (i ). 11, 0 (mod 11),
(0 + 2 + 4 + ...) (1 + 3 + 5 + ... ) 0 (mod 11).
11 (0 + 2 + 4 + ...) (1 + 3 + 5 + ... ) 11.

16. n , n 0 (mod 5), n 1 (mod 5), n 2 (mod 5),

n 3 (mod 5) n 4 (mod 5). n4 0 (mod 5) n4 1 (mod 5) ( 14= 1, 24=16 ,
34 = 81, 44 = 256 5 1).
n5 0 n (mod 5). n n 5 n (mod 5),
n5 n 0 (mod 5) .

17. 92011 9 9 ( 5),

< 20119 = 18099. , b < 1+8+9+9+9 = 36.
b, , 9, b 27, 18 9.
b 2 + 7 = 1 + 8 = 9.

18. 1000.
2011

1000

0 (mod 1000) 5002011 0 (mod 1000). 9992011 ( 1)2011 = 12011 (mod 1000).

9982011 (2)2011 = 22011 (mod 1000); ... (1000 )2011 ()2011 = 2011 (mod 1000)
(N < 1000). 12011 + ... + 4992011 + 5002011 + 5012011 + ... + 9982011 + 9992011 + 10002011 12011
+ 22011 + ... + 4992011 + 0 4992011 ... 22011 12011 + 0 = 0 (mod 1000).
000.

19. >3, 6 1 6 + 1 ( N).

(6 1)2 = 362 12 + 1, 2 12 1 . 212 = (26)2 = (64)2
(1)2 = 1 (mod 13) 2 p = 212m+1 = (212)m2 1m2 = 2 (mod 13). , 2.
2