Telugu D.Ed.

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D.Ed.
` \T>T
# b<jTT\ sB |
sh $<, |]X<q , D d+d

+< |<X , V <su<T.

sb+~+qysT
1) l dTes $HjT, ]H sY, $<|D[, bs |d $u>+, sh $<, |]X<q , D d+d,
+< |<X , V <su<T.
2) l {.eTVwtuT, |Hd \T, $< D d+d, Ceu<.
3) leT e+^|s+ ds\ , b<sTT, |eT ><e] .
4) leT jTT.T>eZ T, \T>T|+&T \T, mdt.d..sY.{., V <su<T.
5) leT |.e<$ , \T>T |+&,Y usrjT $<ue H, V <su<T .
6) leT .sY.{.m.CssTT, |Hd \T, mdt.d..sY.{., V <su<T.
7) leT &.qyD, b|d s ,Y .m.mdt.., edu{+, V <su<T.
$wjT |DT\T, m&{+ >

1) l dTes $HjT, ]H sY, $<|D[, bs |d $u>+, sh $<, |]X<q , D d+d,
+< |<X , V <su<T.
2) & &.k+eT],, $X+ |< H#sT\T, b<jT $<X\, es+>.
3) &mH.|+<ssY &, b|d s ,Y $<|D[, bs |d $u>+, sh $<, |]X<q , D d+d,
+< |<X , V <su<T.
d\V<sT\T
1) b|d s Y .dTBssY &, .m.mdt.. X\, kj $X$<\jT+, V <su<T.
2) b|d s Y mdt.eTV+<ssY &, #s H, usY |t d& d ,t rjT $X$<\+, &H b |t m&TwH,
XyVq $X$<\jT+.
3) b|d s Y .es +s&, |< H#s\T, .m.mdt.., l y+fX s $X$<\jT+, sT|.
4) b|d s Y {.sC, #s H, usY |t d& d ,t +< $X$<\jT+, $XK|D +.
5) b|d s Y m.seTw, $u>~| , $<XK, kj $X$<\jT+, V <su<T.
eTTK d\V<sT\T
l .>bs &,
d+#\\T, sh $<, |]X<q , D d+d, +< |<X , V <su<T.
eTT+<Te
C u$ wT s> >~ sDeTT+< =s]>sT #bsT. n+f bsX \\T |\* C |j >|&
VT<y T q bsT\T> j sT#d >TsTsy T q u< qT bw+#* +T+~. |\\ +<s HDyTq $<qT b+<&+
]+< $<V#+ 2011 |s+ |\\ V> e]+~. |\\ T +#>\ >&+ , e ] +#&> \ >&+ ,
$#D eeV]+#>\>&+, duy>, s>y> s]+q keTs\qT k~+#>\>&+ e+{$ HDyTq
$< eTTKyTq n+X\T. M{ b+< #jT &+ bsX \\ u< . M{ k~+# #j *+~ b<jTT\T.
$< ybsyTq H{ |]dT bsX\\T eT u<qT s]+#&+, +<TqT>TD+> b<jTT\T
eT $<T \qT Hsy s &+ nH dyqT m<Ts=H b<jTT\T es* +T+~. de#sH Cq+> u$+#&+ ,
de#sH |\\ n+~+#&+ < ns+ #sTT+#&y T u<q |se e~> u$+#&+ , M{ C| + |Te&
|+ #&y T |\ eTTK <X + > es&+ e+{ |]d T \ qT+& qq <<+ + b<jTT\T eTqTeTT
esTy*. bsX \ eedq T es>\>*. M{ ks+#d ~X> b<jT $< m|{|
&T <T ]+#&sTT.
H|< + eTq sh+ CrjT |D[ #+ 2005, RTE`2009 <s+> sh $<|D[ |]~| +
2011qT sb+~+#sT. |\\T nse+eT+> HsTy\, |\\T Cq >V\T> Cqs\, eTT b+~q
CH <q+~q J$+ $j+#>\>\, HsTe&+ nH bs|d\L s>>~ |]$T+ s<
nHw \T, |j >\T, bC | q T\T, |#s \ L& u<H u dq |jT \T+&\, +<TqT>TD+> $eTsH
u<H |< T \T, ke sD y< #+~q u<H |< T \T $j+#\, |\\ keTs\qT #q
H| D\qT m|{|
&T n+#Hyd s+s deT> eT+q $<H\T neT\T s>\ APSCF`2011
\ d\T \T|THsTT. M{ <s+> eTq sh+ { qT+& |<e s> es bs |D[\T, bs |d \T,
eT+q $<H\qT <T ]+#sT. sh $<, |]X<q , D d+d M{ sb+~++~.
b<jT e |y +# e|P s b<jT D qT sV+# b<jT $< d+d\ T, D d+d\ T
M{ [+|#dT= #b<jTT\qT jsT#j*. qq bs|d\|q, <T u<H $<H\|q,
eT+q $<H\|q , eT D sT\ D ee\d +T+~. |< q+> qq bs |d \ nqT>TD+>
Cq sD+ s>& M\T> <T u<H |< T \ L&q |D[\qT sb+~+#TH D y*. +<Td+
$X$<\j $<$u>\ ysT sh $< |]X<q D d+d (SCERT) $<$u>+ *d |#jT &
eTT+<T se&+, esT\qT k>+#&+ Xu|]DeT+. $X$<\j #sD +<+, SCERT $<
|D[ $u>+ duT \T *d #b<jTT\ |j >|& $<+ > u<H u dq |jT \T, eT+q $<H\T
nH sB |q T #b<jTT\ d+ sb+~+#sT. sB | APSCF |]~| + d+| k s+X+, RTE`2009
#+, Cq+`CqsD+`s> nqjT+, qq \T>Ty#\ |\T, \d\T, ucudq
ePV\Tù<HkbH\T, y] bs|D[, |]jT& |D[\T, s+s deT>eT+q+, u<Hud+
es<Z s \T, d.d.. ]sT es<Z s \T yTT<\>T n<j\T #ssT. sB | es ucb<jTT\ |j >|&
]|s H |d \ $es\T, d+d\ T, |#T sD d+d\ T, yud $es\qT L& b+<T|]#sT.
#b<jTT\T sB| n+X\ <s+> u<qHud+ deTjT+ sd y], bs, +X
(|]jT&) |D[\qT <T $<H\ nqT>TD+>, sjT>\TZsT. nf SAT ]sTq T s+s deT> eT+H
nqT>TD+> e] sjT>\TZsT.
b<jTT\T s+s nud \T. |]X<H <<+ |#j * +T+~. neds\qT>TD+> eTqTeTT
esT= |*\qT k~+# e\T> qq b\T bw+#* +T+~. ydy\qT ns+#dT= u$wY
s\qT r]~< e T b<jTT\T> m<>& w#k s dTH +.
B s|\ q bZq SCERT $<|D[ $u> duT \, bs |d s#s TT\ d{ ]ksT >|t
duT \, kj, rjT, y+fX s $X$<\j\ #s +< n_q+<q\T. u$ wT < $<+ >
$X$<\j\T, SCERT *d $<_e~d+ w#d T + < dTH +.
d+#\\T
~ : 31-03-2014
sh $<, |]X<q , D d+d,
d\+ : V<su<T
+<|<X.
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
$wjT d
e.d+
n<jT+ |sT
| d+K
1.
+< |<X sh $< |D[ |]~ | + ` 2011 (APSCF-2011)
2.
s+< $< V #+ ` 2009 (RTE-2009)
13
3.
Cq+ ` CqsD+ ` s> >~ nqjT+

(Knowledge - Construction of knowledge - Classroom implication)
28
4.
qq \T>T y#\ | \ T ` \d \T
(Sailient Features & Key Principles of Language Text Book)
46
5.
ucu dq+ ` ePV\T (Language Learning - Strategies)
54
6.
u<H kbH\T (Teaching Steps)
69
7.
b<jTT\ j ` |D[\T (Teaching Preparation - Plan)
75
i)
y] |D[ (Year / Annual Plan)
75
ii)
bs |D[ (Lesson Plan)
83
iii)
|]jT& |D[ (Period Plan)
90
8.
s+s deT> eT+q+ (Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation)
126
i)
sD eT+q+ (Formative Evaluation)
127
ii)
d+>V D eT+q+ (Summative Evaluation)
129
iii)
qeTH |X |\T (6, 9 s> T \T) (Mopdel Question Papers)
136
u<H ud+ ` es<Z s \T (Teaching Practice - Guidelines)
147
10.
C.C.E. ]sT ` es<

Z s \T (CCE Record - Guidelines)
154
11.
|s jT >+<\T
156
nqT+<\T
160
9.
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
+<|<X sh $< |D[ |]~ |+ ` 2011
(APSCF ` 2011) `
\ d\T
H|<+:
#<T ee&+ nH~ | &T >se|<y T q seT+ eyT . |dT + n~ b<$ T V
L&. b*yT+ ksTTes &&T>\ |\\ +<sT HDyTq $<qT b+<&+ s+< $<V
#+ 2009 (RTE-2009) |s+ b<$ T V> e]+~. $_q d+d T\T, ucy$ < *qZ
eTq<X+ n+<] $<qT n+~+#&+ >T]+ uss C+>+ dw+ > |s=+~. > sT <Xu\T>
n+<] $<qT n+~+#\ eTq<X+ bH |< \T, se\T neT\T]>sTT, sT>TTHsTT
L&! nsTTq|{ +q |\T dy se TT+<T edH HsTT. y{ u\], &jT
|\\ T+&&+ HD|+ yT<q+ |+#&+ j+yT q u<H u dq |jT \T, |eD\
|sT, n~ de#s us+ sTy q bs |d \T &, +<q, esT\T, s+\ |]$TeTTq
eT+q $<H\T n&T>+TTq $\Te\T, sEsE $<ybs <sD |sT>T yT D qysT
s y T q #<T e\T, ysT +sy T q #<T e\T b+<TTq $<yesD+, eT* edT \ =s
yTT<\>T dyqT eTq+ >eT+#e#T. eTq sh+ |]d L& +<T $_q+> @MT <T . M{ &T
|uT bsX \ |\\ d+K >T eZ TTK+ |T +&&+ , de#s C| e TT+#Te&H Cq+> u$+#&+ ,
]qT\T, n\d+UesZ\T, u*\T yTT<\>T esZ\T s esZ\ deq+> $< b+< be&eTH
n<q|deTd\T L& HsTT.
+{ |]d T \qT n~>$ T+#& us |uT + CrjT ksTT CrjT $<|D[ #+
`2005 (NCF - 2005) qT ussV nu dq+ (Learning without burden) nH y~ <s+> sb+~++~.
|\\ #<T e\T { $<H\ |]$T+ +&, nse ++> es\, HsT =q CH J$+
5
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

$j+#\, HsT e&eTH~ bs |d \ |]$T+ s<, +<q, b{ \qT n~>$ T+#
|\ $<H\qT d+d]+#\ CrjT $< |D[ #+ 2005 d++~.
n+X\bT |\\ +<sT HDyTq $<qT b+<& # <+ #d s+< $<V
#+ 2009 (Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act - 2009) neT\T e+~. bsX \ $<
\yT q e\ T b<jTT\T. b<jTT\ sD+ |q H HDyTq $< <s|& +T+< CrjT
b<jT $< |D[ #+ 2010 (NCFTE - 2010) CrjT b<jT $< eT+&* (NCTE)
sb+~++~.
us+ $< y~, CrjT $<|D[ #+ (NCF - 2005), $<V #+ (RTE - 2009),
CrjT b<jT $< |D[ #{ (NCFTE - 2010) |b<q\T, es<Z s \qT |]o*+q|&T
eTq sh+ bsX \ $< d+dsD\T #|
& + nedse T |uT + u$++~. +<Td+
eTqsh+L& sh $<|D[ |]~ |+ ` 2011 (State Curriculum Frame Work - 2011)
sb+~+#& CrjTksTT $wjT |DT\T, |Hd \T, b<jTT\T, d#+ < d+d\ duT \T,
$X$<\j\ #sT\T yTT<\>T y] d\V d+| , d] +> $T{ sh|uT + @sT#d+ ~.
nf $$< d \ T, dV bs n+X\ #+~q 18 n+X\ |dT |]d $Xw + |b<q\
<s| \qT sb+~+#& = n+X bdt >|qT L& |uT + / $<XK jT$T++~.
y{ $es\T:
1. $< $wjT <s| \T (Position Papers on Subject Areas) :
1.1 uw ` ucu<q ` <s| + (Position Paper on Language and Language Teaching)
1.2 +>u <q ` <s| + (Position Paper on English Teaching)
1.3 $CqXd $< ` <s| + (Position Paper on Science Education)
1.4 >D $< ` <s| + (Position Paper on Mathematics Education)
1.5 k+|T Xd $< ` <s| + (Position Paper on Social Science Education)
1.6 |]ds\T ` nu dq+ ` <s| + (Position Paper on Habitat and Learning)
1.7 $< ` <s| + (Position Paper on Art Education)
2. eek|s d+dsD\T (Position Papers on Systemic Reforms) :
2.1 $< \\T ` <s| + (Position Paper on Aims of Education)
2.2 eek|s d+dsD\T ` <s| + (Position Paper on Systemic Reforms)
2.3 b<jT $< ` b<jT e|s n_e~ ` <s| +
(Position Paper on Teacher Education and Teacher Professional Development)
6
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

2.4 nu dq+ =s eT+q+ ` <s| + (Position Paper on Assessment of Learning)
2.5 $< k+ ` <s| + (Position Paper on Education Technology)
2.6 $<|D[ ` bs |d \T ` <s| + (Position Paper on Curriculum and Textbooks)
3. sh d++~ eTTKyTq n+X\T (Position Papers on State concerns) :
3.1 $_q esZ\ $< (bdt.d., bdt.{., yTH ` u*\T ` d$T[ $<) ` <s| +
(Position Paper on Education for Diversities - S.C, S.T, Minority, Girls, Inclusive)
3.2 s> ` yjeT $< ` <s| + (Position Paper on Health and Physical Education)
3.3 us+u $< ` <s| + (Position Paper on Early Childhood Education)
3.4 | eT]jTT $< ` <s| + (Position Paper on Work and Education)
3.5 H ` $\Te\T ` eqe V\T ` <s| +
(Position Paper on Ethics, Values and Human Rights)
sh $<|D[ |]~ |+ ` 2011 eT]jTT 18 <s| \qT sb+~+#& +~ y~\qT
|]>Dq rdTHsT. n$.
sC+> +<q \T us sC+> |y eT]jTT 73, 74 e sC+> desD\T (Constitutional
Amendments).
CrjT $< |D[ #+ 2005 (NCF - 2005)
ussV nu dq+ y~ (GOI - Report on Learning without burden)
s+< $<V #+ 2009 (RTE-2009)
b<jT$< ` CrjT b<jT $< |D[ |]~ |+ 2010 (NCFTE-2010).
CrjT $Cq MTwH db sT\T (National Knowledge Commission Recomendations)
| y~\, |b<q\T, db sT\ <s+> sw $<|D[ |]~ |+ 2011 (APSCF
2011) +~ d\qT |b~++~. M{ <s+>H $$< d
\ T, dV bs n+X\ #+~q
<s| \qT, $wjT |D[\T (Syllabus), $<|eD\qT sb+~+#sT. nf bs |d \qT <T ]+,
eT+q+ eT]jTT | d+dsD\T #|{ sT . eT+ APSCF-2011 |b~+q sh <<
(Perspectives of the State) eT]jTT APSCF-2011 \ d\qT (Key Principles) qT |]o*<+.
eTqsh <<+
(perspective of the State):
$<jTT b<$
T <X + |\\ +<] u< jTTyT q , VT<y T q , bsT\T> (Responsible and
Rational Citizens)
eT\#&+ . $<\\T B| |< q+> <wk ]+#&+ . nf eT d+d ,

d+|<j\T, ysd |X+ dd , ke esT <V<|& e\ T> |\\ qT r]~<& + .
$<|D[ s|\
q |\\ jTT neds\T, ]\T +<_+<Te\T> +&&+ .
7
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|\\
T HsT e&+ CH eT+ (Cognitive sequence in learning) +T+~. $<|D[qT
eT+ eT]jTT |\\ eqdk sTT\ <s+> sb+~+#&+ . |* \+f L& y{ b+<
|jT\qT |]|w #jT& n~ b<qe&+. Be\ |\\T e\+ de#s
C| e TT+#Te&++f y{ nse ++> >V +#&+ , $Xw + #&+ e+{ H| D\qT b+<TsT.
CqeTH~ (knowledge) deT>yT + ~. B $$< d \ |sT $&Bd eTT\T eTT\T> n+~+#&e TH~
eTyTq ~. CqeTH~ nH keTs\ (Cognitive abilities) L&q<H~ ]y<+X+.
n+X $$< \\ k<q d+ nq> uc keTs\ k<q , >D keTs\ k<q , ke
dVqT |+b+~+#&, ] #q\qT e~|s # & , $Xw D \T eT]jTT ssD \T #jT &
$j+#e#T.
$<|D[ nH~ >o\yTq
~ (Dynamic). ~ bs |d \ |]$T+ s<T. ~ |]ds\T,
uV||+ #+ nqTd+<qyT |\\ T, b<jTT\ dHq T |+#& <V<|& *.
$< |D[bT, $<|]b\q, bsX\ #+~q n sb\ $+BsDqT
(Decentralisation) neT\T#j
*.
APSCF-2011
eT* d\T (Key principles)
|\\
T eTq dV yTq Xk eTs\ <s+> HsT H <w |&+ .
|\\uw eT]jTT de+ $$< sq Cq eed\qT >s$+#&+, y{ nudq+
$j+#&+ .
CH bsX \ y\T|* J$+ nqTd+<q+ #jT &+.
{ $<H\ dd| \ &+ . y{ <T\T> |sd s |#s \T (Interactions) , bC | q T\T, nHwD\T
(Explorations), |j
>\T, $Xw D \T e+{ |< T \<s |\\ T nse ++> HsT e&+.
HsT e& bs |d \ |]$T+ #jT +&, |\\ deT> n_e~d+ $<|D[ q neX\T
*+#&+ . +<TqT>TD+> bs |d \ esT\T #sT \T #|
& + .
s+s deT> eT+H (Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation) neT\T #jT &+ <s
|\ qT ds ]+, u<H u dq |jT n+s>+ #jT &+. |\\ T b+ HsT Hs \TdTe&
eT+q+ #jT & <T\T |\\ T HsT e& <V<|& eT+q $<H\qT d+d]+#&+
(Assessment for Learning).
$wjT |D[ $_q n+X\qT d$T[+#d , nse ++> HsT e& M\T> ke sD
(Social constructivism), $<H\qT T\H/ $eTsH (Critical pedagogy) u<q
$<H\
<s+> u<H u dq |jT \qT sV+#&+ .
|\\ d+d , nqTuy \T, k n+X\ s> >~ b<q *+#&+ .
8
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

sh <<+ eT]jTT \ d\ <s+> sh $< |D[ |]~ | (2011) sb+~+#sT.
~ +~ n+X\ esT\qT #sT \qT |b~++~.
bs|d\T:`
|{ es sb+~q bs |d \T dTesT 10 d+es\=k] esT\Hq $. eT*yT q
esT\T HeTe+>H ]>jT #| e#T. nf bs |d \ s|\ q <syT q $<|D[
#+ < d \ y> <s| \T> >+ sb+~+#< T . B e\ bs |d \ bs+X\T
e]qy>, $wj\ neT], nuk\ y$< #T#dT<T. nf bsX\ $< #+~q
d \ <s n+# \\T < d \ due+, |\\ due+ e+{$ bs |d \ s|\ q
n+> |]>Dq rdT<T . nf bs |d \T |eD\ |sT n~ de#s+ +& sTysTT.
>D + , $CqXd+ e+{ d \ | s> T \ n+X\T +~ s> T \ #ssTT. ~ eqd+ >
L& |\\ usyT + ~. sw+ neT\T]q APPEP, DPEP, SSA e+{ se\e\ b<$ T
s> T \ bs |d \ =+es esT\T #T#dT H, ~ NCF-2005, RTE-2009, APSCF2011 |s+ eT]+ deT>+> es*q neds+
+< u$+#&+~.
sh $< |D[ |]~ |+ `2011 nse +yT q bs |d \qT sb+~+#& +~ |b<q\T
#d+ ~.
uw, >D
+ , $CqXd+ , k+|T Xd+ e+{ d \ bs |d \T sb+~+#& d y >
<s| \T +&*.
bs|d\T |\* +|#d, |\\T eTq dVyTq X keTs\T $j+
HsT e& <V<|& *.
bs |d \T de#s+ sTy +&, |\
de#s d]+#, de#s $Xw + #,
eTTKueq\T ssD \T #d neX+ *+#*.
|\\
T CH ]+#Te& bs |d \T &&*. CH J$+ $j+#&
neX+ +&*.
|\\
T e\+ bs |d \ |]$T+ +&, n<q| nu dq+ d+ d+|~+| >+<\T, e>Cq T,
|\T, e duT \ |sd s |#s \T ]> bs |d \T neX+ *+#*.
bs |d \ uw ds + > es*. HsT e& uw nes<+ > +&s<T. VQuw
(Multilinguality) |]>Dq rdTy*.
bs |d \ bs+X\T *+> $e $es<T. |\\
$Xd+ |+#, +|C d,
eqe V\ | dV |+#$> +&*. +<Td+ #HH| D\T nq> |d+~+#&+
(Reflection), $eTsH+> +#&+ (Critical thinking), VQD +#&+ (Dialectical
thinking), dCH+> +#&+
(Creative thinking), ue|ksH| D\T (Communication
Skills) e+{$ |+b+~+#*.
9
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

k \
T, d+d , < sb\T, k n+X\T yTT<\>Tq$ bs+X\T> +&*.
j d \
s]+q $<|eD\T (Academic Standards), +q nu dq |* \T
(Expected learning outcomes) k~+#& M\T> nuk\T +&*.

\T, bC |qT\T, nHwD\T, |j >\T, VQ$<q de<H\T e# |X \T (Open
T, | yTT<\>T y{ s|+ +|C d nuk\T +&*.
ended questions), &\
|\\ T e> + > HsT H, T|q T bZ HsT =H, |P]s > | bZ HsT H
nuk\T +&* (Individual, group, whole class activities).
dV bs+Xq eqe$\Te\T, H , \ T, s>+, | yTT<\>T n+X\qT L& |\\ T
>V +#& M\T> bs |d \ bs+X\T eT]jTT nuk\T +&*.
bs |d \T +~ s> T \ #+~q< |eD\ |qXsD neX+ *dH , s> |eD\
k~+#& eT]jTT | s> T \ #+~q |eD\ nqTd+<q+ *+&*.
bs |d \T s Dj
T +>, n+<+> +&*. HDyTq ||sT , eTT<D, \ L& +&*.
u<Hudq |jT\T (Teaching Learning Processes) :

{| & + , ey j
T &+, |d \T, > & T , |X \ u+\ n+X\qT msjT&+, < j++>
#<e &+ e+{ j+yT q $<H\ <T\T u<H u dq |jT \T |\\ T nse ++> HsT e&
<V<|& *. +<Td+ APSCF 2011 +~ |b<q\T #d+ ~.
|sd
s |#s \T (Interactions), djTe s D
(Self Expression), |+#&+ (Questioning)
e+{$ u<H u dq |jT \ \+ y*.
|j >\T, nHwD\T, \T, bC |qT\T, &\
T yTT<\>Tq$ u<H u dq |jT n+s>+
y*.
u<H u dq |jT \+f b<jTT\T $e]+#&+ < #~$ $+#&+ <T. b<jTT\T
|\\ T HsT e& |s |+#, nu dq+ bZH #j *. nedse T>T ke |j +#*.
ke n+<TuT +#*. nu dq yesD *+#*.
|\\
T e> + >, {y], b<jTT\ <s, keT kjT+ nu d+# u<H u dq
|jT \ sVD +&*. |\\ nu dq deTjT+ |P]> d~j>+ y*.
|\\
+<sT eT +{ uw HsT e& nqTyq @sT / yesD+ +&*. b<jTT\T
|\\ uwqT $j+#*.
u<H u dq |jT \ sVD |\\
nqTuy \T, |PsCq+ <s+> bs+u+ y*.
k \T, < n+X\T, XeTJe\ nqTuy\qT u<Hudq |jT eqsT\T>
|j +#*.
10
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

eT+q+ ` |\ T:`
|\\ |uby\qT n+#H yjT & |{ es e\+ |\ |H <s|& T TH+. |\ T
L& |\\ |uby\qT n+#HyjT & <T\T> |\* <w\T> #|&, qq >TsjT
#jT &, & eT]jTT +<q |+#& &&TTHsTT. s + > | $< eedq T XddT H jT
#| e#T. H|< + sh $< |D[ |]~ |+`2011 +~ |b<q\qT #d+ ~.
eT+q+ eT]jTT |\
T |\\ |uby\qT e\+ n+#HyjT & |]$T+ +&,
|\\ T HsT e& <V<|& *. (Assessment for Learning)
RTE`2009 d+q $<+ > eT+H s+s+ deT>+> sV+#*. (Continuous and
Comprehensive Evaluation - CCE)
|\\
|uby\qT n+#HyjT & e\+ |\ |]$T+ +& bC |qT\T, ndH y T +T,
bsTb *j\T, d$THsT, |<s q\T, nH& ={, |]o\q\T e+{y{ L& $j+#*.
n+X\ d+es+ |\ >T us {sTT+#*.
eT+H u<H u dq |jT n+s>+ #j *.
|\
|X \ duy es*. { |s |+# |X \T, bs |d de#s |]$TeTjT
|X \ kq+ |\\ T k++> + sjT&, eT nqTuy \qT e| s # & , VQ $<q
de<H\T e& (Open Ended Questions), J$+ nqsTT+ sjT& (Application
Oriented) M\T> +|# d |X \T +&*.
|\\
T eT CH @yTs $j+#>\ s n+#HyjT & eT+q+ &&*.
|\\
T eTqT eTT djT eT+q+ #dT e&+, *< + &T\T L& eT |\\ |> djT+>
|+ #& M\T> bs<s , Vs+> eT+q $<H\qT neT\T |s*.
usT |
L& bsX \ sV+q s+s, deT> eT+q n+X\ q us
{sTT+#*.
usT |\
yT|\qT ]q|&T *< + &T\ n+<#j
*. |qsY eT+H M\T*+#*.
dV bs n+Xq yK sT\T, $\Te\T, |, s>+, \T yTT<\>Ty{ L& eT+q+ #j *.
eek|s y T q d+dsD\T
(Systemic Reforms):
sh $<|D[ |]~ |+ (2011) |q *q n+X\bT +~ eek|s y T q d+dsD\qT

L& |b~++~.
|]b\q eT]jTT bsX \ sVD $+BsD
d+ |+#sTTr sC d+d\ qT u>keTT\qT
#j *. y{ |+#j *.
bsX \ esD |< Hb<jTT\ nBq+ |#d ECE +<\qT @sT#j *. |\\
d+sD
, s> u< \qT ICDS XK, $<udq u< \qT $<XK d]+#*.
11
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

RTE 2009 d+q $<+ > n bsX \ eT* edT \T *+#*. b<jTT\ jeT\T
#|{ *.
|\\ *< + &T\ bsX \ jeq $T{\qT @sT#d, bsX \ sVD y] u>keTT\qT
#j *.
|D[, sVD, e]+>, <T \ $j>+ yTT<\>T n n+X\ $+BsD $<H\q
neT\T|s*.
b<jT $<bT, b<jT dV jT, dV s eed\ qT |+ #j *.
bsX \ $< #+~q $$< d+d\ T (School, School Complex, Mandal Resource Centre, DIET,
|rsT d\T (Performance Indicators) sb+~+ | d+d ,
CTE, SCERT) eT]jTT e\
yT<q+ |+b+~+#*.
b<jT $< |D[ #{ sb+~+ neT\T|s*, b<jT $< d+dsD\T #|{ *.
eqe $\Te\T, q yK sT\qT |+b+~+#& s> y> |\\ d+ | y#\qT
sb+~+#*.
bsX \ eT* edT \bT <T k+ |]CH deTLs*.
de+ ds eTTU_e~ k~+#\+f de+ $<s+>+ d+|Ps n_e~ k~+#*.

+<T |H~ bsX\ $<. bsX\ $<qT d+d]+, |\\qT deC_e~ && e\T>,
VT<y T q bsT\T> r]~<& nedsy T q H| D\T, $\Te\T, yK sT\T |+b+~+#& sh
$<|D[ |]~ |+ 2011 ~XsX + #d+ ~. +<Td+ sb+~+q <s| \ <s j
$wj \T eT]jTT n+X\ |\T |b<q\T #d+ ~. M{ neT\T|s# & eek|s d+dsD\
nedse TT+~. +<Td+ nesZ\ |\T, $<y\ T, b<jT d+| \T, b<jTT\T, d#+ <
d+d\ T yTT<\>T y] qT+& d\V\T d#q\T d]+ nedsy T q esT\T #sT \T #j *. <s sh+
$<s+>+ n_e~ k~+, n>>$T> se& |jT +#*.
$<sT\ T y] X $T+q |uq T |<] +#\ sTe&+, sT \ b{|& \

u$+ |\ d<+ #jT &eTH~ $<sT\ | & eyT |+#TsTT | y]
ds+^D $k @ e+ <V<|& e . $<sT dV yTq dH X \ qT
|<T qT|f u<q qT nse ++ #j *. $<|D[qT |P]> |qsed ] +#*. M{bT
j+++> sV+# |\ qT d+d]+#*.
` us+ $< $T{ y~ 2003
12
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
s+< $< V #+ ` 2009

(RTE ` 2009) ` >TD n+X\T
H|< +
(Context)
us< X + dT$X\yTq <X+ . {~ eT+~ |\Tq <X+ . $_q eT\T, \T, esZ\ _q+
@ +>\ <X+ . wy T q d+d , d+|<j\ $s\Tq <X+ . n bNq\+H q\+<,
\ e+{ ||+ # |d~ > +q $X $<\j\ ||+ # Cq _q T |{q <X+ eTq~. nsTT
<q +s \+ eTq <X+ $< |]d , |\ n_e~ $Xw d > yu y sTTqT>
>T]+#e#T. k++ e sT <Xu\ \+ <{H |{ 100% ns d n+< <> H +~.
k + q+ s + sC+> s \ T < s < w < X u $ w T $<s + > + | q H < s | &
+T+< $Xd+ |\\ +<sT $<qT b+<\, eTq sC+>+ < d\ b+<T|ssT.
sy eTq <X+ ns d se\T $]$> sV+#&+ e\ ns d *qZ n_e~ >eT+#e#T.
nsTTq|{ bsX \ y*q & &T |\\ T #s& + , #]q ysT =qk>&+ , ys+<s nse ++>
HsT e&+, HsT q< $j+#>\ &Z + , q+<+>, nse ++> HsT e& nqTyq bVsy T q ,
d#|P ] yesD+ bsX \ =se&+~. <X $<qT |P] #dq |\\ T @$T k~+#*? nH
n+X+ | dw =se&+~. $< ybsyT q y] s+ >, y] eTs s+ > \_dT + &&+
+<q >T]#dT q ~. n~ de#s+ sTy q bs |d \T, &, +<q\ >T]#d |
$<H\T, bsX \qT de+ qT+& ysT #d yK sT\T/ |rsT, |\\ < deC yT<q+
eV+# \D
+ =se&&+ e+{ n+X\T $<eedq T n|V d+ #dT H sTT.
H|< + $<eed n|de , nXdj
T $<H\qT # dT+> $eT]d se\dq
esT#sT \ >T]+ b|d s Y jTXb 2003 us+ $< nH y~qT us |uT deT]+#sT.
13
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

B <s+> mH.d..sY.{. CrjT $< |D[ #{ (2005) sb+~++~. 1986 sy eTq
<X+ neTq eT+ se\T, y{ |* \T (OBB, APPEP, DPEP, SSA yTT<\>T se\T)
n~s|P s+> y~ s|+ CrjT $< |D[ #+`2005 <s ey T q $. nss V yT q
{ $<H\ dd| * nse ++> HsT y\, HsT e&+ bs |d \ |]$T+ s<, |\\ T
eTT HsT q n+X\T/ CH <q +~q J$+ $j+#\, de#s+, Cq+ { e,
CqeTH~ |\\ nqTuy \ <s+> #q, $Xw D
\ <s qeTeT+<, & >T]#d |\
$<H\qT d+d]+#\ mH.d.m|`t 2005 |s=+~. M{ ks+ #jT & $<eed eT*yT q
esT\T #sT \T #T#dT y\, de u>keT+ bsX \ $< n_e~ #+<\ *|+~.
bs |d \T #H+>, |\\ nqTuy \ <s+> nse ++> HsT e& |j >|&
+&\ d++~. u<Hudq |jT\T |\\ u>ke |+# Cq sD &&
+&\ *|+~. mH.d.m|`t 2005 d+q |\T n+X\bT de+ =+eT+~ |\\ T u\
]\T> +&&+ , bsX \ y] |yX jTeT +<q \T n&+ > \e&+ e+{ n+X\qT
|]>Dq rdT= b<$ T V> e]q $<qT |\\ +<s b+<& < + eTq <X+ 2009
>dT ed+ us bsy T +{ |yX |{q . #+ 26 >dT , 2009 us sh|# y<+
b+~+~. us |uT + #{ u\\ , s+< $< V #+ `2009 (Right To Education
Act-2009) n |s= 27 >dT , 2009 sEq >
{ |#T ]yT + ~.
sY.{.`2009 #+ @| 1, 2010 H{ qT+& neT\T e+~. us< X #] #+ eTq
<X |< qeT+ CqT< + q |Hd+ <s neT\T e+~. |< qeT+ n+f C, eT,
\ nr+> <X| u\\+<s & #] HDyTq $<qT b+<& #+ <s b<$ T
V *+#&+<. u< jTTyT q eT+ bsT\T> m<>& e*q Cq+, H| D\T, yK sT\T,
$\Te\T HDyTq $< <s y] n+~+#&jT q d+<X+ |s=H&T.
|T + #]yT q ~. $<qT b<$ T V> |]>D+ #{\T #dq <X\ C_ eTq
<X+ L& #]+~. |< q+> #+ e\ &&T *q |\\ T (9`14 d+\ ejTdT) HDyTq $<qT
b+< VqT d+b~+#THsT. HDyTq $<qT |\\ +<s b+<& nedsy T q bsX \\ @sT,
|uT \ u< \T, & u< \T, b<jTT\ u< \T, & b{+#*q jTe\T, |eD\ >T]+
#+ dw+> |s=HsT. B |<q+> s+&T sq n+X\qT >eT+#e#T. yTT<{$
|]eDyT q , |]b\H|sy T q , neT\T #+~q n+X\T. s +&e$ HDyTq $< d++~+q
ne>Vq, $< |D[\ d++~+q n+X\T. #+ neT\T s>& + n+f +<T nedsy T q n
n+X\T #sD se&+ n ns+ . nq> |\\ +<s & #s& + , ys+<s =qk HDyTq
$<qT b+<& nedsy T q #s \T m|{| &T #|
& + <s |* \T k~+#* +T+~.
14
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

#+ n<j\T, y{ $es\T (Sections in the Act and its details)
sY.{..`2009 #+ n<j\T, dq T $es\T \TdT+<+.
#+ 7 n<j\T, 38 dq T, w& +~.
bs+u+ #{ bsy T +{ |yX |T B, sh|# y<+ b+~q ~, neT\T |]~
$es\T HsTT.
n<jT+1 #+ |sT, |]~, neT\T, $$< |<\ d++~+q ns\T, s#H\T HsTT.
<VsD &, |\\ T, b<$ T $<, m+| $<q+ e+{ |<\ $esD\T HsTT.
$es\qT 1 qT+& 3 dq *bsT.
n<jT+2 $< u\\ V, & |yX + , ~ <T MsD
|+ yTT<\>T n+X\
>T]+ 4, 5 dq *bsT.
n<jT+3 $<$wj +< |uT +, sh |uT \T, k |uT +, *< + &T\ u< \
>T]+, |Ps b<$ T $< +<\ @sT >T]+q $es\T 6 qT+& 11 dq *bsT.
n<jT+4 &T\T, b<jTT\ u< \ d++~+q $es\qT dH 12 qT+& 28 \
b+<T|ssT. |<q+> |\\qT & #]q|&T m+| $<H >T]#jTs<, m+{
|fw H sTdTeTT ed\T #jT s< *bsT. m+{ <T MsD
|\T H |\\ qT &
#sT y\, s> |\\ qT eT =qk+#&+ < bsX \ qT+& =\+#&+ #jT s<,
|\\ qT Xs+ > >, eqd+ > > y~+ #&+ , V+d+#&+ , + #&+ #jT s<q n+X\
>T]+ dw+ > |s=HsT. qT k|+ #&+ , n$ b{+#*q |eD\T, jTe\T, b<jTT\
jeT+, y] $<T \T, u< \T yTT<\>T n+X\ >T]+ $e]+#sT.
n<jT+5 HDyTq $< nedsy T q $< |D[\T, bs |D[\T, eT+q $<H\T
yTT<\>T y{ >T]+ d$es+> dH 29, 30\ *bsT. M{ |< q+> $< |D[\qT
sb+~+#|&T, eT+q $<H\qT s]+#|&T |\\ deT> n_e~, sC+> $\Te\qT
| d]> <w |Ty\ #+ |s=HsT. M{bT u<H u dq |jT \T, eT+q
$<H\T, u<q e< eT+, nu dq yesD+ e+{ n+X\ >T]+ |k$+#sT.
n<jT+6 u\\ V\ d+sD
, |s yD
, |s <T\ |]cs+, CrjT ksTT, sh ksTT
d\V d+| \ @sT >T]+ dH 31 qT+& 34\ $e]+#sT.
n<jT+7 #+ neT\T <X\T C#d n~s\T, #|{ *q #s \T, bdL wH, jTeT
+<q \T sb+~+#&+ >T]+q $es\qT dH 35 qT+& 38\ $e]+#sT.
#+ es nqT+<+ |s=q w& bsX \ d++~+q |eD\T, jTe\ >T]+
dH 19, 25\qT <w $es\qT b+<T|ssT. M{ |\\ d+KqT { +&*q b<jTT\
15
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

d+K, bsX \ ue q+, ><T \T, ed ks\T, keT, $< d+es+ bsX \ |~H\T,
u<H >+\ d+K, b<jTT\T ys |#j *q |>+\ d+K yTT<\>T $es\qT
#ssT.
RTE-2009 `
>TD n+X\T ` #|{ q #s \T
RTE-2009 #+
|\\ +<s HDyTq $<qT b+<& < +q~. &&T |\\ +<s #]
bsX \$<qT m+{ n+sjT+ @s& +& |P]#j

*. eT+ y | s> d++~+q
j du $<|eD\qT k~+#*. nq> du s]+q keTs\qT k~+#* +T+~.
+<T d++~+q #+ = | yT q dq q T, y{ >T]+ #|{ *q #s \qT \TdT+<+.
dH (4) :
RTE-200 #+
dH |s+ &&T |\\ T y] ejTdT >Z s> #]
HDyTq $< b+< V * HsT.

&&T |\\ T y] ejTdT>Z s> #s eT+ = d+<s\ s> =qk>&
nedsy T q d keTs\qT * +&b e#T. nsTTq|{ $T> |\\ uT s> =qk
HDyTq $<qT b+< V y] #+ *++~. Be\ d keTs\qT |\\ +<s *Z Hs
s]+#Te&+ b<jTT\ u< > e]+~. b<jTT\T | d]> |\\ +<] j s> T \
d++~+q d keTs\T k~+# D q sH s> #+~q bs+X\ <s s]+q
keTs\qT k~+# #&*.
+<Td+ eTq sh+ |\\ +<] | D
e&+ d+ sh $< |]X<q D
d+d du \
y> nud |d \qT sb+~++~. nf qq bs |d \qT sb+~+#|&T j s> T \
nedsy T q d keTs\qT <w +#T= nuk\qT #]+~. <VsD ucy#\ nuk\qT
b+<T|]q $<H |]o*<+.
s>
d keTs\ k<q #]q n+X\T
2e s> ese \ |qXsD, >TD+\ |qXsD d+ bs+u bs\ nuk\T #ssT.

3e s> ese \, >TD+\T, ~\T, d+jTT\T, |qXsD d+ bs+u bs\ nuk\T
#ssT. n#T\T, V\T\T, n\, eTVbD\T yTT<\>T y{ >T]+ $es\T L& #ssT.
4e s> ese \ <s+> ds | < \T, >TD+|< \T, ~, d+jTT |<\bT, uj
s \
>T]+ nuk\qT bs+u bs #ssT. 3e s> HsT q ysD +X\qT |qXsD
d+ nuk\T> #ssT.
5e s> | $<+ >H 5e s> bs+u bs L& |qXsD nuk\qT #ssT.
16
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

b<$ T $< |P] njTd] | d]> |\\ T <s+> #<e &+. ns+ #dT e&+, |d+~+#&+
#jT >\>*. nf *dq, $q, #dq n+X\ >T]+ k+e sjT>\>*. $ #jT >*qZ |\\ T
@ s> #]H s> d++~+q uc $wj \qT dT\u+ > nu d+#>\ TZsT, keTs\qT
k~+#>\ TZsT. { b<$ Tq ksTT nq> 6, 7 bs |d L& bs+u bs\T |\\ +<s
d+ #<e &, sjT&, ds | < \T, >TD+|< \T, ~, d+jTT |<\ d++~+q nuk\qT,
k+e sd nuk\THsTT. b<$ T ksTT nu d+q b<$ T ysD
+X\ |qXsD L&
+~. 8, 9 s> T \ L& +~ s> T HsT q ysD
+X\qT |qXsD> bs+_+ qq
n+X\qT nqT+<+ > #ssT.
{ ucu<q b<jTT\T e\+ d\dt |sT bs\qT j++> |P]#jT&+|
<w | +& s +q keTs\ k<q | <w |{*. +<TqT>TD+> sb+~+q bs |d \qT
d#q\qT>TD+> $j+#*.
n<jT+`5 dH 29 (1), (2) n+X\T, $wjT |D[, eT+q $<H\ < +q$.
M{ n+X\qT |]o*<+.
a)
sC+>+ b+<T|]q $\Te\ nqT>TD+> +&*.

b) |\\
ds eTTU_e~ M\T*+Z #*.
c) |\\
Cq+, keTs\T, H| D\qT |+b+~+#*.
d) |\\
|P] keTs + yTs Xs, eqd X \ qT n_e~ #j *.
e) |\\
qT +<+> #dT = y] nqTyq $<H se\T, |]X<q , qT>=qT yTT<\>T
X +B $<H\T, <s |< T qT nqTd]+#*.
f) #sD
k< yTq + es u<H e< eT+ u\\ euw> +&*.
g) uj
T +, +<q e+{ y{ qT+ u\\qT $eTT+ #d ysT eT uy\qT d#> e ] +#&+
dV jT|&*.
h) CH |\\
T ns+ #dT q $<q+, < nqsTT+# keTs\| s+s deT> eT+q+
s>*.
30 (1) m*yT+ $< |Psj
T es |\\ T mTe+{ usT | VsT s<T. 30(2) m*yT+
$< |P]#d q y] < MsD |\T C#j *.
|q *q n+X\ $$< $wj \ >T]+ #]<+.
1. |\\ ds eTTU_e~ :
|\\ +<s Xs, eqd, k+|T , H , <> s+>\ n_e~#+ ~q|& ds eTTU_e~
k~+qT. +<Td+ |\\ T bs $wj \bT dV bs $wj \qT L& nu d+#* +T+~. eTq
17
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

sh+ RTE-2009 #+ neT\T eq+<Tq dV bs $wj \qT L& bs $wj \ deq+>
nu d+#& >T #s \T #|{ sT . +<Td+ +~ $wj \qT |\\ T nu d+#* +T+~. n$ :
b<$ T ksTT
|<e T uw (e uw)
q ksTT
|<e T uw (e uw)
~rjT uw (V+B / \T>T / s)
~rjT uw (+>+
)
rjT uw (+>+
)
>D
+
>D
+
|]ds\ $Cq+
$Cq Xg+
yjeT, s>$<
k+|T Xg+
$\Te\T, Jeq H|
D\T
yjeT s>$<
|, +|PsY $<
$\Te\T ` JeqH|
D\T
\
T, k+d $<
|, +|PsY $<
\
T, k+d $<
bsX \ nH~ |\\ deT> m<T>T<\ @sT #dq +<+. |\ @< keTs n_e~|s # & +
<s> < = $wj \ |]$TyT y{ k~+#&+ e\> $< jTT \ + Hsy s < T . u\\
c\T, d\qT >T]+, n+<T nedsyTq sb\qT bsX\ sV+q|& u\\
ds eTTU_e~ sT>TT+~.
+<TqT>TD+> bs |d \T, $wjT |D[\T sb+~+#sT.
2. sC+> $\Te\T :
eTq sC+>+ $\Te\ |< eqsT. sC+> |] deq+, d#, ku+, HjT+,
|CkeT+, + yTT<\>Ty{ >T]+ |k$+#sT. nf bsT $<T \T, u< \T, V\ >T]+
|k$+#sT. $<|D[\T, $wjT |D[\T sb+~+#|&T M{ |]>Dq rdTy\ #+
|s=HsT. +<TqT>TD+> qq bs |d \T sb+~+#sT.
uc y# eqe$\Te\T, <Xu , d+d d+|<j\T, ke d V, H $\Te\T,
e+{ e\ <s+> bs+X\qT m+|# d b+<T|]#sT. |\ $\Te\T |+b+~+# #jT &
|X+k|PsyTq yK] * +&&+ e+{ keTs L& uc keTs\ #] nuk\
b+<T|s# sT.
3. Cq+ :
Cq+ n+f de#seT u$dT+ {s. Cq+, de#s+ s +& { e. >qTuy \
<s+> +q|&T qeTjT ueq\qT < ne>VqqT CqeT n+{sT. (NCF-2005
18
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|s+) CqeTH~ = du s+ > +T+~. uw Cq+ nH~ $_q eeVs sb
+T+~. nq> <, b, d+uwD, > jT+, <, yd+, K, d+b<j
T +, H+ yTT<\>T sb
+T+~. { ucu dq+ e\ |\\ T $_q eeVs sb\qT ns+ #dT y*, y{ ]
#jT >Z*. nq> <\ qT #| &+, sjT&+, b&+#&+ , > j\T, $\T, b\T e+{$ sjT&+,
s| \T, bds T j sT#jT &+ yTT<\>Tq$ #jT >\>*. +<Td+ M{ dH e s D nH
|sT uckeTs\ #ssT. bs |d \ | bs+ dH e s D #+~q nuk\qT
b+<T|]#sT.
4. keTs\T / |eD\T :
keTs + nq> #jT >*> deTs q T * +&&+ < k~+#>\ >&+ . +<Td+ | du
k~+#*q keTs\qT s]+HsT. s> y>, du y> s]+q keTs\qT k~+q|&T
|\\ T HDyTq $<qT b+~qT> u$+#*. keTs\H >+ \\T ` dw s D \T, +q nu dq
|* \T < |\\ se\dq$ nH |s |*#ysT. |dT + M{ k~+#*q keTs\T < $<|eD\T
nH |sT |\TdTH sT. uw |\\ T k~+#*q keTs\qT < |eD\T ~>Te $<+ > HsTT.
1. + $Xd+ e{&& + , $q&+ ` ns+ #dT e&+, |d+~+#&+
2. <s+> #<e &+, ns+ #dT e&+, |d+~+#&+
3. djTs#q (+ k+e sjT&+)
4. |<C \ $j>+ (|<\qT ns+ #dT = $j+#&+ )
5. dH e s D
6. |X+ k|PsyT q yK sT\T * +&&+
7. uwqT >T]+ \TdTe&+ (ysD +X\T)
|q *q uckeTs\T k~+#& M\T> n ucy#\ d+es+ s>
k~+#*q keTs\ C_qT #ssT. nf |r bs+ j keTs\T k~+#& M\T> keTs\
y> nuk\qT #ssT.
5. H| D\T :
H{ b{ ||+ #+ |\\ T mH dyqT m<Tse\d ek+~. +<Td+ |\\ T = H| D\qT
|+b+~+#Ty*. n$ :
n) #H H| D\T (Thinking Skills)
) ue |ks H| D\T (Communication Skills)
) k+|T H| D\T (Social Skills)
) djT+ sVD H| D\T (Self Management Skills)
) |]X<H H| D\T (Research Skills)
19
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

n) #H H| D\T (Thinking Skills)
k<sD+> eTq uw ucH| D\T, $CqXd+ |j H| D\T eZs D , b\&+,
|j >\T, ue|ks H| D\T, |]\q\T, nHwD\T ssD yTT<\>Ty{ >T]+ =+
ne>Vq +~. H| D\T nH$ eqd| s y T q $. nq> #HyT q $. +# $<q+
y$ < qT |<] +# H| D+ *Z +&& #q H| D\T (thinking skills) n+{sT. $
|< q+> H\T>T s\T.
|d+~+#&+
(Reflection) : n_bj\T #| &+, csTTc\T #| &+
VT<+
> < $eTsH +#&+ (Rational / Critical Thinking) : sD\T
$e]+#&+ , m+<T? m? yTT<\>T n+X\qT $e]+#>\ &Z + . dsD+> e ] +#&+ .
VQD +#&+
(Dialectical Thinking) : n+f @ $wjT + >T]+#H $_q
D #| >\>&+ , deT]d e{&& + , $u~ d e{&& + @<H $wj ` n+f
|CkeT+ m\ |j H\qT #| >\>&+ nf |]$TT\qT L& #| >\>&+ .
dH #q (Creative Thinking) : n+f qq |b<q #jT >\&
Z + ,=$ dw+ #&+ ,
q sj
|{ + #&+ n+f H kq+ +f @+ #k&T ? n ds + >/ $Xd+
#| >\>&+ . nf dH+> e ] +#&+ .
HsT e&+ nH~ +#&+ <sH sT>TT+~. nu dq+ s>\+f $<sT\ qT +|
#j *. > nqTuy \ <s +#&+ e\ Cq sD+ sT>TT+~.
CH b+<& +#*. +#&+ <sH ne>Vq, $j>+, $Xw D
, d+Xw D
,
eT+q+ nH nTq H| D\qT k~+#e#T. bs |d \ +<TqT>TD+> nuk\T
HsTT. bs+ >T]+, s#H X* >T]+, $ +s + >T]+ djT n_bj\T #| &+,
deT]d < $u~ d sD\T #| &+, $e]+ sjT&+ nH n+X\ d++~+q |X \qT
$q&+ ` e{&& + , djTs#q , <s+> #<e &+, dH e s D
e+{$ d++~+q
nuk\ b+<T|ssT.
) ue|ks H| D\T (Communicative Skills)
20
u> $q+. + e{& +.

#~$+~ ne>Vq #dT = |d+~+#&+ .
djTs#q : #~$q, $q<| ne>Vq yU+#&+ . #]+#&+ .
Ve uy\ uee s D
#jT &+. ucy#\ |< q <X \ ue|ks H| D\T
k~+#&+ {. nuk\ +<T < +qy!
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

) k+|T H| D\TT (Social Skills)
m<T{y] >s$+#&+
.
u< \T eV+#&+
.
sT \ *d | #jT &+, |+#Te&+.
de+, deTV+ q <s
s]+#&+ .
$Xd+, qeT+ *
Z +&+.
T+ Jeq+, T+ d++<\| |eqTs>\T qs#&
+ . +<T T|q T\T,
bC | q T\ L&q nuk\T bs |d + HsTT.
) djT sVD H| D\T (Self management Skills)
eqd #\H H|
D\T (, #T \T, y $$< |qT\T #jT +)
deTjT b\q (Time management)
s>yTq
Jeq (Healthy life styles) X\ T\T
+q |\\
<H (ds) |esq
) |]X<H H| D\T (Research Skills)
nHw+#T <s \TdTe+. n$:
|+#&+
.
|X \ <s+> |]o\q\T #jT &+.
de#s dsD
.
d]+q de#s qy<T#jT T, $Xw
+ #T.
qT>=q $wj
\T y~ s|+ sjTT, |<] +#T.
+<Td+ | bs+ bC |qT\THsTT. M{ d+ |\\ T |seTs |d \T #<e &+,
b<jTT\qT d+|~+#&+ <s de#s d]ksT . qy<T#ksT . $Xw + y~\T
sksT .
6. yK sT\T (Attitudes/ dispositions)

e\ T eT |]ds\T eT]jTT de+| qs# |esq \T, y\& + # n_bj\T, nqTu T\qT
yK sT\T n+{sT.
e\ T |<] +# eTTKyTq yK sT\T :
u< rdTe&+ (Responsibility)
*d |#jT &+ (Working together)
V+, Tq
T |<] +#&+ (Curiosity)
21
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
<qTu *j
Z T T+&&+ (Empathy)
Z T T+&&+ (Patience)
dV q+, zsT *j
>se+ #|&+
(Respectness)
d+ (Independence)
e
T (forgiveness)
|eqTs>\T (Love, affection)
bV+#&+
, |X+ d+#&+ (Encouragement, appreciation)
CsTT (Honesty)
XeT >se$Te&+ (Dignity of labour)
$< nH~ CrjT n_e~, k+|T n_e~ k~+#~. bsX \ |\\ n+sZ X \ qT >T]+
y] Xs, eqd, uy<>, <, $\Te\T, jTe\qT n_e~ #jT &+ <s |\\
ds eTTU_e~ k< eTeT +~. |q *|q yK sT\qT |+b+~+#& |X+ k|PsyT q yK ] *Z +&&+
nH keTs nuk\T> n bs\ #ssT.
7. X +B $< (Child Centred Education)

#<T e nH~ X +<+> |\\ T HsT H$<+ > =qk>*. n+f |\\ nqTuy \, y] #q\
j o\ u>ke |<| yj *. +<Td+ b<jTT\T |\\ eqd_e~, y] n_sT #T\qT,
+\ qT <w |T u<H u dq |jT \qT |D[ <+ > sV+#*. $ y$ < u] +>
+&, |\\ u, k+d , ke e< e\ b<q#$> +&*. |\\ n_bj\
$\Te#$> +&*. s> ><T \ u<q d+<s + > |\\ T |D
+ #TsT> bZ+ eT+
eTT HsT H neX\T n+~|#T e&+| <w |{*. b<jTT\T d\V<sT>, es<Z ] >, k\u s>
eeV]+#*.
8. dV|P] yesD+ (Child Friendly Environment)

|\\ T q+<+>, V< s + > HsT y*. uj
T +, & d#jT T yesD+ q# |\
$d+ u> sT>TT+< eTq+<] *d+<. |\\ n_bj\, n_sT #T\ q kq+ *+q|&T
eyT ysT V< s + >, q+<+> #<T e>\ TZsT. X +B u<H u dq |jT \qT nqTd]+
nu dq+ |\\ T #TsT> bZH #j *. Te+{ yesD+ s> >~ *+q|&T eyT
n~ dV|P] yesD+ n #| e#T.
dV|P] yesD \D \T :
22
uj
T + +& |\\ d# , eT *jT ns+ $wj \qT + +& |\\ T
n&> yesD+ b<jTT&T *+#&+ .
|\\ +<s nu dq+ u>keTT\e&+.
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
ksTT q u<H u dq |jT \qT nqTd]+#&+ .

V+, |sD, d *+#$> \T +&&+ .
es<Z ] >, d\V<sT>, k\u s> , dVT& b<jTT&T eeV]+#&+ .
{y] <s HsT H neX+ |\\ +&&+ .
n+<sT |\\ n_bj* >s$+#&+ .
&, <+&q uj
T sV yesD *+#&+ .
eT nqTuy \T, uy\T, n_bj\qT d#> e ] +# neX+ |\\ +&&+ .
n_q+<q, bV+, |sD e+{ y{ neX+ +&&+ .
9. nu dq+ < HsT e&+ (Learning)

|\TesT nu dq+ n+f |d + de#s @< |< <s |\\ n+~+#&+ , |X \
<s de#s s&+ n u$ksT . Be\ # bsX \ b<jTT&T e\+ #| &+,
$<] $ ns+ #dT = >TsT |Te&+ sT>T+~. yde +> nu dqeT+f Cq sD+ s>& + .
nedsy T q |&T, d+<s+> CH $j+#>\ &Z + .
<T $<y\ T, |]X< \T |\\ +<]q nu d+# X +< s|+#sT. B |s+
|\\ T d++> CH ]+#T>\sT. |\\ de#s n+<TuT + y] |PsCq+,
|PsqTuy\ deTHjT+ CH ]+#TH+<T d+<qs\T> k\us\T> (|d*fsY)
b<jTT\T |#j *.
d+|<jT+> n+<s u$dTq T b<jTT Cq<\T sT. |\\ T djT+> Cq s\T.
b<jTT d#q\ |s+ q&T#T=H eTseTqTw\T sT nq n_bjT+ H&T $<y\ +~.
| n+X\qT |]o*d de#s |PsqTuy \ d+<q+ #dT = eT keTs\ |<T qT |T=
d+<sqTks+ y{ $j+# X |+b+~+#Te&yT nu dq+ n #| e#T.
|\\ T b HsT +{sT?

(How children learn?)
|\\ T e\+ $q&+ #<e &+ <sH +& nH s |< T \ <s L& HsT =+{sT.
nq> nqTuy \ <s+> +#&+ , |]o*+#&+ , T|q T bZq&+ (Experience), |qT\T,
\T #jT &+ (learning by doing) |j
>\T #jT &+ (experimentation), #s \T (discussions),
s|& + (Discussions), | +#&+ (questioning), | d+~+#&+ (reflection), $q&+ (listening),
sT \ * |#jT &+, + d++> sjT&+ (expressing one self) yTT<\>T y{ <s
HsT =+{sT.
23
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
V+> HsT e&+ |\\ +<] ku$+>H +T+~. HsT e&+ bsX \H >+&
bsX \ y\T|* yesD+ L& sT>TT+~. nu dH yTsT>T|s# \+f | d]> s>
>~ nu dH & y\T|* \, nqTuy \ nqTd+<q+ #j *.
ns >V +#&+ , ne>Vq #dT e&+, ]+> +#&+ , deTd\qT k~+#&+ , nHw+#&+ ,
qT>=q&+, #]+#&+ yTT<\>T y{ <s nu dq+ deTs+ > sT>TT+~.
nu dq+ ns+ y\+f q |X \ <s |\\ qT +| #j *. \T, deTd\T, bC \ T
y{ |\\ qT e{&+ #*. #d+ ~, HsT =q~ ]bsT\ s|+ sjTeTH*. s> >~
|<] + #s |{*. #d |\\ T d+w+>, u> HsT =+{sT. Te+{ |qT\
y$ < +, dy\T (challenge) +T+~. $dT>T<\ +&<T . |qT\T #jT &+ <s HsT +{sT.
eq @> +T+~. |\\ T w+ > #jT &+ e\ nu dq+, V+> bZ+{sT. dT\u+ >
*jT+&H HsT e&+ sT>TT+~. |qT eT>+ nesT { n\] #jT &+ yTT<\>T
eTD deTd\T q+ e.
nu dq+ nH~ |]o\q\ <s, de+ $$< e\ ]| |sd s #s \ <s, { y]
<s, #s \ <s sT>TT+~.
HsT e& eTTKyTq ~ s> >~ yesD+, nq> uj
T sV yesD+. |\\ m& u <,
|eT bjT qs#*. b<jTT&T |\\ *dbsTT ysT HsT HT #j *. e> + >
#| &+, *jT $wj \qT n&>e T #b*. |\\ T |+#& bV+#*.
HsT =H|&T | \T s>& + dV +. |\\ | \qT m #|&+ , +~+#&+ , sT
b\&+, +#|s # & + e+{$ #jT L&<T . |\\ T #dq y{ b|\qT >T]+#*. |\qT
yTT< n_q+~+#*. ysT #dq | \qT |\ d]~<T H s> #s sV+#*. ds q ~
@< b<jTT&T $e]+, |\* eTT sdq y{ d]b\TeT nH*. B e\ |\\ T
HsT =H |jT #TsT> bZ+{sT. n< |> | \T y~ 'X' \T |{ m# |q+
eq, | m+<T ]+< >T]+#s T . | \T <=s\TjTq uj
T +/ qq ue+
e{&{ , *jTCjT &, |<] +#& +sT.
10. \T
eTq> HsT e& #q #d |. +#& neX+ H < HsT e&
<V<|& H | eT u$+#s<T. |d #dsjT&+, > & #d sjT&+, e yjT &+,
~<& + , {|
& + , b<jTT&T #| q~ eTq+> $q&+, q\\| sdq n+X\qT #HsV +>
sdTe&+ e+{$ \T e. k<sD+> s> >~ $ #T #dT + +{sTT. M{ #d
\ <s HsT +THs u$+#&+ sT>T +T+~. ~ ds q ~ <T.
24
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

< : +~ \qT |]o*+#+&.
1. $HjT#$ V+<Te\T sT|+{sT <! + @ @ |+&T>\qT s eT\ysT
sT|+{sT? sE @+ #ksT ? $HjT#$ |+&T> b* +~ |{ sjT+&.
$HjT#$ sE #d$
s |+&T>\H&T #d$
2. d~ # C>> |T= e#sT <! eT] MTsT y{ # |&T C>> rdT=ksT ?

| \qT |]o*+#sT <! M{ >T]+ |\\ T | d]> +#* +T+~. nf M{
#dq+<Te\ |\ #~y keTs+, #~$q< ne>Vq #dTe&+, dH nH keTs\T
|+b+<TsTT. { $<+ > #q, nu dH neXeTTq |qT\qT eyT \T> u$+#*.
+{ \qT bs |d + keTs\ y> b+<T|]#sT.
\T ` s\T
< : +~ \qT |]o*+#+&.
1. bs+ m +T+< \TdTHsT <! eT] MTsT |+# m +T+< }V+#+&.
MT ^jT+&. MT >T]+ q $/ > jT+ sjT+&.
2. MT bsX \ sT|H C+& |+&T> MT *< + &T\qT, >eTdT\ qT Vd Vq
|\qT j sT #jT +&.
3. bd $j>+ >T]+ n deT]d e{&&T. deT esd e{&+ ~. eT] MTs
@+ e{& s #| +&.
| eT&T |X \qT |]o*+#+&. M{ @~ e> + > #d~? @~ {y] #]+ sd~? @~
|P] s> #]+#~? >eT<+.
| eT&T |X \ yTT<{ |X qT |]o*d |\\ T k++> }V+ ^j*. < >T]+
sj*. ~ e> + > sj* +T+< nse TeT+~ <! {, B e> +> |]>Dk eTT.
s +&e |X |\\ T Vq |\T j sT #j *. ~ sjT& sT \ dV s+ neds+ .
{, |\\ T {y] *d | #j * +T+~. {y] *d | #jT & T \T
n+{sT.
25
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

eT& |X qT |]o*d yTqT k++> + e> + > sj* +T+< \TdTq ~ <!
| eT&T |X \ <s \T eT&T s\T> +{jT ns+ #dT e#T. n$ :
e> \T (Individual Activities)
T \T (Group Activities)
|P] s> >~ \T (Whole Class Activities)
bs |d | bs+ L& e> , T, |P] s> >~ \T HsTT. M{ $q&+,
e{&& d++~+q nuk\qT |P] s> +> sV+#* +T+~. <s+> #<e &+,
djTs#q , |<C \+, ysD
+X\ d++~+q nuk\qT |\\ T e> + > #j * +T+~.
nq> M{ e> + > + yT\T sj*. dH, |X+ d, ns\T \TdTe&+, bC | q T\T
yTT<\>T y{ {y] *d T \T> #j *. bs u<q deTjT+ bs+ nuk\qT
|q *|q $<+ > sV+#* +T+~.
$<+ > \ <s+> |\\ T HsT =H #jT & <s |< n+{sT.
11. qT>=q&+
qT>=q&+ nq> qq $wj >T]+#&+ , < $w]+#&+ . uw $Xw D \ <s \+X\qT
>T]+#&+ , s#H X\ T\qT >T]+#&+ , s#q n\+s\qT, uc k+<s >T]+#&+ e+{$ uwu dq+
qT>=q&+> u$+#e#T. +<TqT>TD+> nuk\T HsTT.
< : > jT+ $ y{ , y{ b& #| +&.
12. nHwD\T
nHwD nq> y & + n ns+ . ucu dq+ |<\qT, y{ ns\qT, uyqT>TDyTq y\qT,
d+<syT q y\qT, Crj\qT, kyT\qT, d+<X n+X\qT, #<T eTq n+X\ >T]+#*
+T+~. <s |\ nHwD X |sT>TT+~. +<TqT>TD+> bs |d \ <s+> #<e &+,
|<C \+, bC |qT\ nHwD X |+b+~+# nuk\qT b+<T|]#sT.
13. s+s deT> eT+q+

|\\ nu dH e\+ |\ <s eyT \TdT>\eTH n_bjT+ $<s+>+ ny+# jT
<sDT\, +<qs |]d T \ <] rd+~. esT\T, s+\ |\ nHs>sy T q b{
|++~. |]d T \qT y]+#& s+s deT>eT+q+ #j \ RTE-2009 d++~.
|\\T eTT b+~q CH <q+~q J$+ $j+#>*> X eT+q+ #j\
#+ |s=HsT. {, eT+q+ #d n+X\T, eT+q+ |X \T, k<H \T n L&
es*q neds+ @s&+~. +<TqT>TD+> eTq sh+ s+s deT> eT+H neT\T|s# \q
sj
T + |uT + rdT=+~. s+s eT+q+ u>+> sD eT+H (Formative
26
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

Evaluation) sV+#*. B+bT keTs\ <s+> +|C d nqsTT+# |X \ L&q eT
s |\ d+>V D eT+H (Summative Evaluation) sV+#*. bs $wj \

bT, dV bs $wj \qT L& du \ T>H |]>D+ eT+H deT>+> sV+#*.
$es\qT e] n<jT+ deT>+> \TdT+{sT.
eTT+|
eTq sh+ 2010 @| ed+ qT+& RTE #+ neT\T e+~. #+ #]+q >TD
n+X\ <s+> sh $< |D[qT (State Curriculum), $wjT |D[\qT (Syllabus), $< |eD\qT
(Academic Standards) sb+~+#sT. M{ <s+> 1e s> qT+& 10e s> es bs |d \qT
X +B+> +&, <s|< u~+#+<T M\T> sb+~+#sT. { qq bs |d \qT
ns+ #dT = +q |D[ <+ > u~+#&+ <s |\\ +<] HDyTq $<qT n+~+#e#T...
HDyTq $<qT b+<&+ |\\ V nsTT n+~+#&+ b<jTT\ u< .
CrjT $<eed CrjT bs|D[#+ b|~. B k<sD

eT*+X\uT ds (Flexible) *qZ s n+X\T L& u>eTesTT. k<sD
eT*+X usrjT k+<eT #], sC+> $<T \T, u< \T, s n+X\T
u>yT C >T]+| &&sTT. $ u<H +X\ d]V<T\ qT #]|yd usrjT k+d
ysd , k+d yu y deq+, k++, +, d| sTw deq+,
|sesD |]sD , kesT >\ s\q, |]$T T+ ueq, Xdj
T <<
|+b+~+#T +{ |\T n+X\ deVs+> +{sTT. n $<$wjT se\T
u eqqT \|s# $ > +&*. us< X + n q ||+ # X+d+, ||+ #
<X\eT< d<e >Vqd+, \eT< d<eq\d+ edT< T+eTq ueqqT
|#s+ #d+ ~. $Xd++~. +{ eTq d+|<jT<< eTq $<eed eT]+
|{w + #j *. eTq u\u* ||+ # << |+b+~+#> Z*. <s n+srjT
ueq, X+jTT dV Jeq+ nH |$ Xj \ jTTes+ T&T #j *.
d<eqqT MTs+& C>|&+ n+<] u<> >T]+#*. deq
|+b+~+#\+f, n+<] deHeX\ \q s>*. deHeX\ \q e\+
n+<TuT eyT $j esZ\ m+| L& s>*. $<y T q eT*
$wjT |D[ <s dequeq m& < nedse Tq dVqT eTq jTTes+
*+Z #*. |* +> ke |]ds\T, j<y T q |Te \ d+u$ +q d+w \ qT,
|L\\qT s*+#&+ eTq+<] < jT+ y*.
` CrjT $< $<q+ 1986
27
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
Cq+ ` CqsD+ ` s> >~ nqjT+

(Knowledge - Construction of knowledge Classroom implication)
1. Cq+ n+f @$T{?
Cq+ n+f de#s+ <T. Cq+ nH~ sT d +=sT |#TH~ <T. Cq+ nH~ {| & + ,
|qXsD #jT &+, q~ qT> n|C| &+ <T. Cq+ nH~ |\\ eT~ ]> eqd |jT \
<s qeTjT ueq. ~ nqTuy \ qT+&, #q\ qT+& e ] +|& n+X+. m +#,
m |]o*+#, m $Xw + #, m |d+~+#, m e ] +# nH $wj \qT Cq+
$w]dT+ ~. |\\ T eT nqTuy \T, #q\ $wj \qT |]o*+#&+ , >T]+#&+ , d++<\T @ss#& + ,
k<sD s D #jT &+, ssD se&+, |PsCH qq d+<s\, <T |] nuk\ |j +#&+
e+{$ #jT >\>&y T |{ y T q CH <s q+.
|\\ T eT |]ds\T, #T q ||+ #+ eTyTyT |sd s |#s \T, nHwD\T, |d+~+#&+ ,
qT>=q&+, bZq&+ e+{$ #jT &+ <s nse +yT q ueq\qT b+<TsT. < Cq+ neT+~.
Cq+ #s n+X\T, eTq+ $<\\T> u$+#y{ |_+_kjT NCF |s=+~. $<\\T
|\\ qT $eTsH+> +#, |]o*+#, $Xw + #, VT<+ > +&, qeTH\qT ^jT>Z ,
y$ < uy\|, Jeq+| d+~+# #j \ |s=+{+~. n+<Te\ CH eTT\T> n+~+#&+
k< |&< T . Cq+ #q\T, nqTu T\ d+>eT+. n+f yTq Cq+ |\\ m{ |]o*+#, m
$Xw + # neTs VT< > \ , |]d T \| qT m nqTu #+<, m s+ *
+& y$ < uy\| m dT + *Z +& nq $wj \T d$T[+ y*. n+<Te\ $<\ +
28
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

$<] de#s eTT\T eTT\T> #+# |+qT+& $<] #H H|D\
yTsT>T|{q T> +&*.
n+<Te\ CqeTH~ de#s+ <T n #| >\+. Cq+ nH~ $<] e&~ <T. <=
djT+#< X, nqTue + <s deTTb]+#&~. qq de#s+| |\\ T #sD sj

ne>Vq *q|&T eyT deTTb]+#&TT+~. |\\ ds q deTjT+ nedsy T q +yT s ksTT
qT> dV jT+ y*. |\\ T eTT u>dT \ sTTq ||+ #+ #TsT q b bw+ eT+ yT
CH deTTbsq #j *. nsTT |\\ $wj <sTT+| #d | #dq $wj \qT |X \<s q
<TqT> ] #| +#&+ Cq+ <T. ~ |\\ qT $<e+T\T #jT &+> u$+#s<T. eTq+ CH
m d+b~+#\ s+#y n~ |\\ qT +|C d, |d+~+|# d neTs, ueq\qT
ns+ #dT H, e| s #jT >Z*. e\+ {j
T +> +&s<T. |\\ T eT ueq\qT de#s
$Xw + k<sD ] +# +&*. $<u<q +<T |s |+#, bV+# +&*.
Cq+ nH~ jT \+ |P]> e>*> < nsTT |\\ yT<d T de#s s|+ eed +>
~ #jT e#T. $< eqe yT<u+ &>s +| eed nsTT $<] |s >V&T>H $T*b&T.
$<qT +|&+ nH~ nu dqeTsTT |\\ Cq#\H s+>+ |]o\q, nqTu T\T |_+_+# +,
u>keT |esq \T qwb sTT. Cq+ e> y T q ~. ~ d+ |]~ <{ $XqyTq ~ n NCF2005 |s=+~.
CH s+>+ | |<C \+, ueq\T, d<+\T, esq \T, |< T \qT * +T+~. eqe\
\T, nu dq k<H \ $X\ #+ k+|T Jeq+, d+d +T+~. e|q Tq H, e&+>+,
eTs+, eekjT+, <TD sVD M{uT <X<\ T, &\ T $\Tyq CH sb\qT *Z +{sTT.
CH s+>+ jTT sb\T #sD
duy, ns+ #dT q rsTqT $X<+ #ksTT. y{
# es n_e~ #+~q keTs\T +{sTT. djT+ keTs Cq+ keTV w, |X+ d\T, yK sT\T,
|T<\ , eTD \T Cq+ u>+> +{sTT.
2. Cq+ Vs de#s+
s> >~ bs |d \T de#s deTLsTksTT. de#s b+< eT+ eTq
|PsCH $j+#T+ \TdTq de#s+ <s+> |\\ T Cq sD+ #dT y*.
~X eTq q bsX \\T, eTq bs |d \T, b<jTT\T> eTq+ +#*. +<Td+ eTq+
de#s+, Cq+, |qsT Cq sD+, >V +#&+ e+{ n+X\ >T]+ \TdTy*.
e <s , |d \ <s>, ke <s> $wj b+~qf n~ de#s+ neT+~.
b+~q de#s q<q X* neds+ ~ e~*yjT &+ < de]+#Te&+, nedsy T q =
d+<s\ |PsCH dH+> nqsTT+#Te&+ #j *. ~ Cq sD |jT WT+~.
29
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

s> ><T b<jTT\T < n~ b<q y*? de#s? Cq sD |jT \
nq |X \ ds q de<Hy +#+&.
k<sD+> s> ><T b<jTT\T #| q $wj \H |\\ T |< |< ey d T + {sT. n&q
|X \ yT*dT+ {sT. |d + q de#s, n+~+q de#sH ] n|#| T+{sT.
BH |qsT (Repetetion) n+{sT. ~ Cq sD <V<+ #dT + <? |\ Cq sD+ s>\+f
eTq+ @+ #j *? e\+ de#s {| & + +& nedsy T q d+<s d+<s+> dH+>,
q<q X* $j+#Te&+ s>*. n s>\+f b<jTT\T @+ #j *? +#+&.
|\\ T eT+ eTT> eT *dq |PsCH $j+#T= = d+<s\
qq $wj \qT $w]+#& Cq sD+ nqe#T.
<VsD s s> \T>T b<jTT&T = |<\T y{ d+ y\
|j + q\\| sX&T. |\\ sdTeTH&T |\ |< q|&T |\\ +
$<+ > {#s Y ssTT+qT>H yT\T sXsT. ~ Cq sD+ neT+<? B @+
n+{sT?
y ny |<\qT eT k+e qq dyX\ # > |j + sdqf ,
|\\ T nse ++> d+<s+> neds\qT>TD+> |<\ #+~q CH ]+#Tqf.
|\\T djT+> bZ+ CH ]+#TH eT+ {#sT jo\ u>keTT\T y*.
HsT H eT+ |\\ T dV yesD+, nu dq |jT bZ+ CH ]+#T+{sT.
]+#Te&+ #q\T, |Ps nqTuy \T n+ \ b bwksTT. |\\ T |+#&+ , &
HsT q < y\T|* nqTuy \ nqsTT+#Te&+, deTd\ $$< D # > d+~+#&+ .
n_bj\qT n<T+ > e ] +#&+ e+{ d+<s\ Cq sD+ sT>TT+~. Cq+ sT n+~+#~
<T. ~ dw+ #&~. |\\ eT~ ]> |jT \ <s ~ qeTeT+~. Cq+ $wjT +,
d+<s + $$< sb\qT * +T+~.
Cq sD+, de#s+ yTT<\>T n+X\ >T]+ CrjT $< |D[ #+ 2005 @+ #TT+<
#<+.
eT<y T q nqTue yT Cq+. ~ uw <s, ueH sb\T> @s& ns dwd T + ~.
|* +> eTq+ J$dTq ||+ # ns+ #dT e& |j >|& T T++~. CH eTq+
#sD |< T \T> < #q\ L&q Xs H| D+> L& u$+#e#T. ~ ed
<s de |s>eTH <V<+#dT + ~. #] eT+ eqe\T $$< #q\T, uy\T
30
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

>\ $Cq eTsT\ T>, ed #jT >\ deTsT\ T> |]D #+~ eT]+ CH ]+#THsT.
|\\ +<s Cq d+|<q T eT+ yT |qsT #dT y*. eT]+ deTs+ +>
||+ #+ eeV]+#+<T y*q eT] #q\T Be\ y] \_ksTT. |\\ T
CH eT+ m u>keTT\T y HsT y*. eT+ L& ysT u>keTT\T
y*. s|+ CH e\+ > #& n> CH j sT#dq >
u$+qf n~ de#s s|+ e] |\\ yT< <]bT+~. n|&T nud \T
e\+ de#s >V \T> essT. nu dq+ y] |yT jTyT$T +&<T . B _qyTq
<<+ +f ||+ # |]o*d, ||+ #+| d+~d, ||+ #+ |#d , u>keTT\e
HsT Hy> |\* #&>\ +.
3. Cq sD+ n+f?
|\\ T dV nud \T. eT #T q ||+ # d nHw+#&+ , |d+~+#&+ , +#&+ ,
$Xw + #&+ <s eT<q X* CH n_e~ #dT =+{sT. n> eT CH dH+> $w]+#>\
Xk eTs\T |\\ u\+ qT+& +T+~.
Cq+ * q |\\ T eTT #dq, $q, #~$q, bZq n+X\ qT+& b+~q nqTuy \qT
|\T$<\T>, qq+>, dCH+> e ] +#>* Z Cq sD+ ]qT u$+#*.
Cq sD+ n+f nu dqyT.
| s+ , de+ <s eTT b+~q CH eTT+<Ts n+~+#& eT+ |
Cq~ @ss#T+ nse+yTq Cq sD &&TT+~. CH nqTuy\ <s
ns+ #dT e&+, Cq d+d [+| #dT e&+ <s njT, d#yesD\ |\\ T CH
]+#T+{sT. Cq sD+ ke |]ds\ eTyTyT , n+<T |jT \T #dT q d+<s +
| \T#d , #dq | \qT y] ys d]~<T + |\\ T Cq sD+ #dT +{sT. e n+
dV +>H |\\ T #jT >\TZsT.
nse +yT q nu dq+ nH~ < |jT . ~ e\+ de#s y* rd |jT <T.
+#&+ , ucs|+ e ] +#&+ , \T sV+#&+ e+{$ nu dH+X\T. |\\ T #
$wj \qT >TsT+ #T+{sT ns+ #dT sT . J$ dyX\ nqsTT+#s T . n+<T C| +
+#Te&yT CqeTH ue T qT+& b<jTT\T jT|&*.
ueq\ n_e~ nH~ s+s+ ]> |jT . ueq\eT< d++<\qT @ss#T +, y{
ne>Vq #dT + y{ sD\T, |* \qT nHwd , eT yK sT\qT, <>\qT, $\Te\qT d$T[+
#dT + e ] +#&+ <s Cq $wsD sT>TT+~.
|\\ T eT CH $w]+#& &&$ #q, uw. $ $&BjTs n+X\T. <
{ eTT&|& q n+X\T.
31
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

uc|s+ > Cq+ n+f |\\ T eTT $q, #dq, #~$q n+X\ qT+&, nqTuy \ qT+& $$<
|j sb\ dH+> |<] +#&+ .
+<T $q&+, <s+> n+X\ >T]+ e{&& + , #<e &+, |+#&+ , +#&+ #]+#&+ ,
|d+~+#&+ , e ] +#&+ , |X+ d+#&+ , ns+ #dT e&+. q yK sT\T * +&&e TH$ $T&
+{sTT.
nu dqeTH~ &q, &y\ T|\, s+s+ > sT>TH +T+~. ~ |sd s |#s \<s
n_e~ #+<TT+~.
Cq sD+ |\ }V+#&+ , |\ q\T #jT &+, nHw+#&+ , |]X~+#&+ , |+#&+ , #]+#&+ ,
d<+rsD
#jT &+, |d+~+#&+ , deTV\ |#jT &+ yTT<\>Tq$ \ bbwksTT. Cq
sD+ |#s \T eTTKu $T bwksTT. |\\ T $Xw + #&, yU+#&, sT \ *d
HsT e& |#s \T &&sTT. +#&+ , #q\qT e ] +#&+ , Cq sD+ eTTKyTq ~.
djT+> u>keTT |\\ T CH ]+#T=H eT+ b<jTT\T j o\ u>keTT\T
>*Z y] b<q |sT>TT+~. HsT =H Xe\T qqT bZ+ CqsD+ #dT +{sT.
|+#&+ , & HsT q< jT nqTuy \ nqsTT+#Te&+, eTq+> +& +& |X
|\Ts\T> d+~+#&+ e q $wj \T> +#e#T, |\\ ne>Vq |s>& + +#&+
$ # \yT q yTT. |\\ s# T > eT nqTuy \ qT+>, |kse< e\ qT+> = =
#q\T edT+ {sTT. b<jTT q#$<+ > y{ #| &+ |\\ #> be#T ` |P]> *dq<,
<<| *dq < eT< n+s+ +T+~. n& Cq sD+ sT>TT+~. Cq+ H| D\T>
sb+s+ #+<TT+~. bsX\ y\T|\, +{, de+ eT< |#d eT+ keTs\T
|<T H sTT. M{ eTq+ >s$+#*.
4. uw Cq+ @ @ sb +T+~?
uw >qTuy \ <s+>, eTq n+sZ X \ , + |\\ T CH ]+#T+{sT.
~ $$< eeVs sb +T+~. uc eeVs sb\T, y>| * sb +{sTT. d+uw+#&+ ,
|qd+#&+ , y~+#&+ , #]+#&+ , |+#&+ , e]+#&+ ..... e+{$ y>b , *q< >T]+
sjT&+, yd+ sjT&+, K sjT&+, <sU dT sjT&+, s| + sjT&+, |
q\T sjT&+, <\ T,
b\T, > j\T sjT&+ e+{ * sb ucCq+ +T+~. n~ j e\ eT~ ]>
|jT \e\ >qTuy \ |H<T\| qeTeT+~.
5. Cq+ Vs nu dq+
mH nu dq d<+\Tq|{ d+w |jT qT ns+ #dT e&+ b<jTT\ ne>Vq
d\ u< + +~. |esH y<T\T #| qT |\\ T UT n, @MT sjT& q\\ nH $wj \qT
32
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

NCF 2005 eT]jTT APSCF 2011 s +<+> sd ]dTH
sTT. |\\ T |T H nH >& keTs\qT
*Z+{sT. |\\ T yj
T + > m+ w#d H yTT+ nu dq+ s>< T . |\\ T u<q q+e&
neT\T #jT& M\T|& |< X< |D[ sb+~+#T nedseT APSCF u$dT+~.
n++& ` nu dq eqsTq >+<\jT+, n+s\+bT |\\ *< + &T\T, b<jTT\T #q
de+ u>keT+ X< L&q |D[ neT\T nedse TT+~. |\\ T bsX \ e#eTT+< eT
n+'#q $wjT CH *Z +{sT. *< + &T\ |+|+ , |]ds\T |\\ CH =* b|~\esTT.
uc|s+ > L& d+w uc sD\qT de|s+ >H HsT = +{sT. nsTTH bsX \
jT $<+<+> |\\T esH $esD Cqs+> d]ksT. keqXg+, >DXg+
uw\T, |]ds\ $Cq+ e+{ $wj \ b<jTT\, deTejTdT\, *< + &T\ j o\ C+
< |\\ Cqs+>+ |]|Ps$ d + <T. |\\ |sd s#s \T k< |&& ns\ |jT \T
#j \ APSCF |b~dT+ ~. nu dq+ s+s |jT . eed d]> =qk+#b $<
n|]| #T#dT +T+~. $<q+ |\\ T ey d |< esdT + ~. |\\ T |Tq T+ eT>\
nu dqX |]o\q, >T]+#T, eZ] +#T yTT<q y{ |]ds\ qT+ HsT = $_q T
e ] ksT , =qkksT . eT&T d+es\ |\\ keTs\qT $Xw + qsTT uwqT ysD <wsV +>
|j+#&yT +&, d+<s+> q |< $jksT. ~ n_q+~+#*q n+X+.
<Ts< wy T eT+f b<jTT\T d n+^]+#sT . y] |esH y<T\T> <c++ qT+
eTs= <c++ y rdT= ysT . nqTsD , nud+ <s eyT uw \_dT + < nbV|& sT.
|\\ qT e\+ de#s >V \T> |]>D+ eTT Cq<\ u$ksT . ~ j o\, #sD

s+s nudq $<H _qyTq~. |\\ Cq sD syTq yde _q ne>Vq\qT
<s+#dT y*. +<T dT+> nse +yT q d+<s |]d T \qT |j +#*. | n+X\ <s+>
+~ ueq\qT se#T.
&, us+ |]d T \H |\ nu dq+ sT>TT+~.
s>sy T q nu dq yesD+H |\\ T n$T d d |]o\q\T #ksT .
|\\ nu dq+ $eTs\T, | \T m+#& +Z #*.
|\\ T nu dq+ <s eT bsbT yT \TdT= d]~<T H #&*.
$_q d+<s\ eTT deTTb]+q CH |\\ T $jksT .
6. Cq sD+ m|&T sT>TT+~?

a)
|Psueq / |Pss+>+ (Pertext)
@ bs+X+ >T]+#H ueq >T]+#H |\ |PsCq+ < nqTuy \T < ne>Vq +< n
s]+#Ty* b *+#*.
33
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

b)
|q *+Z #&+ (Urge creation)

|\\ T @ $wj H H, m+ +sy T H neds+ +f eTd+ eTT bZ+{sT, HsT +{sT.
{ y] |q qT (Urge creation) s*+#*. neds+ +f |q \TZT +~. d @s&TT+~.
uy< |+b+~+#&+ e\ L& |q \TZT +~.
c) eqd |jT (Mental Process)
Cq sD+ eqd |jT \ b bwk+~. |\\ +<s q' HsT >Z keTs *Z
+{sT. |\\ T n+<sT b\&+, eZ] +#&+ , $Xw + #&+ , d+Xw + #&+ , C| + +#Te&+, |qsT
#jT &+, s]+#&+ , e| s &+, >T]+#&+ , k<sD ] +#&+ , }V+#&+ , \HX e+{ n+sZ
keTs\qT *Z Hsq $wjT + + eTT+< eTq+ #]+#TH+. M{ e\ |\\ eTqdT nH
#s \T sT>TsTT. |\\ yT< H&D
C\+ C Hq |&T y{ |sd s #s \T, |jT \T
#T#dT =+{sTT. = +<\qT @ss#T =+{sTT. d+<s + j
T n+X eTq+ Cq+ n
|\TdT+ {+. H& DC\+ (Neurons) eTy\+f d, |q , uy< qTe&+ neds+ .
<s CqsD+ sT>TT+~. n +& X> e\+ de#s >V d H&D
C\+ +
b+<<T . e\+ de#s | + #dT +T+~. Be\ m+{ nqTuy \T \T>e. sDq Cq
sD+ L& s>< T .
{ |\\ T eT n+sZ X \ qT Mq +yT s $j+#TH, eqd |jT \T ]>
#&*. +<T nedse T>T yesD+ *+q|& ~ k< eTeT+~. |\\ T uj
T sV yT q d#|P ]
yesD+ eyT eT n+sZ X \ qT $j+#>\ TZsT.
d) +|Cj
T &+
Cq sD+ ~ eTs= \+X+. k<sD+> +#& <T\T, $_q D
+|Cj
T &+e\ |\\ T CH dw+ #T>\TZsT.
e ) bV+#&+
, neX+ *+#&+ , |\* u>keTT\qT #jT &+ L& Cq sD jT n
eTTKyTq n+X\T
7. Cq sD+ s>& s> >~ yesD+ m +&*?

+~ |s #<e +&
$< bdT <sH, b<jTT& <sH #sy d edTe <T. yTq $< |\\ u,
k+d + dw+ #&TT+~. < +T+~. *< + &T\, b<jTT\, { |\\ ,
de+ Hs | |#s \ <s n~ eT $d+ b+<TT+~. +{ $< |{w + >, |\ |<+ >
+T+~. |jT b<jTT\ bqT, Wq eTq+ >T]+#*. ds | s # *. CqdeTTbsq
m|& |sd s+> +T+~. |<\ +f |\\ T u> |]o*ksT . u> >V ksT . CH
dw+ #&+ yq keTs, bqT eTq+ >T]+#*. Hq =~ ne>Vq |\\
e{&+ e\H \_++< nqTue + #TTHqT.
b.jTXb, CrjT bs |D[`2005
ks< d+|T + n< \T
34
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

u n+X #~ysT <! k] +#+&. de#s b+~, < d\\+ bT
\ +#T=H C| H Cq+> u$dT+ &&+ H&T eTq+ #dTq <! BH ne>Vq n L& |]>D+ #&+
sT>T+~. yde +> Cq+ nH~ dw+ #&~. #q\ <s <$ +#~. CH dw+ #Te&+
eTq |\\q X nbsyTq~. b+< nqTuy\ <s, #q\ <s |\\T m+ CH
dw+ #T+THsT.
|\\ T &y\ T| < & seTT+<T ]| |#s \ <s, eT n+sZ X \ <s CH
dw+ #T=+THsT. e\+ de#s >V +#&+ eyT |+#&+ , +#&+ , |#s \T s|& + ,
<s eTq Cq|]~ eT]+ $d |s T +{s + eTT+<T n<j #]+#TH+.
|jT \ < $<H\ eTq s> ><T @ kq+ +<? nd\T neX+ +<? |\\ T
eTq Cq+ <s+> < eT]+ $d |s T e& neX+ +<? CqsD+ s>&
M\jT eTq s> >~ |jT \T +&\+f, eTq+ @+ #j *? < eTq s> >~ |jT \T
m +&*? +#+&!
n) Cq sD+ ` |dT |]d $Xw D
|dT + eTq s> ><T nqTd]dTq u<q `nu dq |jT \T Cq sD &&TTHj?
<+! eTq s> ><T @+ sT>TTq~? s> , j bs+X\qT m u~dT H sT? b<jTT\T
#<e &+, $e]+#&+ , =+ nud+ #sTT+#&+ , ] |+#&+ k<sD+> sT>T+~. $ +
#dTq u<H u dq |jT \ #+~q rsTqT\T < nqTuy \T. |jT Cq sD q
b<q m+? Cq sD | |jT \T @ dV ]ksTT? +#+&.
s + > #b\+f, |< q+> |dT + eTq s> ><T de#s n+~+#&+ , < C| +
|T& && $<H\| <w |&+ , m+yT s C| + |T Hs |+ #&+ e+{$ u<H u dq
|jT \+X\jsTT. C| + +#Te&yT |se s+ > eTq $<H\T HjTH~ yde +! Be\
Cq sD neX+ \_+#&+ < #| e#T.
C| + +#Te&+ eyT Cq+ <T n eTq+ q$T, eTs+ #j \H #q\
ls+ #Te#T. n< ds d+ n q$T < #Tf |]u$ Td, Cq sD de~{ q
yseTe+!
{ de#s+ n+~+# e\ T> b<jTT\T, < d]+# ysT> |\\ T, M{ |{w | ] #
$<H\T u<H u dq |jT #T#dT H |]d |dT + H\= +<q ydy >T]<+! B qT+
m jT|&, <+!
35
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

) = dyX\T ` $Xw D
+< = s> >~ dyX\T HsTT. M{ |]o*<+! $Xw + #T<+!
dyX+ `1
n~ se s> . b<sTT&T \T>T dTuw se[ bs+ |<\T +~ $<+ >
u~+#&T.
|< + s>jT T+ > b&+~. |\\ qT qe b&eT+~. qq |<\ ns\T ssTT++~. |<\
uy\qT q\\| sd+~. |\\ + < eTeT HTT sdT=HsT. s |<\
>T]+ = |X \T n&+~. |\\ T de<H\T #bsT.
dyX+ `2
eTs= bsX \ n~ L& se s> ! eTs= b<sTT&T m u~+#&, |]o*<+!
b<jTT&T yTT< |\\ qT y] *q |<\qT b&eTHsT. s |<\ >T]+

|\\ # e{&+ #&T. |<\+f wy T H? m+<Tw+ ? y] *q |< @ |< + u>
q+< #| eTH&T. n ................ e{&+ #&T. <T |] dTuw se[
eT]= |<\qT b&T<e n n&>&T. < |\\ + ds qHsT.
|\\ qT H\T>T T\T> $u +#&T.
= T |< + {sTT+#&T.
yTT<{ T e >\ y +fqT
s +& T $q<>T HesT #| q
dTeTr
dTeTr
eT& T |] qT|seTT
dTeTr
nf HZ T qTeTT $]>H
$qTsye T
|\* j #]+#T= |< s>jT T+ > b&TqT nud+ #jT eTH&T.
s = |< #]+ s>jT T+ > b&eTH&T.
<T |] qTL&, s>jT T+ > b&&T.
@ TysT u> b&sT? n #]+#&T.
36
|\\ qT H L#= *jT |<\qT sjTeTH&T. |<\ ns\T *d sjTeTH&T.

y *jT+f |T +Te #d sjTeTH&T.
|\\ T eTT +, #]+ |<\ sdq ns\qT #sT | sd |<] +#eTH&T.
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
n ysT #| q s, = |\y &, yTT<{ |< +, e>\ y+fqT

dTeTr uy k+e sjTeTH&T.
s ] HTTqT eTs=] eeTH&T. #~$+#&T.
mesT u> sXs #]+#&T.
> $T> |<\ uy\qT L& |\ #]+ sd #k&T, #| +#&T.
| s +&T dyX < u<H u dq |jT u> n++~? m+<T? @ dyX+ |\\ T
+#& me neX+ \_++~? Cq sD @ dyX+ neX+ \_++~? +#+&.
k<sD+> |dT + nqTd]+# u<H u dq |jT \T yTT<{ dyX+ $. ydy yTT<{ dyX+ ,
|\\ +#&, |Ps ueq\ <s+>, |\\ T eT+eTT> Cq sD+ #dT e&
neX+ \_dT q <? nqTuy \ b|~> nu dq+ sT>TTq<? +#+&! |\\ de#s
n+~+#&+ +f, ysT +#T= eT+eTT> Cq+ ]+#TH u<H u dq |jT \T +&*.
s +&e dyX $Xw d, $wjT + u<| & T + ~.
eTq s> ><T @ $wj #+~q u<H u dq |jT HH +~ u<H eT+ sVd Cq
sD+ sT>TT+~.
a)
|Psueq\ sD+ (Pertext)
eTq Cq |]~ $d |s T e&, |PsnqTuy \T < ueq\T *Z +&&+ neds+ . n+f

|\\ T >V +# $wj #+~q |Pse>Vq < |H~ +&&+ | Cq sD+ <s|& +T+<
>V +#*. { b<jTT\T | d]> |\\ q |PsqTuy \T @$T{? @ yTs j n+X\|
ne>Vq *Z Hs |]o*+#*. <: eTq+ > #+~q ys #~$ m +T+~? n< {
#+~q ys #~$ m +T+~? @~ u> nse TeT+~? m+<T? +#+&.
{ #+~q |Ps Cq+ <, ne>Vq |\\ +T+~ {, ysq T #~$, |\\ T u>
ne>Vq #dT>\TZsT. n< >qT >T]+ #~$ n+ u> ns+be#T. B sD+
>qTue +>, ne>Vq> b e&+ n #| e#T.
{ Cq+ nH~ n+ eTT+<T j e\ q nqTuy \ MT<, ne>Vq\ MT<, #q\ MT<
]+#&TT+< |s=qe#T. yTT< |PsCq+ Hj <? n s]+#* +T+~. y
nTe+{ |H~, |Psueq\T < nqTue + < ne>Vq qsTT, M{ ]+#* +T+~.
n+f <VsD > ysq T #<e & eTT+<T, <| #ss|+ nqTuy *+Z , $wj
ne>Vq|]q |<| n+X #<e eT+f, ne>Vq #dT e& neX+ +T+~.
37
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

b<jTT\T @ $wjT +HH Cq sD+ #sTT+#&, < #+~q |Psueq\ >T]+
|]o*+, s]+#T=q sH nu dq se\qT sV+#*. +<Td+ bs |d \H bs\
bs+u+ qTFsD + / dyX+ e+{$ #ssT. |\\ bs+X e d++~+q n+X+
>T]+ #s sV+#&+ , yT<eT<q + e+{ |qT\ |Psueq\ sD+ +< eksTT.
b) |Psueq\, bs+X ueq\qT d+<q+ #j
*
(Contextualisation of pretest with texual part)
nu dq dyX\T sD+> +&\+f |Psueq\qT < ueq\ |Ps s+>, |H<T\qT
>T]+#* +T+~. B <s+> bs+Xu eq\qT ]+#TH #j *. s +& dyX+ @+]+<
k] ne+#+&. |\\ *q |<\qT b&+#&+ , y{ <s+>, bs+X+ |<\qT
s>jT T+ > b&eTq&+ ]+~. |\\ T yT #]+#T=, |< s> ss TT+#&+ , s]+#T=
b&&+ ]+~. n+f >qTuy \ |H<T\ <s+> Cq sD+ ]+~. y |\\ |<\qT
m s>jT T+ > #<y *jT+f, yTT< ~ #jT >Z #&* +T+~. s |<\qT
s>jT T+ > b&eTqe#T. |Psueq\qT, nqTuy \qT bs+Xu eq\ nqTd+<q+ #j *
+T+~. bs d++~+q e+ , d+<X+ , eeVss b\ >T]+q #s \ <s, bs+X
<X + , H|< \ <s bs+ $wj |Psueq\ eT< d++< k|+ #*.
C) CH D
(Cognitive apprentiship)
|\\ T CH ]+#Te&+ b<jTT\T eT dV s, dV j n+~+#* +T+~.
n+f |\\ T +#& bV+#*. y] #q\qT eTB] +#*. <: |< b&&+
m T b&e# $+, y] eT]= T L& b&eT bV+#*.
|\ bs #<e &+, ns\T >V +#&+ , { y] #]+#&+ , b<jTT\ #]+#&+ e+{
#s\ <s |\\ CH D y*. |\ bs #<e&+, bs+X |]o*+#&+,
<<s uy }V+#&+ , bs+ $wjT + b\&+ <s CH D
b+<TsT.
+<TqT>TD+> bs |d \ $<sT\ d#q\qT b+<T|s# sT. |sq \T, ns >V D+ d+
q n+X\T CH D d++~+q$.
d) u>keT nu dq+ (Collaborative Learning)
|\\ T due eT{ y] >&| & w| & sT. b<$ Tq ksTT |\\ T e\+
*+&&y T ><T, eT nqTeH\qT, deTd\qT L& {y] #]ksT . e, |]cs\ d+
|jT ksT . s + > #b\+f |\\ T mH $wj \qT eT {y] <s nu dks . > n<jT+
L& #]+#TH+. CqsD+ |#s \ b >T]+ L& e{&T H+. n+f, |\\ T eT
{y] #s \T s|& + <s HsT =+{s CH ]+#T+{s #]+#TH+!
{ u<H u dq |jT \T u>keT nu dH neX+ *+#*. n+f |\\ T eT{ y]
#]+#&+ , e{&& + , * +#& neX\T *+#*. +<Td+ T |qT\qT sV+#*.
@ $wjT + >T]+#H , |X *e&+, +#eTq&+, < |+#eTq&+, \T #jT eTq&+, deTd
k~+#eTq&+ e+{$ T #sTT+#e#T. <s u>keT nu dq+ #T #dT =+T+~. u>keT
nu dq+ e\ |Ck$T $<H\qT bVdT+ ~. n++& *|#jT &+, * +#&+ ,
deTkk<q , $Xd+ e+{$ L& |+b+<TsTT. |\\ T eT{ |\\ H ><T, b<jTT\
38
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

L& #]dT+ {sT. { u>keT nu dq+ |\ <T, b<jTT\T L& u>keTT! |< q+>
u<Hudq |jT bs+X $wjT+ >T]+ #]+#|&T, nuk\qT #d|&T |\\+
u>keTT\jT #&*. +|C d |X \<s, VQ de<H\T e# |X \ <s |\\ +
eqd+ > u>keTT\jT, ++#TqT bV+#*. e> , |P], T \T n+<T
< +q$. |\\ T bZH bC | q T\T, #s \T, |P] s> >~ \T, T \T yTT<\>Tqe
u>keT nu dH |+b+~+#& <V<|& sTT.
e ) VQ |d+<q\T, #q\ sbe&+ (Multiple manifestations)
|\\ T e> + > @$T +#>\ s < sb e>Z*. n+f, ysT eT #q\qT
VsZ | s *. BH e> y T q ~> #| e#T. nf T |qT bZ u>keT nu dq+ e\ L& eT
#q\qT eTB]+#T+{sT. $_q D +#>\TZsT. #q\ sb,
e| s >Z*. VsZ e TjT Cq+ $$< eeVs sb +T+~. Cq sD+ eT|<
sT>TT+T+~, ee TeT+T+~. bs+X $wjT + >T]+ #s ]||&T \|< \T, d+<X
y\T, $\Te\ d++~+q n+X\>T]+ VQ |d+<q\T e# +|C d |X \T n&>*.
n+<] e{&+ #*. y{ &] +#*. +<T bs\ djTs#q , dH e s D
, |X+ d
e+{ nuk\T eT]+ <V<|& sTT.
f) ssD
|\\ T s> ><T e> + > +#&+ , +#&+ , y{ e| s &+ e\ Cq

sD+ sT>TT+~. < $$< sb VsZ | s T dT+ {sT. ~ edT duy\qT { $$< $wj \
Cq u+&>s+ y + ~. eT+ |\\ T yT+ >V +#s, eT eTT s]+#T>Z*.
s]+#T>*qZ |& u<H u dq |jT \T |\ |<y T q T> u$+#*. #~$q n+X+ >T]+, $q
n+X+ >T]+ $Xw + #&+ , n_bj\T #| &+, ssD
\ se&+, de#s |{ \ T +|&+ e+{$
+<T <VsD\T> |s=qe#T. |\\ T sdq n+X\ >T]+, djT s#q |X \ de<H\T,
dH e s D
\qT s> #]+#*. M{ b<jTT&T |P] s> #s <s d]~<*.
d]~~q y{ <s+> |\\ T eTT sdq y{ b\T=+{sT. eTT m sjT>ZsT ? @$T ns+
#dT =Hs ssD
eksT . nf bs+ |Pss TTq s eTT @yT+#jT >\s, @yT+ #jT s djT
eT+q+ nud+ <s ssD s>\>TsT.
8. s> >~ nqjTq+

n) Cq sD+ ` $<|D[ nqTesH \T (Implication of the curriculum)
$< eed |\\ T, b<jTT\T \yT q e\ T. |\\ T #d ss \ |qT\T, |sd s #s \T |\\
nu dH |u $+ #ksTT. |\\ qT Cq s\T> u$+q|&T b<jTT\, bs |d \,
u<Hudq |jT\ >TDyTq esT\T #T#dTy*. $<jTT \+ |\\qT |\
j sT#jT &+ <T. |\\ Cq sD u<H u dq |jT \T &&*. $ nH sq
nqTuy \qT *+#*. |\\ T bsX \ e# es =+ CH *Z +{sT. B <s+> s>
u<H u dq |jT \T+&*. |\\ uw |jT \yT + ~. s> >~ |\\ uw Cq sD
|j >s + > +&*. uc s> <\ T, > j\T, \jT<y T q b\ e+{ eeVss b\
ucdeTTbsq s>*. $ uwqT |\\ n\esTksTT.
39
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

) bs |d \ b
|dT bs |d \T n~ de#s+ +& $<sT\ n+sZ X \ $k, Cq sD
n+> dV ]+#T<q ~ |\Te] n_bjT+. ||+ # ne>Vq #dT e&+ $eTsH #H
$<H kq+ +& bsTT+~. $< e\+ bs |d \ |]$T+ nsTT+~. eT+ #&T \ $#D
#jT T L& n+> b<q \_+#< T . |]d | &TqeT\, }V\ <]#|T+~.
$wjT + bs |d \ b m+ eTTKyT+ < \TdTy*. bs |d \ <s @ $\Te\T |\\
neds+ . Cq sD nqT>TD+> bs |d \qT m sb+~+#*? |\\ # |j >s + >
bs |d \qT m jT sT#j *? nH$ # \yT q $wj \ >T]+#*. bs |d sD+
$wj \ | dw # neds+ . $<, $wjT |D[\qT neT\T]| k<q + bs |d + n n+<]
*dq $wjT yT. $<\\qT k~+#&+ u<H u dq |jT \ esZ s X q + #jT &+ bs |d \T
eTe+T bqT sV+#*.
eT, eTs k+|<sTT \ T nH+ de+ HsTT. $ de+ n&T >T
deTV\sTTq >\ , ]qT\, d\ HsTT. M+{ bs |D[ n+q + #j *.
Be\ y] #H <s+ s qeT+~. M{ kjT+ y] $ksy T q |]cs\qT,
H| D\qT, keTs\qT |+b+~+#e#T. <s j n+X =< H +|
&&qyseTe+. bsX \ nH~ ns dT\ $Xw> T D+ *qZ ~ nsTTq|{ d+|<jT,
ss dT\qT s + #d~ +&L &<T . bsX \ ns\ eT H| D\T, d+|<j\T,
\ b<qy* ` NCF`2005, | 27.
d+<s + > sh $<|D[ |]~ |+ bs |d \ >T]+ +~ |b<q\THsTT.
|\\
nu dq+ bs |d \ |]$T+ L&<T .
|\\
>qTuy \qT, |PsCH, n+sZ X \ qT |j +#&, k |]ds\ *d
|#jT T bs |d \T $d neX\qT *+Z #*.
bs |d
\T |\ #H H| D\T |+b+~+|Cd VT<+ > $#D
eeV]+#+<T
dV]+#*.
$wjT |]Cq+bT, | nqTue
+, k \ T, kV+, Cq|< $Cq+ yTT<q ke
CH+X\bT k de Xdj
T #sD
\qT |_+_+#, bs |d \T +&*.
CqsD $<H\T, yd$
d\ <s+> ]q y{ s|D\T |\\ T ne>Vq #dT y*.
bs |d + n+<T <V<|& *.
de+ $$< esZ\ k+|T jTe\T, y] Cq|<
T \T bs |d \ |_+_+#*.
&T>T, nD>]q esZ\ ke H|<+, d+d , d+|<j\T, #s\T bs|d\
|_+_+#*. q esZ\ y] ueq\T M]| sT< L &<T . bs |d \T +{ n deTd\|
X< eV+#*.
bs |d
\T X +<+> +&\ n+<s n+{sT. $<sT\ d \ T, n_sT #T\T, nu dHX* ,
y{ eT\T, H|< + ` bs |d \qT n_e~|s &+ \+X\T y*.
40
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
<s+> bs |d \T+&*. <s u<q nH~ #sbjT+ e+> $T*bL&<T .

# d+<s\ \H$ nss V j+ |jT \ <]rdTH sTT. eTH~ #qqT
s +# +&* ns ~~+#&y , bs #~$+#&y , keT $<]eTT+<T |&j
T &y
<T. + $<] #q s +#*. nu dqqT nse ++> #j *. u$ w<] > ssD
VTe\qT qT>=H~ +&*. eTq sh $<|eD\T, sh $<|D[ |]~ |+ 2011
|s+> $< dV s ueqqT, X+, $\Te\qT, eqeV\qT >s$+#*. bs |d + eqe
V\qT >s$+ |\\ H |esq qT |+b+~+#~> +&*.
|\\
T deTq |]d T \qT ne>Vq #dT y*. |#sk<H e# deTd\qT |\\ T $Xw +
ns+ #dT >\>*. bs |d \T +{y{ <V<|& *.
$< <s de+ $_qesZ\T n_e~ #+<*. @< esZ
#+~q Cq+ bs |d +
+&L &<T . nD>]q esZ\sTTq d\ T, <[T\T, | neds\T >\ |\\ T, ns\ n\d+U
esZ |\ +~s+ > bs |d + +&L &<T .
|dT
|]d T \ ||+ NsD , |y { s D H|< + $< ybs yT+ ~. $< |sT nqeds
|#s s D\ |\T <|& *neTHsT. $< nH~ |\\ qT de d+ e T+ d+ |#d
u< jTTyT q bsT\qT j sT#dT + <? y< T \qT, +sq T, s <>T\qT j sT#dT + <?
n |X \T de+ n&T>T+~. de+ _q esZ\ _q y+#\ T HsTT. *< + &T\T eT
|\\ T eTH yTsT> q n_e~ #+<\ sT+{sT.
| \ d<s+>H bs |d \T sb+~+#&sTT.
edTe de+ >\ $\TeqT >T]+ (k+|T , k+d , k+<s , ] beTTK\T
*) e&+ q H| D+ edT sD+ #k&T . edT\ u Cq+, edT j HD,
edTe <s , edT q Cq+, bs+u+ qT+ e]< sD |D[ eT]jTT neT\T]|
Cq+, k+ H| D\ |j >+, sT \ H| D\qT nqTL\+> eT\#TH H| D+, nedsy T q
|eTT sVD, HD| , dq|, Xw | e T | <&y T q sj
T + *Z +{&T.
& e+{ & u <V <sT& +bT, &jTe\ CH, q k+ VTqT,
Xs H| DCH e ] +# |D[qT, T dV s ueqqT, s T\qT n+#Hyd,
> *# ePVs#q #d CH *Z +T+~. ` NCF`2005, | 26.
) u<H u dq |jT \T m +&*?
Cq sD NCF e&q steps <s+> u<H u dq $<H\qT ss TT+#&y T q ~.
nqTuy \T eT]jTT |PsCq+ <s deTejTdT\sTTq |\\ T, |sd s Cq$eTjT+ #dT +{sT.
ysT e> + >HH , deTV+HH |sd s #s \<s ne>VqqT b+<TsT. eTT+<+ yjT >\TZsT.
CH u$ w<s H dT>eTq+ #jT >\TZsT. |+ sD\T \TdTe&+ e\ VT< <<,
uy ne>VqqT n\esT+{sT. ysT #s <s ne>Vq d++~+q ssD d++<\qT
$e]ksT . $<H nqTd]+ |\\ T eT<q d+ ne>Vq CH ]+#T+{sT. $<q+
|]|Ps esT b<jTT\ b nedse TT+~. |\\ nqTeH\qT e #jT & y] dV
41
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

nud> + #s\ HjT+ eV+#&, nHwD+> |+#& bV+#*.
b<jTT&T |\\ *| |#d , y] u>ke bVd, e s D
\<s, q yK sT\qT
#| u<H u dq+ \+X\qT *jTCb*. n|& b<jTT\T eT |]X< \T> dV s
nud \T> d#q*#y]> sb+<>\ sT.
|< q+> uw u<H u dq |jT \T |\* +|Cj
T T, e ] +|Cj
T T &&*.
y{ dH e s D
&&*. +<T bs+ $wj |]$TyT , <H $e]+#&+ e\
|jq+ +&<T. #~$q $wj ns+#dT=q |\\T s #s bZH*. n+X\qT
$Xw + #>\ >*. j n+X\| eT n_bj\T #| >\>*. $ / s#s TT <X >V +#>\ >*.
deTq n+X\ nqsTT+#>\ >*. $ ]> u<H u dq |jT \T +&*. { bs+
$wjT + >T]+ |\\ T eTT+<T>H #~$ #s bZq& d<+ #j *. #s \T, \T, nHwD\T,
|#s \ L& u<H u dq |jT \qT b<jTT\T nqTd]+#*.
CqsD |jT |d+<q u<q (Reflective teaching) neds+ .
|d+~+# u<q \D
\ >T]+ CH &j (John Deway) +< $<+ > d+#sT.
1) <X \T, |s ekH\T : u<q |\\ T | d++<+ \ysT>, <X \ |s ekH
>T]+#ysT> eT]jTT k+ |]|PsT\ T> r]~<T T +~.
2) #jT |< (Cyclical method) : u<q #jT , d]\ |< T \T * +T+~. b<jTT
u<q eT+q+, |qXsD, s+s+ > sT>TT+~.
3) nHwD keTs + (Competence in Classroom Inquiry) : u<q nHwD keTs +
neds+ B <+X de#s dsD
, $Xw D
, eT+q+, |d+<q, |D[ s#q ,
ks\ \q e+{ #s \T +{sTT.
4) u<q | yK ] (Attitude towards teaching) : |d+~ u<q $X\ ueHyK ],
u< jTTyT q dV <jT + nedse TT+~.
5) b<jTT\ sj
(Teacher Judgement) : |u eo\yTq u<q {+> b<jTT\
sj
<seTT+~. sj
b<jTT\ eTD
*qZ n+s<Y w |, y]
djT+|d+<q\| b + > <s|& +T+~.
6) dV #sT \ nu dq+ (Learning with Colleagues) : dV #sT \ d+uwD, nqTuy \qT
<#Te&+ dV s+ <s |d+~ u<q sT>TT+~. e|s nu dq+ |+b+<TT+~.
) $eTsH u<q Xg+, nqTesH \T (Critical pedagogy, its implications)
$$< ke n+X\|, ueq\| ne>Vq, eT\sD\ ne>Vq |\\# T>
|+|#j
*. #s \T #|{ *. (Arguments) y<q n+X\| keTV+> +|#j
*. <
$eTsH ($Xw D
) u<q $<q+. $<sT\ T eT| b<jTT\ |H |+#T #d
d+<V \qT, n|qeT\qT e#j
T & <V<|& T T+~. $<] $eTsH #q <V<]
neT+~. Ira Shore (1992) |s+ $<] sjT&+, e{&& + e+{ y{ |]$T+ +&, y{
ns\ |]~ <{ T\H+>, # q + k&T . $<] nbV\T, }Vu eq\ qT+ u |&
yT<d+| |+#T+{&T. j n+X\ n+ss\T, y{ eT\sD\T, k+|T |]d T \qT, #s \jTT
42
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|s ekH\qT, edTe \qT, d+|T q\qT, |jT \qT, nqTuy \qT, |D[, bs $wjT +, jTe\T,
VQ |#sk<H \T < eeVs\ >T]+ |\\ T ne>Vq #dT =+{&T.
$eTsH u<H Xg+ eTTK <X + $<]\qT deTs+ >, Xe +T> j sT#jT &yT , y]
d# e&yT . y\ qT+&, u<\ qT+& $eTT\ qT #jT &yT . n+<Te\ $<sT\ Cq sDeT+<T
d+|<jT u<H |< T \ b n |]$TyT + ~. sT \ d+d >s$+#&+ , eT yT, ||+ #
$_q <D\ $eTsH+> |]o*+#&+ L& $<\\ {. $eTsH u<q Xg+
|\\ nD>]q |& |\ d+d ns+ #dT e& <V<|& T T+~.
Xg dV #sT \ kjT+ nD>]q |& e sZ\ T+u\ |\\ T y] y] d+d , #], y]
y$ < |eT\ T, eT+, ysd \D
\qT D+> \TdT+{sT. ysd $\Te\ d+eTD |u y
y] J$\| *dZ T + ~. ysT deTsT\ T e& <V<|& T T+~.
$< nH~ z $<+ > sjT D+ \~. $eTsH u<q Xg+ $< #T |]u$ T+#
sjT eeVs\| |\\ T, b<jTT\qT n|eTT\ qT #dT + ~. ~ sjT ueq\qT ns+ #dT H
#dT + ~. deC ns+ #dT =H X dT+ ~.
$eTsH u<q Xg+ nqTesH \T :
CqsD $eTsH u<H Xg+ ePV+> |#dT + ~.

|d+~ #H H| D\T, $eTsH #H H| D\T, VQD $Xw + # #H
H| D\T $eTsH u<H Xg+ |< qb eVksTT. H| D\qT |+b+~+#& u<H u dq
|jT \T <V<|& *.
< : s> $ |< + m+<T sd +{&T? |< + sjT&+ yqT>\ <w D+ @$T{? $
s#q \ e\ H{ ke |]d m +&< u$dTH sT? bs+ | MT n_bj\T @$T{?
MTs @+#ksT ? e+{ +|C d |qT\ <s |\ $eTsH << |+b+~+#e#T.
$<sT\ J$qTue +, djTCq+ +{jT, n$ Cq sD+ \b eVkjT q $wjT +
b<jTT\T *d=jTT+&*. | d]> @ bs+ u~dT H , e d++~+q |Psueq\
| ne>VqqT |]o*+#*. y] nqTuy \qT #| +#*.
$<eed y| \qT < bsX \ $<sT\ y| \qT +~+#&y ysT s> >~ q
CH+X\| $eTs#jT T L&<T . |\\ T nqTuy \ b<q y*. s> ><T L& \
|X \T n&>& + , yT<eT<q + s|& + , ueq\ \qT ]+#&+ <s |\\ nqTuy \ kq+
*+#e#T.
b<jTT&T ` $<], $<] ` b<jTT&T nq ueq b<jTT&T L& HsT y\q
n+X H= #| + ~. HsT q e eyT u~+#>\ TZ&q ueq \|&*. b<jTT\+f
e\+ $wj n+~+#y&T>H, u< &>H |]$T b bw+#s<T. |\\ qT +|Cj
*.
qT L& +#*. |\\T d#> |+# neX\T *+#*. |\\ |X\ <s+>
qTL& +#*.. |\\ *d |#j *. <s b<jTT& <s |\\ T, |\\ <s
|\\ T, |\\ <s b<jTT&T HsT =H yesD+ H\=+T+~.
43
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
$eTsH u<H |jT \qT neT\TCd b<jTT&T +~ $<+ > +{&T.

b<jTT\T e|
>seue+ *Z +{&T.
b<jTT\T $<]jT T d+d , |PsCq+, uckeTs\qT \TdT=qT b<qk&T .
b<jTT\T m\|
& |ue+Tq |]X< &T\T y*.
nu dq deVs+ nH~ deTk |]cs |<
. +<T deTd\qT >T]+#T, |]cs esZ\qT
nHw+#T, #sD |D[\ s|\ q, < neT\T, eT+q+ nHy{ neT\T|sT ksT .
qT d, |\\
qT +|Ck &T . q #s \T sVk&T . q n_bj\qT sT<& T .
) ke sD y<+ (Social Constructivism)
$$< $wj \T, n+X\| eTq ue\qT de+ e\ #s \<s, |]o\q\<s *d
#jT &+ <s HsT qy. eTq Cq+, ke+>, $$< e\ |sd s #s \T, *d |#jT &+,
|]o\q\ <s b+~q<. < $\Te\T eT]jTT sT \ m e{&*? de+ m q&#T y*?
+{ u< \T yTT<\>Tq$.
ke sDy<+ nH~ keXg d<+\| ne>Vq *Z +&T. ~ k<sD
CqsD yd$ J$ nqsTTdT+ ~. $<sT\ T deTV\T> @s& nu dq+ q
u>keT d+d , ne>VqqT ]+#T+{sT. $<] +{ d+d jT+<T eT>T& $$<
<X\ d+d jT+<T u>k$T n>T |jT k&T n Lev Vygotsky (1896`1934) nHsT.
u<q nu dq nqTesH \ $wjT yT $<eTHyC Xgy\ T ke sD y< n< jTq+
#XsT. sD nH~ |\\ |s_e~ k<q d++~+q d<+\ (|esH y<+, ke
nu dq ke sD+) |eTTKyTq ~. ~ Jean Piaget |b~+q d+CH |s_e~ d<++|
<s|& +~. Piaget |b~+q H\T>T n_e~ <X\ d<++ sD> H >T]+|b+~+~.
y<+ |\\ T eT+ eTT b|+ ne>VqqT |+#T+{sT. ke sD+ |\\ $d+
s n+X\qT, d+d eTT&T=+T+~.
Vygotsky's q s#q
\sTTq Mind in Society (1930, 1978) Thought and Language (1934, 1986)
|\\ sD duy >] Piaget @u$ +#&T. u<H u dq+ $<] +B s>
+&\q ueq ke sD d<++ <s+. s> >~ $<sT\ # keTV #s \T
s|& + <s nH |j H\THsTT. B <s $<] k<sD ] +#&, s> jT+<T nu dq
<sTT+| s|& eT]jTT eT ue |ds D >=| |H<T\T ]+#T+{&T. djT eTD ,
djT sj
\ \ bZqT d |+#T+{&T. $<sT\ qTFsD qT, keTV
H| D\qT, deTk |]cs keTs\qT #s \T |+b+~ksTT. sy T q nu dq+ HsT q $wj \qT
$<sT\ T e{&T T+f $Cq nqTuy \T =\b+& +#TT+~. { u<H u dq |jT \T
+<TqT>TD+> es*. #]+#&+ , T|q T\T sV+#&+ , |\\ T |]o\q\T #jT &+, ]|s qT |d \T
#<$ n_bj\T #| &+, #s bZq&+, sT \ qT+& de#s d]+#&+ e+{$ u<H u dq
|jT #T#dT y*.
44
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

}) b<jTT b
+es Cq sD+, Cq sb\T, Cq sD |]d T \T >T]+ \TdTH+. sD
nu dq+ n+f eTq nu dq dyX\T Cq sD <V<|& *. ~ s>& + b<jTT\ b
\yT + ~. b<jTT\T nu dq+ dV u>keTT\T. qT e\+ u< \T>, yV\T>, de#s+
n+~+# e\ T> esL &<T . |\ Cq sD+ s|& ds q nu dq yesD *+#*.
bV\T> eeV]+#*, |\\ *dbZH*. |\\ T |P]> eqd+ > nu dq\ eT>eTjT
#&*. |\\ T y] d \ <s+> nu dq |jT eT>eTjT #&*. <Ts< we XT |\T
d+<s\ \ |sT b<jTT\T ds , dH | <w |sT . s# T > bs |d \
de<H\T | , s de<H$ L& ds q $ e u$ksT . |\T D de<H\T+f y{
m n+^]+#*? n y~ksT . $<y T q $+&y<+ nu dH, < ns |]$T+ #dT + ~.
eTq $<u<q , #sD e\+ bs |< \ |]$TyT + ~. ~L& e\+ eT~+| #jT <q
|esq \ k<q dyT . <wq qTd]+ |\\ qT D b+< bDT\T>H < eTq+ sb+~+#
se sV+# +|PsT>H u$dTH +. Be\ bs+X\ CH+X\qT eTT\T
eTT\T> #d HsT > +sd + #sTT+#&+ , < @y = \T #sTT+, y] C| X | |&+
sT>T+~. u<q nH~ Vs]jT H kbH\ |]$TyT eTdbdq $<+ > esTTq~. $<q+
es*.
u<H u dq |jT \T |\\ d \ T, ksTT, y$ < \ nqT>TD+> \ L& +&*. nu dq+
|\\+<s u>keTT\jT dsq ePV\qT nqTd]+#*. $<sT\T +# $<+>, dyqT
m<Ts=H $<+ > @+ nu ddT H s H+ >V +# $<+ >, b<jTT\T bs |< \qT d<+ #j *.
s> b<jTT\T #| q< $<sT\ T ] n|#| &+ e+{ <sD y]+#*. $<sT\ +<s
bZH yj
T \T, T \T, yTT+ s> \T bs |< \ #T#dT y*. $<sT\ T
d#> e ] +#&, e s D
bT y] eT< |#s \T s|& neX\T *+#*.
b<jTT\T |\\ | n~s #sTT+# +& y] _q e s D \qT, n_bj\qT $H*,
eT+#*. bsX \ s> T \qT +<T ++ *+# u < ||+ #+> ese#T. $<sT\ T,
b<jTT\T eT yj
T , keTV nqTuy \qT @ $<y T q uj
T d+#\T +& |#T>*
k++> nu d+#& neX\T+{sTT. |\\ T eT \_+q CH $eTsH+> |+#>\ >*.
n bs |d \ $wj \T L& e#T. eT #T q kV eqsT~ e#T. |\\ T eTTb+~q
CH eT |]ds\ nqTuy \b*, yU+#&+ <s $eTsH << n\esTH
bV+#*. +<TqT>TD+> bs |< \qT / jT{ |< \qT sb+~+#Ty*. eTdbdq
$<H\ |]$TyT u<H u dH\qT nHd *+#$> esL&<T .
eTT+| :
|\\ T de#s >V \T> +& Cq s\T> es*. +<T <V<|& bs |d \T,
u<H u dq |jT \T, eT+q $<H\T +&*. M{ ks+#d b<jTT\T ks s\ T>,
dV nud \T> m<>*. |\\ e\+ de#s+ n+~+# e\ T> +& |\\ qT +|Cj
T &+,
deTq |]d T \ nqsTT+#&+ , $Xw + #&+ , |d+~+|Cj
T &+ e+{ y{| <w |{*. <s
#H, CH deC ]+#>\ +.
45
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
qq \T>T y#\ ` |\T `

\d\T
(Salient Features & Key Principles of Language
Text Book)
$<sT CqsDyT |< q\ +> $<$<q+ +&&+ neds+ n N.C.F-2005 eTq #| q ~.
B <s+>H sY.{.`2009 #+ s|~<T =+~. M+{ <w |T= q |eD\T >\
$<qT $<sT\ n+~+ <s $<sT CqsD+ #jT &yT sh <<+ . B =s sh $<,
|]X<q , D d+d qq bs |d \ s|\ q #|{ + ~. |\ +& dV X keTs\T y\T>T
rdT=#, y #q\T dw+ > ee TjT $<+ > qq \T>T y#\qT sb+~++~.
bs |d \T APSCF-2011 es<Z s \qqTd]+ sb+~+#+ ]+~. d+d r d+|<j\T,
ysd |X+ d, ke esT <V<|& $<+ >, u< jTTyT q bsT\T> j se& nqT>TD+>
bs |d \ s|\ q ]+~. sb+~q bs |d \ q T ne>Vq #dT e+ #
eTTK+ ne>Vq q|& y{ #sD k< eTT+~. n|& |* \T b+<>\ T>T+.
bs |d +X\T :
sh $< |D[ |]~ |+ `2011 \ d\ <s+> bs |d s|\ q ]+<
eTT+< #| H+.
46
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

\ d\T :
1) eTq X keTs\ <s+> |\\ T HsT e& neX+ :
+<Td+ \T>T bs |d + |\\ T eT nqTuy \qT #| eT uwqT $j+#T=H

qTFsD + +~. eT d \ qT |<] +# nuk\T +&&+ . +<Td+ eTTK+>
dH nuk\T &&sTT.
<: $HjT& ueTqT < + @<H ueTqT eT{ #d s+>T\T yd |<] +#+&.
$HjT| k++> b sd |<] +#+&. (4e s> $HjT#$ bs+ )
|\\ +<s e{&& + , b&>\ >&+ , n_qjT+ #jT >\>&+ , |+#&+ , #]+#&+ , \T
^jT&+ e+{ keTs\qT =+yT s * +{sT. M =qk+# bs |d + nuk\T
HsTT.
<: 1. bs+ |<\qT s>+ uejTT+ > b&+&. uy\T #| +&. (DeTT\T`4e)
2. qT\, #e\ $+<T *dTq ~ n $HsT <! B deT]d e{&+ &.
(e ` 5e s> )
2) eTT b+~q CH |\\ T <q +~q J$+ |j +#&+ :
|\\ T e{&& + , #<e &+, sjT&+ e+{ |qT\qT < #jT >*q keTs\qT d+<s+>
neds+ yTs $j+#>\ >*. n+f eT nedsy T q K\T sjT&+, |d \T #~$ ns+
#dT e&+, |+#&+ , de#s \TdTe&+, *dq y{ sdTe&+ +{$ #jT >\>*.
+<T nqT>TD+> nuk\T HsTT. +<T eTTK+> |<C \+, uwqT >T]+ \TdT+<+
|X+ d nuk\T &&TsTT.
<: 1. MTsT q{sEq @yT+ #Xs ~q#s s|+ sjT+&. (*+>\T`5e s> )
2. MT dVT |+ me < +Z #TeT |+ e\ *> qc\T $e]d, MTsT
MT dVT @$T #Ts #| +&. (e]q n\yT`4e s> )
3) |\\ T bs |d |]$T+ +& de+ <s, |]ds\ <s, |sq keT

<s HsT e&+ :
kyT\T, d\ T, ysdsD
\T #jT &+, X | < \T / ^\T / > j\T, <\ qT, |d< T \
#]\T d]+#&+ , u\kV+ #<e &+, *dq e\ >T]+ de#s, s#q \ >T]+
#<e &+, |X+ k \T |P]#j
T &+, bC | q T\T #jT &+ #j *. M+{ neX\T
*d nH nuk\T |d HsTT.
47
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

<: 1. eTq <X >=|<H *| @yH b\qT / > j\qT / $\qT d]+#+&. y{
#sTM T< sd |<] +#+&. (CrjTC+& ` 4e s> )
2. qe] ed+ V <u< m_wH |&sT. $es\qT ys| \ <s
< +s{ <s d]+#+&. MTsT d]+q $wj \qT *jTCjT +&. (|jT d. ..
` 5e s> )
3. #<T e q+~+#T q <\ bT bC | q T\ >+<\j d+|~+#&+ ,
|sq keT d+|~+#&+ e+{$ #ssT.
4) { $<H\ <T\T nse +yT q |#s \T, \T, nHwD\ <s |\\ T
HsTe&+ :
+<Td+ bs |d + e> , T, |P] s> \T HsTT. $ $$< keTs\

<s+> HsTT. + sjT&+, #<e &+, ne>Vq #dT e&+, dH e s D
,
|sq \T nsd + >V D+, |<C \ \T nH keTs\T nuk\ s|+ HsTT.
<: 1. |\\ ! $ #jT +& nuk\T.
2. +~ > ns \ = | \ |sT < HsTT. y{ >T]+ sjT+&.
(\T d+<X+ ` 4e s> ).
3. sE, sD |uT dT| ysT. n& @yT$T #d +{s sjT+&. (e\
|j D+ ` 4e s> ).
5) djT uwqT, eT k \T, d+d r d+|<j\T, T\ <s+> |\\T

HsTe&+:
48
bs |d $$< uc sb\T HsTT. nsTT | nud+ |\\ T k++> y] e

sjT& bV+# d#q\T HsTT.
$$< |+&T>\T, kyT\T, d\ T, $$< kV sb\T, d+d d+|<j\T e+{$ |\
\TdTH bs\T, nuk\T HsTT.
<: 1. dT $Xd+ me B >T]+ MT n_bjT+ #| +&.
(#\ ` 4e s> )
2. + q$ MT e{& @$T e{&T j #| +&.
(HqT MT |jT Hk ` 5e s> )
k \ d++~+q$
<: 1. dL ueT\T ^jT&+ m HsT H&? mesH @<H | m HsT +{sT?
(| + ` 4e s> )
2. seTT y Hq dT, |Tsq T, y neT ueT\qT j sT#d nyTysT <!
MT dVT\ neHq\T JeH<s+ d+ @ @ |qT\T #ks sjT+&.
(ueT >Ts+ ` 4e s> )
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
d+d r d+|<j\ d++~+q$

<: 1. + <s+> uH\T |+&T> m sT|+{s }V+ #| +&.
2. d dt, s+CH |+&T>\ d++~+q <\ T.
3. MTsT #dq @<H |[ }s+| >T]+ #| +&.
(>| &| < ` 5e s> )
6) s \ d\T :
n) #q\T, e s D \ b<q+ :
qq bs|d\T $<sT\ #q\qT |+#+<T M\T>, y] y] #q\qT dw+>
e ] +#& M\T> HsTT.
qTFsD
\T, bs+X \T |\* +|Cd d#> uee s D &&
HsTT. +<T |\\ T <q T }V+#&+ , b\ eT< d+uwD\qT }V+#&+ , b\
duy\qT #| &+ e+{$ +{sTT.
bs+X u<q
L& bs d++~+q \ ueq\| +|Cj
T &+, #]+#&+
+{sTT. <:` sy @+ sT>TT+< }V+#+& (m\T $+<T ` 4e s> ) eTT+|qT
+|Cj
T &+ e+{$.
nuk\ $q&+, + k+e #| & d++~+q |X \T, djTs#q
|X \T, dH, |X+ d #+~q nuk\T +|C d$> d# e s D

e
#$> HsTT.
<: 1. MT >eT+ |# b\qT, #q T #dq|&T MTeT|dT + < sjT+&. (\T
d+<X+ ` 4e s> )
2. MTsT #~$q @<H |d + >T]+ dMT sjT+&. <+{ @ @ $wj \T HsTT.
<+{ qq$, q#$ @y sjT+&. (HqT MT |jT Hk ` 5e s> ).
3. $<TT <#dq f eTq+ + y{ <#j *q neds+ +~? m+<T? (e<#jT +
` 5e s> ).
) dH, \, uc_sT |+b+~+#&+ :
|\ dH, \, uc_sT |+b+~+#& bs\T HsTT. | bs+ nuk\T
L& HsTT. < |jT d, eTqdT+f es+Z +~. | +, m\T$+<T, HqT MT |jT Hk ` e+{
bs\T, > j\qT b&+#&+ , <\ qT }V+#&+ , ueT\T j sT#jT &+, edt\T j sT#jT &+,
d+uwD\T sjT&+, Hs D
#jT &+ e+{ dH nuk\T bs |d + b+<T|s# sT.
uc_sT |+b+~+#& #<T e ` q+~+#T o]q <\ qT n+~+#&+ uT, $$< eeVs
sb\ bs\qT b+<T|]#sT. bC | q T\T uc_sT && $<+ > HsTT.
49
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

) uc$j> n~ b<q+ :
uw nH~ ue e s D
, ue+ >V +#& |j +# k<q eT eTq \TdT. nsTT
uc $j>eTH~ $$< sb +T+<H $wjT + eTq+ >V +#*. |\\ T eTT +{e< HsT q
uwqT, CH <s+> #dT = yqT +|#j
T &, n_bjT e s D #jT &, dH+>
e ] +| #jT &, $$< eeVs\ sb\qT $j+|#j
T & qq bs |d \T es<Z s \T>
sb+~+#&sTT. uw +& |<C \+, eeVs+ uc sDd++< n+X\T n+f ysD +
m +T+< m $j+# \TdTe& u $T> bs |d \qT sb+~+#sT.
< : $#jT +& o] $q+&è{&+ &, djTs#q , dH, |<C \+, uc+X\T
nH$ uc$j>d+ +< d+#y.
| bs+ \|< \T, \y\T, J$+ uc$j> |j >|& sTT. M{|
nuk n~ b<q+ e&+ ]+~.
) yTT+ bs |d + $<|eD\ k<q <V<|& & + :
k<sD+> eTq+#d || |j q+ k+. nH eTq+ bs |d u~+#+e\
L& z |j H +#*. n< $<|eD\ k<q . |dT bs |d \T @&T s\ $<|eD\
k<q j s H sTT. n$ :
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
50
$q&+è{&& + : $<] ne>Vq $q>\>* ` $q $wj ne>Vq ns+ #dT =

dw+ > #| >\>*.
#<e &+`ne>Vq sjT&+ : q $wj ne>Vq #<T e, ns+ #dT = n&q
$wj >T]+ dw+ > sjT>\>*, >T]+#>\ >*.
djTs#q : n&q $wjT + >T]+ qk+ #q\ q n_bj\qT, $eTs\qT,
$Xw D \qT <s+> #dT = yT\T sjT>\>*.
|<C \+ : uc$j> |j >|& Crj\T, kyT\T, ns\T, |sjT|<\T, HHs\T,
| `$T\T, e s\T yTT<\>Ty{ k~+#{ nedsy T q nuk\T HsTT.
dH : \T>T uc eeVs sb\qT |\\ T y X keTs\ yTs dw+ #>\ >*.
<, > jT+, s| +, K, d+uwD yTT<\>T |jT \qT dw+ #{ nqTe> nuk\T
HsTT.
|X+ d : $<sT <wu y s|e| e T bsT\T> sb+~+#& |X+ d nH
keTs + +~.
ysD +X\T : uc sD d++~+q ysD +X\T, uc u>\T, ysD\T `
u< \T, d+<T \T dek\T, n\+s\T, #+ <dT yTT<\>T n+X\T HsTT. B bs |d \T
# > |j >|& sTT.
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

y +& keTs\ deVs+> bC | *+# $<+ > bs |d \T HsTT.
) |sd s | #s \ +<+> +&&+ :
bs |d + nsd + >V D+, $q&+è{&& + , djTs#q , bC| q T\T |sd s |#s \ +<+>
+{sTT.
< : nsd + >V D+ q $TT\qT, b<jTTqT #]ksT . $q&+è{&& + $TT\
T> #]+# neX+ +~. djTs#q L& T> @s& de<H\qT Ls* +T+~.
bC| q T\ = keTV \T> HsTT.
}) {y] <s, n<q| ke<s, deduT \ <s HsT e& <V<|& & + :
{ $<sT\ #]+>, bs |d s ke d+b~+#+ <s, de+ |eTTKT\qT
\e&+e\, $$< d+d\ d+|s + @s&&+ e\ $<sT\ T n<q| Cq+ b+< neX+ +T+~.
n+<T nqT>TDyTq nuk\THsTT.
|\\T { $<sT\ HsTH |sq\T, T \T, bC |qT\qT bs|d+
b+<T|]#sT. bC |qT\ de duT\qT \e&+ $wj\qT d]+#&+ n<q| keT
d]+#Te&+ nH$ HsT e& <V<|& sTT.
m) qyK sT\T, eqe|$\Te\T ` d++<\T |+b+~+#& < +q$> +&&+ :
|\ q yK sT\T, eqe| $\Te\T, eqe d++<\T |+b+~+# bs\qT m+|
#jT &+ ]+~.
< : dV yd+ (5e s> ) ueT >Ts+ (4e s> ), mesT u<T \T (4e s> ), |jT d
(5e s> ), DeTT\T (4e s> ), e<#jT + (5e s> ) eTqdT+f es+Z +~ (5e s> ).
q yK sT\qT, |+b+~+#& | +> |X+ d |sT nuk\qT #s &+ ]+~.
<: 1. MT >eT+ bdte H de\qT |X+ dd MT $TT K sjT+&. (e\
|j D+ ` 4e s> ).
2. d\T\T e+{$ eTq | q \T, | \T HsTT. db H esT,
n~y & , eTq+ y& |sT>TeT+<T\T, yesD \Tw+ e\ q+bTHsTT.
yd$ \+ | \T >& sT <=s #bTHsTT. M{ <w |T=
| \T, \qT b&& MTs @+#ks k+e sjT+&. (d
\T\T ` 5e s> )
@) kbqeT+ u~+#& M\T> bs\ neT] +&&+ :
HsT e&eT+f CqsD+ s>& + . +<TqT>TD+> bs |d \T +&*. u<H u dq |jT \
sVD L& CqsD nqT>TD+> sV+#&*. bs+ u~+#&+ n+f n+<T $wj
#|e~jT&+> qTFsD qT+& H$#jT>\H? es #|&+ ` #sTT+#&+ s>*.
n+<TqT>TD+> bs neTs&+ ]+~. n< +< #&+&.
51
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

1. qTFsD
` +#+& ` #| +& o] \T, +|C d |X \T.

~ |Ps ueq\ sD (Pretext) d++~+q~.
2. |\\ ! #jT +&
` |\\ T bs+X #~$ uy >V +#&+ , }V+#&+ ,
(nsd + >V D)
#]+#&+ <s CqsD D
b+<& < + |
bs+ bs+ bs+u+ |J d#q\T HsTT. ~ CH
D < +q~..
3. $wj e>Vq`#s
` bs+X$wjT + ($$< eeVss b)
4. |\\ ne>Vq`|]o\q ` |\\ qT +|Cj
T &+, VQ |d+<q\qT s& #s \T
s>& < +q~. $#jT +& o] keTs\ k<q
nuk\T |\\ CsD <+q |X\T, \T,
b| q T\T +{sTT. M{ bZq&+<s u>keT nu dq+
sT>TT+~.
5. djTeT+q+
` H$#jT>\H? djT eT+H <+q~. |\\T
ssD
se& ~ &&TT+~.
) VQeTTK $Xw D , $eTsq keTs |+b+~# +&&+ :
$<sT\ T $wjT + >], deTd>] nH D +#&+ , y{ $Xw D
#dT e&+ <
$eTsq #jT >\>&+ < dMT #jT >\>&+ +{ keTs\T |+b+~+#& nqTe> nuk\T
HsTT.
<: 1. |&+ bd jTT>yT u! n | d+ n+~ <! |]d es\+f
eTqyT+ #j sjT+&. (H]\ ` 4e s> )
2. > j d+e+ nH |sT ds + <H? m+<T #| +&. (d+e+ ` 5e
s> )
) deTq ke n+X\| d *+#&+ :
|\\T eT |]ds\qT deC, |]o*d+{sT. |]o\q\ y] CH
|+#T++{sT. n |+#Te&+ bs|d+ L& |eTTK b bw+# $<+> qq
bs |d \THsTT. y] deTq ke n+X\| d s +# $<+ > bs\T, nuk\T
HsTT. bs\ $wj\qT deTq n+X\, |]dT\ nqsTT+#>\>*. +#>\>*.
deC ns+ #dT >\>*. <s CH e~ |s# T y*.
< e<#jT +, seTq< bs\T (5e s> )
H]\, mesT u<T \T bs\T (4e s> )
z) $<sT\ djT eT+H neX+ *+#&+ . B=s |bs+ H$#jT >\H? nH o]
+~.
52
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
bs |d + q T *| eTT+<Te +~.
bs |d $j>+ m +&\H $wjT + >T]+ b<jTT\ sB | b<jTT\
d#q\T HsTT.
|\\ bs |d |j >+ >] \TdTe& $<sT\ d#q\T HsTT.
bs |d + |Psj
T d] |\\ T @ keTs\qT k~+# \TdTe& bs |d +
<s $<sT\ T k~+#*q keTs\T nH o] +< keTs\ C_ e&+ ]+~.
n+<TqT>TD+> keTs\ y> bs nuk\T $#jT +& o] +< e&+ ]+~.
|<\T`ns\T o] bs|d+ es e&+ ]+~. ~ |T+Te #d n\yT
|+b+~+#{ djT+ n< jTH n\yT|& #jT & <V<|& T T+~.
7) bs\T ` e\T ` |jT \T ` \T :

j bs+X\qT +~ e\ <s+> m+| #XsT.
uc_sT , | , H
$\Te\T, ke d V, ke $\Te\T, eqed++<\T, H
$\Te\T, eqe $\Te\T, d+d d+|<j\T, |sH _w, CrjT dyT , \ T `
<s jT d \T, , | |]o\q, deTjTd], |sesD+, Vd+, |\\ d \ T, |\\
due+, Jey$ < +, |\\ X \ T, $+>T\ eTHuy\T, Xdj
T yTT<\>Tq$
bs\T $$< |jT ` nq> $$< eeVs sb m+|#
X sT.
<, < , > jT+, > jT<, d+uwD, <, yd+, K, |< +, X + yTT<\>T eeVs
sb / |jT bs\T HsTT.
$$< \T :
$$< \ deVsyT q bC | q T\qT | bs+ #ssT. bC | q T\e\ |\\ d+<s+>
uckeTs\qT $j+# X \_dT + ~.
e> +, T +, |P] s> \ y> HsTT. |\\ T e> + > +#&+ ,
#]+#&+ <s u>keT nu dH nq> *d |#jT &+, +#&+ , ssD

se&+ sT>TT+~. \ |\\ qT +|Cj
T &, u>keT+ |+#&, CqsD
&& HsTT.
|{es #| =q n+X\ ne>Vq #dT qf bs |d \ nsy T q f. H
eTq\qT $<sT\ qT r]~<& + |j >|& T T+~ nH $wj >TsT+ #T= eTq+ eTT+<T *.
eTT+| :
sY.{..`2009, +< |<X $< |D[`2011 |s+ qq ucy#\T sb+~+#sT.
|< q+> $ +|#j
T &+, e ] +#&+ , dH, $\Te\T, yK sT\T |+b+~+|#j
T &
< +q$. $eTsH, VT< +q, $#D
Cq+ eeV]+# #jT & bs |d \T
<V<|&sTT. +<TqT>TD+> e\T, bs+X\ m+|, nuk\LsT HsTT. M{
|D[<y T q u<H u dq |jT \ <s sV+ |* \T k~+#*.
53
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
ucudq+ ` ePV\T
(Language Learning - Strategies)
uw Cq+ nH~ $$< |j sb\ +T+~. |\\ T uwqT b+< eT+ $$< ksTT
Cq sD+ sT>TT+~. dV +>, d+<s+>, nse +yT q dyX |\\ T bZq&+ <s
JeC\+, edTC \+ |sd s |#s \T s|& + <s e\ neds+ * |<\T, |< +<\T, y
ns\T, y\T, s#q \T dw+ #>\ >&y T uw $wjT + Cq sD+ n+TH+. k<sD+> $$<
sb\ n+f <, H{, |< +, #]+#&+ , yU+#&+ , e]+#&+ , $eT]+#&+ , @b_qjT+,
nH sb uc Cq+ e| s # &TT+~. H|< + |\\ +<s Cq sD+ #dT e&
M\T> |&T nqTd]dTq bs |< \qT, u<H ePV\qT <T ]+#? n +#*. Cq
sD+ s>\+f u<H ePV\ esT neds+ .
ucCH $$< |j sb\ n+~dTq |&T q u<H ePV\qT m+|# d T = neT\T
#dq |& n$ +q |* \qT n+~ksTT. ucu<q \ k<q ~X> sV+#< q = u<H
ePV\qT #deTT+<T ucdue+. |\\ T m HsT +{s >eT+#+&.
uw ` due+ ` |\\ T HsT H $<q+ :

uw s#H\T nH+ . uw+|&~ uw, uc e< ej + y n+f e s D |j >|& ~
uw. uwt nH <Te e ] +# $wj \qT >T]+ #TT+~, n ns+ . |sd s ue $eTjT+ d+
#d y> eVsyT uw ` ~ |{ esL y<j >+> q s#q+. ||+ #y|+ > uw|
sT>TTq |]X<q \ |* \ <s+> => edTq <<\ H|< + @ s#qeT deT>eT
d+|Pse T < >V +#*.
54
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|dT + uwqT e\+ ue $eTjT k<q +> eyT #&+ <T . n~ #q\ k<q +,
$k <V<], dH dV jT], #q\ |s+ ... uw bw+# b nq++>
+T+~.
#q\ ` uw $&BjTs d++<+ +~. uw eTT+<? #q eTT+<? nH $wjT +
|{ |]X<q \T sT>TH HsTT. C ~ $Te TT+<? #TeTT+<? e+{ |X eTq #H
|jT \ uw dwy T q sb dT+ ~. $k <V<] nq|&T L& ` <+{ nH n+X\T
$T& HsTT. #q ` uw $&BjTs$ { dH eeVs+ s>& uw neds+ | d].
e $d+q uw b eTTKyTq ~.
ue $eTj yV uw nH s#q+ $eTjT+ n+f d+uwD s|& + nH |]$Ts+ H
< |j dTH +. $eTjT+ k~]+> e{&& + , d+<s+> e{&& + , $Xd+
e{&& + , dw+ > e{&& + e+{ nH n+X\T HsTT. M{ <w |T= uc b<H
>T]+#*.
y>|+ +fH uw nH~ eTs n_bjT+. ~ uw q bs+ eyT ! sE eT>,
#${ y] d+ d+ uw\T (dH +>Cd)t n+<TuT e#sTT. yM y>|+ +&e.
y{ |<C \+ +~, M{ ysD + +~. { B L& uw>H |]>D+ #* +T+~.
due+ :
s#q+ +~+#& *> +> uw due+ @$T{? n |+#Tq|&T <
n+sZ n+X\T nH+ |dT + {sTT. esT +&+ uw q |< q \D +. n+<T uwqT k<sD+>
Jeq~ b\TdT+ {sT. |yVo\ B due+. esT y>|, * sb\T s +&+{q
sT>TT+~. b ds s|+ b+~q *| esTq qTe& # deTjT+ |&T T+~.
y> eVs+ esT\T *| H y>+ > sT>TT+{sTT.
uc eeVs eTs uw HsT e&+ w+ n uc T+u\T, >\ eT< ke\T +&e
=H $Xd+#+. uw| {e\ ]q |]X<q \T $Xk\T d&* bjT #XsTT. <VsD
y sD+ $wjT + s` s `jT (S-O-V`du ` u ` ysY ), s` jT `s (S-V-O`du ` ysY ù )
nH s +&T sD ||+ #y|+ > uw\ HjT *+~. n> V\T`n#T (C-V`H=HH` ze),
sD eTyT n uw |<\ +~. # uwq @ < L& eT&T V\T\ $T+
esd> se ucXgE\T >T]+#sT. = = uw\ = n|y<\T +&e#T. uw eT< +{
ke\T >eT+q|&T VQuw\T HsT e&+, VQuc d s> ><T n+^]+#&+ wy T MT
< \TdT+ ~.
e uw >=|<+f e uw >=|< =+<sT y~dT+ {sT. | uw < >=|<q+ < +&&+
dV +. n+eq |ssTT uw\qT +#|s # & + >< T . b*\T |{ \H&&+ , <w+#&+ nd
55
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|s<T. | ucsDeT d+w y T q < n >V +#*. Xe q |]ds\ @ uc eeVs\ T+{s
uw HsT +{&T. b++ s +&T uw\T e{& ysT+f s +&T uw\q Xe n\y>
HsT +{&T.
@ uwq, uc |<\T eyT +&e. |#Te&+ | uw q due+. uw
<q`|<H\T sT>TT+{sTT. n+f = |<\T d]+#&+ , = |<\T e&+ n ns+ . \T>T
q nq<X |<* eTq+ y&TTH+. q \+ qT+& eTq s#q nq<X |<\T |dT H sTT.
B uw q dV due+> >T]+#*.
|\\ T HsT =H $<q+ :

+ d+w duy *q uwqT |\y &T n\y> H\T> +&d] m HsT >\T>TTH&T?
(=+<sT eT& +{sT) nH~ n+<]q V s +# |X . #s e TT+<T @_q d#>
e{&T |X \ |s+ |s ss +# |\y &T ` #s> H eTqeTT< m+<T+{&T? nH~
b<jTT* y~+ # |X . s +{ de<H\T yT <+.
nqTsD <s Xe uwqT HsT +T+~ ` nH~ b d + eyT . Xe yT<&T |T H
uceed +T+<, k |]ds\ |u e+ uceed dV s+ Xe uw HsT +T+<
|]X<q \T y\& d T H sTT. $wj |b~++~ HyT #yTd nH uc Xgy. ||+ #+ |
Xe eed +T+~ { jTq B $XysD + (jTes >eTsY) n |sT |{sT . BH
d+>V +> jTT.. n |\TdT+ {sT.
|{+ ~ yTT<\T |\y &T mH |<\T, Xu\T, < qT\T $+T+{&T. q |~\|sT #T+{&T. BH
H| { n+{sT. nse +yT q , ueks y T q |<\T, Xu\T, < qT\qT yT\yT \> e ] +#&+
yTT<\T|&&T. y+~jT+ ` eTTKjT+ eed` |{w + >, ds e TTq =B y dT+, dw s e&+
>eT+#e#T. ||+ # y|+ > |\\ T yTT< | / / eT / / d nH ns \ L&q |<\T |\&
|jT + #ksT . s s +&s \ |<\T |\TsT. s s +&d |<\T, eT&d |<\ y\T
e{&& + yTT<\T|&sT. s +&Tqs, eT& e#d] |<y sT ]+#>* > y sD eT+ n+
|\y & s eT\+ neT +~. eT& s |+#&+ y> K] +& n+ss\T, Xw \ T yTT<q e
|T>\T>TsT.
|\y &T uw HsT H, H]q e >eT+q b<jTT&T eTT+<T> |\y & uc $wjT d
+~ n qe*. |]ds @ uwHH |\y &T HsT >\&T n $Xd+#*. |dT + |\y &T eTq+>
H... y& |\ m+ |<d + |< +< neds, neX, d+<s { < y&T jT|&&
qe*. b+ &sY +sH nH*ddt |s+ $<] q yv |D nq< $jdTH &T |
b<jTT& eTT+<T, s> >~ $j+#&+ <T . |]d es>* uc $wjT +> $<]
56
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

#d <c\qT b<jTT&T de]+#&, $<] $Xd+ yTT<q >TD\T |+#& neX+
<=sTT+~.
uc due+ \TdTq s u<H \ + es*. uw n|]$T >eT+q b<jTT&T
|\T d+<s\ |\y &T uwqT m |j dTH & >eT+ keTs\qT n+#H yj *. j
d+<s\ |\\ T sj
T +> uwqT |j +#& <V<|& *.
d+<s + > b<jTT&T >eT+#*q n+X+ eTs={ +~. #s& eTT+<T Xe
e{&& + #d | * *, +& $T> mesH |>T= d]~<& |jT + #jT sT. y]
b{ ysT ds q |<* #]d, e{&T +{sT. y{ >eT+ Xe q | \T H ~<T +{&T.
s> >~ ds q (#sD dw q) uwqT |j +#&+ b<jTT& se +. uc $j>
d+<s + b<jTT\T |\\ qT bV+#& |jT +# | ws> K+&+#L &<T . | C>\ T
rdT>*q|& ucb<jTT&T q sy d]> sV+#>\ &T.
|\\ T m HsT +{sT? :

HsT H d |\\ T q' *Z +{sT. HsT H $<H eTq+ |]o*+#d eTq #
$wj \T \TksTT. |\\ T |]ds\qT |]o*d, |]ds\ $$< sb bZ+ eT <
q n+sZ X * $j+#T+ n+ dV +> HsT + +{sT. $<+ > #b\+f
|\\ T & seTT+< m+ HsT +{sT. ydy $<y\ +<s n+^]dTH sT. HsT H
eT+ | \T #dT + {sT. | * d]~<T +{sT. < HsT e&+ q dV +. | \T #jT +&
mes |]|Ps+ > @B HsT <T . q& HsT +Tq XeqT |]o*+#+&. |& d , |&| &
@&Td eT q&e& |jT d (mesH ) +{&T. T&T& q&* #d eTT]db+. eT]
nj H_& n&T>TjT &yT se&+< n ~>T\T |&b jeTqT+& @eTeT+~? { nqeT+f
n+{sT eTq |\\ T. n|&T eTqyT+ #k+? n<e eT eT n+ qe=+{+. eTT<&T +.
|\&+ se&+< #+|\T ysTT+#eTqT+&. @eTeT+~?
| | L <+&d , |< | & q&q , e eTq+ H] +f m|{
q&s <T. e\T se.
eT] s> >~q n+. | #dT H s+f HsT e& |jT dTH s ns+ . | \T #jT &+
HsTe&+ u>+. +{ |q B & eTqyT+<T ns+ #dT+? n+^]+#+?
n+^]+#q+<Te\ sT>TTq qw+ m+? n&T>&T >TH eTq+ |\* | &+ e\, +#s&+e\,
#<T es, HsT yTT<T\ T> r]+#&+ e\ m+<s |\\ T <s+ neTHsT. &jT
}V+#&H M\T $wj * d + n\y> ny|T +> HsT +Tq |\\ T & nq n+X*
d + HsT b THs+f m+<Te\? +#+&.
57
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

d#jT T nu dq+ |\ dV d<+ > Hs >*> X * yT\TT+~. ysT eT#T +& u,
ke yesD nqT>TD+>, eT s sy nqT>TD+> eT CH yT ]+#TH,
eT keTs* yT |+b+~+#TH ~ <V<+ #dT + ~. s>\+f eTT+<T> eT+ yT
|jT +#&, |ej\T y & , | \T <=s& , <=]q | * eT yT d]~<T e&
|\\ q neX\T +&*.
eTqT >T]+ eT $\Te# yesD+ eyT |\\ T HsT >\TZsT. yesD+ eTq
bsX *+#&*. HsT e&+ d+| s nqTue +> +& uj
T +, eTD
, &
L&Tq~ e&+ nu dq eT* |j H |e<s + .
|\ HsT e&+ m d+u$ dT+ ~? :

HsT e&+ s+s |jT . nH $wj \qT |\\ T nH d+<s\ HsT +{sT. eT d
*qZ $wj \qT =+<s> HsT e&+, d y{ HsT e&+ +<T\T |&& + eTq+ #d
+{+. |\\ T H+& &jT L& HsT +{sT. $q&+, #&&+ , #jT &+, #d #&&+ ,
#]+#&+ , &&+ e+{ |qT\ <s eT+ eTT> HsT +THsT. d\ +> |]ds\
edTe \T / ke, {ysT, |<\ |sd s |#s \T s|& + <s sT>TT+~. bsX \ $wj
ed L& > sT>TT+~. & |<\ kq+ b<jTT\T> eTqeTT+{+.
1. |\\ T ke |d+~+#&+ :
|]ds\ nH edTe \ | d+~+#&+ <s mH qq $wj \qT |\\ T >V d +{sT.
M{ #&&+ , &+ , |Te&+, |]o*+#&+ , $|#&&+ , &Te&+ e+{ dyX\ bZ+
j d+<s |<C , \D
\qT, <s \qT, $j>\qT |\\ T >V dT+ {sT.
{ b<jTT\T> eTq+ $$< $wj \ bs+X\ nqT>TD+> d+<s dyX\
ke |\\ $j+#TH neX\T *d eTq+ +q |\\ T HsT +{sT.
2. |\\ T ` |\\ |sd s |#s \T b+<&+ :
q |\\ qT, me] >&| & me> w| & s |d eT{y]q y_ks eTq+<]
*q $wjT yT. |\ <T eTq+ L& eTq deTejTdT\ >&| & sT=+{+. B sD+
+#&+ e#T. ]MT< eTs=] +& dV +, ne>Vq e#T. $<y T q dV +
*dbe&+ <s @s&TT+~. &Te&+, <>Zs Ls eTT#{+#Te&+, #]+#Te&+,
y<T&Te&+, *d |#jT &+ e+{ sb\ <s sT>TT+~. sb\ #+~q
|jT \qT {y] eT< ]> |sd s |#s \T> |\TdT+ {sT. M{ uwC \, me e\
e+&<T . ] sT d#> e{&T sT. sj
T +> |ksT . nqTu T\qT, n_bj\qT |sd s+
58
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|+#T+{sT. eT #q\ d$Tw sb ksT . m<Ts q deTd\, d+<V \ d$Tw>
|]cs qT>=+{sT. ]> eT+ mH = $wj \qT n\y> |\\ T HsT +T+{sT.
{ b<jTT\T> eTq+ b<$ Tq ksTT |\\ $]$> T|q T\T *+#*. yTTVe+,
uj
T + +& {y] eT< ]> |sd s #s bZH bV+#*.
3. |\\ T ` b<jTT\ |sd s |#s \T :
bsX \ |\\ T eT{y]H +& b<jTT\ L& |sd s |#s \T sT|sT.
& eTTKyTq $wjT + @eT+f b<jTT\ eT dV+> +&y] eT+f |eT, bjT,
n_eq+ #|+# y] eyT |d+~dT+ {sT. y] d#> e{&& + , ysT e{&> $q&+,
y] |+#&+ , #]+#&+ <s nH n+X\T >V dT+ {sT. $ | + >, |s+ >q d+u$ dT+ {sTT.
|sd s nu dq+ >T]+ CrjT bs |D[ #+ ` 2005 @+ #TT+< #<+!
| #s \ $\Te / |sd s nu dq+ (Interactive Learning)

#T q |]ds\, | , edTe \, |\ uw <s, se\ <s ]|
|#s <s nu dq+ k>TT+~. >o\yTq u #s \T, edTe * d++>, dV #sT \
\d#j
T &+, k~+#&+ , n_e s D , |X \T, $q&+, #]+#&+ +{ uc $j>+.
e Cq sD+ #\yT q $. @ d+<s + nu dq+ sT>TTq<H <{ Cq
b<q +T+~.
eTq bsX \ nu dq+ me> e |< q+> +T+~. b<jTT&T Cq |kss .
u<q qT |\\ T de#s |ks+> u$ksT . ~ |\\ nu dq d+ b<jTT&T nqTuy
& ] +#&+ > +T+~. |\\ T b<jTT\, {ejTdT\, eT+f |<\ , |q\,
|#s \T s|& + <s me nu dHeX* b+<>\ TZsT. sT \ \dyT \d #]+#T=H
eT+H HsT y*q \ + #+<TT+~. +{ nu dq+ |\ e++> s>\+f eTq
$$< H|< \ |\\ T+&&+ neds+ .
|Psb<$ T <X +{ d$Tw \T eTqyTe> #|& T T+{+. e< $T q
s> T L& bC * , s se* e&+ <s >| \ b<q y*.
+{ * n+#H yd eT+q+ #jT & = |< T \THsTT.
M{ dMT+ eT]+ |+ #j *. |< |\\ eT nu dq nqTuy \, q
|X *y*. M{ <s y ueq\qT ns+ #dT >\TZsT. CH ]+#T= k++
#dT >\T>TsT. |&| & eTq <w yde Cq+ y| =~=~> eTs\TTH+. ~
59
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

#\<T. b<jTT& d+d< bT, s> >~ |< T * esTe&+, bs |d esT\T,
eT+q+ esT\T ]q|& b |< T * eTq+ dw+ > esT>\+. @ n+X
n+X+ eTT\T eTT\T> +& |< qT+, jT|&& + \ +> mH.|..`86 |s=q~.
\ nqT>TD+> eTq+ eTT+<Tby\+f eTq |D[ ds s + y*. eTq bs |d
esTsy*. y{ $wj \T es*. +<Td+ eTq b<jTT\ ds , keTs\qT
|+#*. |\\ nu dH qT> b<jTT\T eT d+ |D[\qT sb+~+#Ty*.
u<H d+dsD\ d++~+q |jT \T + +B+>H HsTT. d s T , u ]ksT
d+sq T eT]+ u>keTT* #jT &+ <s deTse +yT q $+BsD k< eTT+~. n|&T
k+> ]ksT |s HbT eqsT\T, ke b<jTT\ n+<TuT eksTT.
|\\ T |sd s+> eT&T $<H HsT +{s \TH+. d\ +> #b\+f |\\ T k
|]ds\qT+, k de+ qT+ HsT e&+ yTT<\T|&sT. CH ]+#T+{sT. ysT eT
#T q |]ds\ ]| |#s e\qH y] Cq+ nse +eTT+~. n+<Te\ |\\ T HsT e&+
|]ds\ m+ b<q +~. B <w |T= b<$ TqksTT u<H u dq |jT \T
*+# d+<s + |]ds\qT $]$> |j +#Ty*. uw due+, |\\ T uwHs T =H $<H
\TdT=H+ <? CqsD nqT>TD+> uc u<H ePV\T m +&*? s> T @yT+
#j *? nH n+X\ >T]+ \TdT+<+.
u<H ePV\T
1.
KWL ePV+ : (What I know? What I want to know? What I learnt?)
(H+ \TdT? H+ *j*? HH+ \TdTHqT?)

@< n+X+ >T]+ #]+# eTT+<T |\* n+X+ >T]+ y]+ \Tk n&>*. ~ yTT<{
kbq+ s n+X+ >T]+ y @+ \TdTy\qT+THs #]+#*. y n_bj\T $H*.
~ s +&e kbq+. s |d | s q +, ]|s qT |d \T #<e &+, bZq&+, T|q T bZq&+
eT&e kbq+. #]+q s $wj e>Vq nsTTq |<| y @$T nsy T + ~ @$T HsT Hs
n&>*. ePV+ n+X |\\ |]#jT + #d|&T y n+X+| q |Ps CH,
d , y] ne>VqqT HsT +THeTH d V \TdTe&+ nH~ sT>TT+~. +<T eTT+<T>
}V+#&, eTT }V+q< ydy \ b\Te&, d s y T q nu dH neX+ +T+~.
2. ueH + (Mind / Concept Mapping) :

|\\ eT |]ds\, |#s \T s|& + e\ m+ nqTue CH b+<TsT. mH $wj \|
ne>Vq eT<q X* d+~dT+ {sT. yT+ & e|+> nH~ |\* n+X+| eT ne>Vq\T
60
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

#| &+, nqTuy \T |+#Te&+, &jT CH s> >~ |+#Te&+ <s yTT+ s> >~
ne>Vq |+#Te&+. +<Td+ n+X d++~+q \ |< q\\| sd |<\ ueq\qT
n+<] #]+#&+ sT>TT+~. |\\ d# n_bj\ +<T kq+ +T+~. n+X+ >T]+
|\\ qT $$< D +|Cj
T &+, #q\ ks eqT>TD+> sjT&+ <s y] djTs#q qT
bV+#& ePV+ |] dT+ ~. +~ <VsDqT >eT+#+&.
se\jT+
#]
|+#jTr
eTd<T
de
>T&
y\jT+
#<Te
q~
&
e }sT
\T
b{\T
<TD+
d+
>+<\jT+
Vd
|q *q $<+ > q\\| sdq ueq\ + <s+> yds# q , yds | |X \ yT\T
sjT&+ e+{ keTs\T |\ e~ #+<TsTT.
3. q_qjT+ (Choreography) :
$<sT\ T eTT $q, #~$q, \TdTq n+X\qT djT+> n_qjT+ qs|+ > |<] +#&y T
=]j>|. +<T qs| bs+X\qT |<]+#& neXeTT+T+~. +<T eTT+<T>
bs+X #~$+ b\qT ss TT+#*. b\T bw+#& |\* m+|# j
*. dyX <X\
L& |\* m+| #j *. n+f e\T, b<\T, =+&\T, {eT&T>T\T M{ #|& L& |\*
m+|# j
*. m+|# d q |<| T k<q #sTT+#*. |<] +# deTjT+ |u bqT L&
k<q #sTT+#*. qs| |<] +|Cj
*.
< : u\+ \&, m\T $+<T +{ > jT <\ T.
|jT |\\ T #<e &+, #]+#&+ , uy >V +#&+ , eT ne>Vq z sbe&+,
< |<] +#&+ e+{ keTs\T e~#+ <TsTT.
4. @b_qjT+ (Mono Action) :

@<H bs+X+> < n+<T b e{&q $wj > rdT= e> + >,
d>+ > $<]# b+> n_qjT+ #sTT+#&H @b_qjT+ n+{sT.
< : |dH ] b|jT b (& K<T)
@b_qjT+ e\ b due+ >T]+, \D
\ >T]+ ne>Vq @s&TT+~.
61
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

5. eT_qjT+ (Mime) :
eTq+> n_qsTTd ue e s D #jT &yT eTT_qjT+. d+|T q>, dyX> | \
nse TjT n_qsTT+ #|& eTT_qjT+ n+{sT. +<T & >T\T, u>+&\T +&e.
e\+ eTq+> q{+#&y T +T+~.
< : 4e s> m\T$+<T < d+|T qqT eTT_qjT+ #jT e#T.
6. T|q T\T sV+#&+ (Group Works) :

bs\ d++~+q = n+X\qT T sV+#&+ <s |\\ *d |#jT &+, n_bj\qT
|+#Te&+, T y~ sjT&y , ns\T >V +#&y #jT &+. T| nq+s+ T#
|<] +|Cj
T &+. $$< ysT sdq y{ |<] +q|&T #]+#&+ , y] y] T |qT\qT d]#dT e&+
sT>TT+~. T|q T\ +< bs |d + |sq \T, #<e &+, sjT&+, |<C \+ e+{ y{
duy{ sV+#*. bC | q T\ d++~+q de#s d]+#&+ , y~\T sjT&+ e+{$
T|q T\T> #|{ *.
7. bC | q T\T (Project Works) :

bC | q T\T $$< \ deVs+. bC |qT\qT +{|q T\T> y*. +{| > #eTT+<T
bC | |\\ T @+#j , m #j d#q\T ns+ #sTT+#*. bC | duy{
e> + > < T| > y*. T|q T\T> #|&T bC | T duT \T mesesT
@yT+ #j dw+ > u< \qT {sTT+#*. bC | |P]#d q sy |\\ |<] +|Cj
*.
|\\ T bC | q T\qT |<] +#|&T <c\T+f de]+#*. nedsy T q d\V\T, d#q\T n+~+#*.
|\\ |<s Hq+s+ bC | m sV+#s y~ ssTT+#*. y~ mesesT
duT \T, mesesT @ u< \qT d]+#sT? bC | d++~+ $es\qT m d]+#sT? @ @
$wj \T n+<T HsTT? @+ HsT =HsT? e+{ de#s y~ s|+ |\\ T sj*.
8. #s \T (Discussions) :
n+X+ >T]+ mesesT @yT$T nqT+THs n_bj\qT |s# & + , #s bZq&+.
<: 1. Vs+ e< m sT>TTq~? e<qT n]& eTq+ @+ #j *? (nq+
` 5es> )
2. cq~ MT< H>sTq k>s,Y ps\, lX\ + e< q\ T {sT . n{> ><e]
MT< ls+k>s,Y <eX s+ e< q\ T {sT <! y{e\ ue ? qwe ?
m+<T? #]+#+&.
62
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

9. djT ne>Vq ` |<s q (Self Understanding - Expression) :
@< n+X d++~+q $wj |\ eT eTT #~$ ns+ #dT = < @b_qjT
s|+q, Hs D s|+q, \TueT s|+q @ s|eTH~ y ss TT+#T=
|<] +#* +T+~.
<: mesT u<T \T bs+ (4e s> ), m\T $+<T (4e s> ), & K<T (5e s> ),
>|&| < (5e s> )
10. > k $<q+ (Zigsaw Technique) :

$<q+ n+X+ d++~+q $wj u>\T> / |s\T> $u +#*. nf |\\ qT
T> #j *. = T |s u> |+#*. me] u> y #<T ey*. |P]
ne>Vq #dT y*. n+<s *d ysT #~$q u>+| nqTuy \qT |+#T= <| d+|Ps ne>Vq
sy*. s = TysT eTT #~$q n+X+ >T]+ $e]ksT . $T> ysT n&> d+<V \qT
e #j *.
11. C fdt $<q+ (Cloze Test Technique) :

~ #<e &+ ` ns+ #dT =H keTs |+#& |j >|& ePV+. +<T n+X+ |
5e |< =\+ ksT . < #<T e=+ =\+q kq+ |< }V+#*, +b*.
12. kV se\T (Literature activities) :

|\\ qT q\T>TsT #=|q H\T>T qT #j *. T uc|sy T q nuk {sTT+#*.
n+f #~$q n+X+ >T]+ T |<C \+, kyT\T e+{$, +T #~$q n+X+ uw
>=|q+ >T]+, + T #~$q n+X+| \T ^jTeT, +T #~$q n+X+| |X \T
j sT#jT eT < yUq+ sjTeT #| e#T. n+f n+X+| n y kV|s+ >
|#ksT . uw d++~+ sb\T #T#dT y*. n+<]M |<] +|Cj
*.
13. |d dMT\ T sV+#&+ (Book Reviews, Read and reflect) :

|\\ |sH _wqT |+b+~+#& bsX \ >+<\jT |d \qT ds| s #XsT. |\* $$<
kV sb\ q |d \qT #<e eTH*. |\\ T #~$q y{| dMT\ T sV+#*. dMT
y #~$q |d
y T +{?
#~$q n+X+| n_bjT+ #| &+.
#<T eTq|&T y nqTu
T\qT #| +#&+ .
#~$q n+X+ b\ >T]+, d+|T q\ >T]+ e{&+
#&+ .
$ @ <X
+ n+X sks #]+#&+ e+{$ s>*.
|q d+q $$< k<sD ePV\bT qq bs |d \ |\\ T k~+#*q keTs\|
nud+ *+#& s> >~ keTs duy{ ePV\qT sV+#*. y{ #<+.
63
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
keTs\ y> ePV\T
1. $q&+ ` + #| &+ :
uc keTs\ $q&+, e{&& + # eTTKyTq $. M{ b<$ T H| D\T> u$dTH +.
& seTT+< |\\ T $q&+`+ #| / e{& keTs * +{sT. & #]q sy
d#> e{&& + , $Xd+ e{&& + , d{> e{&& + , d+<s+> e{&& + , ds q |<C \+
nse ++>, $qk+|>e{&& + >T]+ nu d+#*. nf $q< ns+ #dT = eT nqTuy \qT
C&+, + >T e{&> \ >*. + e{&e \dq neds *+#&+ <s |\\ T
$wj $q&+| @> #|sT.
u<H ePV+ :
$q&+`+ #| &+ >T]+q @yTH |P] s> +> sV+#*. es+ $<sT\ qT
Lsu{ b<jTT&T L& |\\ eT< Lsy*. nud+ |X \ = |X n&>*. |X
>T]+ |\\ +<] e{&+ #*. |\\ T #| q $wj y~+#*. K+&+#L &<T . |\\ T eT
nqTuy \qT, n_bj\qT C&+ #| bV+#*. |\\ T nH sq de<H\T #|$<+ >
|X \T n&>*. |\\ de<H\qT & ] + eTT+| / de<q+ #| +#* / #b*. s> |\\
u>keT+ n~+ > +& b<jTT&T es<Z ] +&*. n+<s e{& , #s bZH
bVd neX*y*. $q&+è{&& + nuk L& sV+#& |]jT&qT | +>
{sTT+#Ty*.
2. <s+> #<e &+, ns+ #dT = #| &+, sjT&+ :

eTT~ n+X\T y{H H |\\ T <s+> dwy T q #sD #<e >Z*. #~$q n+X+ >T]+
ns+ #dT = #| >Z*, sjT>Z*. ucu dq+ jTT eTTK \ + |\\ qT uc_eqT\T>, d+
bs \T> j sT#jT &+. { |\ #~y n\yTqT |+b+~+#&+ d+ bs |d + nuk\T
&&*.
bsX \ |\\ |sH _sT q XD rdT= y*. |sH e>VqqT |+b+~+#*. $_q
|jT \ L&q bs\qT |\\ |]#jT + #jT &+ y$ < u] yT q nuk\e\ ysT bs |d \ryT q
|> k~ksT . #<e &+| |T *q |\ | +& sjT>\TZsT. # { |<\qT d+<s+>
e{&& + < sjT&+ $jksT .
u<H ePV+ :
#<e &+ d+ q \T |P] s> >~ +> < e> + > < T +> nuk\
]q ksTT{ sV+#*. | nuk |\\ yTT< e> + > #~$+#*. @+ #j
|\\ H #| +#*. bs+ >T]+#$, |\\ e> + > #sTT+#& eTT+<T m #j d#q\T
ne>Vq #sTT+#*. b|\qT >T]+#&+ , |s # & + , mesT me] nHsT? e+{ nuk\qT
|P] s> n&>*. |\\ T #| q~ usT | sj*. |d \ sdTeTH*. #]+q sy >
64
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

e> + >> ssTT+#*.. yTT<{ 45 $Tc\ ne>Vq *+# \ sVD s>*. s +&e
45 $Tc\ |\\ T e> + > sdT #&*.
3. + k+e sjT&+ (djTs#q ) :

sjT&eT+f | +& sjT&+ eyT <T. qT $q < #~$q < *q $wj q
n_bjT+ C&+ k++> sdH < sjT&+> u$+#*. sjT&+ |\\ T n+X eT+,
d+|Ps y\ nse ++> sj*. n+X q |<C |j + sjT>\>*. ue+, y
sD+, ds q |<C \ $j>+ |j + sdq|& sjT&+ |\ e+yT q ~> u$+#*.
|\ >\ d bsX \ |s |+ ysT d#> sjT& bV+#*. <s eT]+ y>+ >
sjT&+ HsT +{sT. b<$ T s> T |\\ T d#> Mq + me sd <w |&+ , | \T
~<& y T |< H+X+ s<T. sjT& bVd y] <c\qT ys >T]+##j *. s> #s
<s d]~<*. |\\ T u\+ e{& |&T <c\T <=sT T +{sTT. ds q ucyesD+ bZq&+
<s \eT+ y] <c\qT ys de]+#T= # > e{&& &d |T=+{sT. |jT +
dTesT sT H\\ \+ #T#dT =+T+~. {q s d+es+ qT+& s +&T d+es\ ejTdT
sT>TT+~. nf sjT&+ L&! |\\ T sjT& bV+#*. sjT&+ n\yfjT |\\ ssTT+#*.
*q y{ >T]+, #dq y{ >T]+, $qy{ >T]+, #~$q y{ >T]+ k++> sjTeTH*.
sdq y{ d]> m sjTe# s> |rsp #]d =+ sjT&+ <=s | \qT |\
eT+eTT> d]~<T =+{sT.
u<H ePV+ :
s> >~ djTs#q |X \ yT\T sdeTT+<T |P] s> +> |X \| #s sV+#*.
eTT+<T> |X * q\\| sj*. |\* |X \qT #<e eTH*. |X qT rdT= |\\ e{&+ #*.
nqT+< |X \T yd de<H s{*. yT<eT<q + <s|X \qT >T]+ #]+#*. |\\ qT
T> #dq |&T |X \ de<H\T { |\\ #]+#T=+ sjTeTH*. |#dT q deTjT+
b<jTT&T n+<s bZH #d nedsy T q # dV ]+#*. |\\ T #dq T| |<] +|Cj
*.
|\\ T sdq de<H\qT d]#j *. +<Td+ |\ mesH sdq de<H < @<H Tsdq
de<H q\\| < #sT | q<TqT> sj*. sd+< |P] s> >~ #<$ +#*.
<c\| +~ |X \ <s #s sV+#*.
ue+ d]> sXs?
ds q eT+ sXs?
ds q y\T sXs. y\T |P]> sXs?
y\ |<\T d]> Hj? q |<\ kq+ + eT+ |<\qT sjTe#?
ns < c\T @yTH Hj? @jT ns \qT d]> sj*?

65
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

#s <s yTqT d]#j *. CyT |\\ T eTT sdq CyTqT b* d]#dT=+{sT.
de]+# |P] s> +> m&{+ >qT sV+#*. sy yTqT sjTeTH*. +<Td+
yTT<{ 45 eTTc\ |X \ >T]+ e{&& + , e{&+ #&+ , e> + > ssTT+#&+ , d]~<& +
s>*. sy 45 eTTc |\\ e> + > ssTT+#*.
4. |<C \+ :
uw n+f |<C \ deTV+. |<C \+ m+ d+b~d uw| n+|
T |sT>TT+~. |<\qT
nse ++> ysD
<+ > $jd uw> esTT+~. ue $eTjT+ sT>TT+~.
$<sT\ |<C d+<sqTks+> $j+#&+ | nud+ *+#*. $$< d+<s\
|<+ ysT ysT ns*dT+ ~. M{ >T]+ ns+ #dT =H bV+#*. |<C \ $j>+| $<]
|T k~+q|& @ $wj H H $qk+|>, sde s + >, e ] +#>\ &T. dH+>, sk+>
sjT>\sT.
u<H ePV+ :
|<C d++~+q nuk\ >T]+ d#q* ne>Vq *+#*. e> + > < nuk\
]q ksTT{ T|> L& sV+#e#T. de<H\T sjTeTH*. |\\T sdq y{
|<] +|Cj
*. |\\ T #| q < q\\| sj*. #s sV+#*. |\\ T #| b sTTq d+<s\
b<jTT&T d+<s |j >\<s |<C ns+ #sTT+#*.
5. dH :
|\ }VX, \HX nq++> +{sTT. |\ X y* rjT& q uc yesD
s> ><T *+#*. uw e\+ e s D
k<q + eyT <T. uw dJeyTq ~. <= \jT
+T+~. < ns+ #sTT+q|&T |\ dH $wsD M\T \T>TT+~. k++> sd
keTs + dH eT]+ <V<|& T T+~. dH e s D
eT s|+, s s|+
eT]jTT |<s q s|+ +T+~. ku$+>, n+q +> |\ +& dHq T y*rd
bsX \ &&*. ucu<H \\ uc H| D\ k<q bT dH, \H X \ T y*rjT&+
n eTTKyTq $> >T]+#*.
u<H ePV+ :
keTs yTT< |P] s> +> sV+#*. q d#q\T y*. q n+X+|
+|Cd d#> | s #| bV+#*. nedsy T q # <s\qT +|Cj
*.
ne>Vq *+#*. sy |\\ qT T> $u +, #]+#eTH*, sjTeTH*. #dq |qT\qT
|<] +|Cj
*. M{ |<] dTq |&T b<jTT&T |P] s> #s sV+#&+ <s d\V\T,
d#q\T n+<Cj
*. sdq dH n+X d]#j *. djTs#q |X \qT d]~~q $<+ > |P]
s> sV+#*. sy e> + > sjTeTH*. |\\ T sdq y{ d+\q+#d e dH
66
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

n |d + j sT#j *. |r bs |\\ T sdq dH n+X\ |d d+\q+
j sT#d s> >~ |<] +#*. M{ sV+#& yTT<{ 45 $Tc\ ne>Vq *+#&+ ,
ssTT+#&+ , d]~<& + s>*. sy 45 $Tc\ |\\ e> + > ssTT+#*.
6. |X+ d :
$<sT\ kqTL\ << n\es&, >T $<+ > d+~+#& keTs + m+>H
<V<|& T T+~. +Te\T, yTT\| |\\ T kqTu * +&&+ bT | neds\T *qZ
|\\ T, eTTd*y q dV jT+, dV s+ #jT >*> j sy*. n< e~]> s uw\T,
d+d T\T, |+&T>\T, d+|<j\qT >s$+#, >=|<H >T]+ n_q+~+# yK ] |\ |+b+<
#&*. |\\ T m<T{ y] >=|<H >T]+ |X+ d+#*. Be\ $\Te\ L&q e sD+
s|~<T =+T+~.
u<H ePV+ :
B eTT+<T +{ |> y*. | |qXsD u>+> |\* |X+ d |X | e{&+ |Cj
* /
|<] +|Cj
*. | $<] |+#*. |\\ de<H* & ] + eTT+| y*. e> + >
sjTeTq y{ ssTT+#*. |\\ T sdq |X+ d d++~+q n+X\ |d d+\q+ j sT#j *.
sb+~q |d d+\H s> |<] +#*. |r bs d+\q+ s> >~ n+<TuT
+#*.
7. uwqT >T]+ \TdT+<+ :

eT |]ds\ nse+yTq d+<s dyX\ bZq&+ <s eTq keTs
$j+#T=, |\\ +<s uwqT n+ dV +> dT\Te> b+<TTHsT. n+<T bsX \ seTT+<
|\\ T eT |]ds uwqT m+ dT\Te> >V + d+<s+> $jdTH sT.
bsX \ uw Hs &+ <X + |\y &T => +#>\ >*. y{ eT<+ > e ] +#> Z*.
dH+> #| >Z*. sjT>Z*. keTs + <s $<sT\ ucu>\T, \T, $seTV\qT
|j +#*> , \ nqT>TD+> jT \qT >T]+ |j +#>* > #j *. n+<T |\\
yT<&T y{ djT+>H dr]+#T=+Tq~. B s> >~ |+ #jT & nud+ #sTT+#*.
u<H ePV+ :
uwqT >T]+ \TdT+<+ nuk\qT |P] s> +> sV+#*. nud+ n+X
|\\ #]d ne>Vq #sTT+#*. <VsD\qT |\\ #| +#*. <VsD\ <s d
>V +# / ns+ #dT =H #j *. |\\ qT LseT HsT =q uc+X\| <VsD\T
ssTT+#*. |\\ |<] +|Cj
*. |\\ T #| q <VsD\qT q\\| sj*. e> + > HT|d
ssTT+#*. M{ ns+ #sTT+#& yTT<{ 45 $Tc\ deTj $j+#*. sy 45 $Tc\
M{ |\\ e> + > sjTeTH*.
67
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
H$ #jT >\H?
bs |d \T |\\ T HsT e& && k<q +. eT |\\ T @+ HsT =+THsT? m+ es

HsT =+THsT? n *< + &T\T \TdTe& |j >|& k<q + L&! k<sD+> bs+
|Pss TT+< < nH $wjT + *< + &T\ \TdT+ ~. |\ H #| >\TZsT. nsTT T |\\ , nT y]
*< + &T\ bs+ |Pss TTq |<| @+ HsT =HsT? n \TdT=H n+X+ > y# <T . m+<T
u~dT H s b<jTT\ e+ *d +T+~. eTT nqTq \\T s> >~ m+X+
eT+~ #jT >\sT? nH n+X+| k<sD+> <w |&+ # nsT<T> sT>TT+~. M{ <w |T=
|\\ T bs+ |Pss TTq |<| yT$T HsT Hs? eTqTeTT d++> n+#HydT e& nq>
djT eT+q+ #dT e& M\T> uc keTs\qT <w |T= H$ #jT >\H? nuk\T
sb+~+#sT. B <s+> b<jTT\T L& keTs\ y> |\\ ksTT n+#HyjT &
neX+ \_dT + ~. nf *< + &T\ L& u~+q bs+ <s eT |\\ T @ keTs\T b+<s
\TdTe&+ k< eTeT+~.
M{ m sV+#*? :
H$ #jT >\H? = y s> #~$ $|+#*. |\\ T y{ #jT >* WqT
e<, #jT +f <T e< >TsTq T |eTH*. sy = n+X m+eT+~ >TsT |{s
#T e TH*. #T q y] d+KqT +#*. n+X+ 80% +f e eT+~ #T <|
|qsu d+ *+#*.
eTT+| :
ucu<q eTdbdqT>, j++> +&L &<T . uw n+fH +#&+ , e ] +#&+
|\\ T m|{| &T d eT nqTuy \qT $_q sb\ e| s # & M\T> ucu<q ePV\T,
kbH\T +&*. |\\ +<s bZH , #]+#TH, |<] +#, e ] +# ePV\T +&*.
|rsp ucu<q {sTT+q |]jT |]jT& y |D[ Te+{ ePV\ |\\
V+, T |+b+~+# sV+#*. d+<s, u<H +X { eT ePV\qT esTy*.
|\\ T bsX \ #]q|{ qT+& n& yesD+ yqT>TD+> X< L&q

d+sD q|& u < +< u$ksT . eTTK+> eT b<jTT\ q d++<+
u < q< u$d $<sT\ T d#> , dT+>, w|+> d+~+#>\ sT. y]
$<ud+ s++> =qk>TT+~. n|& ysT bs $wj \bT y] #T
sT>TTq y{| L& dV yTq V\+, X< #| V+> y{ >T]+
HsT =+{sT. d#> |ksT . d++> ksT , #]ksT . n+<Te\ eTqq
|< qyTq deTd |\\ qT m $<e+T\qT #j \q~<T. b<jTT\qT m
$<e+T* #j \q<!
` &T we T]
68
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
u<H kbH\T
u<H u dq |jT \ sVD |D[<+ > s>*. qq bs |d \T kbq eT+ |s+
u~+#& nqTL\+> sb+~+#\H $wj MTsT \TdT=HsT <! M{ \T& eTT+<T
bs+ $wjT + neT] y{ b<q >T]+ +#+&.
I.
qTFsD :
qTFsD
n+f bs+ |sT s& n&> |X \T, yT\T #| +# seT+ <T. |\\ qT
eqd+ > HsT & d<e TjT #jT &+, e+ |, |< H+X+ | +|Cj
T &+, +<Td+
qq y# |rbs+ bs+u+ |\\ qT d+d<T \ qT #jT & M\T> bs+X e
d++~+q + +~. B d++~+ |\\ T +# |X \T L& HsTT. |X \T n&T>T
y{ >T]+ #]+|Cd bs+ | |\* d+d<T \ qT #jT & $ |] ksTT. < eT+ u~+|ujT
bs+X d++~+q |PsCq+ @<H $<sT\ +<? \TdTe& <s H{ bs+X
|]#jT + #jT & |\\ T sj
T +> d#> , d eT n_bj\T e+ #jT &, y]
y#s qT |+b+~d deTs+ > e{&& + , e> u>keT+ b+<& <V<|& sTT.
<:` +<T >T]+ e{&+ | #j *. + @yT$T HsTT? mesesT @+ #dT H sT?
b\ eT< d+uwD m +T+~? y] kq+ MTsT+f @+ #ksT ? e+{ |X \ <s #s
qTFsD
#d bs+ y| +|Cd bs |]#jT + #j *. bs bs+_+q yTT<{ |]jT&
B sV+#*. $T> |]jT qTFsD <T\T> |qXsDqT sV+#*. n+f eTT+<TsE
u~+q / #]+q n+X\qT d d, #s sV+#&+ < ne>VqqT |]o*+#&+ s>*.
+<Td+ |]jT&qT {sTT+#Ty*. nq> bs+ bs+ue TjT~ yTT<{ |]jT& n ns+ .
69
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

II.
|sq \T ` nsd + >V D :
qTFsD
<s bs+ y| |s |T q |\\ T bs+ $wj \| b<$ T ne>Vq b+<&
bs #~$+#&+ kbq+ jTT eTTK <X + . |\\ T bs #~y eT+ eT ns+ |<\qT
>T]+#&+ sT>TT+~. kbq+ |\]+|, |qXsD ]q sy +~ \T sV+#* :
bs+X + >T]+ e{&+
#&+ .
|\\
# bs |X|s q + (uV|sq +) #jT &+.
b<jTT&T <s |sq
+ #jT &+.
|\\
eTq|sq + ` ns+ |<\ +< ^^jT&+.
|<\ ns\qT >T]+ \TdTe& |T +TeqT #&&+
(e> + >)
|<\ ns\qT {y] #]+#&+
.
b<jTT&T d+<s y\ |<\| ne>Vq *+#&+
yTT<\>Tq$.
|sq \ sVD e\ bs $wjT +| b<$ T ne>Vq \TZT +~. bs+ $wj
uy >V +#&, }V+#& |q *q \qT sV+#*.
III. bs+Xu<q
` #s ` ne>Vq :
bs+X u<q n+f bs+ $wjT + >T]+ #]+#&+ , $_q D +#&+ , bs+
$wj $Xw + #&+ e+{$ s>*. >+ bs+ u~+#&+ n+f bs+ $wj d++~+q
|<\ ns\qT $e]+#&+ , n+<T ysD +X\qT #| &+, |s, |s $e]d be&+ nH~ ]>~.
{ bs+ u~+#|&T |\\ bs+X $wjT + \u eq\| ne>Vq \>* n+<Td+
|\* +| Cd |X \T n&>*, |\\ |PsCH nqTuy \qT |]>Dq rdTy*, |+#*,
d#> #s bZH*. |\\ #]+#T+ $wjT u<q s>*. u~+#|& $wjT +
>T]+ |\\ T VQD $Xw d , }Vd, + |d+~+#*. +<T |< q+> kbH\T
+~ $<+ > +{sTT.
|\]+|
|qXsD
|\\
uV|sq +
b<jTT <s |sq
+
|\\
eTq|sq +
\u eq\| +|C d |X \T n&>&
+
|\\
+<] u>keTT\qT #d #]+#&+
|\\
ne>Vq ` |]o\q
sE #]+q bs u>+| |+#&+
<s |\\ ne>VqqT \TdTe&+.
bs u<q d+ s]+#Tq 3 < 4 |]jT bs+X $wjT +| |\\ |P]ksTT
ne>Vq *+#&+ n+f $wjT + \u eq\qT, d+|T q\qT, $ jTT <X , b\ duy\qT,
dyX d++~ n+X\qT #q\, $Xw + , #]+ ne>Vq b+<TsT.
70
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

IV.
keTs\ k<q ` $#jT +& nud sVD :
bs $wjT +| |P] ne>Vqb+~q |\\ T bs+ <s k~+#*q keTs\ k<q | <w |{*
+T+~. eTq+ + eTT+<T #| qT bs u~+#&+ n+f qTFsD qT+& H$#jT >\H?
es q n n+X\qT u<q u>+>H u$+ sV+#&+ . uc keTsq $q&+`+
e{&& + , #<e &+`ns+ #dT = e ] +#&+ , + k+e sjT&+ (djTs#q ), |<C _e~,
dH e s D
, |X+ d, uc+X\ +< q nuk\qT s> >~ ne>Vq *+#*.
keTs\| nuk\T $#jT +& o] HsTT. | nuk eTT+<T> |P] s> +>
$<sT\ m #j d#q\T y*. n+f |\\ qT |\]+#&+ , |qXsD ]q s +~
|qT\qT sV+#*.
eTT+<T> nuk |\\
#~$+#*.
@$T #j
yH #]+ q d#q\T y*.
keTs duy { q sVD ePV m+| #dT y*.
|\*
e> + >>, T> nuk\qT #jT eTH*.
|\\
T #dq nuk\qT |<] +|Cj
*.
|\\
T |<] +q y{| #s sV+#*.
nq+s+
|\\ #]+#T+ d]#j *.
d]#dq
nq+s+ HT|d sjTeTH*.
| $<+ >H bC | q T\T #jT & L& d#q\T |\\ #sTT+#*. |<] +|Cj
*.
y~\T ssTT+#*.
nuk\ sVD b<jTT&T e\+ ks s> + |\\ T HsT e&+ dV ]+#*.
|\\ T |s u>keTT\jT, keTs\qT k~+# #&*. m{ |]d T nuk\qT > & T ,
<]qT\T #dsjT&+, q\\| sd #dsjT&+, |d + q $wj m sjT&+ e+{$ #T
#dT L&<T .
|\\ T uw HsT e&+ n+f uc keTs\qT k~+#&y T . +<T +#&+ , eT n_bj\qT
e| s # & + , *d |#jT &+, eT<q X* |d+~+#&+ , e ] +#&+ e+{$ #T #dT +{sTT.
M{ <w |T= nuk\ sVD s>*.
V.
djTeT+q+ :
bs+ <s k~+#*q keTs\T @ yTs k~+#y |\\ T eTqT eTT n+#H ydT =H+<T
H$#jT >\H? nH o] nuk\ es #s &yT q ~. ~ $<sT\ T eTqTeTT n+#H ydT e&yT
b<jTT\ |\\ T @ keTs + yq&TTHs \TdT+ ~. n+>+& m& |\\ |qsu d+
*+# \TdT= #s \T #| & neX+ +T+~. +<T
H$#jT >\H? n+X\qT |\\
T #<y *.
y #jT >*>
y{ |eTH*. #jT y{ |{*.
m+eT+~ #jT >*>s #T e
T +#*.
#jT y] >T]+ |qsu d+ *+#*.
| $<+ > eT+q+ sV+q|&T b<jTT&T |\\ ksTT $Xw + #&, <T |] nuk\T
*+#& M\eT+~.
71
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

qq bs |d \ bs\ $wj + eTT+<T #]+q kbH\ |s+ neTssT.
M{ bs {sTT+q yTT+ |]jT sV+#*. bs d> Tq 10 |]jT nedse TesTT.
|q *q <T n+X\qT 10 |]jT sV+#*. @ kbH sV+H, @ |]jT&HH
| +& |\* |\]+#&+ , qTFsD < |qXsD#jT &+, |\\ ne>VqqT |]o*+#&+ +T+~.
M{bT u<H +X+ / + <s+> n<q| kbq\qT L& sV+#*. bs u<q d++~+q
10 |]jT eTq+ sV+#*q kbH\ $es\qT |]o*<+. y{ @jT |]jT neT\T|s
L& \T=+<+.
d+q u<H kbH\T

bs+ u~+#&+ n+f qTFsD + qT+& H$#jT >\H? es q n n+X\ u<H u dq
|jT \T sV+#sT. +<T qTFsD
+, |sq \T, bs+X $wjT +, $#jT +& o]
nuk\T, djT eT+q+ e+{ n+X\T HsTT. $ u~+#& b{+# kbH\T, ePV\T
n+X\ duy { esTT+{sTT. +< d+q u<H kbH\qT n+X\ q $<+ > m+|# d T =
|D[ b+<T|sT #Ty*.
@@ |]jT kbq+
.d+U
kbq+
$esD
eX +T+~
1 |\]+|
| |]jT& +T+~. |\\ qT |\]+#&+
2 qTFsD + 1e |]jT& eyT bs+ + + >T]+ e{&+ #&+
>T]+e{&+ #&+ +T+~.
2 qT+ 10 |]jT eTT+<TsE ]q n+X+ >T]+ #]+#&+
3 |qXsD
+T+~.
1e |]jT& eyT bs+ |sT / o]q T |{ + q\\|
4 o] | q
+T+~.
sjT&+
1e |]jT& eyT bs+ sdq $ >T]+ |]#jT + #jT &+
5 $|]#jT +
+T+~.
6 H|< + / <X + 1e |]jT& eyT
bs+ <X + /H|< + >V +# #jT &+
+T+~.
2e |]jT& eyT
bs+ \ >T]+ #s sVD
7 bs+ +
>T]+e{&+ #&+ +T+~.
|<\ / > j\ b<q, s>+ b&&+ ,
8 > jT+/|< +/b 1 qT+& 5 |]jT
m b& \&+ nud+ #d #|&+
b<jTT&T b&&+ +T+~.
|<\T/>j\T/b\qT |\\ b&+#&+ ,
9 > jT+/|< +/b 1 qT+& 5 |]jT
|\\ T b&&+
+T+~.
n_qjT+ #sTT+#&+
s> q\T>Ts < T >TsT |\\ |X|s q +

2 qT+& 5 |]jT
10 |\\#
#sTT+#*. <c\qT >T]+#*.
uV|sq +
+T+~.
dc#sD #<y *. |\\ qT
2 qT+& 5 |]jT
11 b<jTT
>eT+#eTH*.
<s |sq +
+T+~.
72
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

@@ |]jT kbq+
$esD
eX +T+~
2 qT+& 5 | ] j T |\\ T eTq+> #<y *. *jT |<\qT>T]+,
12
^^j*. #s bZH*. \Ty*.
+T+~.
13
2e |]jT& +T+~. bs + | ] o*+| C j *. # s
sV+, uy }V+|#j
*.
+|C d |X \ <s \ |<\T / y\T
14
3 qT+& 5 |]jT
/ d+|T q\| #s
6 qT+& 10 |]jT es $q&+, e{&&+, <s+> #<e&+
15
| ] j T & , d j T s # q | ] j T & ,
+T+~.
|<C\\T, bC, |X+d |qT\T
|]jT&, dH |]jT&, uwqT >T]+
\TdTe&+, H$#jT >\H e] |]jT&
sV+#*.
16 d]~<& + (ue+ / djTs#q, dH, ue+ d]> +<? y sD+, |<C \+,
y+ / |<\T / |X+ d sV+# |]jT ns < c\| #s sV+ d]~<*.
ns <c\T)
n> |\\ T sdq n+X\T
@y H | < ] +q| & T .
< bC | q T\T
y~\T deT]+q|&T.
10e |]jT& eyT e] |]jT& H$#jT >\H? n+X\
17 djT
@yT$T #jT>\s >T]+|#j*. |qsud+
eT+q+
+T+~.
*+#*.
18 sdq n+X\qT 6 qT+& 10 |]jT |X+ d, dH, bC |qT\ y~\qT
d+\H\T> j s#d u <|s # & +
|<] +#&+ ,
+T+~.
d+\q+ #jT &+
19 |\\ ne>Vq ` | |]jT& +T+~. |r |]jT& sE u~+q, sV+q
n+X\ <s+> keTs\ y> |\\
|]o\q
ne>VqqT |]o*+#*.
e] |]jT& +T+~. djT eT+q+ <s |\\ T @@ keTs\
20 |qsu d+
nedsy T n<q| |]jT& yqT&s >T]+, j keTs\ d+ n<q|
|]jT |qsu d+ *+#*.
+T+~.
|q *q kbq\qT |]jT& eT&T u>\T> sVk+. n$ 1) b<+ , 2) bs+X+|
#s , ne>Vq < keTs\ k<q , 3) |\\ ne>Vq |]o\q. b<+ |\]+#T, qTFsD
+ >Ts]+ e{&& + , o] |
q, bs+X <X + / H|< + / |qXsD yTT<\>T kbH\T
+{sTT. bs+X+| #s , e>Vq |\\ |X|s q +, b<jTT <s |sq +, |\\ eTq|sq +,
bs+ + >T]+ e{&+ #&+ , +|C d |X \ <s#s yTT<\>Tq$ +{sTT. kes \ k<q
d+, d#q\T e&+, ssTT+#&+ , d]~<& + e+{ kbH\T +{sTT.
.d+U
kbq+
|\\ eTq|sq +
` ns d+>V D
bs+ +
>T]+ #s
bs+X+| #s ,
ne>Vq
keTs\ y>
nuk\ sVD
73
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|\\ ne>Vq |]o\q keTs\ y> |X+ d+#&+ , |\\ ne>Vq \Te&+, djT
eT+q+ e+{ kbH\T +{sTT. { u<H +X+ / keTs + <s+> j |]jT d++~+q
u<H ePV\T, nu dHqTuy \qT, kbH\ |s+ sj*.
| d+q kbH +& n<q+> kbH\qT L& bsu<q nedsyTq#
$j+#Te#T. $ b<jTT\ d# e~*yjT &yT q ~. | |]jT& sV+# u<H u dq
|jT \T |\\ qT |\]+#&+ , |qXsD #jT &+ < qTFsD bs+ue TsTT. |\\ ne>VqqT
|]o*+#&+ eTT>TdT+ ~. | |]jT& |P]>H #b<jTT\T sE sV+q u<H u dq
|jT \ <s+> q nqTuy \qT, nqTu T\qT djT |d+<q\ s|+ sdTy\*. =
|]jT& u<q m+| #dT =q n+X+, nud+ @<H e#T. < d++~+q kbH\ <s+>
u<H u dq |jT \T sV+#*. M{ <s+>H bs |D[\T, |]jT& |D[\T sdTy*.
neT\T|s# *. M{ >T]+ <T |] n<jT+ #]<+.
1, 2 s>T\ u<H kbH\T

{ s +&T s> T \ bs\T |< |< +{sTT. ns \qT HsT > |]#jT + #jT +& ns \
d++~+q \|< dyX+ , d+|T q <s |]#jT + #ksT . \ |<\ L&q n_qjT
> j\T / < / d+|T q / dyX\ bs\qT b+<T|]#sT. \ |<+ ns \|H |\\
nuk *+#&+ sT>TT+~. B <s+> |< sD+, #<e &+, sjT&+, dH e+{ keTs\T
|+b+< nuk\T +{sTT. { 1, 2 s> T \ kbH\ >T]+ \T=+<+. n$ :
bs+
+ >T]+ e{&+ #&+ .
>
j b<jTT&T b&&+ .
|\\
> j b&+#&+ .
>
j n_qjT+ b&&+ .
>
jT+ >T]+ |\\ e{&+ #&+ .
>
j #<e &+.
>
j |\\ # #~$+#&+ .
bs+
\ |< bs+ qT, y\qT |\\ >T]+|Cj
T &+.
\|<
+ ns \qT >T]+|Cj
T &+.
HsT q ns
\ |< sD+ #sTT+#&+ . |<\qT q\\| sjT&+.
qq |<\qT #~$+#&+
, y{ ssTT+#&+ .
qq |<\T #| +#&+
, ssTT+#&+ .
bs+X+ nuk\T #sTT+#&+
n$ #<e &+, sjT&+ nuk\T.
` ds q |< U\ >T]+ sjT&+.
` HsT q |<\qT, ns \qT #& +& sj*.
` dH +< ^jT&+. + |sTqT sjT&+.
| n+X\ s> >~ sV+#& 8 |]jT nedsy T sTT. > j b&+#&+ , n_qjT+
#sTT+#&+ nH~ |sp s>*q|. 8 |]jT bs, nuk\qT {sTT+#T |D[qT
sdTy*. 1, 2 s> T \ bs+ u~+#&+ n+f \|< + <s Hs ns \qT, |<\qT |\\ T
#<e >\>*. sjT>Z*. n|& bs+ <s |\ k~+#*q keTs\qT k~+qT> u$+#*.
74
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
b<jTT\ j ` |D[\T
uc u<q \\T Hsys&, s]+q keTs\qT k~+|CjT& ucb<jTT\T
|D[<+ > u<H u dq |jT \T sV+#*. +<Td+ +< *|q |D[\qT sb+~+#Ty*.
n$
1. y] |D[ (Year Plan), 2. bs |D[ (Lesson Plan),
3. |]jT& |D[/ +X |D[ (Period Plan)
y] |D[
d+es+ yTT sd~ y] |D[. >+ y] |D[ bs+ |sT, bs+ |P] nsTT+<?
<? b<jTT d++ , |< Hb<jTT d++ yTT<\>T y{ b+<T|]#ysT. NCF`2005
|s=q $<+ > Cq sD nqT>TD+> eTq |D[\T y{ kbH\T +&*.
|dT y] |D[ s> d++~+, j d \ d+es+ $<sT\ T @jT
keTs\T k~+#*? = bs m |]jT nedse TesTT? nu dq |jT y>e ++>
s>& nedsy T q n<q| keT @$T |j +#*? |H\ keTs\qT |+b+~+#&
n<qeTT> sV+# se\T @$T{? CCE d++~+ @$T qy<T #j *? yTT<q y{ y]
|D[ b+<T |s# *. +~ kbH\ <s y] |D[ sj*. n$ I. s> , II. $wjT +,
III.nedsy
T q |]jT d+K, IV. d+es+ |Psj
T d] |\\ T k~+#*q keTs\T, V. edy>
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) e~] bs |D[ ` \T>T (Lesson Plan)

5e s>
I.
bs+ |sT
: 1. d+e+
II. bs nedsy
T q |]jT& d+K : 10
III. bs+
<s k~+#*q keTs\T :
1. $q&+`+ e{&& + : > j s>+ b&, n_qjT+ #jT >\>*. ks+X+ k+e
#| >\>*. $ > jT+ <s @eT, m+<T #| +{& e{&> \ >*.
2. <s+> #<e &+, ns+ #dT = #| &+ : > j <s+> #<e >\>*. > jT+ b<\qT #~$
esTd eT+ +#*. uyqT>TDyTq b<\qT > jT+ >T]+#*. > jT+ bd |<\T >T]+#*.
3. + k+e sjT&+ : > jT ks+X k+e sjT>\>*. |X \ yT\qT
k+e sjT>Z*.
4. |<C \+ : d+<s+> |<\ ns\T >V + |j +#>\ >*. bs+ ese \, >TD+
|<\T, >T]+ |{ sj*.
5. dH : eTq <X+ >=|<q+ *| H<\T sj* < bs+ <s+> + ^d <
>T]+ sj*.
6. |X+ d : <X+ d+ w #dq , >+ #dq y] |X+ dd |s sjT>\>*.
7. uwqT >T]+ \TdT+<+ : uc u>\qT >T]+#>\ >*. $seT V\qT ds q # +#*.
IV. |]jT y> $u
q |D[ :
|\\ s +&e
|]jT& u<H +X+ /
keT
45 \ *+#
+ yTT<{ u<H ePV\T/ nu dq nqTuy \T
d+K keTs
nu
d+/eT+q+
45 \T
1e qTFsD + I. b<+
d+e+ qTFsD
+
|\]+|
|]jT&
>T]+
> jT+ #sT
<s+> |<\T,
qTFsD + >T]+
e{&+ #&+ ,
qTFsD
y\T sjT&+.
e{&*
o] |
q
d+e+
+
+ <s+>
H
|
<
+,
\
\T
> j b&+#&+
+ e\
$ |]#jT +
>T]+ sjT&+.
| H+. 1 II. bs+X u<q , #s , ne>Vq
d+e+ >
jT+ b&&+
>
j |\\ b&+#&+
III. ne>Vq |]o\q
$|]#jT +,
H|< + >T]+ |+#&+
86
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|\\ s +&e
u<H ePV\T / nu dq
keT
45 \ *+#
nqTuy \T
nud+/eT+q+
|\]+|
|<\ ns\T
|T +Te
|qXsD
sd
bs |d +
|\\T b&&+, b<jTT&T

k+y\T
> j\T b&&+ , b&+#&+
sjT+&.
bs+
+ >T]+ e{&& +
bs+
+
d+uwD\T #| +#&+
<s+>
|\\
uV |sq +
|<\T, y\T
b<jTT& <s |sq
+
sjT+&.
|\\
eTq |sq +
+ y]
*jT |<\ +< ^ ^jT&+,
eT< ]>
|<\ |{ #&&+ ns\T
d+uwD\T
\Te&+
}V+
b<jTT& ns$
esD
sjT+&.
|\\
k+y\T #| +#&+
3e
bs u<q ` b<jTT&T b&&+ ,
>
jT+ #sT #<e &+, ns+
#dT H nud+
|]jT& > jT+ yTT<{ |\\ b&+#&+
>
jT+ <s+>
s +&T b<\T |\\ uV |sq +
b<jTT& <s |sq
+
|X \
|$ us qT+&
|\\
eTq |sq +
yT\T
k<sT \ bs $wjT +| #s ne>Vq
sjT&+.
yTT+& es +|C d |X \T n&>*`
yTT<{ s
+&T
#sD\
| H+. 2 < d$ n+f MT @+ nsy T + ~?
| @$T{?
ks+X
sjT&+
> jT+ 3, 4 b<jTT&T b&&+ ,
4e
>
jT+ #sT #<e &+, ns+
|\\ T b&&+
#dT H nud+
|]jT& #sD \T eT+
>
jT+ <s+>
\| qT+& |\\ uV |sq +
|X \
X+U\<+& b<jTT& <s |sq +
|
\
\
eTq
|
s
q
+
yT\T
es
bs $wjT +| #s ne>Vq
sjT&+.
| H+. 2 +|C d |X \T n&>*`
3, 4 #sD
\
< bsT\eT+~q n+f MT @+
ks+X+
nsy T + ~?
sjT&+
V<+TCsD n+f @$T{?
|]jT& u<H +X+ /
+ yTT<{
d+K keTs
45 \T
2e
|\\ !
|]jT& #jT +& sVD
87
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|]jT& u<H +X+ /
u<H ePV\T / nu dq
keTs
+
y
T
T<
{
d+K
nqTuy \T
45 \T
5e
$T*q > j b<jTT&T b&&+ ,
|\\ T b&&+
|]jT& |P]> u~+#&+
|\\
uV |sq +
+{| > b<jTT& <s |sq +
bC | e&+ |\\ eTq |sq +
bs $wjT +| #s ne>Vq
us $jT+ >T]+ @eT,
m+<T b&*?
6e $q&+, + > j d+e+ nH
|sT ds q <H?
#| &+
|]jT&
= | X qT | \ \ +< ]
<s+>
n&>& +
#<e &+ nuk\ ] de<H |P]>
k<q
#| +#&+
|X+ d nuk b<jTT&T &] +#&+
+{| > e&+ #<e &+ +< q nuk
m #j d#q*y*.
7e
+ | X \ > T ]+ # s /
e{&+ #&+
|]jT& k+e
_{wt y] |X#<d+
sjT&+
q+#\ $ m+<T nHsT?
(djTs#q ) d+ j<T \qT d]+#\
$
m+<
T
nHs
T
?
| H+. 5
= |X >T]+ n&>*
|\\
+<] e{&+ #*
e>+>, T yT\T
sjTeTH*
d]~<&
+
|\\
T sdq de<H q\\
/ #sT | sj*.
ue+ d]> +<. y\T
d]> Hj? ds q |<\T
sXs? ns <c\T
@eTTHsTT? n #s <s
d]~<*
88
|\\ s +&e
45 \ *+#
nud+/eT+q+
> jT+ #sT #<e+&
|X \
yT\T
sjT&+
C+& >T]+
sjT&+
>
jT+ b<\
ks+X+
sjT&+
q\\| |d +
$q&+,
<s+>
+
#<e &+, ns+
#| &+
#dT = #| &+,
|X\T
sjT&+
sjT&+
nuk\T
#sTT+#&+
keT
djTs#q ,
|X\T
q\\|
sjT&+
#sT, d\T
|
1)
+
k+e
sjT+&.
nud+
|X \ yT\T
sjT+&.
_{wyt ]
|X#<d+
q++< $
m+<TH&T?
2) eTq+ k+
j<T \qT
d]+#\ $
nH&T <!
m+<T?
3) > jT
ks+X
k+e
sjT+&.
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|]jT& u<H +X+ /
+ yTT<{
d+K keTs
45 \T
8e
bC |
|]jT&
|<s q
|<C \ \T
| H+. 5
|X+ d |<s q
u<H ePV\T / nu dq
nqTuy \T
|\\ T sdq bC | y~qT
#~$+#&+
d]~<& +
| < C \+ nu k\qT
e> + > / T #sTT+#&+
d]~<& +
|X+ d nuk |<] +|Cj
T &+
|\\ s +&e
45 \ *+#
nud+/eT+q+
|<C\+ bs|d+
| < C \+
\T
nuk\T
<X+ d+
bC |
>T]+
>+ #dq
y~ sjT&+
y] \T |X+ d nuk
sjT&+
keT
yT<eT<q + : <Xu
d++~+q H<\ >T]+ H<\T dH
sdq #sT
nuk\T
|+#&+
| H+. 6
sB |,
sjT&+
d#q\T e&+, ne>Vq
*+#&+
bds T
|X+
d
|
#sTT+#&+
nuk\
|<s
q ` #s
yT\TsjT&+
d]~<&
+
uwqT >T]+
10e
uwqT >T]+ y\T q\\| sjT&+
\TdTe&+,
|]jT& \TdTe&+ uc u>\ >T]+ |d,
nuk\T
#s <s ne>Vq
sjT&+
H$ #jT >\H? nf $seTV\ >T]+,
H$
H$ #jT >\H? e>
+ >
#jT >\H?
>T]+#&+
yqT&q
m+eT+~ #jT >\s
|\\
#T e Tq&+
|qsu d+
#jT y] >T]+#&+
*+#&+
V. b<jTT& j
, n<q| de#s dsD : +~ $es\qT, bs+X u<q nedsy T q n+<q|
de#s ]|s qT |d \T, >+<\jT |d \T, +sT qT+& d]+ $es\T sj*.
k++ d+ w #dq
y] $es\T.
<Xu
\ \T.
$ y<T \ d HsjTD >T]+q $es\T.
>
j s>+ b&&+ , nud+ #jT &+.
eT]= <Xu
b\ dsD
.
bs+
| |<+ >T]+ ns+ \TdTe&+, k+y\ #| >\>&+ .
bs+
> jT b<\ >T]+ d+<s n+X\qT $e]+#>* > d<+ e&+ yTT<\>Tq$.
VI. b<jTT& |d+<q\T : bs+
|Psj
b<jTT&T q nqTuy \T nqTu T\T, keTs\
k<q >T]+ q |d+<q\T sdTy*.
89
9e
|]jT&
dH
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
|]jT& |D[
bs |D[ n+f bs d++~+q< \T=HsT <! B <s+> |]jT& / +X
|D[ sj*. bs |D[ sdTq +X\ |s+ u<q #|{ * +T+~. | +X+
+X @$Tu~+#*? @ keTs\qT k~+#*? @ @ ePV\T b{+#*? nH n+X\qT
d$es+> +X |D[ sdTy*. +X |D[ qeTHqT |]o*+#+&. bs u<q |P]#j
T &
nedsy T q 10 |]jT =< $es+> +X |D[qT / |]jT& |D[qT sj* +T+~.
n) |]jT& |D[ ` qeTH

I.
bs+ |sT
: ...........................
II.
|]jT d+K
: ...........................
III.
deTjT+
: ...........................
IV.
u<H +X+ / keTs + / +
: ...........................
V.
|]jT& <s k~+#*q keTs + : ...........................
VI. a) yTT<{ 45 \ sV+# u<H

ePV\T, kbH\T :
kbq+
b)
VII.
u<H u dqq |jT \T/ nu dq

nqTuy \T
|\\ ne>Vq ` |]o\q (eT+q+)
s +&e 45 \ |\\ *+# nud+ :
VIII. b<jTT& |d+<q\T :
90
q\\ |
keT / eqsT\T
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
) +X |D[ ` kbH\ $esD

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
bs+ |sT
: @ bs u~dT H s bs+ |sT sj*.
|]jT& d+K : bs |D[ |s+ sE @ |]jT&qT u~dT H s |]jT& d+K sj*.
n+f 1e |]jT&, s +&e |]jT&.... |]jT& d+K sj*.
deTjT+
: |]jT& u<q s]+q deTjT+ \T>T b<$ T ksTT 90 \T
+T+~. yTT<{ 45 \T u<H +X+ / keTs d++~+q u<H ePV\T,
nu dHqTuy \T, s +&e 45 \ *+#*q nud+ / eT+q+.
u<H +X+ / keTs + / + :
bs |D[qT nqTd]+ sE u~+# u<H +X+, keTs +, +
< : ` qTFsD + >T]+ e{&+ #&+
` bs+X u<q ` #s ` ne>Vq
` djTs#q nud+ k<q
|]jT& <s k~+#*q keTs + :
|]jT& <s $<sT\ @ @ keTs\T k~+#<\ #s y{ sj*. |]jT& d++~+q
u<H +X+ <s k~+#*qT+Tq keTs\ $es\T sj*. B k~+#&y T |]jT& |D[
jTT |< q <X + . +<TqT>TD+>H u<H ePV\T, nud+ / eT+q+ +T+~.
a) yTT<{ 45 \ u<H
ePV\T / kbH\T :
u<H +X+ / keTs\ k<q / \ d++~+q kbH\T, sVD $es\T +~ |{
sjT+&.
kbq+ u<H u dq |jT \T / nu dq nqTuy \T q\\ |
keT / eqsT\T
| |{ 1e >& kbH\T sj*. u~+# n+X+, |]jT&qT <w |T= kbH\T

sj*. <: 1e |]jT& qTFsD + >T]+ e{&+ #&+ u<H +X+ yTT<{ 45 \
+ eTT+< #]+q $<+ > 3 u>\T +{sTT. n$ 1) b<+ , 2) #s `ne>Vq < keTs\
k<q 3) |\\ ne>Vq |]o\q. M{ = < d++~+q kbH\qT | d+K 72, 73
#]+q $<+ > sdTy*. b<+ |\]+|, qTFsD + >T]+ e{&+ #&+ , o]| q,
bs+X <X + / H|< + nH$ kbH\T> sj*. bs+X+| #s ` ne>Vq nH <d+
|]o*+|Cj
T &+, +|C d |X \T n&>& + , d+uwD\T #| +#&+ e+{ kbH\T sj*.
|]jT& y] |\\ ne>VqqT |]o*+#& keTs\ y> |X \T n&>& + e+{ kbH\T
sj*.
s +&e>& u<H u dq |jT \T, nu dHqTuy \ $es\T sj*. e >& sdq kbH
nqT>TD+> d$es+> m sVks, @+ #ks $es\qT sj*.
91
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

s +&e n+X+ u<H u dq |jT \T / nu dq nqTuy \ 45 \ +X d++~+
s> >~ @ u<q nu dq |jT \T #|& s sj*. +<T +|C d |X \T n&>& + , |\\
nqTuy \ n_bj\ neX+ e&+, #s s|& + , keT $j+#&+ e+{$ #T#dT +{sTT.
|{ 3e >& q\\ | sE u~+# u<H +X d++~+ u<H u dq |jT
u>+> |<C \+, \|< \T, +|C d |X \T e+{$ q\\| sj*.
|{ 4e >& u<H u dq keT / eqsT d++~+q~. >& +X+ u<H u dq
|] +# keT, eqsT\ >T]+ sj*.
b)
yTT<{ q\u <T eTTc\ es ` K] n+X+ |\\ ne>Vq ` |]o\q (eT+q+) :

kbq+ sE yTT<{ 45 \ u~+q n+X+ >T]+ |\\ T @ e+ ns+ #dT Hs
ne>VqqT |]o*+# |X \T n&>*. n> nqsTT+|C d |X \T n&>*.
VII. s
+&e 45 \ |\\ *+# nud+ : |]jT& yTT<{ q\u <T eTTc\ <s+>
sV+q u<H +X+ / keTs\ k<q d++~+q keTs\| s +&e 45 \ |\\
nud+ *+#*. $es\qT & sdTy*.
VIII. b<jTT& |d+<q\T : 1e |]jT& |Pss
TTq sy n+f 90 \T (yTT<{ 45 \T
u<H u dq |jT \T / s +&e 45 \T |\\ *+# nud+) |Pss TTq sy sE b<jTT&T
q nqTuy \T, |\\ |d+<q, u>keT+, y{ $es\qT sdTy*.
= |]jT& nq> 90 \ d++~+q kbH\T, y{ m sj $es\T \THsT
<! |&T = |]jT& y> qeTH |D[\qT |]o*<+!
uc d+dsD |jT +
|\\ qT d+d]+#\ eTq eTV |jT +... y | \T e{& sT. eT+> e{&s T .
#<T e=q y e\T y sy*. eT |<|\ \ jd |T s+> +T+~. n+ nH>]+. e
d]#d X |*+, |~ksT ssTT+ +f eTq |\\ uwe#~
<y ! eTq+ |\* <s+> e{& dTH +. d#> e{& dTH +, bVdTH +. de+
|]> =B, bZH =B @~ b, @~ b |\ \T=+THsT. eT] eTq sT>TTq<$T{?
|\* |$T+#&e T+f y ke |H<T*, uwq |$T+#&y T ! eTq , |d |\\ uw
+&<T . d+ eTq+ & >&\MT< sd H<, d L& |\\ $wj \, e\ +&e.
$T*+~ f es+Z |\\ T |\\ d#> e{&T e&+, < eTq+ w<+ $~d m? |\\
d# d, d#> e{& d eTq* |ksT , $dksT , n&~ &| yT\T #| sT n ks.
BqT+ eTq+ jT|&*. |\\ e _H_bj\T, $sT<+X\T esy T H eTq+ $H*.
|T sD qT+& Cq+ $dd T + ~. B eTq+ |=, neT\T|]d # deTd\T eTTejTeTsTT.
` #<T e $Cq+, @| 1999
92
u<H u dq
kbq+
I. b<+
1) |\]+|
2) qTFsD
+ >T]+
e{&+ #&+
deTjT+ : 90 \T
u<H u dq ke /
eqsT\T
|\\ T #| q de<H* qTFsD +
q <X HjT\
q\\| skqT.
|\\ ! Xu<jT +. u>THs?
\bT eT]=+<]
+ >T]+ e{&+ #&+ (|\* bs+ y| q eT[+|Cj
T &
<XH jT\ \T.
bs|d+ qTFsD + >T]+ +|Cd |X\qT
n&T>TqT.)
y] d++~+q
|\\ ! 1e |J #d, yT*e+&.
<XH jT\ |sT y] $es\T *| |d \T
+ mesesT HsT?
d++~+q $wj \T
+ q y] >T]+ MT *+~ #| +&.
q\\| skqT.
+ qysT +& MT *dq +=+ eT+~ <XH
jT\
|sT #| +&.
u<H u dq |jT \T / nu dq nqTuy \T
q\\ |
qTFsD
+ >T]+ d#> e{&> Z*.
d+e > j s>jT T+ > b&&+ .
+ >T]+q |<\qT #| >\sT. k+y\ #| >\sT.
<XH jT >T]+ |s sjT>\sT.
III.
yTT<{ 45 $Tc\ ]| seT+
VI.
a)
2. |<C\+
:
3. djTs#q
:
a) yTT<{ 45 \ u<H
u dq |jT \T / u<H kbH\T :
: 1. $q&+ ` + e{&& + :
k~+#*q keTs\T
V.
u<H +X+/|o]/ + : qTFsD

+ >T]+ e{&+ #&+ .
IV.
: 1
+X+ d+K
II.
: d+e+
bs+ |sT
I.
) e~] |]jT& |D[ (+X |D[)
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
93
94
=] >T]+ = y+ #| +&.
<XH
jT MTwy T q ysT mesT? m+<Twy #| +&!
]|_
~He+ +& MT bsX \ @jT d+<s\ C+&
|+&T> sT|=+{sT?
m sT|+{s #| +&.
MT *dq <Xu
> j\qT b&+&.
( |X +& d+<s+> eT]= nqT+< |X * L&
n&T>TqT.)
q\\| sdqe ] sy
sT #<e +&.
eTq <X k++ d+ m+<s MsT\T bs&sT. m+<s e\T eT

<Xu ^\ |\qT |sT d d] +bsT. b <eT
d] *+ k+ deTs |\qT dq<T\ qT #XsTT. nTe+{
<Xu > j MTsT bs+ HsT =+THsT.
d+e+
|\\ T #| q
<XH jT\ |sT
sjT&+.
|\\ T #| q
y\T sjT&+.
q\\ |
5) $|]#jT + d+e+ nH <Xu > j y<T \ d HsjTD Xd> sT y<T \ d HsjTD

_sT<T >$T \
sXsT. jTq >MT \ nH _sT<T +~.
4) H|< +
3) o] | q k++ d+ bs&q MsT\ >T]+ e{&sT <! MsT\qT

d]+#T=+ d+e+ |sT MT > j |]#jT + #XsT.
<|&T HsT =+<+.
u<H u dq
kbq+
y<T \ d HsjTD >]

#j+
= <Xu > j\T <

<Xu > j\
d++~+q d.&.\T,
M&j\T.
u<H u dq ke /
eqsT\T
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
q\\ |
|\\ ! + eTT+<T + >T]+ |X \ yT\T #bsT <! d+uwD\T q\\|

+ <s+> d+uwD\T n+f mesH <s T e mesesT @+
sj*
e{&T THs }V+ e{&+ &.
|\\ ! HqT b&> $HsT <! |&T qqT nqTd]d > j b&+&.
|\\ ! d+e+ > j MTsesH b&s? MT eqT>

b&+&. me]> b&s #<+!
|\\ ! H > j s>jT T+ >, \jT<+ > b& $|kqT. $q+&.
|\\ ! MTsT > j # > b&sT. |& > jT+ >T]+ = |X \T

ne>Vq ` n&T>TqT. #| +&.
|]o\q
(eT+q+) 1. > j $q|&T MTeT|++~?
2. +{ > j\T m|&| &T b&TsT?
3. MT sE @jT <X HjT\ >T]+ e{&sT?
4. n+<s e{&sT <! mesT e{&+ ~ MT u> q+~?
m+<T?
5. MTsT b&q <Xu b\ mesT u> b&sT?
VI. b) |\\
u<H u dq
kbq+
II. bs+X+|
#s `
ne>Vq
1) |\\ > jT+
b&+#&+
2) b<jTT&T
b&&+
3) |\\
b&+#&+
4) +
<s+>
d+uwD\T
d+e+ > jT+
<Xu ^\ CD
u<H u dq ke /
eqsT\T
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
95
96
|\\ ! qTFsD
+ mesesTHs #bsT <! |&T MTsT
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VI. a) yTT<{ 45 \ u<H

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q\\ |
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T &+ n+f q\\| ssTT+#&+ .) q\\| ssTT+#&+ ,
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VI. a) yTT<{ 45 \ u<H

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117
118
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119
120
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yTT<{ 45 $Tc\ ]| seT+
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121
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yTT<{ 45 $Tc\ ]| seT+
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keTs\ k<q
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\T jT \qT >T]+#>\ TZsT.
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+, jT \qT >T]+#>\ TZsT.
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u<H u dq ke /
eqsT\T
|P]ksTT & #<T e=H |\ eyT #] <s+> qT . B eTq+ q$T |\* |P]> +#>* qZ |&
y u, V* eTq+ b&>\ +. u\\ V* b&&+ , u\] eedq T s*+#&+ , n+<] $< ` e
>=\TdT *+ |ksTT. M{ @< <| <w |{, $T>y{ $d]d deTd @e+ |]cs+ <T.
` e$T&|P & H>sTq
u\| V
u<H u dq ke /
u<H u dq
q\\ |
kbq+
eqsT\T
n) uwqT >T]+ |\\ ! uwqT >T]+ \TdT+<+ nuk\qT MT HT |d \
\TdT+<+ sjT+&.
+ eTT+<T djTeT+q+ @y$ #jT b jeT >T]+#
ysT H <>sZ s+&. MT eTk] ns+ #sTTkqT.
(|\\ kes\| |qsu dq+ *+#&+ .)
|d+<q\T
u<H u dq
kbq+
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
125
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
s+s deT> eT+q+

s+< $<V #+ 2009 eTq sh+ 2010 @| ed+ qT+& neT e+~. #+
|s+ s+s deT> eT+q+ neT\T s>*. sY.{..2009 #+ dH 29 |s+ |\\ T eTT
b+~q CH <q +~q J$+ $j+# keTs < nqsTT+# keTs s+s+ >, deT>+>
eT+q+ #j * +T+~. |\\ jTT Xs, eqd X \ T |P]ksTT n_e~ #+~ <s
|\ ds eTTU_e~ s>\ #+ |s=q~. H|< + s+s, deT> eT+H n
$wj nq> bs , dV bs $wj |P]ksTT neT\T|s# * +T+~.
ueq\ ne>Vq
n) s+s eT+q+ : |\\ n_e~, |> m|{| &T n+#Hyd nedsy T q #s \T #| & +
m|& =qk>*. |\\ |> e\+ |\ <sH +& s k<H \ <s m|{| &T
n+#Hyj * +T+~. s> , s> >~ jT, u<H u dq |jT \ deTjT+ L& |\\
|> \Te&+ eT]+ |s_e~ k~+#&+ nH~ s+s+ s>*.
) deT> eT+q+ : |\\ n_e~ n+#HyjT &+ e\+ bs $wj \ |]$T+ s<T. bs
$wj \bT dV bs $wj \T nq> \ T ` k+d $<, |`+|PsY $<, yjeT
s> $<, $\Te\ $< yTT<\>Ty{ L& eT+q+ #j *. |\\ ds eTTU_e~
d++<+ q bs , dV bs $wj \ eT+q+ #T#dT e& deT> eT+q+ n+{sT.
bs $wj \ j du d++~+q keTs\T / nu dH|* \T / +#|* \T / H| D\T
yTT<\>T y{ eT+q+ #k+. nf dV bs $wj \ L& |\\ T k~+#*q keTs\T /
H| D\T / +q |* \T / nu dH |* \qT L& eT+q+ #j * +T+~. dV bs
$wj \qT | +> u~+ eT+q+ #j * q|{ $ j d \ L& n+q +>
+{sTT. { |\\ jTT X keTs\T, yK sT\T, H| D\T, CH n+X\qT n+{
*|#d q eT+H deT> eT+qeT u$ksT .
126
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

) s+s deT> eT+q+ neT\T ` eT+q+ s\T : s+s deT> eT+H neT\Ts|&
|< q+> eT+H s +&T $<\T> sVksT . y{ yTT<{~ sD eT+q+ (Formative
+&e~ d+>V D eT+q+ (Summative Evaluation).
Evaluation), s
) sD eT+q+ (Formative Evaluation) : |\\ T m HsT =+THsT? @$T HsT =+THsT?
m& yqT&TTHsT? B m d]~<*? nH n+X\qT m|{| &T n+#Hyd , nedsy T q
#s \qT #|{ |> k~+#& &&< sD eT+q+. ~ s+s+ sT>T +T+~.
u<H u dq |jT \ sVD deTjT+, <q +s+ , |\\ { y] * |#dT q |&T, \T
/ bC \ T / nHwD\T e+{ sb\ bZ+Tq|&T sD eT+q+ #T#dT =+T+~.
|< q+> ~ HsT & &&~. (Evaluation for learning) nq> |+ #& < n+#HyjT &
|]$T++&, <T |] n_e~ < |> &&TT+~.
k<H \T :` sD eT+q+ nH~ e\+ |\ |]$T+ <T. s |ejT k<q H\|
<s|& T T+~. sD eT+q+ due s+s+ sT>TT+T+~ { +~ k<H \qT
sD eT+q+ $jksT .
k<H \T :`
i) |\\
u>keT+, |d+<q\T (Participation & reflections)
ii) |\\
T sdq n+X\T (HTT\T, ndH y T +T yTT<\>Tq$) (Children Written Works)
iii) \|T T | (Slip Test)
iv ) bC |qT\T (Project Works)
sD eTq+ sVD :
sD eTq+ u>+> |\\ |> m|{| &T |]o*d n+#HydT q |{, y] |>
e+ $< d+es+ H\T>TksT eyT qy<T#k+. n~ p, >w , qe+sY, | e] ek
qy<T#j *. + eTT+<T *q k<H \ |s+ $es\T qy<T#j *.sD eT+H
50 esT\ sVksT . y{ $es\T :
.d+
n+X+
|\\ u>keT+,
|d+<q\T
|\\ T sdq n+X\T
{sTT+q esT\T
<s\T
4.
\|T T|
(d| ft d T )
bC | q T\T
10 esT\T
b<jTT& bs |D[,
{ |\\ |d+<q\T
HTT\T, ndq TyT+T,
bsTb *j\T, bs |d \T
|\\ T sdq yT |\T /
yT\T sdq HTT
bC | y~\T
5.
yTT+
50 esT\T
1.
2.
3.
10 esT\T
10 esT\T
20 esT\T
127
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|\\ u>keT+, |d+<q\T : |\\ T $q&+, $q< ns+ #dT e&+, #~$q < ns+ #dT e&+,
eT #q\qT e+ #jT &+, |+#&+ e+{$ #jT & e{&* +T+~. |\\ T $$< sq
\, u<H u dq |jT bZH* +T+~. eT { y], keT, b<jTT\
|#s \T sb* +T+~. |\\ qT |dTq |&T, |\ |dTq |&T, T |qT bZ+Tq|&T,
bC |qT bZH |&T |\\ u>ke |]o*+#&+ <s y] ucksTT n+#HyjT e#T.
|< q+> uw $q< >T]+, *q< >T]+, #~$q < >T]+ |+q|&T y] |d+<q\
<s ne>Vq ksTT n+#HyjT e#T. ~ s+s+ sEy> ]> |jT \T. j d+<s\
|d+<q\ <s |\\ T $q&+, e{&& + , <s+> #<e &+, ns+ #dT e&+ e+{ keTs\qT
\TdTe#T. +<Td+ b<jTT\T eT |]o\q\| <s|& *. |\\ jTT u>keT+ rsTqT\
>T]+, |d+<HX >T]+ eT |]o\qqT b<jTT\T eT & qy<T#dT e&+ <s y]
ksTT eT+q+ #jT e#T.
|\\
T sdq n+X\T : uckeTs\ sjT&+ eTTKyTq keTs +. b<$ T+> |\\ T | +&
sjT&+, n+<+> sjT&+ yTT<q keTs + yT D k++> sjT&+, eT|< sjT&+,
$Xw D +> sjT&+, y~\T sjT&+, n_bj\T sjT&+, $eTsH+> sjT&+, dH+>
sjT&+ e+{ keTs\ ksTT #sT T+~. sjT&+ nH keTs + sd +fH e~ #+<TT+~.
+<Td+ e\+ |\ |&T sd yT |\|q H <s|& & + e\ |\\ T sd keTs |P]>
n+#HyjT +. ~ s+s+ s>*. +<Td+ |\\ T | sp @< < >T]+ m+ =+
sj* +T+~.
|\\ HTT\T, bC | y~\T, d]+q n+X\T, |\\ T sd $\T, <\ T, > j\T,
ndH y T +T e+{e L& |\\ s |qT\ <s H\T. M{ |\\ T sd $<H s+s+
n+#Hyj * +T+~. |\\ T sdq n+X\ bsTb *j\T j sT#jT &+, |d d + \H\T
j sT#jT &+ <s s> u <|s # e #T. M{ <s+> |\\ T sd keTs n+#HyjT e#T.
|> qy<T#jT e#T.
\|T T | (d|
t fdT ) : ~ k<sD+> sV+# s| <T. B sV+#& ]w deTjT+
, eTT+<dT |D[>, |\\ eTT+< \b*q neds+ +&<T . n|{| &T |\\ ksTT
n+#HyjT & sV+#| . #~$+~ ns+ #dT e&+ >T]+ < k++> k+e sjT&+
>T]+ < |<C \ $j>+ >T]+ < ysD +X\ >T]+ < dH >T]+ <
|X+ d >T]+ .... @ keTs + >T]+#H e#T, |\\ keTs n|{| &T |+ #&
< +q~ \|T T|. bs+ |Pss TTq sL & sV+#Te#T. d.d.. |sT N{
e{ |+ |\\ qT eT]+ & < +<q >T]#jT s<T. k<sD+> # +{| >H
|]jT& n|{| &T sV+#Te#T. |X \T q\\| sj*. yT\qT HTT sjTeTH*.
bC |
q T\T : ucH| D\T nq> $q&+, e{&& + , #<e &+, sjT&+ >T]+ n+<] \T.
uc u<q M{ k<q |]$T+ +& dH, \HX, |X+ k |PsyT q yK ] sD+,
eqe d++<\ yTsT>T<\, eqdd+ e+{ k<q L& &&*. s> ><T uc
H| D\ k<q nud+ *+H, d+<s+> M{ $j+# deTs , *|#jT &+, +#&+ ,
sj
\T > =q&+, y{ T&&+ , y~\T sjT&+, y{ # > m<T{y] $e]+#>\ &Z + e+{
128
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

nH keTs\T k~+|&& uw L& bC | q T\T sV+#* +T+~. |< q+>
m.|.mdt.d.m|.t 2011 |s=qT nu dq+ bs |d |]~ <{*. n<q| |sq keT |\\ T #<y *.
|\ uc_eq+, uc_sT |s>*. |sH X |] d+ bs \T> m<>*. +<Td+ nH
\T, keTs\ deVsyT q bC | q T\qT sV+#*. qq uc y#\ | bs+
bC | #sT. M{ |\\ #sTT+#*. y~\T ssTT+#*. y~\qT bsTb *j\
s|+ u <|s # *. M{ <s+> |\\ |> n+#Hyd qy<T#j *.
) d+>V D eT+q+ (Summative Evaluation) : ]w \|]$T s]+q n+X\ <s+>
+q uc keTs\qT m+eT+~ |\\ T k~+#>\ TZT HsT? < $<] m+yT s keTs\qT
b+<& \T& <V<|& ~ d+>V D eT+q+. d+>V D eT+H k<sD+>
s| \ <s, eT |\ <s sVksT . $< d+es+ B eT&TksT sV+#*
+T+~. yTT<{~ d|+ sY, nsY ed+, s +&e~ &d+sY < qe] ed+, eT&e~ @|
ed+ sV+#*.
d+>V D eT+q+ y{ eT+q+ #j *?

ucu<q jTT \ + uc keTs\qT k~+|#j
T &yT ! n+<T qq bs |d \qT sb+~+#|&T
k~+#*q keTs\qT <w |T=HsT. $<d+es+ |Psj
T H{ @@ keTs + m+es y{
k~+# bs |d \ $es\T b+<T|s# sT. M{ nqT>TD+> bs |d + | bs+ es $ #jT +&
|sT nuk\qT b+<T |ssT. d+>V D eT+q+ @ @ uc keTs\qT eT+q+
#j \T=+<+.
1. $q&+, + e{&& +
|\\ T > j\T, b\T, <\ T, d+uwD n ns+ #dT y*. $q n+X / ks+X eT |<
k+e #| >\>*. |\\ T eTT $q y{ >T]+ n_bj\T #| >\>&+ , deT]d < $u~ d
e{&*. sD\T #| >\>*. q q |d+ >\T e>\>*.
2. <s+> #<e &+, ns+ #dT = #| &+, sjT&+.

$$< |jT \T nq> <\ T, > j\T, b\T, ys\ T, d+uwD\T e+{$ #~$ ns+ #dT y*. B
<s+> |X \ yT\T sjT&+, $wj \qT eT|< |{ sjT&+, #~$q n+X+ <s+>
|X \TsjT&+, b|\T >T]+#&+ , b\duy\ |{ j
sT #jT &+ e+{$ #jT >\>*.
3. + sjT&+ / djTs#q : `
|\\ T eT*q, $q, #dq, #~$q n+X\ >T]+ k++> {, s +&T |s\T sjT>Z*.
n_bjT\qT, #q\qT sjT>\>*. deT]d < $u~ d sjT>\>*.
4. |<C \+ :`
bs+ |<\ ns\T >V+#>Z*. y{ y\T sjT>Z*. M{ d+<s+>
$j+#> Z*.
129
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

5. dH :`
<\ T, $\T, > j\T b&+#>\ >&+ , k++> sjT>\>&+ , bds T , s| \T, ^{+>sT\ T,
H<\T, d\ T, d+uwD\T sjT>\>*. <\ T, \ <s+> d+uwD\T sd n_qsTT+#>\ >*.
6. |X+ d :`
sT \T nq> u*\T, s eT\T, esZ\T, $+>T\T yTT<\>Ty] >=|H >T]+
|X+ d+#>\ >*. sT \ d+d , k+|<j\qT >s$+#> Z*. |\ sT \qT n_q+~+#yK ]
|+b+<*.
7. uwqT >T]+ \Te&+ :`

\T, jT \T, jT u< \T, ucu>\| ne>Vq, e#H\T yTT<\>Tq$ >T]+#> Z*. ne>Vq
#dT y*. ysD+ $u \ bqT >T]+#*.
d+>V D eT+q+, |X |+ sb+~+#& d#q\T
130
d+>V D | d+ b<jTT& |X |+ j sT#dT y*.

|Pss TTq bs\ <s+> |X |+ sb+~+#Ty*. nsY es |Pss TTq bs\
<s+> yTT<{ d+>V D eT+q+ |X |+ |X \T +&*.
s +&e d+>V D eT+q+ |X |+ yTT<{ sY nq> nsY es HsT =q y{
30% |X \T +&*.
eT&e d+>V D eT+q+ $< d+es+ |Psj
T H{ k~+#*q keTs\qT
<w |T= |X |+ j sT#j *.
{| { sjT&, C| + +#T= sjT& <T\T k++> + sd |X \T
+&*.
|\\ T eTT b+~q CH <q +~q J$+ nqsTT+ yT\T sd |X \T +&*.
s +&T >+\ deTj <w |T= |X |+ j sT #dT y*.
d+>V D eT+q+ 50 esT\ +T+~.
keTs\ y> {sTT+q us + |s+ s| |X |+ sb+~+#Ty*.
eT | {sTT+q esT\qT $TqVsTT+ us |{ |s+ s | |X |+
sb+~+#Ty*.
$q&+, + e{&& + , |X+ d e+{ keTs\ |\\ ksTT eT |< s n+#Hyj *.
us + |s+ M{ L& esT\T +{sTT. nf #<e &+ |\\ T <s+> #<e &+ >T]+
L& |\\ qT eT+> n+#Hyj * +T+~. B L& esT\T +{sTT. < sD
eT+q+ (Formative Evaluation) |\\ ksTT |]>Dq rdT= qy<T#j *.
keTs d++~+q |X \{ |X |+ <>sZ y*.
bC |qT\qT |X |+ es<T.
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

keTs\y> eT, s |\ us +
.
d+.
1.
1,2 s> T \T
keTs\T
eT|
s|
%
esT\T
esT\T
%
$q&+, e{&& + , 20% 10
`
`
|X+ d
&+, 10 %
2. <s+> #<e
20 %
10
3, 4, 5 s> T \T
eT|
s|
% esT\T
% esT\T
10 %
5
`
`
10 %
20 %
10
30 %
15
ne>Vq #dT e&+

3.
djTs#q
40 %
20
4.
dH
10 %
10 %
5.
|<C \+,
ysD +X\T
yTT+
20 %
10
40%
20
60%
30
20 %
10
80 %
40
6.
.d+
d+>V D | |X |+ keTs\ y> |X \ d+K

keTs+
|X \ due+
yT\T sj*q esT\T
|X \ d+K
1. #<e &+
|] >< +
(\+)
n|] >< + / > jT+
(\+)
yds | de<H\T
(s+&+{ { sj*)
\|T T de<q |X \T
|] eeVs sb\T
3 d { sj*.
5
1
10
5
|<C \+ ` \+
uc+X\T ` \+
yds | ` 1
\|T T de<q+ ` 5
eeVs sb\T ` 1
\+ ` 20
5
5
5
5
27
40
2. sjT&+

3. dH
4. |<C\+,
ysD +X\T
5. yTT+
131
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
|X \ due+: 1, 2 s> T \T
#<e &+ : #<e & 2 s\ |X \T y*.

={ <T esT\ nqT>TD+> \ |X \T j sT#j *.
yTT<{ s+ |X \T ns \, |<\ d++~+q$> +&*.

<: ns |<+ |s # & + , |<\, y\ ns >T]+#&+ , |<+ |+q
ns sjT&+.
s +&e~ |<+ sTesq ns \qT d]#d sjT&+.
= |X esT < nsesT #=|q esT\T {sTT+#*.
sjT&+ : sjT& 4 s\ |X \T y*. $L& \ |X \T +&*.

yTT<{ s+ <T |X \T ns \ d++~+q$> +&*. (ese \ ns \T, >TD+\T,

T\ T ` ns \T sjT&+.)
s +&e s+ <T |X \T |<\ d++~+q$> +&*.
<: \ |sT sjT&+, k++> |sT sjT&+. (Ls>jT\T, |P\, e\ |sT. )
eT&e s+ |X \T y\ d++~+q$> +&*.

<: + <s+> y\T sjT&+. |<\ k+y\T sjT&+.
H\Ze s+ |X < >T]+#H k++> y\T / |s sd y* < \|T T de<q |X \T

ee#T.
|X \ due+: 3, 4, 5 s> T \T
I. <s+> #<e
&+, ns+ #dT e&+ :

132
#<e & s +&T s\ |X \T y*.

|\\ T #<e >\TZT Hs? < \T&, #~$q< ns+ #dT e& n+#HyjT &
|X \T +&*.
={ esT #=|q <T esT\ \ |X \T y*.
M{ { | d]> |s / > jT+ |s <s+> |+# +&*. nq> VQ
|X \T < |s #~$ b|\T, |X \T sjT&+ < |X \ yT\T sjT&+, |s
\+X\T sjT&+, ks+X+ sjT&+ yTT<\>Tq$ y*.
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

s +&e s+ |X |<\T, y\T, |s\T yTT<\>Tq$ #<e >\T>TTHs < |+ #&

nqTe> +&*.
<: y+ |<\qT sTesT #d d]#jT eTq&+ < dyX+ / < y\qT eT+ |
esTd eT+ sjTeTq&+, |s y\T sTe] |sqT d]#d sjTeTq&+
yTT<\>Tq$.
II. + k++> sjT&+ (djTs#q

):

sjT&+ n+f |\\ T k++> eT #q\qT, uy\qT sjT>\>&+ . { VQ de<H\T

e# |X \T +&*. (Open ended Questions). |\\ T eT n_bj\qT sjT>\>*.
|X |+ +<Td+ s +&T s\ |X \T ee#T. M{ { yds | de<q |X nq>
*dq y{ >T]+ k+e 8, 10 y\ |s sd +&*.
<: MTsT sT|H |+&T>, ks+X+ sjT&+, uy\T sjT&+ yTT<\>Tq$.

+<Td+ 2 < 3 |X \T < sjTeTq#T.

s +&e s+ |X \T \|T T de<q+ e#$> +&*. $ L& bs+ $wj C| +
+#T= sd +&L &<T . k++> +sd |X \T +&*.
s +&T, eT&T y\ de<q+ sd +&*.

III. dH :

|\\ T k++> $\T, <\ T, > j\T, d+uwD\T, H<\T ..... e+{$ sjT&+, b&+#&+
#jT & M\T> $$< eeVs sb |X \T +&*.
bs dH e s D n+X\ <s+> |X \T +&*. nsTT |d + qy
eL&<T . n+{ due+ q s eeVs sb\qT n&>*.
<: + <s+> d+uwD\T sjT&+, <q T b&+#&+ , q |<\T, <s\ &
< sjT&+ yTT<\>Tq$.
M{ L& @yH 3 eeVs sb\T < sjTeTH*.
IV. |<C
\+ / uc+X\T :

M{ |<C , uc+X\ ysT ysT > |X \T y*.

|<C \+ d+ |<\T k+y\T sjTeTq&+, |<\T d+<s+> U\qT
|P]+#eTq&+, > qT& T, |< sD+, deHs | < \T, ess |<\T e+{$ L& ee#T.
|<\ ns\T / HHs\T / |sjT|<\T sjTeTq|&T ys|+ n&>*.
133
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

M{ = esT #=|q < 1/2 esT #=|q |X \T \+> y*.

ysD +X\ L& \ |X \T |+ #*.
M{ L& |<C \+ eqT>H 1 esT, 1/2 esT nqT>TD+> \ |X \T y*.
yT|\T ~<& + :`
|\\ T sdq de<H\ <s+> esT\T {sTT+#*. yT|+ |q keTs\ y>
esT\T, >&TqT qy<T #dT y*.
|\\ |> qy<T :`

|\\ eq esT\ <s+> |\\ |> >&T\ s|+ d++~ ]ws T qy<T #j *.
esT\ <s+> keTs\ y> yTT+ >&TqT qy<T#j *.
>&T $es\T :`
91 ` 100 : A+
71 ` 90 : A
51 ` 70 : B+
41 ` 50 : B
0 ` 40 : C
keTs +HH < \T>T du yTT L& |\\ eq esT\ <s+>H >&TqT
{sTT+#*. nsTT |\\ # |> |+ esT\ <s+> e\+ >&TqT qy<T#d y*.
<Ts<weXT $<s+>+ eTTK+> b<jT D s+>+ b n+<

$Xk\T,= = eT& qeT\qT |w+ # | esTd> sT>TH +~. n$ eT]+
s+> sT>T+~. @<H = |< , = k++ s>H y+H n+<s <H
X mk sT . u<H s+>+ n deTd\ n< seT uD+ n+{sT. nsTT
<q +s+ eTs= qq |< |y +#>H seT uD+ | s
y{ w q T L& | +> |k$+#*. EusTT nqTuy \ |s+ eTq
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142
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lecturers).
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148
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1)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/magickey/adventures/drogon game.shtml is a game that helps learn

about a question and a question mark.
2)
http://www.proteacher.com/cgi.bin/outsidesite.cgi?id=4731Extexternel=http://
www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/actbank/sorganiz.htmEtoriginal=http://www.proteacher.com/
070037.shtmltitle=Graphic%20organizers containswell-delineated writing standards. level wise.
3)
http://www.lessonplanspage.com/LAK1.htm contains a whole host of ideas for language activities
4)
http://www.0P97.org/ftcyber/jack/puzzles/puzzles.html has easy, medium and hard jigsaw puzzles

that are based on fairy tabes.
5)
http://www.youtube.com.watch?v=2LVNi-FPEuYhas a video of the panchatantra story about

the doves ina hunter's net (collective strength) in Hindi.
6)
http://www.darsie.net/talesofwonder/contains Folk and Fairy Tales from around the world.
7)
http://www.thepromisefoundation.org/TPFLt RB.pdf is report of a study on Learning to Read in

Bengali, useful for language researchers in Indian languages.
8)
http://www.rubybridges.org/story.htm contains the inspring story of Ruby Bridges and her teacher.
9)
http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/allows the user to create and print customized word

search, criss-cross, match puzzles, and more using his/her own word lists.
10) http://gem.win.co.nz/mario/wsearch/wsearch.php allows you to generate your own word maze/

word search puzzle.
11) http://georgerncgurn.com/articles/reading forpleasure.html has a good article on reading for pleasure.
12) http://www.atozteacherstuff.com/pages/374.shtml for a lovely idea on getting children excited about
reading.
13) http://lesl.about.com/od/vocabularylessonplans/a/characteradj.htm for an excellent activity that
develops and broadens knowledge of character adjective vocabulary.
14) http://www.scholastic.com/ispy/play/for a set of award winning puzzles and games that allow
children to discover word associations, word play and themes help them build important learning
skills including reading.
15) http://www.readwritethink.org/materials/in the bag/index, html for an interactive game that builds
vocabulary.
16) http://www.sacred.texts.com/hin/ift/index.htm has links to indian fairy tales.
17) http://primary.naace.co.uk/activities/BigBooks/index.htm has audio-e-books for kids.
18) http://www.vrml.k12.la.us/krause/Reading.htm for slide shows that excite a childr to read.
19) http://www.thepromisefoundation.org/TPFLtkb.pdf is report of a study on Learning to Read in
Bengali, useful for language researchers in Indian languages.
20) http://www.thepromiselfoundation.org/TPFRdk.pdf is report of a study on Reading difficulties in
Kannada, useful for languages researchers in indian language.
159
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+{ esTd <T . eTT+<T n es nH eT+ nd <T .
eTT+<T dT\u+ , s w + nH esd L& <T . Bs\T eTT+<Tse#T. Vk\T yq se#T.
|\\ +<TTq uw s] eT+ +&<T . < |D[ |<r @MT +&e.
nu dq eT+ @$T e{&sq~ |< q+ <T. @<H e{&e #T. e{& +&q
+&=#T. m+{ & <T .
eT d+ |< |\\ T HsT =+{sT. < mes s|\ q #jT sT. { nH eqT
b|HH y&T =+T+~. qT b\T >TTH, neTeT | >TTH, HH {
>TTH, n{ { nH n+T+~. eTT+<T qT |T=q |sT nq bj\L |{,
s ys sT |sT |T=H d+ eT+ b| @ss#T =q<qe.
| s\Tq q H _& \TdT=+T+~. ysD
+ mes #| sT.
$+> n uw\ |\\ yTT< |, , eT < qT* w| & sT. neT, uu, bb e+{$
y]w+ .
uw + d+w + > +& n+X+ e&yT $T{? HsT e&+ + dT\u s + >e&yT $T{? uw q
+<q \T + ks+ e&yT $T{? HsT =H eT+ + ksq+ e&yT $T{? n+ $+>
+~ >< ! neqT |<\ , eTq $yT ! |\\ y ~ n+ dV +.
|&T |<\ +, eTq+ |Te*+< nu dq e, sV k.
|\\ ` n<\
MT |\\ T n<\T #| THs+f MTs+f y uj
T |&T THeTqe. +f
$TeT* nqTd]dTH eTqe. n<\T #| *< + &T\ n<\T #| |\\ T+{sT.
eTqT eTT s+ #Te& |\\ T n<\T #| sT. MT +{ uj
s<T #jT +&.
|\ n<\T ny bZ sTT.
` m.jTdt.
163
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
2) |\\ T uw HsT =qf sjT&eT HsT >\s?

` b|d s Y se+Y n, & $X$<\jT+
uc, *| s +&+{ due+ fH ? |]DeT $d e\ fH ? n nsTT uw HsT =qf
ns |\\ T dV +> HsT =H M\T+<? s +&{ nu dq eT+, fH ? |X \T =+#+ q $.
|\\ T uw m HsT =+{sT. nq |X d+<s + , d|yT jT+, djeds+ , d#\ <s+> HsT =+{s
BH dV nu dqeT |&T # eT+~ n+^]dTH sT. eT] *| (ns \L) ~ e]dT + <? n+f
n+ n #| & e+ M # eT+~ |{sTTksT .
nd\T eTq+ e{&& + Hs &+ <T . |\ eT eTT HsT =+THsT. @MT Hs +&
sjT&+ HsT =H ye sTHsT? { e{&& + , sjT&+ s +& >q fj
T <q$ e mesH
*>Z yT #b#T. eT] =+#+ T> #| <\T=+f nd\T e{&& + | d] neds+ . _&
* ydq |&T < @&T| s|+ e+ #dq f, * r]q|&T < ]+ s|+ e+ #dT + ~.
B uw b<$ T s|+> eTq+ nqT=+f ~ eTqT>& d++~+q deTd. #d uw z
$<+ > dV C+ +{~. n+<T B e ] +#+<T dV yTq @sT +~. eTq y>++
+<T u>+. eT] *| due+ m&T+~? *| eTq+ neds+ =B *+#Tq~. sd+<T y&
k<H \T HsT>, H\T> dV yTq $ >e. n$ eTq+ dw+ #T=q$. n$ eTw uVsyT q $.
n+|&T uw HsT =qf |\\ T *| m HsT >\sT? B Hs &+ | d]. eT+ Hs &+
eT]+ | d]. sy T q #s eTT+<T=dT+ ~.
ns \ due+ :
B \Ty\+f *| due+ eTq+ y*. < \D * =+#+ |]o*+#*.
yTT<{~ ` eTq+ |T=q |sT edTe m d++<+ < eTq+ sdTq ns |\TTq
< d + d++<+ <T . >&<q T >&< nH m+<TH #| qf H= +s< nH m+<T
sj L& eTq+ #| +. >&< > L& eTq+ |T=q z d+ +. neTs d+ +.
n+<Te\H *| @ uwHH sjT>\+, n uw n *|q sjT>\+. < : KUKKA
(\T>T), DOG (+>+ ), KUTHE (V+B)
*| e\+ d+ + eyT >{ @ *| deT>+, d+|Ps+ <T. < nH sb
sjT&+ k< +. ns nH $<\T> |\&e T sT>TTq<. TTw sTw n sd eqT
n sd { y={ n sd #<e &MT +~ +&<T . s +&T edTe \ |sTqf s +&T
< qT\ ns e T eTq+ sdTH +. < # > eTs# eTs> |\TTqf
ns # < , eTs # eTs < eTq+ |j +#T=+TH+. eTq+ #| <\T=q |
< d]bjT e\T qf eTq+ sjT<\T=q |< d]bjT ns \ e. #|, #|, #
eT&+{ |\TTq < jT~? sdTq <~? < sdTq <~? |\TTq<~?
164
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

*| esT+~ :
eTs n+X+ |]o*<+. uw sE sE esT+~. < |]DeT e eTq+ ]sT #jT T#TL&.
>TsT, >Ts+T, >Ts+eTT, >TseTT, >Ts+. >Ts+ sb+s+ #+<&+ eTq eTT+< #dTH +.
d+<s {, e { y> { L& uw esT\T =\\T> eTq+ #&=#T. +<T @~
ds + ~? (D
y T + ~) @~ ds + ~ ><T? n |d me]y] uw ds + ~ nq&+ +f ys yT
+&<T . |\y & >T\+ ds + ~. |+&T & >TseTT ds + ~. nq&+ +f yT +&<T . |\y & >T\+
ds + ~. |+&T & >TseTT ds + ~. eTq >Ts+ ds + ~. d\T yTTV+ m|& #& y] d\T n+
ds + ~. +f eTq+ (n+f de+ MT< |T>\ ) H= uw D
+ n+TH+. n& >
\D
\T y] uw >eT+ n n# \T>T n\>q+ uw n L& m<y #dT H +.
eT] *| L& H esT+<? esT+~ > uw e]q+ y>+ > es&+ <T . <sD+
uw q+ neds+ , b#Ts+. d+<s y$ < + sjT& b e&+ >e#T. esTT+&+ e+
ns d +. |&T | | = ns + e+~. nyT]qT &{ _ m+<T m<TsT sT>TTHsT.

eTq |\\ T #, \ m>HeT+ |fX sT. +& i ] s \ y[bsTT+~. b|+ T n+]+
TT &T $TqT$TqTeT+{+~ X, w, d\ @< < =+<sH eT&T+~. nd\T d(X) d(w)
n sd bT+~ >< nH dy\ ek+~. n& > f $T*+ < Bs+ () >T& ()
<T* , , n |* ns \T \d seP nH b<T| <eTeT T +~. m\ jTT>+
+=+#+ eTT~] @ ns \T (b|+ y{ |s y ns \T ` q+#$) @eTej mesT #| >\sT?
||+ NsD
|u e+ e\ n uw\ *| nH #+ s< VMT me]e>\sT?
uw *| eT< z ns#jTyTq \jT +~>< nH=#T. *| @s& *| eTq uw @
s & #dTe&+ n\yj eTq k+~. ~ e\+ djT eqd $wjT +. n+>
nqT+<y T B uw *| eT< < <T *| XgE\ n_bjT+.
*| ` dV Cu dq+ :
uw *| eT< kV+ #k *| HsT e&+ <>]Z e<+. uw *| dV C+
+{~ <T>< eT] dV nu dq+ m k< eTH~ # $\Tyq |X . |\\ T neds+ H H
@< { >=D+T+{sT. @< X+ #d H +{sT. ~ # q ejTdT qT+N eTq+ #dTH +.
n> |\\ T @< { H\ MT<, >&\ MT< ^jT&eT eTq+ >eT+#=#T. qT u$dTq < ( eTs
ueq) z d+ + (eTs s|+) *+#Te&+ ~ u>e? *|< b<$ T s|e? nd\T ~eT
eqe&T e\T s d> \ T #dT =H \+H q uy* ueT\ <s d+ \ <s *jTCdy&
# <s\T L& eTq <=sTTH <! { uw H s L& z deCeds+ . dV C+
+{<H y<q L& eTT+<T=k+~.
165
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

n< H uw HsT =H e, s HsT =H e eT< keT+ e+ eTq+ >eT+ rs*.
n+^]+ rs*. nd\T |\\ T uw ns ><T q& HsT e&+ L& z eT+ +~. z ysD +
+~. | neTs+X eTw \TdT& eT+ +~. e\ eT\ due+, \D +
{> H +f. B ns+ #dT =+f |\\ T sjT&+ HsT e&+q, uwqT HsT e&+ eTyT
# es +< eTq+ nqTue + qT+ \TdTe#T.
uw |\\ T d+<s + HsT =+{s eTq+ n+^]d *| +]> > d+<s + (Hf )H
|\\ T HsT =+{sT. eTq+ n Hs &yT dV Cu dq+. n, , n ~<| &T @ d+<s + +~?
|\\ T d|yT jT+H uwqT HsT =qf sjT&+ L& s>*. sjT&+ dV Cu dq+ <s
s>*. (ueT\T, ^dqT ns \T d++> ^jT& <T\ T y*).
|\\ T uw eTT\T eTT\T>> deT> s|+H HsT =qT *| n, , , n eTT\T
#jT &+ >+& |<\T, y\T> HsT e&+ (nB d+<s + ) dV Cu dq+.
eTq+ |T{ |e{ H], ysD
+ #| |\\ uw s<T . n> m+d| ~~d n+>
ns \T ekjT H~ eTq ue T. e{&T Tq eT+ uw eqf #<T eTq eT+H sjT&+ edT+ ~.
| \T e{&T H u> e{&& + HsT =qT | \T sdH |\\ T d]> sjT&+ HsT =+{sT.
|\\ T e{&
|&T >Ts >T\+ nq>H eTq+ m u+u\T |&y n> neTqT neT+ n
sjT>H eTq+ nHjT+ ]bsTT+<qTL&<T .
H| { ` W{| { nH d+ uw eT s e]dT + ~. |< #<e >*qZ eTsTH& & w H
#| &+ nss V +. @& bs+ qy&T eT& bs+ |<\T u> sjT>*Z #\T. |]ds\T nqTL\+>
+f |\\ T s +&T uw\ e{&> * qZ f s +&T *|\ HsT >\sT. @ uc yesD+ me>
+f uw |T qf, @ *| yesD+ me+f n+<T u> sjT>\sT.
m+H #| e#T > nd\T d+ e+ f. n<eT+f |\\ T <H H HsT e& z
eT+, z |< +T+~. eT+, |<r n+{ <<| f. e*+< B eTq+ ns+ #dT e&+,
n+^]+#&+ .
d# ` #s
yde yTq d#q T k~+#< $<. $eTsH # H =+<sT ns#e T u$ksT .
d# n+f uj
T |& sT. uj
T + b<jTTH <T, |\ q bT=bT+~. #s
d# d+ bs& #s . #s |eT +~, < +~. #s eTs= #s <]rdT+ ~.
u<H |< T \T e] d#, #s \ |jT eTT+<T k>TT+~. ||+ #, |\*
|$T+#y #s |y ksT .
` b |$ T
166
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
3) uc u<q _q <sDT\T
` #<T e $Cq+, b<$ T $< seT+
uwqT n_e~ #+~q eqe& yT<&T |* +>H> eqe& yT<&T n_e~ H= VTe>
L& H&T |]>Dd T H sT. d> \ s|+, q q < qT\ s|+ yTT<q uw H&T n+ $d +>,
d+w + > L& |]D #+~ eTq neds* n<T+ > Hsy s T k+~.
uc sD+ ydy n+ ds y T + ~ @MT <T. | uwL q<q sD |< +~. n<
d+<s + n uw\L deqyTq = jTe\T HsTT. @ q jTe \+|T +H, q
bsbT #dH yTT+ #| <\T=q< sTesjT |e<+ +~. yd$ d+|qT\T }{,
de e+{ o\ |<X \ y T+{sT nH y+ nH |< + n #~$ @eTeT +~?
+{$ <VsD\T mH H eTq+ J$+ #&e#T.
e#q+ e]q|&T, *+>+ ys q |&T, u< + eq|&T jT e# esT\ eTq+
n\yT |&+ >{ euw dy> +#e> s uwH \H=|> +{sTT. d+d
uw <s: (us\T) nH~ |+*+>+. n~ VQe#q+ eyT +T+~. V+B q|+dq *+>+
<T . q< d |sTc. V+B H | jT+ eq|&T jT sq T{> s qT { esTT+~.
+>+ s D (passive voice) b<q me.
#| =+ b mH H #| e#T. eT] + d+w y T q , <~ | yT q uw* eTq+ +
n\y> m HsT =+TH+? eTq <s+> e{&& + >, n_bj\T e #jT &+ >
#> y mes sT . n+<s+ =+#+ n > n+ deTs+ +> $ ns+ #dT =+TH+.
e{&T TH+. H| D d+b<H eT+ L& eTq eT< |< & @MT <T . n+<s+ ejTdT
b+& + d+b~dTH +. eTq |\\ >\ |<C \ d+|< L& <<| y<T +{+~.
< k< eTe+~?
eTqyTeseT eTT+<T ysD
+ HsT = s e{&& + yTT<\T |< T . |B mes sT
|T|{ , #$yT*|{ H]H eTq~ y=+| < T . n{+ f $T+ |< , eT+ mes s d
< |s+ eTq+ HsT <T .
eT] #<e &+, sjT&+ <>]Z =#|{ s>& + <T . me eT+~ +<T yq&bTHsT.
=+<sT k< +>< b]bTHsT. # eT+~ |< us+> < de TeTeTHsT. BsD$T{?
H| D\T (#<e &+, sjT&+) $q&+, e{&& + +f # d+w y T q y? eTw yT<&T H| D*
d+]+#Te& yq&+ \VqyT+ <? k] s +&T eT&T uw\T L& e{&> \ TZT q |\\ T
euwqT L& m+<T #<e b THsT? d+es\ s & X$T+H m+<T nqT=q |* \T
k~+# b THsT?
167
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

|\\ T dV yTq d+<s d#> bZq&+ e\ e{&& + n+ dT\u+ > HsT >\TZT Hs
|&+<s+ n+^]dTH +. uj
T +, & yesD+ | * + |B d]#d |]d #,
m+ HsT =Hs n&T>&T >TH eT+q+ #jT |< ysT HsT =+THsT.
n+<T. |\\ T uwqT neds\ b|~q HsT =+THsT. $d de#s+ n+<TuT
+&+bT n+<T+ eT w+ e+~, eTe*+~ |j +#T=H, d+>V +#T=H d#
L& y] +~. eT neds* @~ rsTdT+ < < eyT |\\ T n_e~ #dT =+{sT. eT+
qT+# |\\ T HsT =+THsT.
uc y\ T BMT< |{ e*q sq us q \T #XsT. eT B C* eTq$T& y qs< T .
H|< + eTq+ uwqT s> >~ HsT Tq |< e+ dMT+ #Te\d +~.
k<sD+> eTqeT+<s+ HsT =qB, HsT TqB ns * esTd eT+ ssTT+# (~~+#)
|< . B ns | < n+TH+. | uwL ns e \ +T+~. n+<T ns \ esd
+T+~. esd |s+ |*+#&+ (>T]+#&+ ), ssTT+#&+ Hs &+ eTq+ ucu<q qT bs+_dT H +.
+>+ +{ uw q ns e \ q~. $T+ +{ uw >\ ns e \ # ds y T + ~. |<
ns |\T< qT\ |\&+ y] d+|<jT+. d+d+, \T>T n <T. ns e \ # |<~ .
M{ &T >TD+\T, ~\T, d+jTT\T, d+c\T L& *| ~ # |<< e T+~. e
HsT e&yT , >T]+ sjT>\&Z y T uw HsT e&+> eTq+ |]>Dd T H +.
eTq uw ><T, eTq<X+ H <T ||+ #eT+ |< # \+ qT+, VQX *|
@s&q|{ qT+N =+#+ s e T &\ =qk>T+~. B nqTL\+> es+> # y<q\THsTT.
$q&+, e{&& + #dq f #<e &+, sjT&+ HsT yT y nq<| sq us \ THsTT.
nqTL\+> e{&y sT ` nd\T ns \T s+& #<e &+ mesH m HsT =+{sT? n
|ksT . \T & esd> T\T |]qf eTT+<T ns \T HsT =H sjT&+ edT+ ~. n|&
ns * \T|=+f d]bT+<H~ k<sDyTq de<q+. | uwL *| +T+~. *| uw
d++. uc V<jT + < k+<s + (\jT) *| < +T+~. n+<Te\ uw qT+ *| $&BjT+.
<VsD \T>T n#T\T y{ VdBs\T H= |< (\j+>) HsTT. y{ n<
esd HsT e&+ | d]. n HsT &+ e\ < qT* >T]+#&+ *, y{ u< * < ke*
>T]+#&+ * nH~ eTs $esD. X, w, d nH$ eT&T esTd +&+e y{ dTyT q
& >T]+#>\ TZT H+. n, , , , , } \ eT+ +~. \jT +~. n$ (n#T\T) Hs
V\T\T H] >TD+\T Hs &+ *, Xdj
T + L&. # eT+~ n_bjT$T~.
$q&+, e{&& + HsT =qT>, n+ dV +> eTq+ #<e &+ sjT&+ HsT +. uw eT+>
n+<TuT q+> s n+<TuT +&<T . n+f yesD+, d+<s + *+#&+ XeD,
uwD H| D\q neX+ |sq , Kq H| D\ <T . eX b|~q #dH yTT<{ s +&+{
168
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

>\ b<q s +&y{ <T . n+<Te\ L& s +& s+ > HsT >\&Z + nk< +. eTs n+X+
@eT+f eqe Xs+sZ + >H ds jT++ +~. n+ dV +> sejTy\T d+~+qf B
d+~+ < qT* #jT >\<T. $q&+, e{&& + nH$ sy T q d+<q\T, #<e &+, sjT&+
n <T. M{d+ jT{ |]ds\ MT< <s|& *q +~. <= n<q| H| DyT | neds
dV Ceds+ <T, d+<H <T. n+<Te\ HsT e&+ yTT<{ s +&T H| D\L, s s +&T
H| D\L <s< H ~ eTs de<q+.
s +& y<q {e\~. ~ me> ucXg+ MT<, eqe nu dq |]X<q \ MT<, eqd
Xg+ MT< <s|& +~. k|+ > ~ <T y<+.
uw *| eTq+ *+#T=q<. ns e \, n+<T eT+ eTq eTq+ |T=q<. n+<Te\
uw eT+ +T+~. y eT+ qT +H (< : <$&, s uw\T ys H ns
eeT+ {> H +~) n~ eTT+<T> uw @ssT#T=q e nqTd]+ eTs= uwysT
|T=q< | eTs={ <T. #\+ esd #~M #~M n\yT|& < dV eT+>,
uw eyT d]bjT d+ eT+> eTq+ ue T|&T TH+. \jT nq&~ L& #es n+.
d+d+ +{ uw\T ese \ ns * y{ kH\ <s+> ss TT+#sTT. (`+s +,
`\e+). = dT<s uw\ ese \\ yTT<{ ns \T { s +&T < >\$ +&=#T. n~ =+
j<+ , =+ < >\ b<q b#Ts+, k\u + MT< (<: +>+ m \T>T n s +&
yTT< HsTT) <s|& q $wjT +. n+ $T+ Xdj
T n&MT <T . { < eT+ HsT e&+
e\ uw HsT e&+ y=]><MT +&< M] n_bjT+. n+><T sE +f s |H n uw\L
z *| (n+srjT *|) M\Tq e ns \ edT+ < ~ *| |]DeTeTeT MsT qeTTTHsT.
eTq+ m+ y\qT=H = ns \T n<XeTeTHsTT. = =M e #sT THsTT. u> n_e~
#+~q uw\T ns * eT +Z #T=+THsTT. e L& *|ùw\ eT< $&BjTs d++<+
+<q& esdT q n+X\T> MsT |s=+THsT.
n{+ f eTTKyT+ ~ eTs={ +~. n<eT+f eTq+ uwqT eTT\T eTT\T> HsT e&+ <T .
yTT+ >H HsT =+TH+. |\\ T #d q q < qT\T L& ks+X+ y. n> y eN s
|* q q |<\T L& y. neT n+f neT e+<H, ={+ <H, y\H ns+ eTq+ yTT<
q q < qT\T, s |<\T, y\T uc +<q \T HsT e&+ <T . sy T q < qT* eTT+<T>q,
eTs= sy T q $ s HsT e&eT <T .
e\+ >TsT |Te&+ <s, n+f C| X MT< <s|& L& eTq+ uwqT HsT e&+<T .
nH d+<s bZ+ eTq neds* e{e{ |j +#T=+Tq+<Te\H @eH eTq+
HsT >\TZT H+. $j>+ $ eTq+ e~k+ < eT]b+. n> ns \T Hs |<
e\+ ns * ysT > HsT TH+. n+f uwqT eTT\T eTT\T> #d eT+ |{ HsT THeTqe.
169
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

n+> ns \ ns+ <T . d++> $j>+<T . s+ > yTT+&> >TsT+ #T=H ds dT |
eTs={ <T . ~ eTyTq w y T q |< . m ns \T H]H |<\T se. n|{ < HsT =q
ns \T @e+ $j>+ se. n+{$ m >TsT+ {sTT? m+<T >TsT+ &*? eqe nu dq
$<H ~ $sT<+. |< H&T #eT+~ es+ deT> << ucudq+
Xdj
T yTq ~> eTT+<T dT H sT.
|Ps+ eTq+ eTT+<T ns \ { L& b\T b+& HsT =, s y{ >TD+\T, s
y{ y=T\ T HsT = n|&T eyT |<\T sdy+. C n qT+ es HsT >H mesH
, +{ |<\T HsT e#T. ~ L& eTq+ #dy+ ><T.
eTeT+> k+|<sTT ns |< L& esT\T edTH sTT. neds+ TT, T +{$
qTeTsT> H sTT. n+> b#Ts+ eTV bD\qT (K, |T , #, sa, s, &, <, <, |, u) esTd qT+
| + es HsT THsT. = ns \T Hs >H y{ e# |<\T H], ns * *dTH +. (=+<s
eTs eTT+<&T >T yd |<\H uw Hs &+ L& #dT H sT. ns+ , d++> $j>+ ns *
Hs &+ e\ y{ >TsT+ #Te&+ nk< eTq <X + H #dT H sT.)
|< ns * esd eT+ Hs &+ +&<T . u> b#Ts+>\, y&T |<* H]
y{ ns * L& |]#jT + #ksT . Be\ |<C \+ |\\ yTT<{ qT+# n+<TuT +T+~.
HsT =q |B $j>+ edT+ ~. >T&> >TsT+ #Tqs< T .
= |<\T Hs >H q q y\T L& Hs e#T. n|&T HsT =q~ eT]+ $j>+
edT+ ~. |B nse ++> dT+ ~.
ns |< MT< eTs= dy\T L& # $\Ty+ ~ +~. |< yTT< sjT&+ s #<e &+
HsT TH+. ucu dq e~ $sT<+ . eTT+<T #<e &+ s eyT sjT&eTH~ Xdj
T +. eTT+<T
#<y \+f n$ >TsT+ #Ty*. >TsT+ #Te&+ $j+#T=H eT+ eyT k< eTeT+~. n+<T
#<e >\ysT eyT sjT>\TZsT. eTq+ m+ ~~H V+B ns * |&+eT+~ >TsT+ #T>\TZT H+?
BsD+ M{ $j+#b e&yT . eTq yT<&T neds+ b|~q m{ H >TsT+ #T=H keTs +
n<T+ > +~.
B eTs eTTsTT+| L& b <T . nd\T @ $<e+T&H #<e & $j+#Te&+
10e e+T L& sjT& uwqT $j+#T&T. eTV e\ L& ~ e]dT + ~. >&#s V]
dse Tse>sT ejq $< H]+#|&T |\ \b\T+&$ <T. y] $< sjT& kqyT
<T . e\+ #<e &+ eyT Hs ysT. Bqs+ eTq+ sjT&+ Hs qs < <T #<e & sjT&+
HsT e&+ | d] neds+ < #| & eyT .
eT] |< |< L& q<$T{? b#Ts+ >\$, dT\uy T q $ nH |s = |<* y{ ns *
m+| #d eT e s +#T= uw Hs &yT ><! H]q$ $j>+ se&+ | , nse ++>
170
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

HsT e&+ | $q&+, e{&& + ~ uwqT yTT+ > Hs &+ <T><. ~ dV yTq |jT
<T><! + #b\+f s+ > ns \T eTT+<T Hs |< n+ + <>]Z < ><! #s
b<T.
uc ||+ # (ns \T, |<\T, d+uwD\T, b\T, <\ T) $<] M\Tq+ n+<TuT
+ |\T d+<s y{ $]$> $j+#T=HT #jT &+ <s uwqT yTT+ >H Hs e#T nH
y<yT T{ \+> +~.
+<T @ eTeT +&<T . @ sX e T +&<T . e{&& + HsT =qf |\\ T yTT+ > uwqT
HsT =+{sT. ~ L& k< yT nq&+ H < Xdj
T + nHyS H&T e> sT .
*| eqe& *d = y\ d+es\T >& H B Hs &+ | + sq us q \T |{ s>& +
$+> eTq +#e#T. Xg+ |sT>TTq =B, |]X<q \T qH+X* $w]dTq =B
+{ s\T eTT+<T edH +{sTT. #sD @$ k< yT n$ \TksTT. $T*q$ n$ m+
<T yT q yH , m+ bNqyTq yH >ksTT.
m{N |\* V+d+# +&, y] dV duy, nu dq e d++<+ +& >T&>
j++> Hs &+ uw <T < H HjT+ #L s<T. ~ n{ e]+# k<sD d+. B
eTqdT +#T=q|&T eTq+ b{+# |< T @ b\THj eTq dT\u+ > nse TeT+~.
MT |\\ T
MT |\\ T MT d++ nqT=HysT, y s+sJ eq de+ _&\ T MT <s
y q \_+q+eq, y MT qT+# |{q T<T. y MT q+eq,
y MT y qT <T. MTsT y |eTqT |+e+&, n+ MT #q* sT< + &,
y y d+ #q\T+{jT eTse+&. y Xs\H MTsT bw+#~, \qT
< eTse+&, y \T s |{ ||+ #+ d+ |d T + {sTT. ||+ # MTsT
#&s T , \HH qsT . y MTsT+& |jT + #jT +&, yqT MT es+<T
e+ |PqT+&. J$+ yq q&e< >T]+#+&. MTsT $\T nsTT, MT |\\ T n+<T+
<dT uD\T dTeT+&!
` K uH
171
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
4) |\\ T #~y |d M? < M ?

` =&e>+{ T+se, d+y<q , nsY 1968
eTq <X+ u\kVeT+ |&| & edTq ~. u+>, V+B yTT<q uw\ s +&e ||+ #
jTT< |Ps+ L& u\|\T+&qT \Tk+~. \T>T e+ u\ |\T k++ e#
sEH jT\T<ssTT.
H qq+ u\kVeT+ ys <T . H #<e eT, sjTeT s>H dTeTr X +
+sd + #jT eTHsT. y$\=\qT ysT s+q b{ dC <\ |d y +&$. u>e+ qT+
#bUq+, sTD D+, |V < #], >C+ < y+ +{ <\ T #~yqT. y{ = |<\T
H| {+ C| + HsTT.
ns X+ + < u\kV+, C~ |\\ d+ | + sdq kV+ <T. |<\
kVyT. |<\ kV+ |\\ | e#<+ |\\ kV+> #eTD e+ eTq d+|<jT+.
eTq+ sE u\ kV+ >T]+ bXT\ n_bj\T nsTe #T = u+ <T .
+#T$T+#T sy @> u\kV+ H >\ d++< { u\ kV+ m +&*? m
+&L &<T ? nq n_bj\T = @ssT#T=HqT. =+ \eTj y{ \<w+ |e #T.
|dT H n_bj\T deTTyT q e u$+ y{ & #TTHqT.
|X | <T\T b> >\ <\ , <e\, sd T \, e+\, nr X \ yTT<q y{
L&q <e <\ >& bsTTq jTT>\L, deC d++~+q Cq|< <\ u\ kV+
|eTTK kq+ * +{sTT.
yd$ :
|q #| q <\ yd$ #T <T . T* #|\ # e{&+ #+H q~ +!
nH& *esY >d Y #|\ , \, m\T\ e{&
+ e\ yd$ bT+< n&T uj
T |&
+{&T. u\ kV+ n+{ yd$ neds+ . |\\ T eTT $H (#~y) <\ dyX\q,
d+|T q\q eT |s+ > nqsTT+#Tqeds+ <T . y y{ m&+> +& q+<+ b+<*. nq>q>
sE, sE @&T>TsT =&T\T. @&T>TsT =&T\ y y[ @&T #|\ T m+&yX sT... @
sE? @&T>TsT y bsTT @&T #| H #sT? @&T #|\ T m+&d me] eTT? +{ d+<V \T
y{ < e<T .
= <\ qT =+<sT <T + #j \ |jT ksT . ~ bsbT. e+d+ eTT H
sT #T=q q, uy, uy! bb&T! nq>H <T e+d+ eTTqT *
+< |T=, bb& qqT |P #dT + ~. ~ < <T, s*+.
|\\ <\ T ese q J$ d++~+ +&\, n+<T yd$ #T *+#\ =+<sT
= s\ s#q \T #ksT . eesTd d |{q sE |+&T> nqT+&. d |{q sE |+&T> #ksT .
ueT \+{ bdT+ ~. HHsT q =| P \ |]D T=+T+~. eeTjT q |P\ CT
ydT =+T+~. nq q = ]qT m+# |T=+T+~. neT |P\T, ;\T, yTd sYbL, u<+
V #d |&TT+~.
172
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

< $<+ > +T ]bT+~. ~ |\\ < <T. |<y H\\ |\\ (yse TeT+<qT=,
y uw e{&T H eTqT=) z+? nsTT y? nqT>H +T+~ +{ < L&q.
Te+{ <\ T eT Cd> #~$ |\\ eT |]ds\ MT< # s |&TT+~. de\ #|
|eT eTqT=qy&T yde J$+ |eT #d nqT=qT> |\\ T |<\ j, e++|&eTqT>\sT.
m+<T+f < +&~ d] C #dq J$+ yde +> qT ue T>= nyde +. #|\ , =+>\
e{& <\ T yd+ #jT e.
eT* uy\T :
u\ kV+ |\\ yT<&T = eT*yT q uy\qT \+>H{*. <s kVk\T, CsTTr,
dVb, >TB, sB, HjTeT yTT<q $. nHj sTT+#+ <s d+| *+#
<\ T m+ nyde +> H, |\\ eTqdT\ # yT\T #ksTT. <TsX, zs qeT, n~s
>s eT, Ls eT, |T , n<s eT, kse T yTT<q $ + #&+ L& |\\ | y*.
= = d<T DZ \T = deTjT+ <s\ +> |]D$T+#eT, |e<+ |eT sT>TT+~.
u <j
T # eT+~. dVjTT\| <jT #|+ esL +~<T . <TssT\Z | #| <jT
|e<\ <] rdT+ ~. n+<T#H uqT qT+ |* $&|+ q uV& < eTTU+X+ uV&
C*<T. n~ |{q |e<yT . |e< qjTT> | dT+ ~. jTT <\ u\ kV+
# kq+ +~.
d\ +> #b\+f |\ <s |+b+~+#~ eT+ u\ kV+ <T. eTVdT \ <\ T
e T u\ kV+. \ + |T=H eTVdT &q y&T m |e<\q \ |&T . nTe+{
b\T >\ <\ T m+ V#T> #~$ |\\ ss Y n+ u> @s&TT+~. eTq <X\e+{ |<
<X\ |\\ &T MT< <w @s&+ H ss Y @s&+ # neds+ .
sd T \qT eTqTw\T sTT+#eT, < \qT y de\T u+ >|s # eT, n keqyTq e\
nk<sD X \ T+&eT < y]$ \u + eeT ` +{ e\T >\ Cq|< <\ T ||+ #
eT+{ HsTT. yde d+|<j\ m<TsT y <\ T #<e +e\ L& |\\ =+ u+
q~. eTTK+> q |\\ <=+>\ uj
T eT, <j \ uj
T eT +{$ n *> nTsTT.
uj
\qT +Z # <=+>\ <\ , <j \ <\ |\\ T #~$ +&+ eT+~.
<e& MT&jTq n_bj
|<\ T * +&+ m+ b, |\\ e+ n+ |~+\T | , < H>eZ \dq~ eTqTwjTeT,
eTw d<T Bq, ~ # eTTK+.
s#H $<q+ :
u\ kV+ sd|&T <q + |<y |\\ e{&T TqT+&\qTe+ H T~ #<d+ >
|dT + ~. n|&eTsTT+<qT=Hs sE LTsT+<qT=H+ <?.. #Xs, y& <Tss+Z yD
@ d +<? n&T>&T >TH u\ bs \qT T +&+ nqeds+ nqT=+{qT.
s#q es| < \, | esq \, k+<s esq \ |\\ qT n+> e . sD+, { N { ,
|+&TyH \, |< s{\ |q +{ e\ y m+H }V+#T>\sT.
173
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

b\T # eT+ysTTH y*, # #&y sTTH y*. # *$>\ ysTTH y*.
e{ eTsT H y*. # n+<+>HH +&*. $s+>HH +&*. z e~] eT+N, dTesq *M,
m> n+<eT u\ kV neds+ . b\ n+d +|T sD\T L& n+.
|\\ d+ sjT+ >=| . \T>T q T #| <q+> e~ #dq yses qT
q&<T . =+<sT b uw |yX |{\ Vq b\ # jd> e{&+ #+ +{ |j >\T
#ksT . H <w ~ >& H{ bsbf. < d+uwD\T +& | <T. y{ n+
yd$ sT|j >+.
u\>j\T, s s#q \T :
n<we X H&T eTq # u\>j\T sdysTHsT. C |< yH |\\ T > j\qT
me> q+~+#>\ sT. u\>jT s#q \T |\\ m+> n+<TTHj H <T. ={ VQeTT\T
L& \_+#jTqT=+{qT.
|\\ $Cq+ L& =+esL nedsy T . dT ` V &H u+T jTT>+ y \TdT<q
yC $wj \T mH HsTT. XH, u $TMT<, deTT<+ n&T>TH mH |]X<q \T sT>TTHsTT.
s> d++<y T q n+X\T qq+ qT+N \TdT<q$ mqsTTH HsTT. n&$ # > H{
|\\ T M{ >T]+ @MT \TdT+& |s>
+ # | .
u\ >+<\T :
u\ >+<\T #&{ n+<+> +&*. n#T # > +&*. ueT\T }V\qT ~*+#$>
+&*. y{ m+{ n#T| \T +&s<T. n$ #e>Z L& +&*.
ybs jTT>+ s +& <se . n+<T kw*+ e#< deTdqT &| +#&
M< T . deTdqT |]w]+#{ |dT + q esZ\T @e+f.
1) |\\ d+ yd |d \ |uT +, |uT \T d_& e+,
2) |#T sD s\ T |d \qT nH y\ d+K eTT~+#+ (\\ d+K b).
|{q sE |+&T>\L, s |+&T>\L |< y |\\ $TssTT e>s \ uT # |d \T
L& VA]+#&+ . s <X\ sy nsTT<T sbjT\T K<T #d |\\ |d \T d + n#T
neTHsTT. |< y VA]+#b KsT qT+ |\\ T n+{ |d \T =q+ k< e?
|\\ |d\ |#TsD +<H # yqT& qT q&TT+~. eT+ eTT<D\j\T
b eeT, u\ |d \ |#T sD |T&<sq T ]+# b eeT, n+<T sD\T e#T.
|\\ qT> ueT\T yd sT\T L& # e>H qT |ksT .
|\\ T |d \ s s>H n+<s ueT\ sejTD\T, us\ |#T ]+#sT. sejTD,
us\T |\\ nqedse TqqT>, y{H # eT+ u\ kV+ q~. sdyS, ydyS
+f.
174
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
5) eTq #<T e <\ kq+ @$T{?

` b|d s Y w esY, & $X$<\jT+
eTq d { s +&T s> T \H sp |]jT& <\ T #| &+f m+ ue+T+~!
|t! eTq |\\ T e+ u>H H#Tb THsT. neXyT +f & #]q |\\ T & qT+
C]b+& d>+ deTd |]cseTjT~. <\ T #| =+f &b{ >T Z s n qqT # eT+~
m>[> #&=#T. + |< deTdqT + e> |]>Dd T H q qqT m<y #jT T#T. +{
d\V Hq|&T H| ys+> (kqTu q) #dq djTsY n~s H+<]H HHs T >T<TqT. @+
#<+ eT]? y] nbs |]b\HqTue + yq j sT #d+ ~! | &T n~s HH m+
=+ + +&b sT. b|+ y djTss TTbj e]bjsT!
+H |T s+ @eT+f eTq b<jT D
d+d <\ d+ #sTTH &+<T . <\
b<q+ MT< yTT+ D sT m&sTTH z bs+ +f +&=#T. n++ f =+#+ T bsTTq
bbq d+d | & be.
H rs \ +~. n<eT+f eTq {#s ks> eTT| <\ sTTH &T eTT+& #| &+ +&
sE m|&=dT+ < n. eTq bNq <\ MT< e+ |T +& {#s T + f m+ n<T+ > +T+<
>< n! |T n+f >+<s> |s # +&, >_ #jT +& k|> #| >\&Z + nqe.
<\ T #| e+ eTq de| dV ku\ d+|<jT+, ysd +! { s +&? y~ k+|<jT
<\ T #$ qT+ #$, >T+& qT+ >T+& m Xu\ bT mbjj! n+ <s+ HH+#&+
<T > d+ eTT| <\ T #| >*Z eTq { s +&T s> T \ |\\ T mH $\Te\T HsT =+{sT. s
d \ bT <\ + #{e>*Z mH $wj \T |\\ \TksTT. eTq+ #| s bs+X\T
L& e*q \TksTT.
<& <=sTsTT?
k+|<sTT <\ +f @$T{? M{ b<q @$T{? B eTq+ |]o*+#*. \| s {#s q T
<\ T #| eT+f |\\ |* s> dTH sT. $TqT, yde ><* , e] |< |< CqT d + |\\
<\ T> #| & |PqT=+THsT. e <\ C_H eksTT? ed se#T. eTq s& |\*
$ eTq b <\ + |u $+ #kj nH~ e+ nqTeHd<+.
eTq k+|<jT <\ = | \D
\THsTT. \D
\T |dT | edTq <
+#&+ <T . eT+ < +& D $T{? M{ s |]o*<+. B eTT+<T +{ eT+
< & <=sTj #<+.
|+#+ +, C <\ T, eTVus+ , ns_jTH H{ , $e~ <\ T, $$< b+\ Cq|<
<\ T eTq m eT+ <\ sTTH n+~ksTT. <= |< u+&>s+. >T*kH, udH , ;s, H*
seT*+>&T , Cq|<\T +{$ e*q <=sTsTT. eTq <X ><T ||+ #eT+ eT+ <\ T
=\\T. + |]X<q e& k< + n MTsqe#T. <\ T #b\H nqT=+f eT+ <* mqTe&+,
yT e&+ # q| n H n_bjT+.
175
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

eT+ < m +T+~? :
@~ eT+ < n qHesH |d |\\ T s s \ qT+ < n<T+ > k~dTH s n< eT+
< n HqT y_kqT. & HjT s \ T |\ | eTq+ < H <& $Xd+. eTq |+#+ +
d+V+`+<\T <H rdT+&. B eTq+ # d<k< <> u$k+. T y[ +<T
eT+ < \D
* eTq+ |d>
e #T. < eT\T|* |&T =+#+ |]o*<+.
eTq T +<\T d+V e+> y*q <T]q+ e+~. r]>Z +<\T d+V+ >TV <>sZ |{
* d+V+ qq&b+~. $Tq eTq *d d <~ . |&T eTq +<\T q n<\
|sD bs+_+#*. d+V+ d+ e{&sTTH q d+<s y T HsTT~? @ e+ < < $H
y+<] \TdT. nsTTH +<\T H+<T \d+> se* e+<, <] q eTs d+V+ m
n& ++< bD\ + #| +~. * +f |+ reyT+ < +<\T \TdT. d]>Z bsTT+TH
n~ |T=+~. |+ <s nV+s+ me. n~ @ e+ <H y zsTsT . n+<T d+V+
* ne\u{ XTe d+> #T y\ +<\T y+ q&+~. >T&> u$ <>]Z #]+~.
eT ~ +<\T w \+ (< < eT\T|). & L& +<\T *$> d+V+ *$ e
yX+ MT<, ndjT MT< <s|& + ~. d+V+ u$ #d q _+u XTd+V+ nqT= <
~ #e #+~.
HS + |#s+ b+~q <q T +=+#+ T> |]o*<+. < edTy M T keqyT+ ~
<T. <TssyZ T q n~s |X#+ eTT+<T bD* + jT|&+ <<| nk< yTq y +<\T +{
&T>T bD b|+ @+ #j *? nH~ &Tq deTd. C~ # |< $wjT +. k<sD+> +
|< $wj * eTq+ |\\ <s+> +#\qT=+{+. $yT eT+f |\\ T + |< $wj H w| & sT!
m+<Tw| & sT? < s |]o*<+.
& eTs n+X+ L& eTq+ |]o*+#*. bD eTV \e+T&q XTe u]q |&
c =q d+<s $ T~. +<T+ jT|& J$ mT> & yd+ ~. mT> & @
e+ <T . eTs d+<s + +{ n<\T #| eTq+ +<* ] +<\T +< >& +.
& &T>T bD nk<sDyTq e |<] ++~. ny|T yTq <s , $Xk
#|+~. e] < @ e+ =D+& \&s+ k~++~. +<Td+ |+ <sT
k<sD &T>T e e{&q f uj
T + uj
T +> e{&+ ~. nqT=q | Hsy s T =+~.
< q&q T L& eTq+ |]o*+#*. < s+u+ +Te\T d+V+ <TsT=q |+<+
|* +> $+ X+ H\=+T+~. | \+ dCe> q&TdTq T +H ~ ~q~q>+&yT .
qT+& +<\T e+T se&+ nd\T < sM T~ e#dT+ ~.
eTq < D + L& > +& ## kbT+~. eTq +<\T w+ qT+ jT|&\+f
$Tw+ es+ #dH =+| eTTqT>TT+~. n<= mT> & yd+ ~. mT> & M T qs T MT< q& <T.
eTV |e<s y T + ~. nsTTH +<\T < |PqT=+~. X & >T |=H M\T+&<T . @ e+
|{sTT+| neX+ +&<T . n&| &T +<\T |b . n~ @+ #dH n~ m+ HjT+>
+T+~! |B eTq X +<\T y| qT+# +#&+ yTT<\T |&&T!
176
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

< |\ + <T+> w| & T THs >T]+#& |]o\q d]bT+<qT=+{qT. eTqT
n+<T #dT= eTyT + >\ b, Vs < y] +~. n< +<\T. |\\ sEy
J$+ L& +<\T m<Ts=q dy e+{$ mH m<TseT+{sTT.
|\\ T qy, \VqT\T, me d+<s yw+ < y #j *edT+ T+~. n~s+,
Xs~ >\ y] e\ y|& c\ b\eT+{sT. uj
+<q\ >TseT+{sT. +<\T
m<Ts=H dy |\ < T s=H dy + keT+ +~. B eTq+ m|& >T]+#+. eTq |< eTq+
n~seT+ eTq #H |T= y eeVs\T sT|T+{+.
VsT> +<T y, eTs=s #b |\\ MT< n~ m+ |u e+ *dZ T + <, y+ +<q
>Tses eTq+ >T]+#+. n> y eT +f Xe +Tq |<\ |& |T sDqT L& eTq+ >eT+#+.
n+<Te\H < bs+u+ H |\\ T +<\T eTqT #dT=+{sT. < q&# =\B +<\T y]
|< s D> esTT+~. +<\T mT> & |+~. n~ |* ++~. B+ q deTdH><T n+<]
deTdq +<\T |]w]++~. |\\ T +{ |]csH |$TksT . +<\T mT> & |\\ q#
eTs n+X+ L& +~. n<eT+f @< k #| n~ | +#T=qp&+ . m+<T \dyT+ ~? n
d+V+ n& +<\T #| q k |\* m+<T]dT + < #| >\s? m+<T eTT+~ |\\ T L&
k\T #| c*+ jT|&y ><! n+<T mT> & +<\T qqT b&Te&yT ><T
d+V n++#d+ ~. XTeqT Ve]d | b|+ +<\T |e<+ qT+ jT|& < T . n+f
< eTqT>& d+ kVd+ #d $< +k HjT +> eTq eTT+<T |&T+~. +<T @$T +~?
eTqT>& d+ #d bs+ | +<T @ <T . |\\ y| qT+ #d | C < eTq+
n_q+~+#<> ~Z @B <T . |<\ T> eTq+ #d < <. +<\T #d+ ~ | yd+ | eTsMT
<T.
<\ |j q+ @$T{? :
n+f |\\ #| & mqT=H eT+ < | d] <qe! nsTT d+V+ ` +<\T
< | >bsTTH |s b <T . |\* uy< >T]#d n+X+ +<T { +~.
|e<+ eTT+#T=q|&T m+ s+> <q+> +& n~ #| T+~. ds q #q #TsT<q+
n|& k< eT L& < #| T+~.
k+|<jTs+ +{ |s < > +#+ . dw+ > +&* > @<
&=+ sT>T&T> y y #d | q& +&~> +&L &<T .
#s ks+X+ @$T{? |\ H $\Te* |+#&+ eTq k+|<jT <\ |< H<X + <T.
<\ T #| &+ e\ e# ndq u\T ys HsTT. |&T y{ #<+.
eT+ XeD+ :
eT+ X n+f mesT? e] < $Hy& eT+ X. # eT+~ e]< $qsT. eTq+
|#b{ e{& |&T L& #eT+~ eT< H n&+ edT+ {sT. eTq+ #| ujT~ eTT+< *d
177
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

y[ #d =+ ns+ #dT e#T nd\T M n+< s+ $q& z| +&<T . |< |<
yTHyT+T, |]b\H sT d + sE z|>Z $q& z H| D+>H > z eT+ \D
+>
L& |]>Dd T H sT. <\ T #| &+ # q ejTdT qT+# C>> z|>Z $H \D |+b+~dT+ ~.
|<j
~ m+ |j >|& T T+~. <\ T #| &+, $q&+ eTVs d+|<jT+> >\ eTq <X+
m<T{ y& z|>Z $Hy d+K sE bZ e&+ # $+> n+#e#T. ~ yde +. q
ejTdT |\\ <\ T #| be&+ B= |< q sDeT H n_bjT+. H>] |]> |\\
<\ T #| & eTq r] &+<T . B |* + eTq* <Td +~.
}V+#&+ , ]+#&+ :
eT qq <q T |\\ T eT eT $H\qT=+{sT. eT *jT+& +{ <\ | y
eTe |+#T=+{sT. s +&ks eT&ks < $+Tq|&T s @+ sT>TT+< eTT+< y
#| >\TZsT. s>u jT~ eTT+<T> #| >\&Z + keTs +. eT eT < $q&+e\ +{
keTs + |sT>TT+~. y $Xd+ |sT>TT+~. y ds eTTU_e~~ <V<|& T T+~. yTT<{
s +&T s> T \ |\\ T #<e &+ HsT =H<X eTT+<T> #| >\&Z + nH keTs + m+H |j >|& T T+~.
>D+ HsTe&+ L& keTs+ $\Te mq~. >D d\ eTT+<T> }V+
#| >\&Z + MT<H < <s|& sTT. n+<Te\ >D nu dH < XeD keTs eT< z
keT+, d++<+ +< H n_bjT+. < L& = +<q \T, |< T \T +{sTT. y{ |\\ T
<\ T $H=B |T=+{sT. |T=H =~ y eTT+<T> @+ s>u jTB }V+ eT]+ u>
#| >\TZsT. n+{ |\\ T >D d* L& + u> |T>\T>TsT.
eTs ||+ #+ :
|\\ T eT #T #dTq ||+ # <\ T $d |s T ksTT. eTT m|& bZq d+<s\qT,
#& eTqTw\qT, b\qT y < #ksT . +{ y{ eTq+ | n MTsqTe#T. $
L& eTq J$+ u>\T! y{ m|& eTq+ #& H n$ eTq*, eTq #q* ~*ksTT. q
ejTdT <* eT]+ me> +T+~. J$++ eT+ =qk>TH +T+~. eT #T
#&eTw L& H |\\T #&yqT >T]+ ksT. n> nk<sD |ue+T,
T~eT+T, n+<>q \TdT=H #qT eT|&H < bT+< n s|& sT. <s eTsT*
n_e+#&+ |\\ eTqd + u>+. n> |e<\H <TwX \ H uj
T |&+ L& y
due+ u>+. eTq k+|<jT <\ T |\\ eTqd qT>TD+> +&+ e\H + \+
|\* ]+|>\ TZT HsTT. ns ||+ #+ + n&T>T | _& z neTeT < n<Ty T q eTs
||+ # #dT+ ~. n~ q yde ||+ #+ +f m+ $d +> +T+~. |\\ < +#
eTs ||+ #+ >_> >+<s> +> +&<T . n+<T z eT< +T+~. eT< H = H
$\Te\T+{sTT. $\Te\T eTq+ qyT k+|<jTs+ +&e. < e+T& > \Tk&T .
nsTT > \e& y&T = |< T \T b{k&T . n$ nH yT q $> eTq k+|<jTs+
+#e#T. * qq& d+V +<\T #| q nu<\T +{y.
178
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

qq |<C \+ :
<\ T #| &+ |\\ uc ||+ # m $d + #dT + < L& eTq+ #&=#T. e\T |P]>
e> d, e\ ||+ # eTq+ |sT |f rsT L& e> y T q <. < |<C \+ ke
d L&. m+<T+f eTq nqTuy * sT \ |+#Te& e <s+. |<\q e> ,
ke \D |<\ ns* s]ksTT. <VsD |\y & * n+f @$T{ nqTue + qT+
\TdT. BqT+# d+V+ * q|&T m +& +T+< |\y &T >V +#>\ &T. * nH
q *dq |<+ d+V L& e]+| #dT H < X dV ]dT+ ~. eT]= <\ T $H=\B
eT]= |<\ kes\T |\\ \TksTT. q d+ |<C sT \ e]+|Cd T =H eT+
yseTeT+~. s #<e &+ y |\\ ~ # |] dT+ ~.
|q eTq+ #| =q H\T>T < |j H n+X\T #<e &L& e]ksTT. |\\ T #~y=\B
ucd\qT, sD ns+ #dT >\TZsT. eTT+<T> }V+ #| >\&Z + |]> =\B #<e &+
keTs + |sT>TT+~. uc sD+ d\ |]#jT + |]> =B y+ s @MT e#B |\\ T
>V ksT . #d <\ T #| &+ |\\ uc CH |+#& ny|T +> |] dT+ ~!
< H| D+ :
<\ T #b\qT=q|&T eTq eTqdT |{ +&*. n+<T &u T @MT +&L &<T .
& & eT< nT d <q T K #dq f . u> eTqdT |{q < nsTT eTq+ k|>
#| >\+. n #| >*qZ |& < #|y&, $Hy] eT< dJe d++<+ +T+~.
n> eTq eTqdT |{ +f < d++~+q d#Y eTq eTqdT +T+~.
n|&T X\ |]d { eTq+ w+ eqT < esT>\+. k] <q T |+#* edT+ ~.
k] +Z #* edT+ ~. +<\T d+V+ eTT+<T \&| &T <q T eTq+ k>~jT+. n& y>+ >
< q&y*. d+V+ * qq&T dTq |&T <q T eTq+ HeT~> #b#T. n> +<\T
uj
T + uj
T +> q mT> & q T HeTsdT=+ n&$+ edTq |&T <q T n+ y>+ > #b*q neds+
+&<T . <+ eTq < MT< q |TqT{ +T+~.
< d+uwD\ d+>$ T{? y{H #b* nH |X \THsTT. B eTq+ |\T esZ* s +&T
s\ ds\ |\=#T. Veuy* |<] d #b#T. qdE
\TueT* &d #| &+ e\
d+uwD\T # s & sTT. bqT >T]+ #| Tq|&T s> >~ y| qT+ y| q
|#sT #d #b#T. mH dH |< T * b{+#e#T. e |\\ # C ksTT.
<q T | d+es+ #b*se#T. <q T d+es+ |\TksT #b* se#T. B >
Z T>
eTq+ j sTy*. > < <H n< jTq+ #j *. n\es#T y*. ~ | {#s T L
| d] dy\T.
<\ T #| &+ q J$+ $&BjTs u>yT @ {#s T J$eT ks+> +&< H >{
qeT+. ~ s>\+f b<$ T bsX \\ bs+X\ | eTq <<+ L& reyTq esT sy\
H <& $Xd+.
179
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
6) |\\ ` |d ||+ #+
` ] jTs+, &
H\T>< |\ edTq esTqT MTsT C>> >eT+#+&. esT +{ yesD+ qT+ &
yesD+ n&T>T|&y T >< n MTsqe#T. esT n+q +> z n+X+ < +~.
n<eT+f ejTdTH |\\ T eT n_bj*, d * eT |< qT+& ns |< n_e ] +#&+
bs+_ksT . & s~ ns &$? ns |< n_e s D
m&~ n MTsqe#T..
ns ||+ #+ =* n&T>T :
n+X+ MT< # |]X<q \T {e\ ]>sTT. uc y\ T, eTdd y\ T = $wsD\T
#XsT. e+ s es |]DeTe eTq+ |\\ T #dT =H edTe , ydT =H ueT,
^dT=H |s, @ssT#T=H >TsT , neTsd + eTq+ >eT+#e#T.
|< > eeV]+#\ |\\ n+T + +T+~. +<Td+ |\\ T | |< T * |&sT.
= de#s eedq T sb+~+#T=+{sT. ns ||+ #+ H y n&T&s eTq+ >TsT+ #Ty*.
|\\ z q |f \T> e]bT+~. z s| \ >Ts+ nsTTbT+~. eT{ q|\
y sd ^ m& & }V\ k]ksTT. |<\ T #d |qT\ M[ #dT + {sT. eTq+ =+#+
C>> >eTd eTq+ #d #w\ |\\ T = sb #dT H s f *dbT+~.
d+ * |\\ T m& qT+ d+b~+#T=+{sT? eT yesD+ qT+# d+b~+#T=+{sT.
eT] |] |\\ yesD+, |]ds\T ysT. |D $<~ T+u |\\ |]ds\T ysT.
dV +>H ns \T, \T, ueT\T, <X\T, >MTD |\\ n+<TuT +&e. |d \T y]
<=se . eT+> n+< b\T. <\ T, C\T, $H<+X\T L& < \ |\\ +<TuT eqT
|<|\ \ +<TuT e+&e. {.$., nZ|f\ MT<, edTe \ b MT< +# ns M ns
||+ #+! eT *< + &T\T \, \+ |#jT &+ M }VL& n+< $wjT +, d+
+&sT , b{\T, <X\L& neX+ +&<T . & n&T>T |{q |&T eyT ye #ksT .
& eq+d| eyT y neX+ +T+~.
eTq |< ` eTq y#\T :

|\\ T #<e &+, sjT&+ m HsT =+{s #<+. ns +f < qT\ d+ sb\T. ns
sb < d++<+ @MT +&<T . < qT\qT |] |<\T, |<* L] y\T sb+~+#*. <=
d+w |jT . nsTT ydy $q&+, e{&& + L& +{ |jT . y\ < qT\T+{sTT. y\
|<\T+{sTT. edTe |<\ eT< d++<+ @MT +&<T . y sD+ ds d]. nsTTH |\\ T
n<T+ > #| +~ ns+ #dT =+THsT. e{&T THsT. < sT>T+~?
180
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

uj
T +, +L +& e{& q+<Te |\\ T e\T HsT =+THsT. sjT&+ L& n+!
w+ eq$ ` n$ nqTuy \T e#T, }V\T e#T, ||$ e#T. y>& M\T+&f |\\ T
esT> esTTHsT. sq n+. nd\T |\\ + +T+~. e ] +#T=H
s|+H uw y] |T&TT+~. uw @ H| DyTH H e+&TT+~.
|&T eTq d <>sZ =<+. ns \ eTq+ bs+_k+. ns \T e\+ neTs d+ \T,
ns \T L& eT+H +{sTT. eT+e\ |\\ y=]><$T{ me] *jT<T. |\\ e*+~
eT d * e ] +#&+ | ns e \ VdBs*, |sT w ds * >T]+#&+ <T. ysD
b+& + <T. B eTq+ eTsb+.

n& ><T . ns \{ >TsT+ #Ty*. m|& @&~ s y&Ty* (|<\T>!)
ns * y&Te&+ eTq+ |f +\ T =\\T. eTdbdqT |\\ \+<s |<\T e*+#*.
y\T #<y *. |<\ |\\ neds\ d++<+ +&<T . M + nd d++<+ +&<T .
n+ eTq+ _+q #+H s>*.
ns e \qT ~~+# |< m+ $yT + < eTq y#\T L& n+ $+> +{sTT. y#
sD+ < qT\ e |]#jT + #jT &+ eTT&|& e+&+ $syT n|], nss V , eT
|<\, y\ eTs $s+. eT~ n q+~+# n+X+ M{ |\\ { +&<T .
e #\ | & <=s L &< eTq+ >=+T MT< |&+. = $wj b | ksTT.
n+<Te\ y#+ y<e TeT+~. +sd + |se se TeT+~. & |\\ }V\T K+. d \ T K+.
#q\T K+. nTq esZ\ dHH , eeT\T |uT dHH ks+X+ e+ <.
|d \ ` |\\ :
|\\ T ns ||+ #+ m n&T&s eTq+ yTT< #X+. B =qk+|> eTq bsX \
@yTH #jT >\e? |<|\ \ T +{ ns ||+ # <syT nes eTq+ #X+. B |]cs+
eTq+ & @yTH #|>\ e? b<$ T ksTT ns + n&T& eTq |\\ |d \T @yTH
k~+|&j nH~ |&T #<+. +<Td+ H nqTuy \T = #| qT.
1990 bs+u+ mdt.d..sY.{. & bC q T bs+_++~. ~ 12 eTT| d
neT\T ]+~. eT&e s> ksTT meeT+~ |\\ T & eHdT H s >T]+ bC #|{ sT .
3e s> |\* =+<] >T]+#sT. M] D
#sT. M] <s 1,2 s> T \ |\* qq |<
ns ||+ #+ n&T& #jT &+ B \ +.
bC |y +#>H 1,2 s> T \ |\\ y#\T | m+{ |d \T n+<TuT e
e *bsTT+~. <<| |\\ +<s #<y \H, sj\H de TeTeTHsT. y# y*
=+#+ sTesT #d# \T y #<e b THsT. yse ++> @MT #<e &+< , e\+ e*dT H s
181
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

esy T b sTT+~. n< deTjT+ |\\ #<y \H w $|+> e+&+ eTeT* Xs|]+~.
yTT< yT+ <\ T #| &+ yTT<{ +. *dq <\ T, = <\ T q |\\ ||+ #+
|T=#sTT. s <q T eT< |d s @+ ]+< #| eTH+. =sT eTT+#sT.
eTT d+> <\T n*qT |\\T eTT#|&sT. y#* e~d s <\T |<> #~$
$+#k>+. |\\ T d#> sTjT me]w+ eqT ysT LsTH ysT. <\ T $HysT. q|\\ T
d+ |< |\\ T |d \T d]+#sT. ~ys+ ~q|\T |T=#sT. |\\ T M{ ueT* #dysT.
eT eTT e{&T =HysT. $+ @eT+f eTq+ # qe, |se nqT=q$ L& |\
eTV V+ *+#$. |\ T, |sT>T\T, +Te\T, \T, |P\T L& y >Td>T d&$.
|d * #<e &+ |\\ T yTT<{ sT . #<e &+ $+> +&~. z d+V+ ueT +<qT+&. HqT
L& n&$ y, |< d+V >TV #X n z |\ q T nqTuy B C&+#~. z |e
d #\T +{ |P\T e } u&T |PksTT n eTs |\ nH~. n+f |\ ueT\, <\
eTyTyT y{ d++ #dT =HysT. d {#s T yTTe ] | n, y deTjT+ e< ne+<
y n_bjT+. s uw HsT e&+ B b<q >T]+ y L& dT <\ T
yTT<{ sT .
B yT+ eT]=+ $d + #X+. ns \, |<\ &+ , n+qT|k\T, d+y\T
#| &+ qT+ qq |<* #d sjT&+ |]d |<\T>,
|<* |]d y\T> esjTH d+>r y |d> { sT . y ueTd|&T, |s\T L&
y esTd> e+&$. =+<s |<* sdysT. ueT\ |sT |fy sT. ueTd n~ #dT q |
+]_+]> sdysT.
n{+ f $Xw+ >+\ s & |\ |d \ >&| & + . y{ | ueT* y |{ #d,
#T \ &T eTT, eTT<T |T=+ y @yy #dysT. yX #eT+~ #<e &+ @MTs<T.
nsTTH #<T eTqf \ |d + |{ @yTy e{&y sT. y{ MT< sdysT. | #dysT. | <
eT J$, nqTuy C&+#ysT. d#> e~*q+<Te\H ~ k< yT+ ~. <T #b* n
|k | \T y & + q+<Te ~ M+ ~.
yTT || :
V+ e eT]+ ||{+ ~. yT+ eT] d]+#* e+~. d]+#+. #sT\ T, ueT\T
>& y&BX+. |\\ s* L& >& *+#+. y ueT* |<] +#k>+. e |\\ T
#& (#<e &) n+<Tu{ +&+ mT +#+. eL = = #q\T sk>sTT.
>&MT< ss \ d+\T sjT&+ #q {. d+\T y+ +{sTT. <VsD
182
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

MT#T \T | + &, &T=+<+s+&, n~> #TqT |]> s+ & +{ d+\qe. M{
|\\ T #~$ n #dysT. #dT+ &>H <= e]bsTT+~. |< |\* d+\T sjTeTHy+.
y b{ |&y . n> d *+# o]\ Tq ueT* *+#y+. |d \ |sT usT MT< sd
|d * >T]+#eTHy+. b&T| <\ T sdy+. |< |\\ T q |\\ ekss TT bjsT!
B + yTT m+#& eTs #q #X+. |\\ nqTuy * s+>T usT MT< ssTT+#+.
yTT<{ <X $ q q #q e#T. HsE |q T #X, q e +{
e+~. H |d + bsTT+~. H @&Tb+~. +{ nqTuy \qe. sjT&+ |\\ T
# | \T sdy. ee*+~ #q> ysD + <T>, cs+> sjTeTHy+.
|\\ T s\T #T eT>y. #~yy. #]+#T=Hy. #<e y #<e >\y <>sZ
#| +#T=Hy. ns * yT\yT \> >T]+#y.
+ ec | @eT+f q |\\ nqTuy * |< |\\ T sjT&+, q |\\ T @yy #|y. |<
y\T>, | | y\T> n$ +&$. y{ nH sjTeTHy+. y{ eT #~$ y
$+#y+. y{ >& y&rdy+. s q |\\ T L& sjTk>sT. n sjT&
y+ uws<T>< n+<Td+ ueT yjT eTHy+. ueT+< @< { sjTeTHy+ <
|< |\\ # ssTT+#y+. nsTT C> | +& rdT=Hy+. n<eT+f @+ sdH |\\
uwH +&*.
nqTuy HqT e #| qT. |\\ T m+ q+~ks! m+ |& s! eTq+
>eTd +<T #<e &+, sjT&+ HsT e&+ b<$ T <X +~. n#+ ~ $q&+, e{&+
HsT =H <X +{~.
d+N |d \T :
=+\+ Hq, e |\\ T *d >eT+ >+<\jT+ q&b+. >+<\jT+ n+f @$T{
nqT=HsT . d+ |d \T ... n+! M{ | Xys+ & rdT y+. |X \T ydy+.
|\\ # <* |\Ts\ eTT+|\ s># | +#y+. =+\+ s |d \T +{ eT
Xys+ rdT=Hy+. mquX + |\\ T |d \T @e+ +# +& # y. |d \ bT
\T, b\T, b&T|<\ T, ns \ &\ T, djT <H \T, ueT\T yjT &\T, <\ T sjT&\T,
b\T sjT&\T L& #X+. <+ |< V+>e> e]bsTT+~. Xys+ ek+<+f #\T |\\ T
m& d+s |<] +#ysT. eT+> ~ |< |\\ , & eHdq nesTT\L b+~. y
duT \T> #sT |d \T ek>+. q } e 120 eT+~ duT \jsT. bsTTq |d *
n+#&+ , n\T ysTT+#&+ , eT bsTTq$ ] + #sT\ T> es&+ ` e |\ #dysT.
nqTue + e H]+<eT+f |\\ V q |d \T e e< e . <X+ H] |\\
|d \ L& m+ <]<y!
183
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

uq $seT+ |d |sq + :
H eTs nqTue + #| $q+&. e d eT<V $seT deTjT+ HqT +{ >+<\jH
q&bqT. |d \T rdT &+ s+ y&BjT&+ H |. |\\ T yT\> >T$T>&+ bs+_+#ysT.
=+<sT <s+> \& ##ysT. =+<sT ueT* s> dysT. eT]=+<sT rdT= #~yysT.
eT+> H H<sD
b+<k+~. \+#Yf+ HqT k|st + +& @yTb THH H {
{#s =H *d~ <T. s y ns+ #dT =HsqT+&. eT+> HqT |d $TT*
j sT#dT =HqT. y |d \T +{e &+ yTT<\T|{qT. & L& qqT y+{&q deTd |d \
=s. eT+ |\\ |d \ =s.
e]> e. |\\ |d * eT$> n+# #j *. n+f y d++ #dT y*.
n|&T |\\ T |d \ y+ |& sT. |\\ T q * n<T+ > sVksT . s +&~ y ||+ #+
y n+<T +#*. n+{ |d \T+&*. eT&~ d#> y[w+ eqT y |d *
y&Ty*. #&+ L& #<e &yT n eTq+ >T]+#*. H\T>e~ |d \ #T eTq+ ss \
\T #|{ *. |\\ d \ T, q+<s\T, nqTu T\T s{*. y{ uwqT nqTd+<q+
#j *. n|&T y d|eT+ eTq eTT+<T k]dT+ ~. b<$ T<X #jT &+ uw
HsT e&+ (#<e &+, sjT&+) # \b eVdT+ < eTq+ q$TH #jT >\+. y#\T
e*+#&y T uw HsT e&+ < eTq+ |=+fH ~ k< +!
<+ jT|&*?
Cd, |+# due+ q s> >~ b<jTT& b m+{~? $Cq+,
$\Te\, #q\ n qT n+~+#e, $<] y{ Js+ #dT e*qy&T eyT q
u$+# b<jTT&T Cdq T s +#& T . |+#>T D |+b+~+#& T . b<jTT&T
$Cq+ n+<T=H esZ #|+# dV ] eyT . #q y$ <, ys T <
n+^]d, bVd |\\ T eT eTT> ssD e#, $\Te\qT |+#T=H
b<jTT&T &&*. #j \+f yTT<{ |\* + |X |\T de<H*
$q& {#s T d<| & *. ds q yT d+ |jT |& n\yT qT+&
jT|&*.
` & s{.C.d, Cd|t
184
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |
ks >TsTe\T
(Universal Teachers)
185
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

sM+<H< s>sY
(07.05.1861 ` 07.08.1941)
d\+f |<| * uqT>, Bb+sy d > +< s# sM+<T&T

u<| & y &T. _{wyt ] >Tek\qT j sT#d $< |]XeT bsX \
_q+>, X+H, $Xus $< d+d\ qT k|+ d#> $<qT
m HsT y eTq H]+#sT. euw $<u<q qT deT]+#sT
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(01.10.1869 ` 30.01.1948)
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186
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(31.08.1870 ` 06.05.1956)
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m.jTdt.
(17.10.1883 ` 23.09.1973)
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(15.11.1885 ` 23.06.1939)
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(13.01.1888 ` 01.04.1939)
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188
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Cu |P (11.04.1827 ` 28.11.1890)
k$ru |P (03.01.1831 ` 10.03.1897)
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(18.06.1893 ` 1962)
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(19.09.1921 ` 02.05.1997)
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(17.12.1905 ` 28.04.1984)
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dTMTHd
(1918 ` 02.09.1970)
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CH
(14.04.1923 ` 14.09.1985)
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191
&. m&. ` b<jTT\ sB |

u> &$&
(18.08.1921 ` 08.08.1984)
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|Ps+> ns+ #sTT+# $<$<q+ d\T | . q =&T
\d &$& |\\ d+ e+< |> |d \T sXsT.
192

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