CHAPTER 8

External Flows
8.1
B

B C
A

A-B: favorable
B-C: unfavorable
A-D: favorable
C-D: undefined

A-B: favorable
B-C: unfavorable
A-C: favorable

8.2

Re = 5 =

no separation

inviscid
flow

viscous flow
near sphere

boundary layer
near surface

8.3
separation

separation

wake

8.4
boundary
layer

building

wake

inviscid
flow

8.5

(C)

8.6

(C)

VD
5 1.51 10 5
. D=
= 3.78 10 5 m.

20

inviscid
flow

separated
region

separated
flow

162

separated
region

8.7

( B)

8.8

5=

Re =
VD

VD 0.8 0.008
=
= 4880.

1.31 106

V = 5 / D.

b) V = 5.388 10 5 /

8.9

.8
= .000915 fps.
12
.8
c) V = 5 1.6 10 4 /
= 0.012 fps.
12

a) V = 5 1.22 10 5 /

.8
= .000291 fps.
12

VD
20 D
=
= 13.25 10 5 D.
5

1.51 10
a) Re = 13.25 10 5 6 = 7 .9 10 6 .
Re =

Separated flow.
Separated flow.
Separated flow.

b) Re = 13.25 10 .06 = 7 .9 10 .
c) Re = 13.25 10 5 .006 = 7950.
5

8.10

FD =

1
1 1 = 1 p
2
pdA

p
A
=
p

back back
0 ( 1 r ) 2rdr = p 0 2

2 0
2
4
Afront
0

Bernoulli: p +

1
V2 = p 0 .
2

p0 =

1
1.21 20 2 = 242 Pa.
2

1
( 242) = 380 N
2
FD
2 380
CD =
=
= 0.5
2
2
1
V 2 A 1.21 20 1

FD =

8.11

Ftotal = Fbottom + Ftop = 20 000.3 .3 + 10 000 .3.3 = 2700 N.

Flift = 2700 cos 10 o = 2659 N

Fdrag = 2700 sin 10 o = 469 N

FL
2 2659
CL =
=
= 2.36
2
1
2
1000

.
3

.
3
V A
2
CD =

FD
1
2

8.12

V 2 A

2 469
= 0.417
2
1000 5 . 3.3

Fl = p l Al = 26 000 Lw. Fu = p u A u = 8000

FL = Fl cos 5 o Fu cos 10 o = 21 950 Lw
FD = Fl sin 5 o Fu sin 10 o = 1569 Lw

163

Lw
= 4015 Lw
2 cos 5 o

CL =

FL
1
2

CD =

V 2 A
FD

V 2 A

8.13

2 21 950 Lw
= 0.25
2
.3119 750 Lw

2 1569Lw
= 0.0179
2
. 3119 750 Lw

If C D = 1.0 for a sphere, Re = 100 (see Fig. 8.8).

a) V = 1000 1.46 10 5 =.0146 m / s. FD =

V .1
= 100 , V = 1000 .

1
1.22.0146 2 .05 2 1.0
2
= 3.25 10 7 N .

1.46 10 5
1
= 0.798 m / s. FD = (.015 1.22) .798 2 .05 2 1.0
.015 1.22
2
= 4 .58 10 5 N .
1
c) V = 1000 1.31 10 6 =.00131 m /s. FD = 1000 .00131 2 .05 2 1.0
2
= 6.74 10 6 N .
b) V = 1000

VD
6 .5
=
= 2 10 5 . C D = 0 .45 from Fig. 8.8.
5

1.5 10
1
1
FD = V 2 AC D = 1.22 6 2 .25 2 . 45 = 1.94 N.
2
2
15 .5
b) Re =
= 5 10 5 . C D = 0.2 from Fig. 8.8.
1.5 10 5
1
1
FD = V 2 AC D = 1.22 15 2 .25 2 .2 = 5. 4 N.
2
2

8.14

a) Re =

8.15

(B)

Assume a large Reynolds number so that CD = 0.2. Then

2

1
1
80 1000
F = V 2 ACD = 1.23
52 0.2 = 4770 N.

2
2
3600
8.16

(D)

Assume a Reynolds number of 105 . Then CD = 1.2.

1
1
F = V 2 ACD . 60 = 1.23 40 2 4 D 1.2. D = 0.0041 m.
2
2
VD 40 0.0041
Re =
=
= 1.64 105. CD = 1.2. The assumption was OK.

10

164

8.17

The velocities associated with the two Re's are

Re 1 3 10 5 1.5 10 5
V1 =
=
= 101 m / s,
D
.0445
Re 2 6 10 4 1.5 10 5
V2 =
=
= 20 m /s.
D
.0445
The drag, between these two velocities, is reduced by a factor of 2.5

[(C )

D high

= 0.5 and (C D ) low = 0.2 . Thus, between 20 m/s and 100 m/s the drag is

reduced by a factor of 2.5. This would significantly lengthen the flight of the
ball.
2

8.18

1
1
2
a) FD = V 2 ACD . 0.5 = .00238V 2 CD . V 2 CD = 4810.

2
2
12
VD V 4 / 12
Re =
=
= 2080V . Try C D = .5: V = 98 fps, Re = 2 10 5 .

1.6 10 4
Try C D =.4: V = 110 fps, Re = 2.3 10 5 .
2

1
2
b) C D = 0.2: 0.5 = .00238V 2 .2.

2
12
8.19

8.20

8.21

V = 155 fps.

1
V .2
1000V 2 .1 2 C D . V 2C D = 0.267 . Re =
= 2 10 5 V .
6
2
10
5
Try C D = 0.5: V = 0.73 m /s. Re = 1.46 10 . OK.
4 .2 =

VD
40 2
6
=
CD = 0.7 . (This is extrapolated from
5 = 5.3 10 .

15
. 10
1
Fig. 8.8.) FD = 1.22 40 2 ( 2 60) .7 = 81 900 N.
2
M = 81 900 30 = 2.46 106 N m.
Re =

25 .05
= 1.2 10 5 . Re 2 = 1.8 10 5 . Re 3 = 2.4 10 5 . Assume a
5
1.08 10
rough cylinder (the air is highly turbulent).
(C D ) 1 = 0.7 , ( CD ) 2 = 0.8 , (C D ) 3 = 0.9 .

a) Re 1 =

FD =

1
1.45 25 2 (.05 10.7 +.075 15 .8 +.1 20 .9 ) = 1380 N .
2

1
1.45 25 2 (.05 10 .7 40 +.075 15 .8 27.5 +.1 20.9 10) = 25 700 N m.
2
25 .05
b) Re 1 =
= 7 .6 10 4 . Re 2 = 1.14 10 5 , Re 3 = 1.5 10 5 .
1.65 10 5

M=

165

 (CD ) 1 =.8 , (CD ) 2 =.7 , (CD ) 3 =.8. =

FD =
M=

8.22

101
= 1.17 kg / m 3 .
.287 308

1
1.17 25 2 (.05 10.8+.075 15 .7 +.1 20.8) = 1020 N .
2

1
1.17 25 2 (.05 10.8 40 +.075 15 .7 27 .5+ .1 20 .8 10) = 19 600 N m.
2

Atmospheric air is turbulent. Use the "rough" curve. C D = 0 .7 .

1
V 2000 / V 2
.00238V 2 6 D.7 . 2000 = V 2 D. 10 5 =
.
2
1.6 10 4

0.0024 2
pmin = U 2 vo2 =
30 1042 = 11.8 psf.

2
2
V 2 D = 2370.
V = 148 fps. D = 0.108'.
FD = 10 =

8.23

8.24

Since the air cannot flow around the bottom, we

imagine the structure to be mirrored as shown. Then
L / D = 40 / 5 = 8.
C D = 0.66C D .
VD min
30 2
Re min =
=
= 4 10 6 . C D = 1.0.66 = .66.
5

1.5 10
1
2 +8

2
FD = 1.22 30
20 .66 = 36 000 N .

2
2

FB + FD = FW .
4
1
4
9810 r 3 + 1000V 2 r 2 CD = 9810 7.82 r 3 .
3
2
3
V 2r
Re =
= 2 10 6 Vr . V 2C D = 178 r
6
10

FB
FD

a) r =.05 m. Re = 105V , V 2C D = 8.9. Assume a smooth sphere.

Try CD =.5: V = 4.22 m / s. Re = 4.22 10 5 . This is too large for Re.
Try CD =.2: V = 6.67 m / s. Re = 6.67 10 5 . OK.
b) r =.025 m. Re = 5 104 V , V 2C D = 4.45.
Try CD =.2: V = 4.72 m / s. Re = 2.4 10 5 . OK.
c) r =.005 m. Re = 10 4V , V 2C D = 0.89.
Try C D =.5: V = 1.33 m / s. Re = 1.33 104 . OK.
d) r =.001 m. Re = 2 10 3V , V 2 CD = 0178
. .
Try C D =.4: V = 0.67 m / s. Re = 1.33 10 3 . OK.

166

8.25

8.26

4 10 1
4 10
10
FB + FD = FW . .077 + .00238V 2 CD = 62.4S .
3 12 2
3 12
12
V 10/12
Re =
= 5.2 103V .
1 + .0139V 2 CD = 810 S
4
1.6 10
a) S =.005. V 2C D = 219. Assume atmospheric turbulence, i.e., rough.
Try CD =.4: V = 23.4 fps. Re = 1.2 10 5 . CD =. 3. V = 27 fps.
b) S =.02.

V 2 CD = 1090. Try CD =.4: V = 52 fps .

c) S = 1.0.

V 2C D = 58 200. Try C D =. 4: V = 381 fps .

Re = 2.7 10 5 .

OK.

6 in

Assume a 180 lb, 6' sky diver, with components

as shown. If V is quite large, then Re > 2 105 .
FD = FW .

6 in

8 in. dia.
18 in

3 ft

2.5 ft

2.5 ft

1
1
18
4

.00238V 2 2 3 1.0.7 + 2 2.5 1.0 .7 +

2.5 1.0 + .4 = 180.
12
2
2
2
12

We used data from Table 8.1.

V = 140 fps.
8.27

From Table 8.2 CD = 0.35. FD =

2

80 1000
a) FD =.683
= 337 N.
3600

1
1.22V 2 3.2 0.35 =.683V 2 .
2

80 1000
= 7500 W or 10 Hp.
3600
& = 427 25 = 10 700 W or 14.3 Hp .
b) V = 25 m / s. FD =.683 25 2 = 427 N. W
& = 527 27 .8 = 14 700 W or 19.6 Hp.
c)V = 27 .8 m / s. FD =.683 27.8 2 = 527 N. W
8.28

1.2 FD = 1.1 400.

FD =

& = 337
W

1
V 2 AC D . C D = 1.1
2

1
1.2 1.22V 2 ( 2 3) 1.1 = 1.1 400.
2
V = 9.5 m / s.

8.29

FD

1.1 m

1.2 m
FW

VD ( 40 000 / 3600)0.6
=
= 4. 42 10 5 . C D = 0.35 from Fig. 8.8.

1.51 10 -5
1
1
a) FD = V 2 AC D = 1.204 ( 40 000 / 3600) 2 0.6 6 0. 35 = 93.6 N
2
2
b) FD = 93.6 0.68 = 63.7 N where L / D = 6 / 0.6 = 10.
c) FD = 93.6 0.76 = 71.1 N where we can use L / D = 20 since only one end is
free. The ground acts like the mid-section of a 12-m-long cylinder.
Re =

167

Fx
Fy

8.30

a) Curled up, she makes an approximate sphere of about 1.2 m in diameter (just
a guess!). Assume a rough sphere at large Re. From Fig. 8.8, C D = 0.4:
1
FD = V 2 AC D
2
1
80 9.8 = 1.21 V 2 0.6 2 0.4.
V = 53.7 m /s.
2
53.7 1.2
Check Re: Re =
= 4.27 10 6 .
OK.
1.51 10 5
1
b) FD = V 2 ACD . From Table 8.2, CD = 1.4:
2
1
80 9.8 = 121
. V 2 4 2 1.4.
V = 4.29 m / s.
2
4.29 8
6
Check Re: Re =
Should be larger but the velocity
5 = 2.27 10 .
151
. 10
should be close.
1
c) FD = V 2 ACD
2
1
80 9.8 = 1.21 V 2 12 1.4. V = 17.2 m/s.
2
17.2 1
Check Re: Re =
. 10 6 .
This should be greater than 107 for
5 = 114
151
. 10
C D to be acceptable. Hence, the velocity is approximate.

8.31

With the deflector the drag coefficient is 0.76 rather than 0.96. The required
power (directly related to fuel consumed) is reduced by the ratio of 0.76/0.96.
The cost per year without the deflector is
Cost = (200 000/1.2) 0.25 = $41,667.
With the deflector it is
Cost = 41,667 0.76/0.96 = $32,986.
The savings is $41.667 32,986 = $8,800.

8.32

1
1
V 2 ACD = .00238 882 (6 2) 1.1 = 122 lb.
2
2
& = F V = 122 88 = 10 ,700 ft - lb or 19.5 Hp.
W
D
sec

8.33

1
1
V 2 ACD = 1.22 (27.8 1.6) 2 .052 11
. = 10.43 N.
2
2
W& = FD V 2 = 10.43 ( 27.8 1.6) 2 = 226 W or 1.24 Hp .

FD =

FD =

168

8.34

The projected area is

( 2 + 0. 3)
4 = 4 .6 m 2 .
2

1
1
V 2 AC D = 1.18 20 2 4 .6 0.4 = 434 N.
2
2
Since there are two free ends, we use Table 8.1 with L / D = 4 / 1.15 = 3.47 , and
approximate the force as
FD = 434 0.62 = 269 N .
FD =

8.35

The net force acting up is (use absolute pressure)

4
4
120
Fup = 0.43 1.21 9.8 0.5 0.43
9.8 = 2.16 N
3
3
2.077 293
From a force triangle (2.16 N up and FD to the right), we see that
tan = Fup / FD .
a) FD = 2.16 /tan 80 o = 0.381.
1
0.381 = 1.21V 2 0.4 2 0.2. V = 2.50 m / s.
2
2.5 0.8
Check Re: Re =
= 1. 33 10 5 . Too low. Use C D = 0.5:
5
1.51 10
1
0.381 = 1.21V 2 0.4 2 0.5. V = 1.58 m / s
2
b) FD = 2.16 /tan 70 o = 0.786.
1
0.786 = 1.21V 2 0.4 2 0.2. V = 3.60 m / s.
2
3.6 0.8
Check Re: Re =
= 1.9 10 5 . Too low. Use C D = 0.5:
5
1.51 10
1
0.786 = 1.21V 2 0.4 2 0.5. V = 2.27 m / s
2
c) FD = 2.16 / tan 60 o = 1.25.
1
1.25 = 1.21V 2 0.4 2 0.5. V = 2.86 m / s.
2
2.86 0.8
Check Re: Re =
= 1.5 10 5 .
OK.
5
1.51 10
d) FD = 2.16 / tan 50 o = 1.81.
1
1.81 = 1.21V 2 0. 4 2 0.5. V = 3.45 m / s.
2
3.45 0.8
Check Re: Re =
= 1.8 105.
Close, but OK.
5
1.51 10

8.36

Assume each section of the tree is a cylinder. The average diameter of the tree is
1 m. The top doesn't have a blunt end around which the air flows, however,

169

the bottom does; so assume L / D = (5 / 2) 2 = 5. So, use a factor of 0.62 from

Table 8.1 to multiply the drag coefficient. The force acts near the centroid of the
triangular area, one-third the way up. Finally,
F d = 5000
1
5

2
2 1.21V ( 5) 0. 4 0.62 3 + 0.6 = 5000. V = 54.2 m / s.
8.37

Power to move the sign:

1
FDV = V 2 AC D V
2
1
= 1.21 11.11 2 0.72 1.1 11.11 = 657 J /s.
2
This power comes from the engine:
& 0 .3 . m
& = 1.825 10 4 kg /s.
657 = ( 12 000 1000)m
Assuming the density of gas to be 900 kg/m3 ,
1000
1825
.
10 4 10 3600 6 52
0.30 = $683
900

8.38

The power expended is FD V . V = ( 25 88 / 60) / 3.281 = 11.18 m / s

1
1
121
. 1118
. 3 0.56 CD = 121
. V 3 0.4 CD 0.8
2
2
V = 13.47 m / s or 30.1 mph.

8.39

W& = 40 746 = FD V =
40 746.9 =

1
1
V 2 AC D V = ACDV 3 .
2
2

1
122
. 3 0.35V 3 .
2

V = 34.7 m / s or 125 km / hr .

VD
4 0.02
fD f 0.02
=
= 5000. St = 0.21 =
=
.

V
4
1.6 10
V
4 m/s
f = 42 Hz (cycles/second). distance =
=
= 0.095 m/cycle.
f 42 cycles/s
Re =

8.40

(C)

8.41

40 < Re < 10 000. 40<

V .003
1.5 10 5

< 10 000. 0.2<V < 50 m/s.

f .003
. f low = 8 Hz.
.2
f .003
St =.21 =
. f lhigh = 3500 Hz.
50
The vortices could be heard over most of the range.
St = 0.12 =

170

8.42

8.43

VD
6D
=
. D < 8.13 105 ft.

1.22 10
VD
6D
10 000 <
=
. D > 0.020 ft or 0.24".

122
. 10 5
40 >

From Fig. 8.9, Re is related to St. St =

f D 0.2 .1
=
.
V
V

VD
V .1
=
5 . Try St =.21: V = 0.095 m / s. Re = 630.

15
. 10
This is acceptable.
V = 0.095 m / s.
Re =

8.44

8.45

fD .002 2
VD V 2
=
. Re =
=
Use Fig. 8.9.
6 .
V
V

10
Try St = 0.21: V = .0191 m / s. Re = 38 103 . OK.
St =

Let St = 0.21 for the wind imposed vorticies. When this frequency equals the
natural frequency, or one of its odd harmonics, resonance occurs:
f = T / L2 d 2
0.21 10
= 30 000/7850L2 0.0162 .
0.016
Consider the third and fifth harmonics:

8.46

(C)

f = 3 T / L2 d 2 .

L = 1.56 m.

f = 5 T / L2 d 2 .

L = 2.62 m.

L = 0.525 m

By reducing the separated flow area, the pressure in that area increases
thereby reducing that part of the drag due to pressure.
Fig. 8.8

8.47

Table 8.1
88 6 / 12
1
6

5
2
Re =
= 2.8 10 . FD = .00238 88 1.0 .8 6 = 22 lb.
4

1.6 10
2
12
The coefficient 1.0 comes from Fig. 8.8 and 0.8 from Table 8.1.
& = FD V = 22 88 = 1946 ft - lb / sec or 3.5 Hp.
W

(C D ) streamlined
8.48

= 0.035.

FD = 0.77 lb.

& = 67 .8 ft - lb or 0.12 Hp.

W
sec

1
VD
3 .08
=
= 16 000. FD = 1.22 32 (0.08 2 ) 1.2 .78 = 0822
.
N
5
2

1.5 10
The coefficient 1.2 comes from Fig. 8.8 and 0.78 from Table 8.1.
0.24
100 = 70.8%
(C D )streamlined =.35. FD = 0.24 N. % reduction = 0.822
0.822
Re =

171

8.49

8.50

8.51

8.52

8.53

VD 2 0.8
=
= 1.6 10 6 .
CD = 0.45 from Fig. 8.8.

10 6
L
4
=
= 5.
CD = 0.62 0.45 = 0.28.
D 0.8
Because only one end is free, we double the length.
1
1
FD = V 2 ACD = 1000 2 2 0.8 2 0.28 = 900 N .
2
2
If streamlined, C D = 0.03 0.62 = 0.0186.
1
FD = 1000 2 2 0.8 2 0.0186 = 60 N.
2
Re =

V = 50 1000 / 3600 = 13.9 m /s.

Assume the ends to not be free. Use C D from Fig. 8.8.
13.9 0.02
Re =
= 1.85 10 4 . CD = 1.2. (C D ) streamline d = 0.3
5
1.5 10
& = F V = 1 V 3 AC = 1 1.2 13.9 3 0.02 20 1.2 = 773 W or 1.04 Hp.
W
D
D
2
2
1
&
W
1.2 13.9 3 0.02 20 0.3 = 193 W or 0.26 Hp
streamlined =
2

13.9 0.3
= 2.8 10 5 . CD = 0.4
1.5 10 5
We assumed a head diameter of 0.3 m and used the rough sphere curve.
1
FD = 12
. 13.9 2 ( 0.3 2 / 4) 0.4 = 3.3 N .
2
1
FD = 12
. 13.9 2 ( 0.3 2 / 4) 0.035 = 0.29 N .
2
V = 50 1000 / 3600 = 13.9 m / s.

Re =

p p v
150 000 1670
. 0.7 =
where p = h + patm = 150 000 Pa.
1
1
2
2
V
1000V
2
2
V = 20.6 m / s.
=

FL
200 000
o
=
= 0.69.
3 .
1
1
V 2 A
1000 12 2 .4 10
2
2
FD
CD = .0165 =
.
FD = 4800 N .
1
2
1000 12 .4 10
2
CL =

172

( 9810.4 + 101 000) 1670

crit =.75 >?
= 143
. .
1
2
1000 12
2
FL

No cavitation.

50 000

8.54

= 105
. .
= 7.3 .
1
16
2
1.94 35
30
2
12
FD
CD = .027 =
.
FD = 1280 lb.
1
16
2
194
. 35
30
2
12
62.4 16 / 12 + 2117 .25 144
crit = 16
. >?
= 182
. .
No cavitation.
1
2
1.94 35
2

8.55

p = 9810 5 + 101 000 = 150 000 Pa. p v = 1670 Pa. Re =

CL =

1
V 2 A
2

20 .8
= 16 10 6 .
-6
10

150 000 1670

= 0.74. CD = C D ( 0)(1 + ) =.3(1+.74 ) =.52
1
2
1000 20
2
1
1
FD = V 2 AC D = 1000 20 2 .4 2 .52 = 52 000 N.
2
2
Note: We retain 2 sig. figures since C D is known to only 2 sig. nos.
=

8.56

8.57

8.58

For a 6 angle of attack we find from Table 8.4 C L = 0.95.

1
1
FL = V 2 AC L = 1000 152 4 0.4 L .95 = 12 000 9.8.
2
2
L = 0.69 m.
4
400
.2 3 =
a. a = 1.75 m /s 2 .
3
9.81
4
400
1
4
3
2
b) 400 9810 .2 3 =
+ 1000 .2 a. a = 1.24 m /s .

3
9.81 2
3
F = ma.

a) 400 9810

F
. m a = 0.2 1000 V .
1200 V
F
F
F = ( m + m a )a 2 . a 2 =
=
. a 2 is true acceleration.
1200 V + 200 V
1400 V
F
F

a a1
1200 V 100 = 16.7%.
% error = 2
100 = 1400 V
F
a2
1400 V
F = ma 1 = 1000 1.2 V
a 1.

a1 =

173

8.59

(B)

From Fig. 8.12a CL = 1.1. CL =

1
2

FL
.
V 2cL

2W
2 1200 9.81
=
= 1088. V = 33.0 m/s.
cLCL
1.23 16 1.1
FL
1000 9.81
CL =
=
= 0. 496.
= 3.2 o . C D =.0065.
1
1
V 2 A
.412 80 2 15
2
2
1
& = F V = .412 80 2 15 .0065 80 = 10 300 W or 13.8 Hp.
W
D
2

V 2 =

8.60

1500 9.81 + 3000

.
V = 34.5 m / s.
1
1.22 V 2 20
2
1500 9.81 + 3000
b) (C L ) max = 1.72 =
.
V = 50 m / s.
(at 10 000 m)
1
.412 V 2 20
2
1
c) W& = FDV = .412 80 2 20.0065 80 = 13 700 W or 18.4 Hp
2

where we found C D as follows:

1500 9.81 + 3000
=.67 . C D =.0065 , from Fig. 8.12.
(C L ) cruise = 1
2
.412 80 20
2
18.4
Power =
= 40.9 Hp.
0.45

8.61

a) C L = 122
. =

8.62

C L = 122
. =

8.63

1500 9.81 + 3000

.
1
2
1007
.
V 20
2

V = 38.0 m / s.

1500 9.81 + 3000

0.275
= 0.275. CD =
= 0.0057.
1
2
48
1.007 80 20
2
& = F V = 1 1.007 80 3 20 0.0057 = 29 400 W or 39.4 Hp
W
D
2
39.4 18. 4
% change =
100 = 114% increase
18.4
The increased power is due to the increase in air density.

(C L ) cruise =

174

1500 9.81 + 9000

.
1
1.22 V 2 20
2

8.64

C L = 122
. =

8.65

C L = 172
. =

8.66

a) C L = 172
. =

8.67

For a conventional airfoil assume C L / C D = 47.6 at C L = 0.3.

m 9.81
0 .3 =
.
m = 2.38 10 6 kg
1
0.526 222 2 200 30
2
& = F V = 1 0.526 222 3 200 30 0. 3 = 490 000 W or 657 Hp
W
D
2
47.6

250 000 9.81

.
1
2
122
. V 60 8
2

V = 39.9 m / s.

V = 69.8 m / s.

250 000 9.81

.
V = 75.2 m / s.
1
2
105
. V 60 8
2
75.2 69.8
% change =
100 = 7.77% increase
69.8
250 000 9.81
1013
.

b) C L = 172
. =
. V = 62.6 m / s =
= 1515
.
kg / m 3
1

.287 233
1515
. V 2 60 8
2
62.6 69.8
% change =
100 = 10.3%
69.8
250 000 9.81
101.3

c) C L = 172
. =
. V = 73.7 m / s =
= 1.093 kg / m 3
1

.287 323
1093
. V 2 60 8
2
73.7 69.8
% change =
100 = 5.63% increase
69.8

8.68

v
v
v V
v v v p
v
2

+ (V )V +
V = 0.

v
v
v
v V v v
v p 1 v v

= ( V ) =
.
= p = 0.
t t
t

v
v
v v
2
2
2v
( V ) = ( V ) = (we have interchanged derivatives)
v
v v v
v 1 v 2 v v v 1 v v 2
v
v v
(V )V = V V ( V ) = ( V ) (V )
2
2
v v v
v v v
v v v
v v v
= V ( ) ( V ) + (V ) ( )V

175

v v v v v
v v v

v v v
= U . = (V ) ( )V where = ( V ) = 0.
y
v
v v v

v v v
v
There results:
+ (V ) ( )V 2 = 0.
t
v
D
v v v
v
This is written as
= ( )V + 2 .
Dt

x = L, u = U.

8.69

x-comp:

x
x
x
x
u
u
u
+u
+v
+w
=x
+ y
+ z
+ 2 x
t
x
y
z
x
y
z

y-comp:
2 y 2 y 2 y
y
y
y
y
v
v
v

+u
+v
+w
=x
+ y
+ z
+
+
+
2
t
x
y
z
x
y
z
y 2
z 2
x
z-comp:
2 z 2 z 2 z
z

z
z
w
w
w
+u z +v
+w
= x
+ y
+ z
+
+
+

t
x
y
z
x
y
z
y 2
z 2
x 2
8.70

w v
u w
v u

= 0. y =

= 0. z =

0.
y z
z
x
x y
D z
D z
v v
2
2
= ( ) w + z ;
= z .
DT
Dt

x =

If viscous effects are negligible, then

D z
= 0.
Dt

Thus, for a planer flow, z = const if viscous effects are negligible.

8.71

v v w v u w v u $
a) V =
$i +
$j + k = 0. irrotational
y z z x x y

= 10 x. = 5 x 2 + f ( y )
x
f
=
= 20 y. f = 10y 2 + C. Let C = 0. = 5 x 2 + 10 y 2
y y
v v
b) V = 0 $i + 0 $j + ( 8 8 ) k$ = 0.
irrotational

= 8 y. = 8 xy + f ( y , z ) .
= 8x +
= 8 x.
y
y
x
df
=
= 6z. f = 3 z 2 + C. Let C = 0.
z dz

176

f
= 0 and f = f ( z ).
y

 = 8xy 3 z 2

y 1 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 1/2 2x x 1 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 1/2 2 y

v v
2
2
c) V = 0i$ + 0 $j +

k$ = 0. irrotational
2
2
2
2
x +y
x +y

x
2
2
=
. = x + y + f ( y )
2
2
x
x +y
1 2
f
2 1/ 2
= (x + y ) 2y +
=
y 2
y

y
x +y
2

f
= 0. f = C. Let C = 0.
y

= x2 + y 2

v v
y( 2x )
x(2 y ) $
d) V = 0i$ + 0 $j + 2
2
k = 0. irrotational
2 2
2 2
(
x
+
y
)
(
x
+
y
)

x
1
=
. = ln( x 2 + y 2 ) + f ( y )
x x 2 + y 2
2
y
f
f

1 2y
= 2
=
+ . = 0. f = C. Let C = 0.
2
2
2
y x + y
2 x +y
y
y
= ln x 2 + y 2
8.72

8.73

2 2
+
= 0. This requires two conditions on x and two on y.
x 2
y 2

At x = L, u = U .
= U.
y
U

At x = L , u = U .
= U.
x = L
y
At y = h, = 0.
At y = h, =U h. (See Example 8.9).
The boundary conditions are stated as:

( L, y ) = U ,
( L, y ) = U , ( x ,h) = 0, ( x , h) = 2Uh.
y
y

df

= 100. = 100 y + f ( x ). v =
=
= 50. f = 50 x + C.
y
x
dx
(We usually let C = 0.)
( x , y ) = 100y 50x.
u=

df
= 100. = 100x + f ( y ). v =
=
= 50. f = 50 y + C.
x
y dy
( x, y ) = 100 x + 50 y.
u=

177

y=h

y
x

y=0

8.74

a) = 40 .
b)

1 1 2 1
1

( 40) +
(0 ) = 0.

+
=
r r r r r r
r

It is incompressible since the above continuity equation is satisfied.

Note: The continuity equation is found in Table 5.1.
1 40
c)
=
= . = 40lnr + f ( )
r r
r
f

=
= r
= 0. f = C. Let C = 0.

r
= 40ln r
40
, v = 0.
r
r = 5.43 m

d) v r =

8.75

8.76

ar = v r

v r 40 40
=
= 10.
r
r r2

2y
y

= 20 2
= . = 40 tan 1 + f ( y ).
2
y
x +y
x
x
f
f

40 / x
40 x
2x
v=
=
+
= 2
+
= 20 2
. f = C. Let C = 0.
2
2
2
y
y
y
1+ y /x
x +y
x + y2
1 y
= 40 tan
.
x
u=

a)

2 2
+
= 0.
x 2
y 2

= 10 y( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( 2 x).
x

2
= 20 y ( x 2 y 2 ) 2 80 x 2 y( x 2 + y 2 ) 3
x 2

= 10 10( x 2 + y 2 ) 1 + 10 y( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( 2y ).
y
2
= 20 y( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 +40 y( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 80 y 3 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3 .
2
y
2 2
20 y
80 x 2 y
60 y
80 y 3
2 +
=

x
y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3
80 y( x 2 + y 2 )
80 x 2 y
80 y 3
80x 2 y + 80 y 3 80 x 2 y 80 y 3
=
2

=
= 0.
(x 2 + y 2 ) 3
(x + y 2 ) 3 (x 2 + y 2 )3
(x 2 + y 2 ) 3
10 r sin
10
b) In polar coord: ( r , ) = 10 r sin
= 10r sin
sin .
2
r
r
1
10

10

= 10 2 cos =
. = 10 + cos + f ( ).

r
r
r
r

178

1 1 df
10

10
df
=
10 + 2 sin =
= 10sin 2 sin .
= 0. f = C .
r r d
r
d
r
r
1
10 x
= 10 r + cos or ( x , y ) = 10x + 2
,

r
x + y2
where we let r cos = x and r 2 = x 2 + y 2 .

c) Along the x-axis, v =

= 0 where we let y = 0 in part (a) and
x

20 y 2
10
10
u=
= 10 2
+ 2
= 10 2 with y = 0.
2
2 2
y
x +y
(x + y )
x
p
p
u
10 20

Eulers Eq: u
= . 10 2 3 = .

x
x
x x
x
200 200
50 100
p = 5 3 dx = 4 + 2 + C. C = 50 000.
x
x
x
x
100 50
= 1000 2 4 + 50 000 Pa. (Could have used Bernoulli!)
x
x
10
d) Let u = 0: 0 = 10 2 . x = 1. Stag pts: (1, 0), (1, 0)
x
8.77

2 2
10 x 10 y ( x 2 + y 2 )10 10 x( 2 x
a)
+
=
10 + 2
+

=
x 2 y 2 x
x + y 2 y x 2 + y 2
(x 2 + y 2 )2
( x 2 + y 2 )10 10y (2 y ) 10 x 2 + 10y 2 20x 2 + 10x 2 + 10 y 2 20 y 2
+
=
= 0.
( x 2 + y 2 )2
(x 2 + y 2 ) 2
b) Polar coord: = 10 r cos + 5ln r 2 .
(See Eq. 8.5.14.)

10 r 1
= 10 cos + 2 =
. = 10r sin + 10 + f ( r )
r
r
r
1

df
= 10sin =
= 10sin . f = C . = 10r sin + 10 .
r
r
dr
1 y
( x , y ) = 10y + 10 tan
.
x
10 y

c) v =
= 2
. Along x-axis (y = 0) v = 0.
y x + y 2

10 x
10
u=
= 10 + 2
. Along x-axis u = 10 +
.
2
x
x
x +y
Bernoulli:

V2 p
V2 p
+ + gz = + + gz
2

( 10 + 10 / x) 2 p 10 2 100 000
+ =
+
.
2

179

(assume z = z )
2 1
p = 100 50 + 2 kPa .
x x

10
. x = 1. Stag pt: (1, 0)
x
v
v
u
u
10 10
e) a y = v
+u
= 0 on x axis. ax = u
+v
= 10 + 2
y
x
x
y
x x
10
2
ax ( 2,0) = (10 5) = 12.5 m/s .
4

d) u = 0:

8.78

8.79

0 = 10 +

y 2 5 y3
1
. =

+ C . = (3 y 2 10 y 3 ).
y
2
3
6
.2
.2
0.2 2
0.2 3
q = udy = ( y 5 y 2 ) dy =
5
= 6.667 10 3 m 2 / s.
2
3
0
0
1
2 1 = ( 3 0.2 2 10 0.2 3 ) 0 = 6.667 10 3 m 2 / s.
6
u
=
= 1 + 10 y 0.
doesnt exist.
y
u ( x, y ) = y 5 y 2 =

5
5
= 30r sin + .
2
2
1
5
a) v r =
= 30 cos +
= 0.
r
2r
5
At = ,
= 30. rs = 0.0833' .
2 rs
Stag. pt: ( 1" ,0 ).

= 30y +

b) At = , r =.0833, s =

r = y inter = .0119 ft.

c) q = U H = . 30 H =
d) v r ( 1, ) = 30 cos +
8.80

l n ( x + 1) 2 + y
2

=0

5
5
5
. H =
. Thickness = 2 H =
ft or 1.257".
2
60
30

l n ( x 1) 2 + y 2
2

u = 27 .5 fps.

1 /2

+ 10 x =

u=

y =0

= 5/2

5
5
= 30 r sin +
.
2
2 22

5
= 30 + 2.5 = 27 .5.
2
1 /2

30 fps

1
ln ( x + 1) 2 + y 2
4

1
ln ( x 1) 2 + y 2 + 10x.
4

1
1
[2( x + 1)]
[ 2( x 1)]
1
1
4
4
=

+ 10 =

+ 10. v = 0 if y = 0.
2
2
( x + 1)
( x 1)
2( x + 1) 2( x 1)

180

1
1
2

+ 10 = 0. 2
= 20.
2( x + 1) 2( x 1)
x 1
x 2 = 1.1. x = 1.049 m. oval length = 2 1.049 = 2.098 m.

All the flow from the source goes to the sink, i.e., m 2 /s, or
m 2 / s for y > 0.
2
y
1
1
(0, h)
( 2)
( 2)

1
u( y ) =
= 4 2 4
+ 10 =
+ 10.
2
x
x x = 0 1 + y
1+y
1 + y2
At the stagnation point, u = 0.

1
q =
+ 10 dy = . tan h + 10h = .
2

2
2
0 1+ y

h = 0.143 m so that thickness = 2h = 0.286 m.

The minimum pressure occurs on the oval surface at (0,h).
1
There u =
+ 10 = 10.98 m /s.
1+.143 2
p
V 2 p V2 p 10.98 2
10 2 10 000
Bernoulli:
+ =
+
.
+
=
+
.
2

2
1000
2
1000
p min = 280 Pa.

8.81

2
l n ( x + 1) 2 + y 2
2

1 /2

2
l n ( x 1) 2 + y 2
2

1 /2

+ 2x =

1
ln ( x + 1) 2 + y 2
2

1
ln ( x 1) 2 + y 2 + 2x.
2

1
1
2( x + 1)
2( x 1)
y
y

2
2
u=
=

+ 2. v =

2
2
2
3
2
2
x ( x + 1) + y
( x 1) + y
( x 1) + y
( x 1) 2 + y 2
1
1
Along the x-axis (y = 0), v = 0 and u =

+ 2.
x+ 1 x 1
1
1
Set u = 0:

= 2 , or x 2 = 2. x = 2 .
x 1 x+1
Stag. pts.:
( 2 ,0), ( 2 ,0).
1
1
u ( 4 ,0 ) =

+ 2 = 1.867 m / s. v( 4 ,0) = 0.
4 + 1 4 1
1
1
4
4
u ( 0, 4) =

+ 2 = 2.118 m / s.
v(0 ,4 ) =

= 0.
2
2
2
1+4
1+4
1+ 4
1 + 42
8.82

2
2
ln[ x 2 + ( y 1) 2 ]1/2 +
ln[ x 2 + ( y + 1) 2 ]1/2
2
2
1
1
= ln[ x 2 + ( y 1) 2 ] + ln[ x 2 + ( y + 1) 2 ].
2
2

181


x
x
= 2
.
2 + 2
x x + ( y 1)
x + ( y + 1) 2

y1
y +1
v=
= 2
.
2 +
2
y x + ( y 1)
x + ( y 1) 2
At (0, 0) u = 0 and v = 0. At (1, 1)
2
2
1
1
v = 0 + 2 2 = = 0.4 m/s. u = 2 + 2 2 = 1.2 m/s.
5
2 +1
1 2 +1
v
V = 12
. i$ + 0.4 $j m / s.
u=

8.83

2
2
ln[( y 1) 2 + x 2 ]1/2 +
ln[( y + 1) 2 + x 2 ]1/2 + U x.
2
2
1
1
= ln[( y 1) 2 + x 2 ] + ln[( y + 1) 2 + x 2 ] + U x.
2
2
a) Stag. pts. May occur on x-axis, y =0.

x
x
u=
=
+ 10.
2 +
x y =0 1 + x
1+ x2

x 2 + 0.2 x + 1 = 0. no stagnation points exist on the x-axis.

(They do exist away from the x-axis.)
h

1
Along the y-axis: u( y) = 10. q = udy = ( 2 ) = m2 / s.
2
0
h

= 10dy = 10 h.

h = 0.314 m.

2x
x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0. x = 1 m.
2 + 1.
1+ x
Stag. pt.:
(1, 0)
Along the y-axis: u = 1.0.
= 1 h.
h = 3.14 m.

b) u =

2x
x 2 + 10 x + 1 = 0. x = 9.90, 0.10 m.
2 + 0.2.
1+ x
Stag. pts.:
(9.9, 0) , (0.1, 0).
Along the y-axis: u = 0.2. = 0.2 h. h = 15.71 m.

c) u =

8.84

60
cos + 8 r cos .
r

60
60

a) v r =
= 2 cos + 8 cos = 8 2 cos .

r
r
r
At the cylinder surface v r = 0 for all . Hence,
=

182

60
= 8.
rc2

b) Bernoulli: p =

rc = 2.739 m

U 2
82
= 1000
= 32 000 Pa or 32 kPa
2
2

1
60
= 2 sin 8 sin .
r
r
At r = rc , v = 8 sin 8 sin = 16 sin

c) v =

d) p =

8.85

2
v 90
o

= 1000

16 2
= 128 000 Pa or 128 kPa
2

4
20
+
ln r = 2 + 10 ln r
2
2
At ( x , y ) = ( 0 ,1), ( r , ) = (1 , / 2).
1 1
v r (1 , / 2) =
= (2 ) = 2.
r 1

10
v (1 , / 2) =
=
= 10.
r
1
2
10
v r ( 1.7 , / 4 ) =
= 1.18 , v (1.7 , / 4 ) =
= 5.88
1.7
1.7
2
10
v r ( 3.2 ,0) =
= 0.625 ,
v ( 3.2 ,0) =
= 3.125
3 .2
3 .2
2
10
v r (6 , / 4) = = 0. 333 ,
v (6 , / 4 ) =
= 1.67 , etc.
6
6
Note: We scaled the radius at each 45 increment to find r.
=

2
10
and v = . From Table 5.1 (use the l.h.s. of
r
r
momentum)
Dv r v 2
v
v2 2
2
100
104
ar =
+
= v r r = 2 3 =
Dt
r
r
r
r r r
1

b) v r =

= 104 m / s 2
Dv v r v
v
vv
2 10 2( 10)
a =
+
= vr + r = 2 +
= 0.
Dt
r
r
r
rr
r3
v
a( 0,1) = ( 104 ,0 ) m / s 2

183

10
= 0.707
14.14
v (0.1, / 2) = 10 / 0.1 = 100.

c) v r ( 14.14 , / 4 ) = 2 / 14.14 = 0.1414 ,

v r ( 0.1, / 2) = 2 / 0.1 = 20,

v (14.14 , / 4 ) =

p 20 2 + 100 2
20 000 0.1414 2 + 0.707 2
+
=
+
. p = 13 760 Pa
1.2
2
1.2
2
We used air = 1.2 kg / m 3 at standard conditions.

Bernoulli:

8.86

Along the y-axis v r = 0 and v = 10

40
.
r2
40
= 2.
10

10 m/s

in Eq. 8.5.27. rc =
2
40
b) v r = 10 cos 2 cos . ( 4 ,3 ) (5 ,126.9 o ).
r
40
v = 10 sin 2 sin . v r = 6.96 m /s , v = 9.28 m / s.
r
c) Use Eq. 8.5.28: p = p 0 2U 2 sin 2

We have set =

/2

Drag =

2
p cos rc dL p90 2 rc L. p90 = p 0 2 U .

/2

/2

20 m/s

p()

p90
d

= 2 ( p 0 2U 2 sin 2 ) cos rc Ld p 90 2 rc L
0

/2

sin 3
8
= 2 rc L p 0 sin 2 U 2
p0 2 U 2 2rc L = rc LU 2 .

3 0
3

Drag
( 8 / 3) rc LU 2 8
CD =
=
= = 2.667.
1
1
3
2
2
U A
U 2 rc L
2
2

8.87

cos . Let U = 4 , = rc2U = 1 2 4 = 4.

2
r
4
For = , v r = 4 + 2 .
r

sin
4
b) v =
= U sin
= 4 2 sin = 8 sin .
2

r
rc
1

v r = U cos

V2
v2
42
8 2 sin 2
c) pc = p +

= 50 000 + 1000
1000
.
2
2
2
2
pc = 58 32 sin 2 kPa.

184

x = 1
vr

 /2

d) Drag = 2 ( 58 32 sin 2 ) cos 1 1d 26 2 1

0

1
= 2 58 32 52 = 42.7 kN.
3

8.88

On the cylinder v = 2U sin

Used rc =

(See the figure in Problem 8.86c.)

1000
= 60sin
, where we have
2 rc
2 3.651

400
=
= 3.651 ft.
U
30

If

x 6
x 6
x +6
x +6
u ( x, y ) = .0318
+
+
+

2
2
( x 6)2 + ( y + 2) 2 ( x + 6)2 + (y 2)2 (x + 6)2 + (y + 2)2
( x 6) + ( y 2)

= 227o , 313o.
Stag. pts.:

(3.651 ft, 227) , (3.651 ft, 313).

Max. pressure occurs on the cylinder at a stagnation pt.:

0.0024 2
pmax = U 2 vo2 =
30 02 = 1.08 psf.

2
2
Min. pressure occurs at the top of the cylinder where = 90 o and the velocity is:

1000
v90 = 2U sin
= 2 30
= 104 fps
2 ro
2 3.651

0.0024 2
pmin = U 2 vo2 =
30 1042 = 11.8 psf.

2
2
8.89

. For one stag. pt.: v = 0 at = 270 o :

2 . 4

0 = 2 20 sin 270 o
. = 2 20 2 .4 = 100.5 m 2 / s.
2 .4

100.5
= 2rc2 . =
=
= 100 rad /s. (See Example 8.12.)
2
2
2rc
2 .4
v = 2 20 sin

Min. pressure occurs where v is max, i.e., = / 2. There

100.5
v = 2 20 1
= 80 m /s.
2 .4
V2
v2
20 2
80 2
p min = p + = 0 +
1.22
1.22 = 3660 Pa.
2
2
2
2

185

8.90

= 2rc2 = 2 .6 2 120 2 / 60 = 28.42 m 2 / s. = rc2U =.6 2 3 = 1.08 m 3 / s.

28.42
v = 2 3 sin
. sin = 1256
. . Impossible. Stag. pt. is off the
2 .6
cylinder at = 270 o , but r > rc . From Eq. 8.5.29,

1.08
28.42
v =
= U sin 2 sin
= 3( 1) 2 ( 1)
= 0.
r
r
2r
r
2r
1.08 4.523
3+ 2 =
. r 2 1.508 r + 0.36 = 0. r = 1.21 m.
r
r
28.42
Stag. pt.: (1.21, 270).
( v ) 90o = 2 3
= 1354
. m / s.
2 .6
32 13.54 2
Min. pressure occurs at = 90o , at r = rc : pmin =
1.22 = 106 Pa.
2
2
32 154
. 2
Max. pressure occurs at = 270o , at r = rc : pmax =
. = 4.04 Pa.
122
2
2

8.91

At 15,000 ft, =.0015 slug / ft 3 .

Lift = U L =.0015 350 15 ,000 60 = 472,000 lb .

Place four sources as shown. Then, with q = 2 for each:

x2
x+2
x2
u( x , y ) =
+
+
2
2
2
2
( x 2) + ( y 2)
( x + 2) + ( y 2)
( x 2) 2 + ( y + 2) 2
x+2
+
( x + 2) 2 + ( y + 2) 2

8.92

v( x, y ) =

y2
y+2
y2
y+2
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
( x 2) + ( y 2)
( x 2) + ( y + 2)
( x + 2) + ( y 2)
( x + 2) 2 + ( y + 2) 2
y

8.93

Place four sources with q = 0.2 m 2 / s, as shown.

(6, 2)
x

x 6
x6
x+ 6
x+6
u( x , y ) = .0318
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
( x 6) + ( y + 2)
( x + 6 ) + ( y 2)
( x + 6 ) + ( y + 2)
( x 6 ) + ( y 2)

y2
y2
y+2
y+2

v( x, y ) = .0318
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
( x + 6) + ( y 2)
( x 6) + ( y + 2)
( x + 6) + ( y + 2 )
( x 6) + ( y 2)
q
.2
where
=
= .0318.
2 2

186

2
2
10
10
At (4,3) u( 4 , 3) = .0318
+
+
+
= 0.00922 m / s.
4 + 1 4 + 25 100 + 1 100 + 25
1
5
5
1

v( 4 ,3) = .0318
+
+
+
= 0.01343 m /s.
4 + 1 100 + 1 4 + 25 100 + 25

8.94

U xT
. x T = 6 10 5 / 300 = 2000 .

a) = 1.56 10 4 ft 2 / sec. x T = 2000 1.56 10 4 = 0.312' or 3.74"

b) = = 2.1 10 4 ft 2 / sec. x T = 2000 2.1 10 4 = 0.42' or 5.04"

Re crit =

c) = 3.47 10 4 ft 2 /sec. x T = 2000 3.47 10 4 = 0.694' or 8.33"

8.95

a) Use Re crit = 3 10 5 = 10 x T / 1.51 10 5 .

b) Use Re crit = 10 6 = 10 x T / 1.51 10 5 .
c) Use Re crit = 3 10 5 = 10 x T / 1.51 10 5 .
d) Use Re crit = 3 10 5 = 10 x T / 1.51 10 5 .

x T = 0.453 m.
xT = 1.51 m.
xT = 0.453 m .
xT = 0.453 m .

e) Re = 6 104 = 10 xgrowth /1.51 10 5.

xgrowth = 0.091 m or 9.1 cm .
Note: A rough plate, high free-stream disturbances, or a vibrated smooth plate
all experience transition at the lower Re crit .
8.96

a) Use Re crit = 3 10 5 = 10 xT / 10 6 .
b) Use Re crit = 10 6 = 10 x T / 10 6 .
c) Use Re crit = 3 10 5 = 10 xT / 10 6 .
d) Use Re crit = 3 10 5 = 10 xT / 10 6 .

xT = 0.03 m or 3 cm.
xT = 0.1 m or 10 cm.
xT = 0.03 m or 3 cm .
xT = 0.03 m or 3 cm .

e) p ( x ) = 20 000 2 1000 102 sin 2 (x /2)

8.97

Re crit = 6 10 5 =

U 2
U 2
. For a wind tunnel: 6 10 5 =
.

1.5 10 5
U = 4.5 m / s.

For a water channel: 6 10 5 =

8.98

U 2
10 6

U = 0 .3 m / s .

The x-coordinate is measured along the cylinder surface as shown in Fig. 8.19.
The pressure distribution (see solution 8.86) on the surface is
p = p 0 2U 2 sin 2 where rc = x ( is zero at the stagnation point). Then

p ( x ) = 20 000 2 1000 102 sin 2 (x /2)

= 20 200 sin 2 ( x / 2) kPa
The velocity U(x) at the edge of the b.l. is U(x) on the cylinder wall:
187

v ( r = 2) = 10 sin 10 sin = 20 sin( ) = 20 sin

U ( x ) = 20 sin( x / 2)
8.99

U( x) = v at rc = 1. v = 8 sin . U( x) = 8 sin x since x = rc .

p( x) = 58 32 sin 2 = 58 32 sin 2 x kPa

8.100 The height h above the plate is h( x) = mx +.4. .1 = m 2+.4

h( x) = 0 .4 .15 x. Continuity: 6 .4 = U ( x )h .

16
.
2.67 x
p
u
Eulers Eqn: u
= .
x
x

m = .15
2.4
U ( x ) =
or
0.4 .15 x

U ( x) =

8.101 a) m& top = m& out m& in = udy +

0

dp

16
16
2.67 x ( 2.67 x) 2
256
=
.
(2.67 x ) 3

dx

udydx udy =
udydx
x 0
x 0
0

dp
) d ( p + dp )( + d )
2
= 0 dx dp + higher order terms

b) Fx = p 0 dx + ( p +

& out mom

& in mom
& top = u 2 dy +
mom
0

2
u dydx u dy U ( x ) udydx
x 0
0
x 0

u
dydx

U
(
x
)

udydx
x 0
x 0

d
34
3
42 y 3
= 4
y
+
.

2
5
4

5
2
2 4.65 (1.5 10 3) dx
2 4.65 1.5 10 3

8.102 0 =

dp
d
d
+ U ( x) udy u 2dy
dx
dx 0
dx 0

d
d
dU
2
=
+
uUdy
udy
u dy

dx dx 0
dx 0
dx

dp

where we have used g

=
f
. Here U = g , f = udy.
dx dx
dx

df

dfg

dg

dp d
dU
0 =
+
u(U u )dy
udy.
dx dx 0
dx 0

188

( = const. )

8.103

dp
dx

d 2
dU
dU
U = U
=
2 dx
dx
dx

1
Udy where U = Udy.
0
0

dU 1

d
dU
0 =
Udy + (U 2 )
udy
dx 0
dx
dx 0

d
dU
d
dU
= ( U 2 ) +
(U u )dy = (U 2 ) +
U d .

dx
dx 0
dx
dx

dU
d
8.104 If dp / dx = 0 then
= 0 and 0 =
u(U u )dy .
dx
dx 0

y
y
y y
d 2
d 2
2 d 2
0 =
U sin

cos
= U 2

1 sin dy = U

dx 0
2
2
dx
2 2 0
dx
2

0 =
U

u
y

= U
y =0

d
=.137 U 2
.
2
dx

b) 0 = U
c)

cos 0.
2
d = 11.5

dx.
U

= 4.79

x
.
U

U
U
1
= 0. 328U
.
2 4.79 x
x

y
u

ax 3 /2
a
v
a
=U
sin
= U
sin
=
U
= .
cos

x
x
x
x

2
y
x
2 4 .79 x

.164 y U
U
U
U
v = U 3/2
cos .328 y
dy = .0316U
cos .189
y dy.
x

0
0

y
8.105 u = U .

y
d 2 y
0 =
U 1 dy

dx 0

0 =

d 2 1
2 d
U = U
.
2 3 6
dx
dx

U
U
u
1
d
= . = U 2
.
y

6
dx

d = 6

dx
U

x
U
x. ( x) = 3.46
. 0 = 0.289U
.
U
U
x
5 3.46
%error in ( x) =
100 = 30.8% low.
5
2 = 12

189

u = Uy/

%error in 0 ( x) =

.332 . 289
100 = 13% low.
. 332

/6
/2
y
y 1
d
1
2 y
2 y
8.106 0 =
3U 1 3 dy + U + 1 dy
dx 0

3
3
/6

y
2
2
y
+ U 2
+ 1
dy
3 3
3 3
/2

3U
d
U 2 (0.1358 ) =
.
dx

d
= 22.08 / U .
dx
6.65
v
= 0.451U 2 Re x 1/ 2 .
Thus, ( x ) = 6.65 vx / U , 0 ( x) = 0.1358U 2
2 U x
6.65 5
0.451 0.332
%error for =
100 = 33%. %error for 0 =
100 = 36%
5
0.332
=

8.107 Continuity from entrance to x: U 0 H = 2 u( y )dy + U( x )( H 2 ).

0

Write U ( x ) = U ( x ) dy = U( x )dy.
0

Then, continuity provides

U 0 H = 2 ( u U )dy + UH = UH 2 (U u)dy
= UH 2U d .

U(x ) =

U0 H

.
H 2 d
If we were to move the walls out a distance d ( x ), then U ( x) would be constant

since ( H 2 d ) + 2 d would be constant; then U ( x ) = U 0 . For a square wind

tunnel, displace one wall outward 4 d for dp / dx = 0 .
8.108 The given velocity profile is that used in Example 8.13. There we found
= 5.48 x / U = 5.48 10 6 x / 10 = 0.00173 x = 0 .00173 3 = 0.003 m.
Assume the streamline is outside the b.l. Continuity is then
. 003
2y
y2
10 0.02 = 10

dy + ( h.003 )10
.003 .003 2
0
= 0.02 + 10h 0 .03.
h = 0 .021 m or 2.1 cm

d =

20 y 10 y 2
1 . 003
1

10

+
dy =
[.03.03+.01] = 0 .001 m

2
10 0
.003 .003
10

h 2 = 2.1 2 = 0.1 cm or 0.001 m.

The streamline moves away from the wall a distance d .

190

8.109 From Prob. 8.107 we found that we should displace the one wall outward 4 d .
From the definition of d :

h( x) = 4 d =
=

20 y 10 y 2
4
4

10

+
dy = 4 + =

10 0

3 3
4
1.86 10 5 x / 10
5
.
48
= 0.00735 x m
3
160 /(.287 303)

We used ( x ) found in Example 8.13, = p / RT , and = / .

3 y 1 y3
1
8.110 a) u = U

. d =
3
U
2 2

3 y 1 y3
3
1
U

0 2 + 2 3 dy = 4 + 8 = .375 .

From Eq. 8.6.16, d =.375 4 .65

x
x
= 1.74
.
U
U

%error = 1.2%.

1 2 3 y 1 y3
3 y 1 y3
= 2 U

1
+
dy = 0 .139 .
U 0
2 23
2 2 3
=.139 4 .65

x
x
= 0.648
.
U
U

%error =

.648 .644
100 = 0 .62%
.644

y y2

2y y 2

b) u = U 2 2 . See Example 8.13. d = 1

+ 2 dy = + = / 3 .

3

0

d =

5.48 x
x
= 1.83
.
3
U
U

%error =

1.83 1.72
100 = 6 .4%.
1.72

y y 2
y y2
1
4
2
2
1
= 2 2 1 2 + 2 dy = + + =.1333 .


3
3
4
4
5
0
= .1333 5.48

x
x
= 0.731
.
U
U

%error =

.731 .644
100 = 13.5% .
.644

y
2
x

c) d = 1 sin
dy =
= 0.363 . See Problem 8.104. = 4.79
.

U
0
x
x
1.74 1.72
d = 0.363 4.79
= 1.74
. %error =
100 = 1.2%
U
U
1.72

y
y
y y
2
2

= sin
cos
+ sin term = +
= 0.137 .
1 sin dy =
2
2
2 2
2

0
0
= .137 4 .79

x
x
= 0.654
.
U
U

%error =

191

.654 .644
100 = 1.6%.
.644

 1.6 10 4 20
x
8.111 a) = 4.65
= 4.65

12

b) 0 =.323U
c) Drag =

1/2

= 0.0759 ft .

1.6 10 4

=.323.0024 12 2

xU
20 12

= 9.11 10 5 psf.

U 2 20 15 1.29
2
LU

1.6 104
1
= .0024 12 2 300 1.29
20 12
2

d) x= 10

1 /2

1/2

= 0.0546 lb.

4
3y
3 y 3 d
1.6 10 10
u
= 4.65
= 0.0416 ft.
= U 2 +
.

12
x
2 4 dx
2

3y
3 y 3 4.65
u

= 12
+

2
x
.2 .0416 4 2
.2 .0416

v =
0

1.6 10 4
= 27 .9 y + 16140 y 3 .
10 12

u
27.9
16140
dy =
.0416 2
.0416 4 = 0.0121 fps.
x
2
4

15
x
. 105 6
8.112 a) = 4.65
= 4.65

U
4

b) 0 = 0.323U

1/ 2

= 0.0221 m.

. 10 5

2 15
=.323 122
. 4

xU
6 4

1/ 2

= 0.00498 Pa.

15
1
v
1
. 10 5
c) Drag = U 2 Lw 1.29
= 122
. 4 2 6 5 129
.

2
LU 2
6 4
d)

1/ 2

= 0.299 N.

3y 3 y3 d
u
= U 2 +

x
2 4 dx
2

d
34
3
42 y 3
= 4
y
+
.

2
5
2 4.654 (1.5 105 3) 2 dx
2 4.65 1.5 10 3
u
4.65 15
. 105 1
7 3
= 4[ 6166 y + 2.53 10 y ]
= 641
. y + 2.63 105 y 3 .
x
2
4
3

v =
0

u
64.1
2.63 105
dy =
.01562
.0156 4 = 0.00391 m / s,
x
2
4

where x=3

15
. 10 5 3
= 4.65
=.01560 m.
4

192

 1.5 10 5 2
x
8.113 a) = 5
= 5

10

1 /2

.
xU

= 0.00866 m. Use 0 =.332U 2

1.5 10 5
2
4 = 0.561 N .
10
1 /2

Drag = 0 wdx =.332 1.22 10 2

0

.2

1.5 10 5
b) =.38 2
= 0.0453 m.
10 2

1
Drag = U 2 Lw.074

2
U L

.2

.2

1.5 10 5
1
= 1.22 10 2 2 4 .074
= 2.15 N.
2
10 2

.2

1.5 10 5
1.5 10 5
1
2
8.114 a) =.38 6
= 0.0949 m. 0 = 1.22 20 .059

2
20 6
20 6
= .6 Pa.
10 6
b) =.38 6

20 6

8.115 u( y = ) = U .

u
y

.2

.2

.2

10 6
1
2
= 0.0552 m. 0 = 1000 20 .059

2
20 6
= 286 Pa.

u 1
u
= U y 6 /7 1/7 .
y 7
y

=
y =

1
U / .
7

should be zero. Thus, this condition is not satisfied.

y =

0 =

u
y

y =0

1
1
= U 1/7 = . Thus, this is unacceptable and
7
0

u
at, and near, the wall is not valid.
y

3 y 1 y3
u = U

.
2 23
y
u = U

y
U
u
u

cubic
turb (power-law)

1 /7

8.116 a) Drag =
.2

1
1.58 10 4
1.58 10 4
2
.0024 20 ( 12 15) .074

1060

= 0.31 lb.
2
20 12
20 12

193

b) Drag =
.2

1
1.58 10 4
1.58 10 4
.0024 20 2 ( 12 15) .074

1700

= 0.27 lb.
2
20 12
20 12

c) Drag =

.2

1
1.58 10 4
1.58 10 4
2
.0024 20 ( 12 15) .074
2080
= 0.25 lb.
2
20 12
20 12

.2

1
10 6
10 6
2
8.117 a) Drag = 1000 1.2 ( 1 2) .074

1060

= 5.21 N.
2
1 .2 1
1.2 1

.2

1
10 6
10 6
2
b) Drag = 1000 1.2 ( 1 2 ).074
1700
= 4.44 N.
2
1.2 1
1.2 1

.2

1
10 6
10 6
2
c) Drag = 1000 1.2 ( 1 2) .074
2080
= 3.99 N .
2
1 .2 1
1.2 1

.2

1.5 10 -5
1000
8.118 U = 60
= 16.67 m / s. =.38 100 000
= 235 m.
3600
16.67 10 5
.2

1
1
1.5 10 5
2
2
0 = U c f = 1.22 16.67 .059
= 0.0618 Pa.
2
2
16.67 10 5

1
1
. 455
b) 0 = U 2 c f = 1.22 16.67 2
= 0.151 Pa.
2
5
2
2

16.67 10

ln .06
1.5 10 5

.151
16.67
.351
u =
=.351 m / s.
= 2.44 ln
+ 7.4. = 585 m.
1.22
.351
1.5 10 5
p
Both (a) and (b) are in error, however, (b) is more accurate.
< 0.
x

u
5 1.5 10 5
(See Fig. 8.24 b). =
= 2.14 10 4 m.

.351

. 15

y
u
y
1

b) d =
(U u )dy =
3.74 ln dy
2.5 2.44 ln dy +

U 0
U

U .15

8.119 a) 5 =

y
u

=
2.5(.15 ) 2. 44 yln y

. 15 = 87 . 8

3.74 yln y

=585

87 . 8

.351
[ 219 + 620.008 + 2188 951] = 43.7 m.
16.67
Note: We cannot use zero as a lower limit since the ln-profile does not go to the
=

194

wall. Hence, we use ; the lower limit provides a negligible

contribution to the integral.
8.120 a) Use Eq. 8.6.40: c f =

.455
300 20

ln .06 1.58 10 4

= 0.00212.

1
1
U 2 c f = .0024 300 2 .00212 = 0.229 psf.
2
2
5
c) =
= 5 1.58 10 4 / 9.77 = 8.09 10 5 ft .
u
300
9.77
d)
= 2.44ln
+ 7 .4 .
= 0.228 ft.
4
9.77
1.58 10

b) 0 =

.229
= 9.77 fps.
.0024

u =

1
1
.455
U 2 c f = 1000 10 2
= 110 Pa.
2
2
2
10 3
ln .06 10 6

110
5 5 10 6
u =
=.332 m / s. =
=
= 1.51 10 5 m.
1000
u
.332
b) u = 5 u = 5 .332 = 1.66 m / s.

8.121 a) 0 =

c) y =.15 . Do part (d) first!

y =.15.0333 = 0.005 m.
10
.332
d)
= 2.44ln
+ 7 .4 .
= 0.0333 m.
.332
10 6
8.122 Assume flat plates with dp / dx = 0. C f =

Drag = 2
To find max
0 =

.523
10 100
ln .06 10 6

=.00163.

1
1000 10 2 10 100.00163 = 163 000 N.
2
we need u .

1
.455
1000 10 2
= 70.9 Pa. u =
2
2
10 100

ln .06 10 6

10
.266
= 2.44 ln
+ 7 .4 .
.266
10 6

8.123 a) Assume a flat plate of width D. Re =

195

70.9
= 0.266 m / s.
1000

max = 0.89 m.

UL 15 600
=
= 6 108.

1.5 10

1
1
U 2 L D = 0.073(6 108 )1/5 1.2 152 600 100 = 32600 N
2
2
power = FD U = 32600 15 = 489000 W or 655 hp or 164 hp/engine .
drag = C f

b) helium =
FB = Wair

p
100
=
= 0.167 kg/m3 .
RT 2.077 288
Whelium = V = (1.2 0.167) 9.8 502 600/2 = 2.38 107

payload = FB W = 23.8 106 9.8 1.2 10 6 = 12 106 N

u 2

u 2
8.124 u =
,
=
, v=
,
=
,
y
x xy
x
y y 2
Substitute into Eq. 8.6.45 (with dp / dx = 0):

2 u 3
=
.
y 2 y 3

2 2
3

.
y xy x y 2
y 3
8.125 We also have
2 ( / y ) ( / y )
=
+
,
=
+
x x x xy

x
y
Recognizing that / x = 1, / y = 0 , / x =
U / x 3 , and
2
U

y U
/ y = U / x ,
=
,
=

y

x
2 x 3
2
U 2 1 U
U 2 y U
=
+

x y
2 3
2 2 3
2
U 2 U
=

,
y 2
2

3 U 3
=
y 3
3

Equation 8.6.47 then becomes, using

U / = / y ,

2
2 2
2 2

y 2yx 2 yx 2 2x y 2 2
U 3
=
x y 3

Multiply by y 2 / 2 and Eq. 8.6.49 results:

2

1
2 2
3

+
2
2
3

196

dF
= U x
= U x F' ()
= U F' ().
y
d y
x
We used Eq. 8.6.50 and Eqs. 8.6.48.

8.126 u =

v=

=
x
x

U x F =

1 U
F
F U x
2
x
x

1 U
U 1 3/2
F U x F' y
x

2
x
2
y U U
1 U
1 U
=
F+
F' =
(F' F ).
2
x
2 x
x
2
x
=

8.127 The results are shown in Table 8.5.

8.128 a) 0 = 0.332 1.22 5
b) = 5
c) v max

1.5 10 5
= 0.0124 Pa.
25

15
. 105 2
= 0.0122 m.
5

U 1

=
(F' F )
=

x 2
max

1.5 10 5 5
.8605 = 0.00527 m / s.
2

dF
dF
vx
d) Q = udy = U
dy = U
d
d
d
U
0
0
0

= U

x
1.5 10 5 2
[ F( ) F( 0)] = 5
3.28 = 0.04 m 2 / s / m
U
5

8.129 a) 0 =.332.0024 15 2
b) = 5
c) v max =

1.6 10 4 6
= 0.04 ft.
15
U 1

(F' F )
=

x 2
max

d) Q = udy = U
0

1.6 10 4
= 2.39 10 4 psf.
6 15

1.6 10 4 15
.8605 = 0.0172 fps.
6

x
1.6 10 4 6
F( ) = 15
3.28 = 0.394 ft 2 / sec / ft.
U
15

8.130 At x = 2m, Re = 5 2/10-6 = 107 . Assume turbulent from the leading edge.
1
0.455
a) 0 = U 2
2
(ln 0.06 Re x ) 2

197

1
0.455
1000 5 2
= 32.1 Pa
2
( ln 0.06 10 7 ) 2

b) u = 0 / = 32.1 / 1000 = 0.1792 m / s

5
0.1792
= 2.44 ln
+ 7 .4 .
= 0.0248 m or 24.8 mm
0.1792
10 6
c) Use the 1/7 the power-law equation:
0 . 0248

5(y / 0.0248)

Q=

1 /7

dy = 0.109 m 3 / s / m

8.131 From Table 8.5 we would select = 6:

a) = 6

x
1.5 105 2
=6
= 0.0147 m
U
5

b) = 6

x
15.8 105 6
=6
= 0.047 ft or 0.57 in.
U
15

8.132 From Table 8.5 we interpolate for F' = 0.5 to be

0.5 0.3298
=
( 2 1) + 1 = 1.57
0.6298 0.3298
5
=y
.
y = 0.00385 m or 3.85 mm
1.5 10 5 2
1.5 10 5 5
U 1
v=

F
'

F
=
( 0.207 ) = 0.00127 m / s
(
)
2
x 2

u v
=
+

y
x

8.133

2
2 1.5 10
=
F
"

U
=
0.291(1.2)5
= 0.011 Pa

xU
2

v=0
v=0
U

y=

u>U
v

y=

(a)

(b)

(c)

If v = 0 at y = 10 and v > 0 at y = , then v / y < 0 and continuity demands that

u / x > 0. The u component, for y > must then be greater than U , as shown
in (b); there should be a slight overshoot. Also, consider the control volume of
(c) where the lower boundary is just above y = . If v = 0 at large y , say
y = 10 , then continuity demands that u out the right area be greater than
U : an overshoot. It is not reasonable to assume that v = const as in (a);

198

reality would demand a profile such as that sketched in (b). The overshoot
would be quite small and is neglected in boundary layer theory.

3 y 1 y3
8.134 u = U

2 23
For the Blasius profile: see Table 8.5.
(This is only a sketch. The student is encouraged
to draw the profiles to scale.)

8.135

inviscid
profile

U
cubic
Blasius

low velocity
outside b.l.

backflow

separation
streamline

2U
A

C
zero velocity
gradient

8.136 A:
B:
C:
D:
E:

p
< 0. (favorable)
x
p
0.
x
p
> 0. (unfavorable)
x
p
> 0.
x
p
< 0.
x

D
C

D
C

199

E

E