CHAPTER 9

Compressible Flow
9.1

c p = 0.24

Btu

778

lbm- R

ft-lb
lbm
ft-lb
32.2
= 6012
Btu
slug
slug-o R

cv = c p R = 6012 1716 = 4296

= 0.171

9.2

c p = cv + R.

ft - lb
ft - lb 1 Btu 1 slug
= 4296
o
slug - R
slug - o R 778 ft - lb 32.2 lbm

Btu
lbm- o R
c p = kcv .

cp =

1
+ R or c p 1 = R.
k
k

cp

c p = Rk / ( k 1).
9.3

If s = 0, Eq. 9.1.9 can be written as

cp

p
T
or ln 2 = ln 2
T1
p1
It follows that, using c p = cv + R and c p / cv = k ,
T
p
c p ln 2 = R ln 2
T1
p1

T2 p2
=
T1 p1
Using Eq. 9.1.7,

R /c p

p
= 2
p1
1

1
k

p
T2 p 2 1 p 2 k

=
=
or 1 = 2
T1 2 p 1 p 1
2 p1
Finally, this can be written as

1/ k

p2 2
= .
p1 1

9.4

Substitute Eq. 4.5.18 into Eq. 4.5.17 and neglect potential energy change:
& W
& S V22 V12 p 2 p 1
Q
=
+

+~
u2 ~
u1 .
&
m
2
2 1

200

Enthalpy is defined in Thermodynamics as h = ~

u + pv = u~ + p / . Therefore,
& W
& S V22 V12
Q
=
+ h2 h 1 .
&
m
2
Assume the fluid is an ideal gas with constant specific heat so that h = c p T.
Then
& W
&
Q
V 2 V12
S
= 2
+ c p (T2 T1 ).
&
m
2
Next, let c p = cv + R and k = c p / cv so that c p / R = k ( k 1). Then, with the ideal gas

law T = p / R , the first law takes the form

& W
&
p
Q
V22 V12
k p2
S
=
+
1 .

&
m
2
k 1 2 1
9.5

Differentiate p k = c using d( xy) = ydx + xdy:

k dp pk k 1 d = 0.

Rewrite:
dp
p
=k .
d

9.6

The speed of sound is given by

c = dp / d .
For an isothermal process TR = p / = K, where K is a constant. This can be
differentiated:
dp = Kd = RTd.
Hence, the speed of sound is
c = RT .

9.7

& S = 0 is:
Eq. 9.1.4 with Q& = W

V2
+ c p T = cons't.
2
V2
(V + V ) 2
V 2 + 2VV + ( V ) 2
+ c pT =
+ c p (T + T ) =
+ c p T + c p T .
2
2
2

2V V ( V )2
+
+ c p T . V V = c p T = h.
2
2
We neglected (V)2 . The velocity of a small wave is V = c.
0 =

9.8

For water
dp

= 2110 10 6 Pa
d
Since = 1000 kg / m 3 , we see that
201

h = cV .

c = dp / d
= 2110 10 6 / 1000 = 1453 m / s

9.9

p
dp
2110 10 6
For water c =

=
= 1453 m / s.

d
1000
L = velocity time = 1453 0.6 = 872 m.

9.10

Since c = 1450 m/s for the small wave, the time increment is
d
10
t = =
= 0.0069 seconds
c 1450

9.11

a) M =

V
200
=
= 0.588.
c
1. 4 287 288
b) M = 600/ 1.4 1716 466 = 0.567.
c) M = 200 / 1.4 287 223 = 0.668.
d) M = 600/ 1.4 1716 392 = 0.618.
e) M = 200 / 1.4 287 238 = 0.647.

9.12

c = kRT = 1. 4 287 263 = 256 m / s.

d = ct = 256 1.21 = 309 m.

9.13

a) Assume T = 20C:
c = kRT = 1. 4 287 293 = 343 m /s.
d = c t = 343 2 = 686 m
b) Assume T = 70F:
c = kRT = 1. 4 1716 530 = 1130 fps.
d = ct = 1130 2 = 2260 ft.
For every second that passes, the lightning flashed about 1000 ft away. Count 5
seconds and it is approximately one mile away.

9.14

c = 1.4 287 263 = 256 m / s.

sin =

1
c
= .
M V

1000
sin = 0.256. tan = 0.2648 =
. L = 3776 m
L
3776
t =
= 3.776 s.
1000

202

V
1000 m

9.15

Use Eq. 9.2.13:

c
a) = sin or V =
V

1.4 287 288

= 908 m / s
sin 22 o

c
= sin or V =
V

1.4 1716 519

= 2980 fps
sin 22 o

b)

9.16

p
p
0. 3
=
=
= 0.113 fps.
c
kRT
.00237 1.4 1716 519
V2
(V = V) 2
Energy Eq:
+ c pT =
+ c p ( T + T ). 0 = VV + c p T .
2
2
T = cV / c p = 1. 4 1716 519 ( .113) /( 0.24 778 32.2) = 0.021o F.
Btu
ft - lb
lbm
ft - lb
Note: c p =.24
778
32.2
=.24 778 32.2
.
o
lbm - F
Btu
slug
slug - o F
Eq. 9.2.4: V =

Then
9.17

ft 2 / sec 2
ft 2 lb - sec 2 o F o
=
= F.
ft - lb / (slug - o F)
sec 2 ft - lb - ft

(units can be a pain!)

a) AV = AV + AdV + AVd + AddV + VdA + dAdV + VddA + ddAdV

Keep only the first order terms (the higher order termsthose with more
than one differential quantitywill be negligible):
0 = AdV + AVd + VdA
Divide by AV:
dV d dA
+
+
=0
V

A
b) Expand the r.h.s. of Eq. 9.3.5 (keep only first order terms):
V2
k p V 2 + 2VdV
k p + dp
+
=
+
.
2
k1
2
k 1 + d
Hence,
2VdV
k p + dp p
0=
+

2
k 1 + d

= VdV +

k p + dp p pd

k 1
2 + d

= VdV +

k dp pd

k 1
2

where we neglected d compared to 2 . For an isentropic process Eq. 9.2.8

gives dp = kpd , so the above becomes

203

k kpd pd
k1
2
p
k ( k 1) pd
= VdV +
= VdV + k 2 d
2
k1

But d / = dV / V dA / A so that the above equation is

p
dV dA
0 = VdV + k

V
A
0 = VdV +

which can be written as

dV
dA V 2
=
1
.
A kp
V
Since c 2 = kp / , and M = V/c, this is put in the form
dA V 2
dV
= 2 1
A c
V

dA
dV
= M2 1
A
V

or

c) Substituting in V = M c, c 2 = kRT , and R / c p = ( k 1) / k , we find

T0
V2
M2 c 2
M 2 kRT
=
+1=
+1=
+1
T 2c p T
2c p T
2c p T
M 2 k( k 1)
k1 2
+ 1= 1+
M .
2k
2
k /( 1 k )
k 1 2

p0 1 +
M

k
k
2
d) m
& =p
AM =
AM
1 / 2
TR
R
k 1 2

T0 1 +
M

2
=

k+1

= p0

k
k 1 2 2( 1 k )

M A 1 +
M

RT0
2

At the critical area A * , M * = 1. Hence,

k+1

k
k + 1 2( 1 k )
& = p0
m
A*
.

RT0 2
e) Since m
& is constant throughout the nozzle, we can equate Eq. 9.3.17 to
Eq. 9.3.18:
k +1

p0

k+1

k
k 1 2 2( 1 k )
k

k + 1 2( 1 k )
M A 1 +
M
= p0
A*

2
RT0
2
RT0

or
k+1

A
1 2 + ( k 1) M 2 2( k 1)
=

A* M
k +1

204

9.18

a) p s = patm + 10 = 69.9 + 10 = 79.9 kPa abs.

p1 = 69.9 kPa abs.

V
1

p
p
V2 p
From 1 s : 1 + 1 = s . s = 1 s
2
1 s
p1

1/k

79.9
=. 906

69.9

V s=0

1/1. 4

= 0.997 kg / m 3 .

V12 69 900 79 900

+
=
.
V1 = 77.3 m / s.
2
.906
.997
b) p s = 26.4 + 10 = 36.4 kPa abs. p 1 = 26.4 kPa abs.
p
p
V2 p
From 1 s : 1 + 1 = s . s = 1 s
2
1 s
p1

V12 26 400 36 400

+
=
.
2
.412
.518
9.19

V2 p
p
a) 1 + 1 = s .
2 1 s

1 /k

36. 4
= 0. 412

26.4

1 /1 . 4

= 0. 518 kg / m 3 .

V1 = 111 m /s.
1/ k

p
s = 1 s
p1

1/1.4

105
= 1.22

101

= 1.254 kg/m3 .

V12 1.4101 000 105 0001.4

+
=
. V1 = 81.3 m/s.
2
.4 1.22
1.254 .4
V 2 4000
81.3-81
b) 1 =
. V1 = 81.0 m/s. % error =
100 = 0.42%.
2
1.22
81.3
9.20

Is p r < . 5283p 0 ?

0.5283 200 = 105.7 kPa.

a) p r < .5283 p 0 .

choked flow. M e = 1.
V e2 = kRTe . p e = 105.7 kPa.
1.4 287 Te
1000 298 =
+ 1000 Te . Te = 248.1 K, Ve = 315. 8 m / s.
2
105.7
& = 1.484 .01 2 315.8 = 0.1473 kg / s.
e =
= 1.484 kg / m 3 . m
.287 248.1
1. 4
Ve2 1.4 130 000
130 e
b) p r > .5283 p 0 . M e < 1. 1000 298 =
+
.
=

2
.4
e
200 2.338

200
= 2. 338. e = 1.7187 kg / m 3 .
.287 298
& = 1.7187 .01 2 257.9 = 0.1393 kg / s.
m
0 =

9.21

Is p r < . 5283p 0 ?

V e = 257. 9 m / s.

0.5283 30 = 15.85 psia.

a) p r < 15.85. choked flow and M e = 1 , p e = 15.85 psia. V e2 = kRT.

1.4 1716 Te
0.24 530 =
+ 0.24 Te . Te = 441.7 o R, Ve = 1030 fps.
2( 778 32.2)

205

e =

15.85 144
= 0.003011 slug/ft 3 .
1716 441.7
2

.5
m& = .003011 1030 = 0.01692 slug/sec.
12
b) pr > 15.85. M e < 1, and pe = 20 psia.
30 144
0 =
= .00475 slug/ft 3 .
1716 530
1/1.4

20
e = .00475
30

= .003556 slug/ft 3 .

Ve2 1.4 20 144

+
.
2
.4 .003556
2
.5

& =.003556 838.9 = 0.01627 slug / sec.

Ve = 838. 9 fps. m
12
0.24 530(778 32.2) =

ft-lb
ft-lb
(Note: c p =0.24 Btu/lbm-oR=0.24778
=0.24 77832.2
.)
o
lbm- R
slug-oR

9.22 a) p r < .5283 p 0 . M e = 1. p e =.5283 200 = 105.7 kPa. Te =.8333 298 = 248.3 K.
105.7
e =
= 1.483 kg / m 3 . V e = 1. 4 287 248. 3 = 315. 9 m / s.
.287 248.3
&
m = 1.483 .01 2 315.9 = 0.1472 kg / s.
b) p r > .5283 p 0 . p e = 130 kPa,

pe
= 0.65. M e =.81 , Te =.884T0
p0

130
= 1.719 kg / m 3 , Ve =. 81 1. 4 287 263. 4 = 263.5 m / s.
.287 263. 4
& = 1.719 .01 2 263. 5 = 0.1423 kg / s.
m
e =

9.23

a) p r < .5283 p 0 . M e = 1. p e =.5283 30 = 15.85 psia.

Te =. 8333 530 = 441.6 o R.

slug
15.85 144
=.003012
. Ve = 1.4 1716 441.6 = 1030 fps.
1716 441.6
ft 3
2
.5
& =.003012 1030 = 0.01692 slug / sec.
m
12
p
20
b) p r > .5283 p 0 . p e = 20 psia. e =
=.6667 . M e =.785. Te = 0.890T0 .
p 0 30
20 144
0 =
=.00356. Ve =.785 1. 4 1716 472 = 836 fps.
1716 472
2
.5

& =.00356 836 = 0.01664 slug /sec.

m
12
e =

206

9.24 p e =.5283 400 = 211.3 kPa abs . Te =.8333 303 = 252.5 K.

211.3
& =
Ve = 1.4 287 252.5 = 318.5 m / s. m
.05 2 318. 5 = 7 .29 kg /s.
.287 252. 5
9.25 p e =.5283 p 0 = 101 kPa. p 0 = 191.2 kPa abs. Te =. 8333 283 = 235.8 K.
101
& =
Ve = 1.4 287 235. 8 = 307. 8 m / s. m
.03 2 307 .8 = 1.30 kg /s.
.287 235.8
p 0 = 2 191.2 = 382.4 kPa abs. p e =.5283 p 0 = 202.0 kPa abs. Te = 235. 8 K.
202
& =
Ve = 307.8 m / s since M e = 1. m
.03 2 307.8 = 2.60 kg / s.
.287 235.8
9.26 p e =.5283 p 0 = 14.7 psia .

p 0 = 27. 83 psia . Te =.8333 500 = 416. 6o R.

Ve = 1.4 1716 416.6 =1000 fps.

e = 0.3203 kg/m3 and pe = 199.4 kPa abs.
p0 = 227.83. pe = 0.5283 p0 = 29.4 psia,
& = 0.202 slug / sec.
m

9.27

Te = 416.6o R,

Ve = 1000 fps.

Treat the pipeline as a reservoir. Then, p e =. 5283 p 0 = 264.5 kPa abs.

M e = 1 and Ve = 1. 4 287(.8333 283 ) = 307 .8 m /s.

264.5
& =
m
30 10 4 307.8 = 3.61 kg / s.
.287 (.8333 283)
m
& t
3.61 6 60
V =
=
= 333 m 3 .

264.5 / (.287 .8333 283)

1 . 667

1. 667 2077 T e

225 . 667
9.28 5193 300 =
+ 5193 T e . T e = 225 K. p e = 200

300
2
=97.45 kPa.
Next, Tt = 225 K, p t = 97. 45 kPa; Vt = 1.667 2077 225 = 882. 6 m / s.
97.45
t =
= 0.2085 kg/m 3. 0.2085 .032 882.6 = e 0.0752Ve
2.077 225
V 2 1.667 p e
5193 300 = e +
.
2
. 667 e

p e = 200

200 / 2.077 300

1. 667

= 1330 e 1. 667 kPa.

Ve2
+ 3324 10 3 9.54Ve . 667 .
2
6
or 3.116 10 = Ve2 + 63 420 10 3 Ve. 667 . Trial - and - error: Ve = 91.8 m / s.
=

e = 0.3203 kg/m3 and pe = 199.4 kPa abs.

207

9.29

300 + 100
340
1 =
=
= 4.757 kg / m 3 . 2 = 4 .757

400
RT1 .287 293
p1

1 /1 . 4

= 4 .236 kg / m 3 .

V1 4 .757 10 2 = V2 4.236 5 2 . V2 = 4. 492 V1 .

V12
V12 1.4 400 000 4.492 2 V12 1.4 340 000
k p 1 V22
k p2
+
=
+
.
+
=
+
.
2
k 1 1
2
k 1 2
2
. 4 4.757
2
.4 4.236
m
V1 = 37.35
.
s
& = 1 A1V1 = 4.757 .05 2 37.35 = 1. 395 kg / s.
m
9.30

1 =

p1
slug
( 45 + 14 .7 )144
=
= 0.009634
.
RT1
1716 520
ft 3

50.7
2 =.009634

59.7

1 / 1. 4

=.008573 slug / ft 3 .

V1 .009634 4 2 = V2 .008573 2 2 . V2 = 4 .495 V1 .

V12 1. 4 59.7 144 4.495 2 V12 1. 4 50.7 144
+
=
+
. V1 = 121.9 fps.
2
.4 .009634
2
.4 .008573
& =.009634 ( 2 / 12 ) 2 121.9 = 0.1025 slug / sec .
m
9.31

V22
Energy 0 2: 1000 303 =
+ 1000 T2 . V2 = 3 kRT2
2
p2l = 1.627 20 = 32.5 kPa.

1.4

5.39
107.9 .4
p2 = 200
= 0.1740 kg/m 3 .
= 5.390 kPa. 2 =
.287 107.9
303
2
V
V12
Energy 0 1: 1000 303 = 1 + 1000
. V1 = 318. 4 m / s, T1 = 252.3 K.
2
1.4 287
252.3
p1 = 200

303

1. 4
.4

= 105.4 kPa. 1 =

Continuity: 1.455 .05 2 318.4 =.174

9.32

Vt2 = kRT t . 1000 293 =

244
pt = 500

293

105.4
= 1.455 kg / m 3 .
.287 252.3

d 22
3 1.4 287 107.9 . d 2 = 0.2065 m.
4

1.4 287 Tt
+ 1000 Tt . Tt = 244 .0 K. V t = 313.1 m / s.
2

1. 4
.4

= 263.5 kPa abs.

t =

208

263.5
= 3.763 kg / m 3 .
.287 244

Ve2 1.4 pe
pe
263 500
2
2
+
. 3.763 .025 313.1 = e .075 Ve . 1.4
=
2
.4 e
e
3.7631.4

1000 293 =

Ve2
+ 1.014 106 Ve.4 . Trial-and-error: Ve = 22.2 m/s, 659 m/s.
2
e = 5.897 , 0.1987 kg / m 3 . p e = 494 .2 kPa, 4.29 kPa abs.
293 000=

9.33

Ae

9.34

M t = 1. pt =.5283 120 = 63.4 psia, Tt =.8333 520 = 433.3 o R.

pe
= 0.997 from Table D.1. pe = 500 .997 = 498.5 kPa.
p0
p
and e = 0.00855 from Table D.1. pe = 4.28 kPa abs.
p0

= 9.

t =.01228

slug
.
ft 3

& = 1 =.01228
m

d t2
4

1. 4 1716 433.3 .

d t = 0. 319 ft.

p
15
=
=.125. M e = 2.014 , Te =.552 520 = 287 o R, Ve = 2.014 1.4 1716 287
p 0 120
= 684 fps.
2
2
de
A
.319
= 1.708.
= 1.708
. d e = 0.417 ft.
*
A
4
4
9.35

M e = 4.
For

A
A*

= 10.72, pe = .006586 2000 = 13.17 kPa, Te = .2381 293 = 69.76 K.

A
= 10.72 , M e =.0584.
*
A

p e =.9976 p 0 =.9976 2000 = 1995.2 kPa abs.

150

9.36

Let M t = 1. Neglect viscous effects. M1 =

= 0.430.
1.4 287 303
A
A1
.052 dt2

= 1.5007. At =
=
=
. dt = 0.0816 m or 8.16 cm.
1.5007 1.5007
4
A*

9.37

p e = .5283 400 = 211.3 kPa abs. Tes =.8333 303 = 252.5.

303 Te
.96 =
. Te = 254.5 K. Ve = 1.4 287 254.5 = 319.8 m/s.
303 252.5
211.3
m& =
.052 319.8 = 7.27 kg/s.
.287 254.5

209

9.38

Isentropic flow. Since k = 1.4

for nitrogen, the isentropic table
may be used.
A
M = 3:
= 4.235.
*
A

i
M>1

Ve ~= 0
M<1

Mt = 1

100
= .9027 kg/m 3 .
.297 373
&
m
10
.00938
Ai =
=
= 0.00938 m 2 . A t =
= 0.00221 m 2 .
iV i .9027 1181
4 .235
At M = 3 , T =. 3571 T0 , p =.02722 p 0 .
373
100
T0 = Te =
= 1044 K or 772 o C . p 0 =
= p e = 3670 kPa.
.3571
.02722
Vi = 3 1.4 297 373 = 1181 m/s.

9.39

i =

Isentropic flow. Since k = 1.4

for nitrogen, the isentropic table
may be used.
A
M = 3:
= 4.235.
*
A

i
M>1

Ve ~= 0
M<1

Mt = 1

slug
15 144
=.001843
.
1776 660
ft 3
.2
.0283
Ai =
=.0283 ft 2 . At =
= 0.00667 ft 2 .
.001843 3840
4.235
At M = 3 , T =. 3571 T0 , p =.02722 p 0 .
660
15
T0 = Te =
= 1848 o R or 1388 o F. p0 = p e =
= 551 psia.
.3571
.02722
Vi = 3 1.4 1776 660 = 3840 fps.

9.40

9.41

9.42

i =

101
=.4198 kg / m 3 .
.189 1273
80 000 9.81
& = AV 2 .
Momentum: F = mV
= .4198 .252 V 2 .
6
V = 1260 m/s.

Assume p e = 101 kPa. Then e =

101
=.403 kg / m 3 . (Assume gases are air. )
.287 873
100 9.81 = .403 200 104 V 2 . V = 349 m/s.
& = AV 2 . =
F = mV

M t = 1.

Ae
*

= 4 ; M e = 2.94 , p e =.02980 p 0 .

A
Te = .3665 T0 = .3665 300 = 109.95 K,

pe = 100 = .0298 p0 . p0 = 3356 kPa abs.

210

FB
p0A0

Ve

Ve = 2.94 1. 4 287 109.95 = 618 m / s.

100
FB =
.05 2 618 2 + 3 356 000 .2 2 = 412 000 N.
.287 109.95

9.43

Assume an isentropic flow; Eq. 9.3.13 provides

1

103
. p k 1 2 k 1
= 1+
M .

p
2
Using k = 1.4 this gives M 2 = 0.0424 or M = 0.206.
For standard conditions V = M c = 0.206 14
. 287 288 = 70 m / s.
9.44

a) 0.9850 1000 = 2V2 . 80 000 p2 = 0.985 1000(V2 1000)

V22 1000 2 1.4 p 2

80

+
287 283 = 0. 1 =
=.9850 kg / m 3 .

2
.4 2
.287 283

V22 10002 1.4 V2

+
( 985V2 + 1 065 000) 284 300 = 0
2
2
.4 985
3V22 3784V2 + 784 300 = 0. V2 = 261 m / s. 2 = 3.774 kg / m 3 .
Substitute in and find p 2 = 808 kPa.
1000
808
M1 =
= 2.966. T2 =
= 746 K or 473 o C .
.287 3.774
1.4 287 283
261
M2 =
= 0.477 .
1. 4 287 746
b) M 1 = 1000 / 1.4 287 283 = 2.97. M 2 = 0.477. p 2 = 10.12 p 1 = 809.6 kPa.
809.6
T2 = 2.644 283 = 748 K or 475 o C . 2 =
= 3.771 kg / m 3 .
.287 748
9.45

slug
12 144
=.002014
. .002014 3000 = 2V2 .
1716 500
ft 3
Momentum: 12 144 p2 = .002014 3000(V2 3000).

a) 1 =

V22 3000 2 1.4 p2

+
1716 500 = 0.

2
.4 2

V
2
2
6
V2 3000 + 7 2 ( 19 ,854 6.042V 2 ) 6.006 10 = 0.
6.042
2

6V2 23 ,000V2 + 15 10 = 0. V2 = 833 fps. 2 = 0.00725

slug
ft 3

p2 = 102.9 psia.

M1 =

3000
102.9 144
= 2.74. T2 =
= 1191 o R or 731 o F.
1716.00725
1.4 1716 500

211

833
= 0. 492.
1.4 1716 1191
b) M1 = 3000/ 1.4 1716 500 = 2.74. M 2 = 0.493. p2 = 8.592 12 = 103.1 psia.
103.1 144
T2 = 2.386 500 = 1193 o R or 733 o F. 2 =
= 0.00725 slug / ft 3 .
1716 1193
M2 =

9.46

2 p2 T1 2 kM 21 k + 1
( k + 1) 2 M 21
( k + 1)M 21
=
=
=
.
1 p 1 T2
k +1
2 + ( k 1) M 21
1 + k 1 M 2 4 kM 2 2k + 2
1
1

k + 1 p2 k 1
M 21 =
+
. (This is Eq. 9.4.12). Substitute into above:
2k p 1
2k

p2

( k + 1) ( k + 1) + ( k 1)
p1
2

=
=
1

p2

4 k + ( k 1)( k + 1)
+ ( k 1)
p1

k 1 + ( k + 1) p 2 / p 1
=
.
k + 1 + ( k 1) p 2 / p 1
p
For a strong schock in which 2 >> 1,
p1

9.47

p2

( k + 1) ( k + 1) + k 1
p1

.
p
2
2
( k + 1) + ( k 1)( k + 1)
p1

2 k + 1
=
.
1 k 1

Assume standard conditions: T1 = 15 o C, 1 = 101 kPa.

V 1 = 2 1.4 287 288 = 680 m / s.
M1 = 2. M 2 = .5774. T2 = 1.688 288 = 486 K.
p2 = 4.5 101 = 454 kPa.

stationary
shock
V2

V2 = .5774 1.4 287 486 = 255 m/s.

Vinduced = V1 V2 = 680 255 = 425 m/s.

The high pressure and high induced velocity cause extreme damage.
9.48

If M 2 =.5 , then M 1 = 2.645.

V1 = 2.645 1.4 287 293 = 908 m /s.

1600
p 2 = 8.00 200 = 1600 kPa abs. 2 =
= 8.33 kg / m 3 .
.287 ( 2.285 293)

9.49

If M 2 =.5 , then M 1 = 2.645.

V1 = 2.645 1.4 1716 520 = 1118 fps .

p2 = 8.00 30 = 240 psia. 2 =

240 144
= 0.01695 slug / ft 3 .
1716 ( 2.285 520)

212

V1

9.50

p 1 =.2615 101 = 26.4 kPa. T1 = 223.3 K. M 1 = 1000 / 1. 4 287 223.3 = 3.34.

M 2 =. 4578. p 2 = 12.85 26.4 = 339 kPa. T2 = 3.101 223.3 = 692.5 K.
For isentropic flow from : For M = .458, p = .866 p 0 and
T =.960 T0 .

9.51

9.52

p 0 = 339/.866 = 391 kPa abs. T0 = 692.5/.960 = 721 K or 448 o C .

After the shock M 2 =.4752 , p 2 = 10.33 800 = 8264 kPa abs.

For isentropic flow from : For M = .475, p = .857 p 0 .
p 0 = 8264 /.857 = 9640 kPa abs.
A
= 4. M e =.147. p e =.985 p 0 p 0 = 101/.985 = 102.5 kPa abs.
*
A
M t = 1. p t =.5283 102.5 = 54 .15 kPa. Tt =.8333 298 = 248. 3 K.
54.15
t =
=.7599 kg / m 3 . Vt = 1.4 287 248.3 = 315.9 m / s.
.287 248.3
&
m =.7599 .025 2 315.9 = 0.471 kg / s. If throat area is reduced, M t

& =.7599 .02 2 315.9 = 0.302 kg / s.

remains at 1, t =.7599 kg / m 3 and m
9.53

A
= 4. M 1 = 2.94 , and p 2 / p 1 = 9.918.
*
A
p 1 = 101 / 9.918 = 10.18 kPa. At M 1 = 2.94 , p / p 0 =.0298.
p 0 = 10.18 /.0298 = 342 kPa abs.
M t = 1, p t =.5283 342 = 181 kPa abs. Tt =.8333 293 = 244 .1 K.
p e = 101 kPa = p 2 .

Vt = 1.4 287 244.1 = 313 m / s.

M 1 = 2.94 , p 1 = 10.18 kPa abs. T1 =.3665 293 = 107.4 K.
V1 = 2.94 1.4 287 107 .4 = 611 m / s.
M 2 =. 4788, p e = 101 kPa . Te = T2 = 2.609 107 .4 = 280.2 K.
V2 =.4788 1.4 287 280.2 = 161 m / s.
9.54

A
= 4. M 1 = 2.94 , and p 2 / p 1 = 9.918.
*
A
p 1 = 14 .7 / 9.918 = 1.482 psia. At M 1 = 2.94 , p / p 0 =.0298.
p 0 = 1.482/.0298 = 49.7 psia .
p e = 14.7 psia = p2 .

M t = 1, p t =.5283 49.7 = 26. 3 psia . Tt =.8333 520 = 433. 3 o R.

Vt = 1.4 1716 433.3 = 1020 fps.

M 1 = 2.94 , p 1 = 1.482 psia. T1 =.3665 520 = 190.6 o R.

V1 = 2.94 1.4 1716 190.6 = 1989 fps.

213

M 2 =. 4788, p e = 14.7 psia . Te = T2 = 2.609 190.6 = 497.3 o R.

V2 =.4788 1.4 1716 497.3 = 523 fps.

9.55

M t = 1. p t =.5283 500 = 264 kPa. Tt =.8333 298 = 248.3 K.

A1 8 2
=
= 2.56. M 1 = 2. 47 , p 1 =.0613 500 = 30.65.
A* 5 2
T1 = .451 298 = 134.4 K. V1 = 2.47 1.4 287 134 .4 = 574 m / s.
M 2 =.516 , p 2 = 6.95 30.65 = 213 kPa. T2 = 2.108 134.4 = 283.3 K.
A
After the shock its isentropic flow. At M =.516 , * = 1.314 .
A
2
.04
p 02 =.511 500 = 255.5 kPa. A * =
=.003825 m 2 .
1.314
Ae .05 2
=
= 2.05. p e =.940 255.5 = 240 kPa abs. = p r . M e =.298.
A* .003825
. 2857
213

Te = 283.3
= 273.8 K. Ve =.298 1.4 287 273.8 = 99 m / s.

240
. 3 /1 . 3

9.56

9.57

655
pt =.546 p0 =.546 1200 = 655 kPa. Tt = 673
= 585 K.

1200
655
t =
= 2. 42 kg / m 3 . Vt = 1. 3 462 585 = 593 m /s. ( M t = 1. )
.462 585
d t2
& = t At Vt . 4 = 2.42
m
593. dt = 0.060 m or 6 cm.
4
. 3 / 1. 3
101
101

Te = 673
= 380.2 K e =
=.575 kg / m 3 .

1200
.462 380.2
2
Ve
+ 1872 380.2 = 1872 673. (Energy from e .) (c p = 1872 J / kg K)
2
d 2e
Ve = 1050 m / s. 4 =.575
1050. d e = 0.092 m or 9.2 cm.
4

M e = 1. p e =.546 p 0 =.546 1000 = 546 kPa.

.3

546 1. 3
Te = 623
= 542 K.
1000

kg
546
= 2.18
.
.462 542
m3
d 2
15 = 2.18 e 571. d e = 0.124 m or 12.4 cm.
4

e =

Ve = 1.3 462 542 = 571 m / s.

214

.3

9.58

81.9 1. 3
o
M e = 1. p e =.546 150 = 81.9 psia. Te = 1160
= 1009 R.
150

slug
81.9 144
=.00423
. Ve = 1.3 2760 1009 = 1903 fps.
2762 1009
ft 3
d e2
.25 =.00423
1903. d e = 0.199 ft. or 2.39".
4

e =

. 3 / 1. 3

9.59

655
M t = 1. p t =.546 1200 = 655 kPa. Tt = 673
= 585 K.

1200
655
Vt = 1.3 462 585 = 593 m / s. t =
= 2.42 kg / m 3 .
.462 585
& = 2.42 .0075 2 593 = 0.254 kg / s per nozzle
m
120
Te = 673

1200

9.60

. 3 /1 . 3

= 396 K.

800
= 2.29.
1. 4 287 303
From Fig. 9.15, = 46 o , 79 o .
M1 =

V2
V1

a) = 46o. M1n = 2.29sin46o = 1.65.

M 2n = .654 = M 2 sin(46o 20o ). M 2 = 1. 49.

p 2 = 3.01 40 = 120.4 kPa abs. T2 = 1.423 303 = 431 K.

V2 = 1.4 287 431 1.49 = 620 m / s.
b) = 79 . M 1n = 2.29 sin 79 o = 2.25. M 2n =.541 = M 2 sin( 79 o 20 o ).
M 2 = 0.631.
o

p 2 = 5.74 40 = 230 kPa abs. T2 = 1.90 303 = 576 K.

V2 = 1.4 287 576 .631 = 303 m / s.
a detached
shock

c)
V1

= 35o

215

= 20o

9.61

1 = 40 o .
= 10 o .
M 1n = 2 sin 40 o = 1.29. M 2n =.791 = M 2 sin(40 o 10 o ). M 2 = 1.58.
If 2 = 10 o then, with M = 1.58 , 2 = 51o . 1.58 sin 51o = M 2n . M 2n = 1.23.
M 3n =.824 = M 3 sin( 51o 10 o ). M 3 = 1.26. = 2 10 = 51 10 = 41 o .

9.62

M 1n = 3.5 sin 35 o = 2.01. M 2n =.576. T2 = 1.696 303 = 514 K.

.576
M2 =
= 2.26. 1 = 20 o = 2 . 2 = 47 o .
o
o
sin( 35 20 )
M 2n = 2.26 sin 47 o = 1.65. M 3n =.654 = M 3 sin( 47 o 20 o ). M 3 = 1.44.
T3 = 1.423 514 = 731 K. V3 = M 3 kRT3 = 1.44 1.4 287 731 = 780 m /s.

9.63

M 1n = 3.5 sin 35 o = 2.01. M 2n =.576. T2 = 1.696 490 = 831o R.

.576
M2 =
= 2.26. 1 = 20 o = 2 . 2 = 47 o .
o
o
sin( 35 20 )
M 2n = 2.26 sin 47 o = 1.65. M 3n =.654 = M 3 sin( 47 o 20 o ). M 3 = 1. 44.
T3 = 1.423 831 = 1180 o R. V3 = M 3 kRT3 = 1.44 1.4 1716 1180 = 2420 fps .

9.64

M 1 = 3 , = 10 o . 1 = 28 o . M 1n = 3 sin 28 o = 1.41. M 2n =.736.

p 2 = 2.153 40 = 86.1 kPa.
.736
M2 =
= 2. 38. p 3 = 6.442 86.1 = 555 kPa .
sin( 28 o 10 o )
( p 3 ) normal = 10.33 40 = 413 kPa.

9.65

At M 1 = 3 , 1 = 49.8 o , 1 = 19.47 o . (See Fig. 9.18.)

1 + 2 = 49.8 + 25 = 74 .8 o . M 2 = 4.78.
p p
1
From isentropic flow table: p2 = p 1 0 2 = 20
.002452 = 1.80 kPa.
p1 p0
.02722
T T
1
T2 = T1 0 2 = 253
.1795 = 127K or 146o C. 2 = 12.08o.
T1 T0
.3571
V2 = 4 .78 1.4 287 127 = 1080 m / s. = 90 + 25 70.53 12.08 = 32.4 o .

9.66

1 = 26.4 o . For M = 4 , = 65.8 o . (See Fig. 9.18.)

= 65.8 26.4 = 39.4 o .
T T
1
T2 = T1 0 2 = 273
.2381 = 117 K. V2 = 4 1.4 287 117 = 867 m / s.
T1 T0
.5556
T2 = 156 o C.

216

9.67

= 26.4 o . For M = 4 , = 65.8 o . = 65.8 26.4 = 39.4 o .

T T
1
T2 = T1 0 2 = 490
.2381 = 210o R or 250o F.
T1 T0
.5556
V2 = 4 1.4 1716 210 = 2840 fps.

9.68

1
.04165
.0585
= 14.24 kPa.
o
= 2.5 sin 27 = 1.13. M 2n =.889.
p 2l = 1.32 20 = 26.4 kPa.

a) 1 = 39.1 o . 2 = 39.1 + 5 = 44.1 o . M u = 2.72. p 2 u = 20

For = 5 o and M = 2.5 , = 27 o . M 1n
Ml = M2 =

.889
= 2. 37.
sin( 27 o 5 o )

b) M = 2.72 , = 5 o . = 25 o . M 1n = 2.72 sin 25 o = 1.15 , M 2n =.875.

.875
M 2u =
= 2.56.
sin( 25 o 5 o )
For M = 2. 37 , = 36.0 o . For = 36 + 5 = 41 o , M 2 l = 2.58.
c) Force on plate = ( 26.4 14.24 ) 1000 A = F .
F cos 5 o
=
1
2
1V1 A
2
F sin 5 o
d) C D =
=
1
2
1V1 A
2
CL =

9.69

12.2.996 1000A

= 0.139.
1
2
1.4 2.5 20 000A
2
12.2 1000 A.0872
= 0.0122.
1
2
1.4 2.5 20 000A
2

F
Airfoil
surface
Drag

= 19 o . M 1n = 4 sin 19 o = 1.30. p 2 = 1.805 20 = 36.1 kPa. M 2n =.786.

.786
M2 =
= 3.25. 1 = 54.36. 2 = 59.36. M 3 = 3.55.
sin( 19 o 5 o )
shock
p p
1
p3 = p 2 0 3 = 36.1
.0122 = 23.4 kPa.
p3 M
p 2 M2
p2 p0
.0188
M
3
1

36.1 A 23.4 A sin 5 o

6.35.0872
2
2
CD =
=
= 0.0025.
1
1
2
2
V1 A
1.4 4 20
2
2

217

Lift

9.70

If = 5o with M 1 = 4, then Fig. 9.15 = 18o .

M1

M1n = 4sin18 = 1.24. M 2n = .818.

p2l = 1.627 20 = 32.5 kPa.
.818
M2 l =
= 3.64.
sin( 18 o 5 o )

shock

M2u
M2 l

p0 p2
.002177
= 20
p p0
.006586
= 6.61 kPa.
o
o
Lift
32.5 A cos5 20 A / 2 6.61 A / 2 cos10
CL =
=
= 0.0854.
1
1
2
2
V A
14
. 4 20 A
2 1
2
Drag
32.5 A sin 5 o 6.61 A / 2 sin 10 o
CD =
=
= 0.010.
1
1
2
2
V1 A
1.4 4 20 A
2
2

At M 1 = 4 , 1 = 65.8 o . At 75.8 o M 2u = 4.88. p 2 u = p 1

218

shock