Chng 4

o in dung, in cm v h cm
4.1.Dng vn k, ampe-k o in
dung, in cm v h cm.
4.2.Dng cu o o in dung v in
cm.
4.3.Cu o h cm.

4.1.Dng vn k, ampe-k o in
dung, in cm v h cm
Z cx V / I Rx2 (1 / C x ) 2

4.1.1o in dung: Khng k n thnh phn Rx ca t in,

ta c: Zcx = V/I = 1/Cx; suy ra: Cx=I/V.
Khi k n Rx, ta c: Rx= P/I2;
V in dung cn o:
2
I
C x 1 / Z cx2 Rx2
V 2I 2 P2

4.1.2.o in cm

V
Z Rx2 L2x 2
I
2

Tng tr in cm :
1
V in cm L x
Z 2 Rx

Rx c xc nh trc, trong trng hp Rx c xc

nh bi watt k, ta c:
1
2 2
2
Lx
V
I

P
I 2

4.1.3.o h s h cm

H.4.5 o M dng vn k,ampe-k H.4.6 o L 2 cun dy ni tip

1.Cch o 1 ln: Nh hnh 4.5. Ta c h cm M = V/I.
2.Cch o 2 ln: Ln u ta o in cm tng ng La ca 2 cun dy
mc ni tip nh hnh 4.6. Ta c:
La = L1+L2+2M. La c xc nh bi tng tr Za:
1
La
Z a2 ( R1 R2 ) 2

 Ln o th 2, ta o in
cm tng ng Lb
ca 2 cun dy mc
ngc chiu nh hnh
4.7.Ta c:
Lb = L1+L2 - 2M
Lb c xc nh bi Zb:
1
2
2
Lb
Z b ( R1 R2 )

T ta tnh h cm M:
M = (La-Lb)/4

h.4.7.o L tng ng 2 cun dy

mc ngc chiu

4.1.4 o in dung v in cm
trong my V.O.M

C mt s my V.O.M ngoi chc nng o in p, dng

in, in tr, cn o in dung, in cm vi tm o hn
ch (n v mH, F) da trn nguyn l o tng tr. Dng
in I (tr hiu dng) qua G ph thuc vo Cx hoc Lx v
c xc nh nh sau:

I = VsCx hoc I = Vs/Lx ; Vs: Tr hiu dng

4.2.Cu o in dung v in cm
4.2.1.Cu Wheatstone AC:
Khi cu cn bng, ta c:
Z1Z3 = Z2Z4
T phng trnh ny ta c:
Cn bng sut:

Z1 Z 3 Z 2 Z 4

Z1 Z 3 Z 2 Z 4
Cn bng pha:
.s.Z1+.s.Z3=.s.Z2+.s.Z4
Hoc trin khai cn bng
phn thc v o:
Re (Z1Z3) = Re(Z2Z4)
Im (Z1Z3) = Im (Z2Z4)

Hnh 4.9.Cu
Wheatstone AC

Thit b ch th s cn bng ca cu

Tai nghe: Gi thnh r, tng i nhy, c dng ph bin, tuy nhin

ph thuc vo thnh ca tng ngi.
Vn k in t hoc in k AC: in k DC kt hp b chnh lu
cho ta in k AC. Mun tng nhy ta thm mch khuch i cho
in k AC, thit b ny chnh xc v khch quan hn tai nghe.
Dao ng k: c s dng trong phng th nghim, cho ta kt qu
chnh xc hn vi mi tn hiu tn s bt k cung cp cho cu.

Cc phn t mu (R,C,L) ca cu

H.a) Mch tng ng ca in tr tn s cao.

H.b) Kiu qun s vng thun nghch k cn bng nhau.
H.c) Kiu qun Curtis v Grover.
in tr mu: in tr dng vi tn hiu AC c tr gi ln hn so vi
dng DC do hiu ng da, hiu ng ny ph thuc tn s tn hiu, thit
din v in tr sut dy dn. Khi dng vi tn hiu tn s cao, in
tr c mch tng ng nh hnh a. gim in cm k sinh ta
qun dy nh h.b. gim in dung k sinh, ta qun dy nh h.c
(kiu Curtis v Grover).

T in

H.a) Mch tng ng ca t khi ln.

H.b) Mch tng ng khi nh. H.c). Gin V-I.
Dng I qua t khng lch pha 900 so vi p ca t v c tn hao bn
trong t. Tn hao ny do in mi c in tr r. Mch tng ng
ca t c din t nh hnh trn, tn hao ca t c tnh :
P = VI cos = VIsin; =( /2) ; : Gc mt.
Cc t mu dng trong cu o c tn hao nh (t khng kh, mica)
gc mt c nh khng ph thuc tn s tn hiu.

Cun dy

H.a) Mch tng ng cun dy khi Q nh.

H.b) Mch tng ng tn s cao. H.c) Khi Q ln
Cun dy c in cm L, in tr R c mch tng ng tn s
cao nh hnh trn cn in dung k sinh gia cc vng dy khng
ng k khi tn s tn hiu m tn.
Cc in cm mu c ch to di dng ng dy c kch thc xc
nh chnh xc. in cm mu thay i c nh 2 ng dy ghp ni
tip v phn thay i c l li cun dy.

4.2.2.Cu n gin o in dung v in cm

H.Cu n gin o Cx
H. Cu n gin o Lx
Cu o in dung: Khi cu cn bng:
Z1Z4 = Z2Z3 ;R3/jCx = R4/jC1; Suy ra: Cx = R3C1/R4
Cu o in cm: Khi cu cn bng:
Z2R4 = Z1R3; jLxR4 = jLR3 ; Suy ra: Lx = (R3/R4)L

H s tn hao D ca t in

Thc t mch tng ng ca t in c 2 dng ty theo

s hao mt ca t in.Trng hp t c tn hao nh, h s
tn hao D nh (D<0,1), mch tng ng c dng ni tip
(Cx+Rx), h s D c xc nh: D = RxCx.Trng hp t
c tn hao ln (D>0,1), h s tn hao D ln, mch tng
ng c dng song song (Cx//Rx), h s D c xc nh:
D = 1/RxCx.

H s phm cht Q ca cun dy

Phm cht ca cun dy c in cm Lx c xc nh bng

h s Q . Nu cun dy c h s Q nh (Q<10) th c mch
tng ng dng ni tip (Lx +Rx), h s Q cun dy c
xc nh: Q = Lx/Rx.
Nu cun dy c h s Q ln (Q>10) th c mch tng
ng dng song song (Lx //Rx), h s Q cun dy c xc
nh: Q = Rx/Lx.

Quan h gia thnh phn ni tip v song

song ca t in
Trong mch tng ng dng ni tip (Rs+Cs):
Zs = Rs-j(1/Cs) = Rs-jXs.Trong mch tng ng dng
song song (Rp//Cp):
Tng dnYp=1/Zp=1/Rp + jCp = Gp+jBp. Hai tng tr ny
bng nhau: Zs = Zp=1/Yp, do :
Rs-jXs =1/(Gp+jBp) = (Gp-jBp)/(Gp2 +Bp2), hoc:
Gp+jBp = 1/(Rs-jXs)= (Rs+jXs)/(Rs2+Xs2), cn bng phn
thc: Gp=1/Rp=Rs/(Rs2+Xs2) nn:
Rp = (Rs2+1/Cs22)/Rs, cn bng phn o: Bp=Xs/(Rs2+Xs2)
nn: Cp = (1/Cs)/(Rs2+(1/Cs22)).
Suy ra: Cp = Cs/(1+Rs2Cs22)

Cng thc chuyn i t dng song

song sang ni tip
1/ R p

Rs 1
2 2

Cp
2

R
p

2
2 2

1/ R p C p
C s
2

Cp

Quan h gia thnh phn ni tip v

song song ca cun dy
Tng t, mch tng ng ca in cm (Rs+ Ls)
v (Rp// Lp) c din t nh sau:
Zs = Rs+jLs = Rs+jXs; 1/Zp = Yp=1/Rp+1/jLp
= Gp-jBp.
Hai tng tr ny tng ng vi nhau:
Yp= 1/Zs = Gp- jBp= 1/ (Rs+jXs). Suy ra:
Gp = Rs/(Rs2+Xs2); Bp = Xs/(Rs2+Xs2); Do :
Rp = (Rs2+Xs2)/Rs ; Lp = (Rs2+Xs2)/Xs
Rp = (Rs2+2Ls2)/Rs ; Lp = (Rs2+2Ls2)/2Ls

Cng thc chuyn i t dng song

song sang ni tip
1

Rs

1
1

Rp 2 2 2
R

p
p

1
L
s
1

1
2

Lp 2 2 2
R

p
p

Cu ph qut o in dung

Cu Sauty (o in dung ni tip): Khi cu cn bng:

(R1 j/C1)/R3 = (Rx j/Cx)/R4. Cn bng phn thc:
Rx = R1(R4/R3). Cn bng phn o:
1/CxR4 = 1/C1R3; suy ra: Cx = (R3/R4)C1; H s D:
D = CxRx = (R3/R4)C1( R4/R3)R1 = C1R1

Cu Nernst o in dung song song

Khi cu cn bng: Z1Z4 = Z2Z3 ; Z3(1/Z1) = Z4(1/Z2) ;

R3(1/R1+jC1) = R4(1/Rx+jCx); Cn bng phn thc:
R3/R1 = R4/Rx; Nn: Rx = R4R1/R3; Cn bng phn o:
R3C1 = R4Cx; Nn : Cx = R3C1/R4. H s D:
D = 1/(CxRx) = 1/(C1R1)

Cu ph qut o in cm

H.a) Cu Maxwell-Wien
H.b) Cu Hay
Cu Maxwell-Wien (o in cm ni tip):Khi cu cn
bng: (Rx+jLx)/R4 = R1(1/R3+jC3); Cn bng phn thc:
Rx/R4 = R1/ R3 ; Nn: Rx = R1R4/R3.Cn bng phn o:
Lx/R4 = C3R1; Nn: Lx = C3R1R4; H s Q:
Q = Lx/Rx = C3R1R4/(R1R4/R3) = C3R3

Cu Hay o in cm song song

H.a) Cu Maxwell-Wien.
H.b) Cu Hay
Khi cu cn bng : R1R4 = (R3-j/C3)/(1/Rx-j/Lx);
(1/Rx-j/Lx) R1R4 = R3-j/C3; Cn bng phn thc:
R1R4/Rx = R3; Nn: Rx = R1R4/R3 ; Cn bng phn o:
R1R4/Lx = 1/C3; Nn: Lx = C3R1R4; H s Q:
Q = Rx/Lx = (R1R4/R3)/ C3R1R4 = 1/C3R3

4.2.4.Cc cu o cun dy v t in

H.Cu Owen o cun dy. H. Cu Schering o t in

Cu Owen: Khi cu cn bng, ta c:
Rx = C1R2/C3 ; Lx = C1R2R3
Cu Schering: Khi cu cn bng, ta c:
Rx = R4C3/C1 ; Cx = C1R3/R4

Cu Grover

Hnh 4.21. Cu Grover o in dung.

Tng t nh cu Sauty, nhng dng cc cun dy mu
so snh t in cn o vi t in mu. Khi cu cn bng
, ta chng minh c rng:
Cx/C2 = R1/R3

Cu o h cm

Cu Maxwell: Khi cu cn bng, ta c:

jM1i1 = j(L1+l)i2 + R1i2; jMxi1 = jLxi2 + R2i2, nn:
M1/Mx = (j(L1+l) +R1)/(jLx + R2); Cn bng phn thc
v o: M1/Mx = R1/R2 = (l+L1)/Lx

Cu Heavyside

Khi cu cn bng: R2i1 = R4i3;

(R3 + jL3)i3 = (R1 + jL2)i1 jM(i1+i3); Rt gn v cn
bng phn thc v o: R1 = R2R3/R4;
M = (L2R4 R2L3)/(R2 + R4); iu kin:L2/L3>R2/R4

Cu Carey Foster ci tin

Khi cu cn bng, ta c:(R2+(1/jC2))i1 = R4i3;

jM(i1+i3) = (R1+jL1)i1; Nn: (R1+j(L1-M))i1 = jMi3
Suy ra: (R1+j(L1-M))/(R2+(1/jC2)) = jM/R4. Cn bng
phn thc v o: M = R1R4C2; L1= R1C2(R4+R2)