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Law of Polygon of Forces
Law of Polygon of Forces
THEORY:
Law of polygon of forces is used to determine the resultant of coplanar concurrent force
system consisting of more than two forces.
The law states When more than two coplanar forces acting at a point are represented in
magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in order, the closing side from
the first to the last point of the polygon represents the resultant of the force system in
magnitude and direction.
Graphical Method
Let forces P1, P2, P3 and P4 acting at O are represented in magnitude and direction by the
sides AB, BC, CD and DE respectively of a polygon ABCDE taken in order. We are to
prove that the resultant of these forces is represented in magnitude and direction by the
side AE. According to the triangle law of forces, AC is the resultant of AB and BC, AD
represents the resultant of AC and CD, and AE represents the resultant of AD and DE,
that is, AE represents the resultant of P1, P2, P3 and P4.
P2
P1
P1
B
C
O
P3
D
E
E
P1
P4
Space Diagram
Force Diagram
Scale: 1cm =_____ N
Where,
Fx = P1cos1 + P2cos2 + P3cos3 + P4cos4
= summation of all forces along positive X-axis
Fy = P1sin1 + P2sin2 + P3sin3 + P4sin4
=summation of all forces along positive Y-axis
If the forces are in equilibrium the value of resultant (R) is zero. This method of finding
the resultant is called Resolution of forces.
PROCEDURE:
First adjust five strings to the desired angle. Four of them represent four forces of
which the resultant is desired and the fifth one is the equilibrant force.
In the experimental set-up the angle between any two strings can be read directly
from the circular graduated disc. Now suspend any arbitrary masses on four
strings and then try to adjust the fifth mass such that the inner ring appears
concentric with the graduated disc. In this state five forces are in equilibrium.
Note down the masses suspended on each string along with one representing an
equilibrant force.
All we need is to see that all the forces including equilibrium force are proper and
well balanced such that the central ring remains exactly in centre.
3
Then mark the exact positions of the strings with the angle between them on a
plain paper and also note the masses suspended on them.
Further sketch the space and force diagrams and get the graphical solution. Do the
necessary calculations and get the analytical solution.
For getting variations, each time change the positions of the strings and the values
of the masses suspended on them. Repeat the procedure for getting 4 or 5
readings.
ASSUMPTIONS:
It is assumed that the pulleys are frictionless.
CALCULATIONS:
ANALYTICAL:
Fx =
Fy =
RA =
Experimental, RE =
Graphical, RG =
Graphical Error = (RG- RA)/ RA x100
Experimental Error = (RE- RA)/ RA x100
RESULT:
Resultant Force:
RE =
RA =
RG =
Percentage Error:
Graphical Error =
Experimental Error =
CONCLUSION:
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr.
Masses suspended
Force exerted
No
(kg)
(N)
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
P1
P2
P3
P4
Resultant force
P5
(N)
5
Exp.
Anal.
Grap.
RE
RA
RG
Percentage error
Experimental
Graphical
(RE-RA/RA)
(RG-RA/RA)
x100
x100