2011

ISBN: 978-960-337-101-4
Copyright 2011

, , ( 3 . 2121/1993).


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., / . ., . (1971-1972) .., / . .,
. (1972-1974) .., / . ., . (1974-1977)
.., / . ., . (1977) .., / . ., . (1977-1979) .., / . ., . (1979-1981) . .,
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. (1988-1989) .., / . ., . (1989)
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13
,
.., SOLAS.

1.3 .


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:
)
(Tally Clerk daily sheets)
) (Mates Receipt).
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) (cargo plan). .
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(Time Sheets). 99%
(Statement of FactsSoF). SoF , ,
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14

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(uncargoworthy),
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off hire)
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17
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18
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20
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dunnage, bottom dunnage.
)
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dunnage.
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interlayer dunnage, intertier dunnage,
)
top dunnage.

21

.

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(tanktop dunnage)
(soft boards), ..
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(hard wood .. , , ..),

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mm , 15 40 x 150 mm. ,
. ..
.
50 x 100 mm 25 x 105 mm.


.

. 76 x
225 mm 50 x 50 mm 76 x 76 mm.
76 x 76 mm
.
, 76 x
76 mm 3 m .
.

22
(newsprints
rolls) 50 x 50 mm,
60 100 cm .

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23
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Odorous cargoes.
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24
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Draught Survey
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25
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U.S.D.A. , Canada Department of Agriculture ..).

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[.. National Cargo Bureau NC-NCB (

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Port Warden (
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(Certificate of readiness to load).


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3.1  .


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precious cargoes),

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27
...
SOLAS 74 . VII

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IMSBC Code.
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(palm kernel expellers) IMO class 4.2.

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3.2 .


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(natural separation), / (
).
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28
(technical separation
separation),
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( cocoon)
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British Standards Institution ,

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2).

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29


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(condensation). ..
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31
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100 90 80 70 60
80

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10

90

100

110

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1

 (absolute humidity)

,
. g/m3.

32
(.
4.1).

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(free air) , .. ..,
.


80%.

4.2

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. 4.1.
.

. 4.1.
.

33
().
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Dew
point Temperature Table Table for finding the
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34
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35
.. (newsprint) , ,
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P&I club
.


:

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36
, .

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4.4 

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(cargo hold ventilators, air pipes) , (air trunks) .
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(inlet)

(outlet)

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760 mm,
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heads) (. 4.4).
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() (Spark arresting screens) ,
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.

37
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( IMSBC) , / PBE (Polymeric Beads,
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6 (SOLAS -2/19).


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fans blowers ( )
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38


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41
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DRI (. . 14).
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(Silicomanganese),
Ferrosilicon, Zinc ashes ..

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50%, , , ..
70%,
, , ,
..,
.

 5
, ,

5.1 
.
(, Displacement-Displ.)


(hydrostatic tables).
(Metric TonsMT m/t),
SI 1 (kg).
(Long TonsLT.
).
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(Lightweight)
(DeadweightDW).
:
= +



,
(. . 6, . 47).

.


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(1)
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(1)
(2)
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=
(3)

(3),

SI (Systme International d Units) 1960

(CGPM, Confrence Gnrale des Poids et Mesures) ()
(International System of Weights and Measures).

43
,
.
, (
).

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= x
( )

,
1,025 kg/l (1025
3
3
kg/m , 1,025 /m
1025),
,
. ,

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, .
,

.

(apparent density).

(apparent weight) .
,
(weight in air) .

5.2 .
(Lightweight,
Light ship)
, ,
(
, , , , ,
..),

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,
(..
).
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( ),

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,
, , ,
,
.

, .

:
) (Cargo):
, .
.
) (Constants):
, , (consumable stores, equipments
and spare parts),
(Stores and Provisions)
(non permanent stores)
.
,
(Crew and their effects)
() ... [ constants,
..
(unpumpable ballast),
]. , (liquid and solid wastes),
,

,
constants.

44
) (Total liquids):
, (bunkers, . fuel oil diesel
oil), (fresh water), (drinking
water), (feed water, engine
room water),
(), (lubricants) (D/G oil) (ballast water).


.
.


,
,
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5.3 .
(
DeadweightDW DWT ...)
,
.

:
=
:
)


)


,
.
/
Deadweight excl. Bunkers and Stores Deadweight All Told, ,

5.4 .
(net Deadweight, cargo
capacity),
.

.

,
.
,
,
.
. T

, ,
.

5.5 .

(Constants
Dead Cargo)
5.2, 43,


.
.
:
)
, (
), ...
) ,
, ,
, (Grain bulkheads)

.

45
) .
)
) (sewage tank, sludge tank) .. (
),



.



(Loading Manual)
,
(typical loading conditions)
.

. :
0,2% ,
.

5.6
OX (Gross
TonnageGT) KX
(Net TonnageNT)


1969 (International
Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships
1969), TONNAGE,
18/07/1982.
.

, 69,
-

.

.
.
3
(et Panama Canal on) 100 ft ,
, Panama Canal Universal Measurement
System (PC/UMS) 69.
register ton ton ( ),
3
3
100 ft 2,8317 m .
register ton measurement ton,
measurement
3
ton 40 ft (. 1.5, . 298).
69 (International Tonnage Certificate),
, , .. Suez Canal Special Tonnage
Certificate.
OX KX
...
(tons gross tonnage gross register tonnage grt)
... (tons net
tonnage net register tonnage nrt).
,

(..
24 m, ..).
...

,
. ...

, (.. , , , ,
, ..).

6.1 

.
:


, 1.
,
,


, , , .
, ,


(angle of deck edge immersion).
A


1

,
, ,

.

.

.


, , ,
.
:
,
,
.

.

, ,
( )

(reserve buoyancy) =
.

. , ( <buoyancy) (positive buoyancy).
, , ( ).
, .
.
, ,
.
. .
,
. , .
(compartmentalization). ,
, ( ), , .

47

.

,
(Deck height) :
) ( )
(Summer Draught). , ,
() ,
,

.
)
(Summer Freeboard),
.
,
.
( ) , ,
.


.

(load draft) (maximum
draft).
, ,
:
) (Weathertight) .
) (Watertight)
, ,
,
.

,
,

.

(Safety Disc).


Plimsoll Mark.
(Load Line LL) (amidships, mid-length,
LBP/2) .

300 mm 25 mm,

LL, 450 mm 25 mm (
),
.



(. 6.1 6.1).


75 mm 80 mm
(Assigning
Authority) (Identify
Authoritys name), .. LR (Lloyds Register),
(American Bureau),
().
,
, .
, ,
. 115 mm 75 mm
4.
, Load Line,
, , ..

,
.
(Deck Line).
, 300 mm

48

1/48 S.

F.W.A.

1/48 S.

1/48 S.

300 mm
450 mm

230 mm

230 mm

540 mm
forward
230 mm
25 mm
TF
25 mm
230 mm
F
T
25 mm
S

25 mm

W
WNA

300 mm
450 mm

540 mm
() ()

()

()

540 mm

230 mm

25 mm

25 mm

300 mm

25

. 6.1.
() 100 m, () 100 m .

25 mm

300 mm

460 mm

. 6.1.

460 mm,
( ).

. 6.1.
.

25 mm,
(LBP/2)

.
(. 6.1)

.
, .

, ( ) .


. -

(
) (rounded gunwale)

,


(Depth
moulded-D). ,

.

6.2 .
(International
Convention on Load Lines)

-

49
. (Load Line Zones) ,

.
(freeboard) ,

, (
).
(. 6.1 6.1)

. 230 mm 25 mm
, 25 mm
. ,
, 540
mm .
,
,
:
) (Summer
Load Line): T

.
,

.
S (Summer)
1
1,025
.
) (Winter
Load Line):
,
W (Winter) 1/48 ,

.
1

)
(Winter North Atlantic Load Line):
WNA (Winter North
Atlantic)
50 mm,
100
m,
. ,

.
) (Tropical
Load Line): T (Tropical), 1/48

S, W WNA ( ).
)
(Fresh water Load Line): (1,000), .



.
F (Fresh Water Allowance)2,
in MT
.
mm : FWA= Displacement
4 x TPC
TPC (. . 1.3, .
296) .

,
1/48
( ) .
) (Tropical Fresh water Load Line):
TF (Tropical Fresh

1,025 kg/l 1,025 MT/m3 ,

.
2
(Fresh Water Allowance) (mm)
( ), .

50
WaterTFW),
F .

1/48
.

TFW, ,
,
FWA. FWA , TFW, (fresher
than fresh), 0,995 kg/l
1,000 kg/l. ..
TFW 0,9950,996 kg/l.

. (statutory certificates), 5

.
.



.
:
) ( ) 100 m.
) ( ).
) ()
) .
1

,

1780 kg/m3, SOLAS
Reg. XII/8.3

500 mm, 300 mm
,
.

(/)

.
/
,
(
)
/ . /

.
/
:
) ,
.
/
.
) 1 () , ,
, .
(MSC.62(67), SOLAS 74 Reg II-1).
/
(deadrise). 100-200 mm.
(flare),
(tumbling-home tumble-home tumbling-in)

. T
full,
, /
, .

.
fullness .

(walkway), , (
/) . .

51
.

.

,

1/36
.
WNA

W.

,

WNA .
:
)


.

, ,
[(

Resolution A.715(17)] ,
1966 ,

(Timber
Lumber Load Lines) .
(. 6.2)
.

1/48 th of LS.
TF
LF
LTF

LT

F.W.A.(L)

LS

T
S

1/36 th of LS.

LW

LWNA

( )
230 mm

230 mm
540 mm

()

LTF
LT

TF

LF

LS

T
S

LW

W
WNA

LWNA
()

. 6.2.
() 100 m, () 100 m .

52
) L .. LWNA,
LW, LS, LT, LF LTF.
) 25 mm
540 mm


.
)
,
,
,
.

,
,

, .
(Bulk wood chip carriers)
...
(, )
.

.

6.3 

.

,
.
, .
() :
) (Summer Zones)
8 bf (34
) 10%
,
) (Tropical Zones)
8 bf 1% ,
10

() 5 .
D.6083 Load

Line Rules Zones, Areas and Seasonal Periods

,
.
, :
(Permanent Zones),
(Seasonal Zones), (Seasonal Areas)
(Seasonal Periods) (. 6.3).
) :
.


.
, ,
(tropic
of cancer) 23,5
(tropic of capricorn) 23,5
. ,

.

. (. 6.3),
. .



,
.



( ),
,


(Force Majeure).
) . ,
(Winter Seasonal Zones), o

(Winter Zones),

53

.
.

Torinana
(. 6.3).

,
15 W 50 W

Skaw Skagerrak. , .


.
, ,
,

.
100 m,


,

.
H WNA
,
,


,

.

) .
(Seasonal Tropical Areas)
. ,

,
.

,

,
100 m.
(. 6.3)
: , , ,
,
.
) .
( )
.

.
(Gulf of St.
Lawrence, Golfe du Saint-Laurent)
Newfoundland,


1 31 .
(inland waters)
: St. Lawrence
.
St. Lawrence river
seasonal area,
Cap des Rosiers West Point
Anticosti, Anticosti, 63W, Victoria
Bridge Montreal North America Great Lakes zone,
Victoria Bridge
St. Lawrence Montreal St.
Lawrence seaway, :
Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan Superior.

: .

,

54

. 6.3.
, .

55

56
1,025 ( DWA), .

.
,
,
.
Draught Survey
,

.
( )

(
)
( ).
Valparaiso Santos
.
Santos Abidjan
(. ) , Cape Town
, Cape
Town Santos
Santos
.

6.4 .
(Draught Draft).

,

, . ,
( ),
,

(, ,
), , .
(draught marks draft
marks) :
) ( )

( , fore perpendicularF.P., fwd terminal) (forward draft scales) .
)
(
, aft perpendicularA.P.) (aft draft scales)
,
)
(mid of LBP, ,
midship perpendicular Midships
PositionM.P.)
(draft midships scales) .
,
, . T ,
, ,
, .

,
.


,
,
.

.
, , . ,

,

, .

.

57

.


(Metres).
20 cm
10 cm, 10 cm ..
12 12 m 00 cm,
20 .2, 40 .4, 60 .6,
80 .8 80
.. 13 ,
20, 40, 60, 80
.

, -

,
10 cm 8 cm ,

10 cm.
2 cm. ,
5 , 2 cm
,
.

, 6
. 3 . , .. 42
( 12,8016 m),
, 43 (
13,1064 m), 12 ,
.

 7


1
(HAZMAT )

7.1 X .
(Hazardous and Harmful substances) (. . 19)
.

( ) ( ),
(Marine Pollutants).
:
) , MARPOL 73/78, .
) , GC Code
IGC Code,
,
) /, ,
BCH Code, IBC Code (. . 26)
MARPOL 73/78, ,
) BC Code (
MSBC),
) MARPOL 73/78, ,
) (, ),
IMDG Code,
) , INF Code.

1

, :
) (),
( .. ), (

), (


).
) .
) .
) , ...
, (.. ), (.. , ), (..
),
:
) .
) .
) ,
) ...


.

, 2

HAZMATS (Dangerous Goods). H Hazardous

Dangerous , . Hazardous Materials Dangerous Goods .
2
: .

59

.
, , ..,
(, , , ..).

.

, .

(.. )
,
. ,
, , .

, STCW 1978, .

7.2  .
( )
, :
) ,
) .


, , .
STCW 1978,
, 1

()
.
Section 9 IMSBC Code ()
. IMDG Code
,
:
4.1: (Flammable
solids).
,


.
4.2:
/ (Substances liable
to spontaneous combustion).
1

( ).
4.3:
(Substances which, in
contact with water, emit flammable gases).

() .
.
5.1: (Oxidizing
substances, agents).
,

.
6.1: (Toxic substances).


, .
7: (Radioactive materials).

2.7.7.2.1 IMDGC.

,
.

60
8: (Corrosives).
,

.
9:
(Miscellaneous dangerous substances
and articles).


.
MHB: (Materials Hazardous only in
Bulk).
,
IMDGC.

:
)

) .

 19

.

( ) ()

UN
, ,
.


9 ,
(CLASSES)
(Divisions)
( ) .
.

,
.

1 :  ( ) (Class 1: explosive substances or articles). (

.. Diethyleneglycol dinitrate.
.. , , ,
).
Division 1.1: 
(.. ). (

).
Division 1.2:  / ( ) .

,

( ).
Division 1.3: 



.
Division 1.4: 
.

,
.



.

.
Division 1.5: 
,
-

61
.


.
Division 1.6:

( ).
2:
 (.. , , ,
..), ,
, , (Class
2. Gases).
Class 2.1: .
Class 2.2: -, - .
Class 2.3: ( ).
3:
 (Class 3. Flammable liquids). 3 :
(1) 
(.. , ,
, , ..),
60C ( 65,6C
),
(flashpoint).


,


.
(2)  ,

.
4:
 ,

. (Class 4.

Flammable solids, substances liable to

spontaneous combustion, substances
which, in contact with water emit flammable gasses).
Class 4.1:  , (..
, , )

,

, .. ,
.
Class 4.2: 
/ .




, , (.. ,
, ..).
Class 4.3 :  ().

(.. , , ..).
5:
 (Class 5. Oxidizing substances
and organic peroxides)
Class 5.1: 
(..
).
Class 5.2:  .

,

.

(.. ).
6: 

62

,

(Class 6. Toxic and infectious
substances).
Class 6.1:
 (..
, ,
..).
Class 6.2:
 .
(),

(.. , ,
..).
7:
 , ( ),

(Class 7. Radioactive material).
8:
 (Class 8. Corrosive substances).
.


.
(.. , , )

.
9:
 ,


(Class 9. Miscellaneous
dangerous substances and articles),


,
[(.. , PCBs (),
, ..)]. (
. 3 .. 405/1996 ()

-

, () 100 C ,
()
240 C () VII/A
SOLAS 74
MARPOL 73/78.

7.3 .

, ,
( , , ), (
, )
.

: , , , , , , ,
, ,
,
: ,
, , , .

STCW 1978, , ,
.
) .

.
.
) . , ( ,
, ),
(
) .
) .
,
.
(-

63
, ..).

.
) .


.

, , .


.

,
..,
.

:


.

7.4 , .
STCW 1978, ,


II-2 VII SOLAS 74 MARPOL.
1) II-2 SOLAS 74 - ,
, .
II-2
01/07/2002
01/07/2008.
-2 SOLAS 74 :
) ,
. ,
,
.
)

,

.
)
.
) .
)
...
) , ( Ro-Ro).
2) VII SOLAS 74
. :
A: A-1:
.
VII, , /,
.
o VII ,
IMDGC ( ) (United Nations number
U.N.) .
,
-

VII 2002 IMDGC
1 2004.
3) MARPOL 73/78
.

, ,
.
( ), .
,
, .

64
,

. ,
MARPOL,

.
( )
01/01/2010
, , Marine Pollutants
(. 2).
1 pplication 4 Documentation
( appendix)

.
,

.
,
.

(IMSBC Code).

(International Maritime Solid Bulk
Cargo Code IMSBC) ,
.
, ,
(TML).
, ,
.
()

IMDG Code (. 7.2).

C, ,
( ), ( ).
STCW 1978, ,

IMSBC Code, (Sections) (Appendixes)
,

:
) 3 4 5, 6 7
Safety of personnel-Safety precautions
(..
fixed gas fire-extinguishing system),
(.. Sampling points for coal cargoes,
Flammable gas detector),
. (

.
. . 24).
) 5
, 6
7 8

.
) 9
.

7.5

(IMDG).
IMDG 1965


. 2008
34-08 01/01/2010.
2 . ,
.
(Volume 1) (Parts)

65
1, 2 4 7 :
) , ,
(general provisions, definitions, training).
) (classification).
) (packing and tank provisions).
) (consignment
procedures).
) , IBCs, , (construction and testing of packagings, IBCs,
large packagings, portable tanks, multiple-element
gas containers (MEGCs) and road tank vehicles).
) (transport operations).
1.3 ,
,

, .
(Volume 2)
3,
:
) (Dangerous Goods List) ,
) .
(The Supplement)
:
)
(EMS Guide).
)
(Medical First Aid
Guide).
) (Reporting).
)
(Packing of Cargo Transport
Units).
)
(Recommendations on
the safe use of pesticides in ships applicable to the
fumigation of cargo transport units).
) ,

(INF CODE).
)
IMDG (Appendix).

IMDG.

.. :
) (certificate of declaration):
(-)

, ()
.
, ,
, , .. (U.N.),
...
SOLAS 74 Reg. VII/6(1).
) (documentation):


(cargo plan),
..
IMDGC, UN, .
/ ..
, .
) (packing):

,
. ,


, ,
, .
-

66
. ,

.
, 6, ..

:
 ,
6.2 (
).

()
.
 6.2.
 7 (
).
 IBC
(Intermediate Bulk Containers).

.

MEGC (Multiple-Element Gas Containers).

,
 , ,
.
) , , (Marking and labeling):

. 45

(. 2).
,
. ,
, ,
.

,
, ( ) ,

(
).
.

2 IMDGC .
,

.

.

.
..

.
IMDGC 12 ..
3481, 0508.
5 .. ,
34-08
,
, .

.
) (Stowage):
,

, , ()

.
A, B, C, D, E,

-

67
.. .
7 7.1
.
4
, .
) - (Segregation)

:
7 7.2 (Volume I)

-
,
, .. , / (. . 20.9), (. . 19.12), ,

.



16 (Dangerous Goods List) , .. FURFURYL ALCOHOL UN No. 2874:
Separated from ...acids and class 5.1.
(.. : ,
, .., . IMDGC 7.2.
7.2.1.7.2).
(. 7.5) ,

.
.
) :
(.. ),

(.. Ro-Ro, , ).
) : IMDGC EmS (Emergency

Schedule) (. . 7.7),
.
, ..
,
(. . 7.7).
(MFAG)
(. . 7.8).
. / ,
(. . 7.6)
,
, ,
, ,
,
.
) : (. . 24.7) ,
, , (..
, ..) walkie-talkies.
) ,
: SOLAS VI
Carriage of Cargoes, Regulation 3

. IMSBC
() (. . 24.3.1, 24.4 24.5).

7.6

.
STCW 1978



-

68
7.5
:

.
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 7 8 9
1.6
1.5

1.1,
1.2, 1.5
1.3,
1.6

1.4

2.1

2.2

2.3

. (
.
.)

4.1

4.2

4.3

5.1

5.2

6.1

6.2

(Numbers and symbols relate to the following terms as defined in this chapter):
1 (Away from. .. Dangerous Goods List).
2 (Separated from .. Dangerous Goods List).
3 (Separated by a complete compartment or hold from)
.., . .
].
4 (Separated longitudinally by an intervening
complete compartment or hold from) ... . .
.
X A -, Dangerous Goods List (he segregation, if any, is
shown in the Dangerous Goods List. ).
* See 7.2.7.2 of chapter 7.2 IMDGC Volume 1. (. 7.2.7.2. 7.2 IMDGC, 1
1).

.


,
.

,
..:

69
1) ( ).
4.1: .
4.2: , 4.3:
.
7. , ,
,
, ,
.
5.1: .
8. ,
, ,

,
,
.
6.1:
6.2: .
9. , .
7: .
10. ,
, ,
, ,
, , , .
8: .
11. .
9:
.
12. , ,
.
(MHB), , ,
.
2) . (
):
1: .

9. 6 13
,
(magazines)
, , ,
,

1 ,
,
, ,
.
2: ( , , ,
) , , -
.
10.

, ,

.
3: .
11. , /,
,
,
,
-,
.
4.1:
4.2: 4.3:
.
12. ,
, ,

,
,

70
-
,

.
5.1:
5.2: .
13. ,

, ,
,
- ,
, ,
.
6.1:
6.2: .
14. , ,
, ,
-,
,
.
7: .
15. ,
,
, ,
,
, , , , -
-
.
8: .
16. , ,
,
,
-
.

9:
.
17.
.

7.7
 .
, .
:
) :
. ,
.


.

,



() ,
, .
)

,
:
,
. , ,
, ,
, ...


, .

,
:


71

.
 ,
. ,

.


.

.

.



.


.
,
,
.


,
.
 .





.
)
-

,
: 9 .
(..
) ,

.., ,
...

(EmS).
IMDGC
,
EmS Guide (Emergency Response
Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods).
EmS Guide

.
EmS Guide
. :
)
.. ,
) ..
.

,
:


,
( ).
1) EmS Guide

F (FIRE) :
F-A .
F-B
.
F-C
- .

72
F-D .
F-E
- .
F-F ,
.
F-G 
.
F-H 
.
F-I
.
F-J ,
.

,
.

EmS Guide
.

(Safety Management SystemSMS) .
SMS
.
7.7.1 .
EmS Guide :
) !
) .
) , ,
.
) .
) , ,

.
)
.
) .
) UN Numbers EmS Guide
.

) EmS Guide

.
)
EmS Guide.
) .
) , MFAG
(. . 7.8).
) DPA ,
RCC

, .
2) EmS Guide 26
S (SPILLAGE) :
S-A .
S-B
.
S-C
, .
S-D .
S-E
, .
S-F  .
S-G 
.
S-H  (Molten Material = , , , ..).
S-I  ( ).
S-J  .
S-K ,
()
.
S-L 

.
S-M .

73
7.7.1
F-C - *.

.
Boiling Liquid-Expending Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) (
). .
-. , , .
.

. . .

.

>
>

.
.

, . ,
.
( ) .

UN 1003, UN 1070, UN 1072
UN 1073, UN 2201, UN 3156
UN 3157

-,
.

* , ,
F-F.

S-N  .
S-O  (
).
S-P  (
).
S-Q .
S-R
.
S-S
.
S-T  .

S-U (, ).
S-V (-, - ).
S-W .
S-X .
S-Y
.
S-Z
.


,
.
7.7.2 .

74
7.7.2
S-J *.

( )



( )

( )



( )

.
(.. , , , ).

.
.
, ,
.
.
,
, .
, .
.
.
.
.

:
* , ,
S-S.

, ..

,

..
) !
) .
( ).
)
.
) .
) , .
)

.
)
.
) .
) UN Numbers EmS Guide
.
) EmS Guide

.
) , MFAG.
) DPA ,
RCC

, .

75
:

.

7.8 .
To IMDGC
, MFAG
(Medical First Aid Guide)
..

,



.
MFAG

() (World Health OrganizationWHO)
(International Labour OrganizationILO),
/.
(IMGS, International Medical Guide
for Ships),
.


. ,
MFAG,
, .
(, Tables)
20:
1
(Rescue).
2 , (CRP, Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation).
3  (Oxygen Administration & Controlled Ventilation).
4  (Chemical-Induced Disturbances Of Consciousness).

5 
(, ) [Chemical-Induced
Convulsions (Seizures, Fits)].
6  (Toxic
Mental Confusion).
7 
(ye Exposure To Chemicals).
8 
(Skin Exposure To Chemicals).
9  (Inhalation Of
Chemicals).
10  (Ingestion Of
Chemicals).
11
(Shock).
12  (Acute
Kidney Failure).
13
(Pain Relief).
14  (Chemical-Induced Bleeding).
15 
(Chemical-Induced Jaundice).
16 
(Hydrofluoric Acid And Hydrogen
Fluoride).
17  (Organophosphate
And Carbamate Insecticides).
18
(Cyanides).
19  ( )
[Methanol
(Methyl Alcohol) and Ethylene
Glycol].
20  (Radioactive Material).


,

. MFAG

.
7.8 .

76
7.8
*.
. ,
24 7 14
.
.
.
. 12 ( MFAG).
- MFAG.

. :

12 (
)
.
 , ,

.
 125
ml, .
, .

.
:
 .
 , . IMGS
, .
 (,
),
.
 125 ml ,
.

* MFAG ,
...

8.1 
(BC Code) .
, , , , , , ...


,
.
,
, .
() 1960

-,
SOLAS 74.
,

, ,
, . 1965
(Code of Safe Practice of
Solid Bulk CargoesBC Code)
. BC Code,
,
. 2008
, 1/1/2011 .
International Maritime
Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code -

2009
(Supplement).
,

.
,


.
SOLAS 74, Chapter XII/
Regulation 1, IMSBC Code (Section 1, Definitions), ,
(solid bulk cargo) :
, , ,
,
,
,
.

(Cape Size Bulk
CarriersCapers). 98%
.
(. . 11), (Seed cakes)
(soybeans, sunflower seeds, ..) 10%, BC
Code 4.2 .

8.2 .

:
) (Angle of Repose): MSBC Code
- (non-

78
cohesive),
(free flowing) ().


.
) : ()
.
,
. (beneficiated)
, , , .

,
. (concentrate).
O IMSBC Code Concentrates

(enriched)
(beneficiated)

Mineral Concentrates
Mineral Sulphide Concentrates ,
(enriched)
.
(Lumps, Gross rocks) (),

concentrates .
(lead concentrate), (Zinc concentrate), (copper concentrates)
.
) (Flow moisture
point): ,
(moisture content)
(flow state)
(.

1 2 IMSBC Code).

.
,
,
.
. T
,
. ,

.
,
, Flow Moisture point.
) (Moisture Migration):

() (main engines vibrations). ,

.
) (Flow State):
,
, , ,
,
.
)
(Transportable Moisture LimitL):
L ,
,


, 7 . 7.3.2 7.3.3.
(
, 1 . 2 )
.
) (Slurry) (, ):
BC Code,
-

79
(slushy)
.
,
... , .

8.3 
.

, .
, ,
. (
11.3 , '

).

8.4  ,
.
IMSBC Code 2
,



(Bulk Loading
Unloading Code BLU Code Code of practice
for the safe Loading of Bulk carriers).
,
,



. .
(high-density
cargo), 0,56 m3/t ,

.

,
, .., . ,

.
(stability
information booklet) / , .

,
( ),

. ,
.
1,39 1,67
3
m / (50-60 Cu.ft./LT)
DW
. , ,



.


,

. (excessive stiff ship)

, (GM)
, ,
,
. ,

.

, :

80
)
.
, resolution
A.866(20) (. . 9.7)
, () (iron ore fines), .
) ,
,

(Moisture ContentMC) TML
, .
, ,

P&I club,
.
)

,
.
.
) ()
,
,
. , , , .
)
,
( ).
) , ,
,
,

.

,

.
)
, .
)

.
)

,

.
) ,
, ,
, ..
, ,

...

8.5


.
(Group B),
.

(. . 7.2). -

IMSBC Code Section 9 9.3.4.,
:
2 
4.2 4.1
3 
4.3 4.1
4.2
3 
5.1 4.1
4.2 4.3
2 
6.1 5.1
2 
7 4.1
4.2 4.3 5.1 6.1

81
2 
8 4 .1
4.2 4.3 5.1 7
2 
9 7
2  7
().
2 : Separated from ( ), .

,
,

-.
3 : Separated by a complete compartment or hold from (
),

, .
,

.
:
:

.

(.. ,
..) . , .

8.6 

.

, ,

.
,
, .
,
,

.


,
, ,
.


.
, , ,
, ,
...

,

,
.
H Resolution A.864(20)
, (. . 7.7).

8.7
 (concentrates) .

, (Dry)
(Wet):
) .

.
(crushing) , . (),

(sulphides-S2-).
. ,
,

82

(sulphate-SO4).
.
,
,

( ).
().


CO2. , , ,
.
. , ,
,

.

, ,

,
.
) .


(water flotation process).
,
.

,

. , , , , ()
,
-

.
, ()

.
, ,
. A
,
( )

.
,
.
(
),
,
.

, ,
.
,
.

, ,
,

.
, .
,


. ,
,
. ,
.

83
. ,


.

.

8.8 
IMSBC Code.
T -.

.
6
IMSBC
.
- (noncohesive solid bulk cargoes) (),
1
IMSBC ,
,
. ,

.
(cohesive
solid bulk cargoes):

.
,
, ,
,
.

, .

,

.

,

, ..
, ,
.
-


- .
,
IMSBC Code.
IMSBC Code (section 5)
,


.

8.9

30o, 30o 35o
> 35o.

30


. ,


:
)
(scantlings)
-

1
mmonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate based fertilizers (type a, type b and non-hazardous), ammonium sulphate, borax anhydrous,
calcium nitrate fertilizer, castor beans, diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, potasium chloride, potash, potassium
nitrate, potassium sulphate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate mixture, superphosphate urea.

84
(bins)
,
)
.

30 35
:
) (h)

/10, (beam)
, h = 1,5 m
)

.
-

35 :
) (h)

/10, , h = 2 m,
)
.

 9


(DRY BULK CARRIERS)

9.1 
.
9.1.1 .
,

,
:
) - (Still Water Shear ForcesSWSF)
(Still Water Bending Moment
SWBM) .
) .
(Double Bottom anksDBTs) (Top Side anksTSTs) .
) , ,
, ,

.
)
.

, .
:
)

,
,
-

(Volumetric Heeling Moments)

(Grain Heeling Moments).


,
.
) ,
.

.

.
)
,
, 2
, .
/ (Interantional Association of Classification
Sociations Ltd IACS)

. :
) 150 m 01/07/98

1 , 3
1780 kg/m 1. ,
01/07/98, ,

86
1000 kg/m3 .
)
01/07/04 (Water Ingress Detectors
WIDs) , .
) (Double Side
SkinDSS) 150 m 01/01/09, o
.
9.1.2 .
,
, ,
,
.., , ACS,

. :
1) . , The vessel to be
employed in lawful trades for the carriage of lawful merchandise only between good and safe ports
or places...
.





.

2) ACS. ,

.
-,

,
,

...

(Single Side Skin construction)
150 m 10 ,
,
1780 kg/m3
.
3)
. .
) bulk carriers

, Cape Horn,
,
.
)
.
, . ,
, ,

1780 kg/m3

: 90%
, 10%
.

: 90%
.

: 90%
10%
.
Loading Manual Stability Information booklet
.

87
,
/ (underkeel
clearanceUKC).
, ..
,
,

(over-stressing). ,

, ,
Draught Survey.

, ( ,
).
:
Dunkirkmax: 175.000 DW,
(LOA) 289 m
(B) 45 m.
Newcastlemax: 185.000 DW, 47
m.
Setouchmax: 205.000 DW
16.10 m 299,9 m.
Kamsarmax: 82.000 DW 229 m.
)
1
2
capers panamaxes ,
,

.
:
 ,

.
 .

1
2

...
)
panamaxes ,
,
.
) . ,

.

(

) ,

.
) ,

, ,
Capers. Capers 15
.
, .
)


,
().
) ,

.
) , . ,

, ,
() , ()

Capers Capesize 80.000 DW .

Panamaxes. .

88
.
)

, ,
...

,

.
,

.

9.2 
.



.

. Bulk Carrier Booklet
. Loading Manual
, Loading and Unloading Sequences
Manual . Stability
Booklet
.
Loading Instrument
, ...
.
.

(..
, , , ..).
, .
:
) .
) .

) .
) .
) , , .
) ,
, ,
, ...
) ,
.
)
, , ,
.
) ,
.
) (Draft restriction,
Draft limitation) ,

.
)
(Dock Water Density).
)


,
(Air
Draft),
( ) (Air Draft).
) (Maximum arrival draft) /
(Under Keel Clearance UKC), .
)


.
)
.
)
, , .
)
.

89

9.3  , .

,

VI/2.2
SOLAS 74 IMSBC.
, ,
BLU.
SOLAS
74

.

BLU,
bulk carrier ,
, .
BLU
, .


SOLAS 74.

BLU.


. ,

, ,
.


, . ,

.
, .
,
/

,
BLU.

SOLAS 74,

, , .


.
,
,
,
. ,


,

.

9.4
 /


.
STCW 1978
,



.

90

(Estimated Time of ArrivalETA)

.


,

:
) , ,
,
...
) , , ,

(shift).
) .
) .
) ,

,
.
)


()
.
) ( ).
) .
) , .
)
, .
)
,
.
)

.


.

.

.
,
,

. VHF/
UHF
.
/

.


.

.

9.5


bulk carrier
.
(. 9.5).

(Bulk Carrier) ,
, ,

91

. 9.5.
.

,
, ...
,
, .

,

.

.
/ , ,
.

.
bulk carrier ,
1

.

, ,
,
1
.

, ...

.

().


.
- () SWBM
SWSF, Loading Manual
loading instrument
.

SWBM SWSF,

92
,
.

(flat keel). ,

.


, .


,

.

,
. ,

bulk carrier,
SWBM SWSF.

(loading Manual)
,
.
(. 9.5) /


- (Maximum SWSF Maximum SWBM),
.

(Homogeneous hold loading condition). .

(Alternate hold loading condition): , , .

,
(Block hold loading condition Part hold loading condition).
.

. 9.5.
.

93
bulk carriers , ,
,
,
, .

,

. ,
, . ,
.
,
.


.

9.6  , , .
.
(,
, ), TSTs
DBTs ,

,
,
, , ,
, ...
, . ,
.

,

,

,

(.. ) ,
.
,
/
:

) (fractures)
.
) (buckling) ,


.
) /,
,

.
,
.
,
,
.


,
1,
:
)
.
) TSTs hopper tanks.
)
(stools).
)
,
.
) TSTs
hopper tanks.
)
.

.

.

94
, ,

. ,
,
.
, ,
. ,

.

,
(wave bending).
,
,
.


. :
) ,
.
) .
)
,
)
.

( , ,
capers
) ,

.
, ,
.
(

HTS
,
), .

, ,
,
,
.

.


,

, , ,
...
,
.
,
, . ,
.


:
) H

.
) H
,
.
) T
.
, .
) O ,
BLU.
) O -

95
,
.
.
, .
) T
,


Draught Survey .
) O
,
.
) O
,
.
) H
,
.

.
, ,
(. 4
3, . 2).
,

(routeing charts, pilot charts,
sailing directions, ocean passages of the world)

,

,
,
,
.

,
.
.

(
),

.


.

9.7

, , .

, ,
,
STCW 1978, .
9.7
, ...
9.7, 9.7
MCA MGN 107 ( )
Resolution 866(20) 1,
.

,
9.6. .
,

( ).
-

96

.

.

. 9.7.
.

97

. 9.7.
.

1
2
3
4
10

. 9.7.
.
.
1), 2) , 3) , 4) hopper, 5) hopper, 6) Hopper, 7) K , 8) , 9)
, 10) .

, .
,

.


.

 10

10.1 .

, .. ,
..
(coal emitting methane)
(self-heating coal).
: Peat, Lignite,
Subbituminous, Bituminous (Volatile and Anthracite).
:
) : (/Peat)
.
) : (Lignite B ,
/Soft Brown coal Hard
Brown Coal). .
.
) :
, ,
. Bituminous (),
.
) : (Anthracite). , ,
Stone
coal .
, ()
IMSBC
Code:
) Coal (Group B MHB Group
A).

,
(carbon) 85% 95%. ,
.
) Coal Slurry (Group A). , .
) Brown Coal Briquettes (Group B MHB). ,

50 mm. (
).
) Coke (Group C). .
) Coke Breeze (Group ).
.
) Petroleum Coke Pet Coke (Group
). ,
.
) Charcoal (Group B). .

10.2

.

() :
)
,
(.. )
.
) ( )
(..
).
)

99
,
( ) (
) .
,

.
) .
,

, (.. )

.
) , .
,
, o (pH)1
, .


.

.. (Barbeque).

(Charcoal).
IMDGC DSC/Circ. 4 Annex 4
Fire in Charcoal non activated.

10.3 .
(spontaneous ignition)

.

(..

)
,
(self-heating), ().

55 C (131F), .

76,7 C (170 F)

82,2 C (180 F),

. 82,2 C

(180 F)
.

148,9 C (300 F)
, ,

, 232,2 C

(450 F), .



.


.
,
8%.

pH (+).
, .
.
H p 0 14. ,
. 0-14 .
p=7, , p>7 p<7 .
0, . pH
, pH 10 .
pH ( ) pH-.

pH.

100
, ,
.
, ,
.

,
,
(CO) /
(CO2). -
CO2 ,

. , CO2
,
.

. H 50
ppm CO
3
. ,

82,2 C (180 F) ( 55 C)


P&I club.
(.. )
,
,
.


.

,
.


.

 CO2 inert gas

.

10.4

.
IMSBC
:
) ,
, .. , , , , ,
, TML ..,
.

.
) SOLAS 74
Document of Compliance with
the Special Requirements for Ships Carrying
Dangerous Goods (DoC for DG)
IMDG 6.2
7 .


DoC for DG.
IMSBC
,
,
:
)

,
:

 .
 .


(CO) .
 pH
.
)

101
,
. , 0 C 100 C. ( 32 F
212 F 82,2 C
180 F,

).
) (Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus-SCBA) .
IMSBC
( CO2) inter gas.
, (unseasoned timber)
,
4
0,27 /
mm2 4 ,
,
.

10.5  .

, /
(.. ),
.
.



.

, .
:
)
-

,

. , P&I
club, .

.
)
.
,

55 C
P&I club.
)
. O
.


.
) .
,
.
P&I club.
)
(sealing tape).
) .
) ,
.
) CO2 , , .
) .
) pH.

, phosphine arsine, ,
, , ,
.
)
.

102
)
, .
steam cal, , (H2S).
.
)
.

.
) . ,
(,
, , ..).
)
,
.
, , :
) P&I club . P&I club
.
)
, (Sea
Protest).

10.6 .
IMSBC

.

,
P&I club. :
) , ,
- ,
24
.
, ,
- 4

.

, .
, .

.
,
.
.
) ,
-
.
.
) Coke Coke Breeze
Petroleum Coke .

. ()
,
.


.

 .

().
(thermometer pipes)
, ,

.

,

.

 11

11.1  , ,
VI SOLAS 74,
.
SOLAS 74
VI 1991,

(International Code for
the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk International
Grain Code), .
(Grain)
SOLAS 74 .
-
- .
:
) (Grain). , , , ,
, , ,
, '
.
T /, ,
(Soya mills,
),
1

(pellets) (
/ ) Soya pellets, citric pellets .., ( ..), ,
' .
, .
(mixed grain)
spelt-wheat, grain sorghum (milo), hull-less
barley, emmer, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated
buckwheat, millet, peanuts (soybeans soyabeans ).

) , (fil-led
compartment, trimmed).
,
1
A 10.2.
) , (filled
compartment, untrimmed).

,
A
2
10.3.1 ( ),
3
A 10.3.2 . ().

.10.2. , ,
.
2
.10.3.1. Document of Authorization .6. , .

,
.
3
.10.3.2.
.2.7. . .2.7.

, , ,
.

, 30 .

104
) (partly filled
compartment, slack).
, .

11.2 .
.
) (free flowing), ,
.

,
.
)
(, settle down).
( ),
, '

5% 6% ,
(deck level). (sinkage, settling) 10%.

.
,
.
) , Heavy Soya, SorghumHSS,
. , .. ,
,

. ,


.
) ,
,
. ,
, (
).

.
.
) ,
,
/ ,
(pho-sphide tablets)
(in-transit fumigation).

, , (phosphine)
(. IMDG Code Supplement).

,
!! ,

' , , .
,
.
.

.
:
2.5. (f )
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
6.1.
,

.
6.2 6.3.
6.2. , (
)
:
6.2.1 .
6.2.2
(KG).

105
,
1,25, 1,50 1,75 m3/.
A 7.1.

, , ,

:
7.1.1

12
1 1994
,
.
7.1.2
(residual net)


40
, ( 40),
( )
0,075 ( 4,3 m4)
(. 11.2)
7.1.3 (GMo
GMc GMf) ,
0,30 m (30 cm).

6.2.3
.
6.2.4
.
6.2.5
, 40 , .
6.2.6

,
6.2.7 ,
,

12 40 .
6.3.
:
6.3.1 ,
,
, ,

(.. ' ).
6.3.2
,

7.1. ,
( ) ' .
6.3.3
, 7, 8 ( ) 9 (
(Document of Authorization).
6.3.4

.
6.3.5 ,
6.3.6

A
0

40

40
()

. 11.2.
.
0 : .
40 :
40.

106
7. 2. , ,


.
7.3.
,
( ).

11.3 

.



. ,

,
,

. .
,
, .

:
) .
, ,

()
.
, . , .

,
, ,

. :

.

( ..) ,
,
-, ,
,
.



.

' ,
.

(),
()
.
 , , ),
, (
), ,
(stools).

,

, .



.
() , ,
, , ,
. , .. (
),
,
.
) (). ,

107
, . ,
. ,
(. . 2.7, . 22).
) (infestation).


()
(). .


.
) . (, , ..)
.
,
,
.
.

, , .

.
(hose
test) .
(,
rubber packing)

(non-return drain valves)


.
)
.

,
, (), ,
43,3 C (110 F), (-

).

,
.
) (deep tanks) (. .
18).
, .
) (top side tanks).

, ,
,
' () ,
,
overboards .
,
' .
) .

(, ..),
, .


,
'
.

11.4  .

,
, ,
(vermin) , (insect)/ (pests).
,
,
.
() ()
,
.
/.

108
, , /, (
),
, 10-15
.


.
, ,
, ()
().
(sheathwings)
, ,
(), ()
( ). , .
4 6 .
300 400
150
.
,
.
(), ,
.
,
,
. , ,
.

11.5  .
() (trimming) ,
,
,
.

,

.

, (self trimmed holds),
.
'
,
(bleeders), .
, ,
' ,
.
,
'

.
,

,
.

(untrimmed ends),
.


'
.

(filled untrimmed compartments, ends
untrimmed) (Grain loading manuals)
70,
'
,

.
,
,

() (Grain SF). ()
-

109

. 11.5.
.

,
(A
2.2.6.),
loading facility , .

:
,

' / (spout) (. 11.5)

.
,
, .

,
(Grain elevator)
.
,
.

11.6  .

,

, , '
. :
) (natural separation) .
,


.
)
.
50 m .
(grain
bulkheads),
.
,
-.
. ,

, .. 1

.
) ( ).
,

. , ,
, .

( ) , '
.
, ,
,
.

110

11.7 
.

,

,

.

, , .

,


,

.
(centerline, grain-tight bulkhead).

.


,

.
(tween
deck) (deck
to deck)
,
.
,
.





. ,

, .

11.8

.


,
(hatch square).
:
) (Saucers):


.
,
.
11.8

.

Grain Loading Manual
.
. ,
.
,
,
:
9,1 m, 1,2 m.
18,3
m , 1,8 m. 9,1 m

. 11.8.
,
.

111
18,3 m,
.
()
, ..
.



.
,
' .
, , ,

2,4 m.
) (Bundling of Bulk Grain):

,

. '
,
,

. ,
,

Grain Loading Manual
.

11.9 
(strapping or lashing).
[ (wd)]
'
, .

(
) 25 15

. ,

.




.

Grain Loading Manual .
( 17.
Strapping or Lashing) ,

,
:
) , ,
(
).

.
) ,

,
1,83 m. ,
, , ( )
19 mm
32 mm, .

.
Strapping or Lashing
(Securing with Wire Mess) (. 11.9).
.18
.
NCB,

Grain Loading Manual,
.

112

. 11.9.
M .

:

(.) ( )
. (. . 4.2, . 32).
,
, .



. , ,
(),
.

11.10  o
()

.

11.12
 ,

.

, ,
.


, .


,
,
.

.
3.4
. 28 12.6 . 126.

SOLAS 74
.
,
VI SOLAS 74
,
'
.

59 23/5/1991

SOLAS 74. VI (Part
C - Carriage of grain) : )
8

, Grain (. .
11.1) ) 9
,
Document of Authorization.
,
,

.

11.11 
.
4 ,
.

-.

 12

12.1 .
, ,
:
,


,
.
(sagging),

(hogging).
/ ,


,

.

. (dMP)

.
,

, .
,

.
( ) ,
,
.
,
. '
.
,

. :
) ,
:
.
.
,
,


(
). , .


,

114
' ,
,
.
(dMP)

(dm) (. 12.1) ..:
 dm > dMP = dMP dm
() < 0 = .
 dm< dMP = dMP dm
() > 0 = .

(Freeboards), . Freeboard

. 12.1.
.
1

dm (Mean
Freeboard)1.

2
,
. ' ,
.
) / . , .

,
.
'
.
/ .

(, strain)
, , ..
. (, )
(metal fatigue).

,
,


.

, ,
, ,

Mean Freeboard freeboards, .

( )
, , . , ,
.
(strengthened for heavy cargoes),
1/3
. ,
, .
2

115
. ,

. ,
.
) () (),
.
(
) ( ),
.
,
( )
,
. ,

,

. , ,

, .

.

/ Panamaxes,
, . ,

. 1

, , .
(positive
bending), (crests)
(bridging) .
U .
(negative
bending), '
(riding) .
U .

12.2
 .
,

.
,
,
-.

, (loader, loading equipment) (loading rate per hour)
.. 16.000 /h. ,



, . ,
,


.
5-8 min 1
10%.

5%, ( 15%) ,
() Loading computer, SWBM 15% SWSF 5%
(sea going condition). 10%,
, SWBM SWSF 40% 20% .

116


, ,
.
, . . ,


.
,
(bending moment). (
) .


[(Maximum Wave Bending Moment
Amidships (Longitudinal)]
200 m
300 m (Block coefficient Cb),

.
, ,

.
,
,


, (Loading and
discharging sequence) , .

/ , ,

. ,
.
( -

) ,
,
,
. , ,

, :
= ( / ) x .
,
,
,
100
,
. ,
.
.

.

:
To M/V BULKER DWAT 74540,25MT
1= 12.293,1,
No 2=13.263,9 No 3=13.169,3, No 4=13.194,7,
No 5=13.278,0, No 6=13.223,4, No 7=12.127,5,
=90.549,9 m3,
72.958,0 0,75 m3/MT.
,

.
.
N 1: (12.293,1: 90.549,9)
=0,1357605 x 72.958,0 = 9.904,81 MT
2: (13.263,9: 90.549,9)
=0,1464816 x 72.958,0 = 10.687,00 MT
3: (13.169,3: 90.549,9)
=0,1454368 x 72.958,0 = 10.610,79 MT

117
4: (13194,7: 90.549,9) =
0,1457174 x 72.958,0 = 10.631,26 MT
5: (13.278,0: 90.549,9)
=0,1466373 x 72.958,0 = 10.698,37 MT
6: (13.223,4: 90.549,9)
=0,1460343 x 72.958,0 = 10.654,38 MT
7: (12.127,5: 90.549,9)
=0,1339316 x 72.958,0 = 9.771,39 MT
:
72.958,00 MT
Loading
nstrument (. . 6, . 359),
. '


,

, .
,

,
,
,
.
,

Loading nstrument SWBM,
SWSF .
,
,
.
,
.
1

, ,
1,

, :
) ,
.
)

(slamming forces) ,
pounding,

.
) .
)
() (leeward lee side) .
)
.
' ,


,
. ,
,

.
,
,
.

,
,
.

:
(sounding pipes) (Water Ingress Detectors-WIDs) ,
.
(.. 10 cm), ,
(After peak tank - APT).
,
5 cm, . WIDs
0,5 m.
, .. (Cold rolled steel coils),
. soundings
.

118


,
. ' .
,
(Balance for final
trim)
.

( ),
,


.


Loading Manual


' .
.

12.3 
.
' ,



. .
,

.

, ,
-

. ,
,

.
,

.
,
,

. ,

( )
,
.
:
) ,
() , (hatches),
.. 4 3 5
4 .
)
.
) .
) ,
'
.
) ,
, ,
.
, (Lay days) per
working hatch per day, ,
.

,

119
, .

,
. , .
:
) , .
.
,
,
,
,
,

. , ,
per working hatch per day,
(rate)
.
) , , ,
, ,
.
)
,
,
'
.

300 900
TEU (. . 20), ( 600 ),
( 40 )
.
(Heavy Lift
Ships Heavy lifters)
600 700 (. 12.4).

,
. ( ) /
, ..,
.


.
) .
(longshoremen) ,
,
'
.

. ,
.

12.4  .
,

, ..
, .
300013.000 DW '
(multi purpose carriers),

. 12.4.
.

120
,
.

,
.

, .

.
) .
70% 80% ,
.
.
, ,

.
, ( ).

. ( ) (Cargo Plan).
, ,
C: Containers Computers. ,
/, , . (Pre-loading plan/
Cargo plan) .
:
 :

(
)
(
).

.
/
.
 ,

.


:
.
, ,

.

.
 ,

,
.
 .

,
.
 .

, , ,
1
,
.

, ,
( )
(
).
,
' (
). ,
,
P&I club.

121
) .
,
, :
. N (pre-stowage plan), e-mail fax
,

,
.
,
(. . 1.2, . 10).
.
,

,
,
,
. (supercargo)
(independent surveyor)
P&I club ,
.
) .
:

o .
...


.
. ,
, , -.
- , ,
/.

,

.

' , ,
'
.
/
, , /
.

:
) (bulk
cargoes), :

.
) (bagged
cargo):
. 25
50 kgr. , . (paper bags)
(.. ), (.. , ) ,
(polypropylene bag plastic woven bag ..
), (burlap) (jute,
hessian) ... , .
.
, .
,
, ,
.

(key pallets),
.

,

122
.

(cross-tier method) (. 12.4).
,
,
(bag to bag method)
(. 12.4)
. ,

, (half bag
method), (. 12.4). , ,

,
.
,

.

.
)
(Big Bags):
,

, , , ,
, .. ..,
(Big Bags)1.
Polypropylene woven fabric, P.V.C. P.U.
.. , ,
, ...
UV,
UN, (Anti-flood)
... ,
2 .
(. 12.4).
. ,
,

. , / .
,
, ,
.
,

. 12.4.
.

. 12.4.
.

Big Bags Bulk Bags, Jumbo Bags, Tote Bags, Tonne Bags FIBCs (Flexible Intermediate Bulk
Containers).

123
, . Big
Bags
7 8 '
.
(. 12.4) 2 8 .
/
.
) (carton,
boxes) (cases):
, ,

.
.
, .
,

, ,
.

/ ,
.

.
CSS code.
,

, .
.

. 12.4.
.

,
.
,
/,

.
) (drums):
,
.
. , , /
,
.
,
.
,
.
.

.
, ,
.
,
,
.
) (.. , coiled steel): (coils)
,
,

. Maximum Mass Table
. 8 30 .

- (eye, core)
(Eye To The Sky-ETTS). ETTS
coils 4 5 . (packaged)
.
- . , ,

124
..., .

.
,
,
,
,
key-coil. key-coil 1/3 ,
.
. ,

.
1/3,
key- coil
hopper
(

). ,
,
,
,
.
, . 3 .
,
. CSS Code,

.
,
, ,
.
4050 mm (45 cm)
100200 mm (1020 cm).
.

.

,
-
.
.
.

,
. ,
,
,

,
. ,
.
8 ' .
) -/:

/,
(. . 15.7).

claims .
)
.
) ,
( ).
) '
.
)
. .
)
,
...

12.5
 .
.
) ,
.
) ,
.
,
.
(),
( ..).

, -

125
.

40 '
.
() ' ()
' () , ,
.
,
.


.

,
.
) (rigging plan),

,
.
.
)
. .

, .
. (DONT GUESS
LOAD WEIGHTS).
.
)
,
,
.. 45, . . ,
,
.

, '

(outreach). outreach (ships particulars)
.

( ).

. '
. ,
.
) ,

. , .


. ,

.
(cargo gear book)
,
.
) ,
,
.
) .
,

, .
)
, .
.
,
.
-

126
.
,

2,5 3,5 m
.
)
.




.
, .
, (..
).
,
,
.
, .
) ,

. .
( GM), G

GM.


.
, ,
,
.
)
( )
.
' ,
,

( ) () (brest
lines),
.
) ( ) (),
.
)

' ().
) '
.

. () ()
'
.
) (signaler)

.

12.6

' .

.

,

.
. .

,
. :
) '
.
) ' ,
, .

,

,
' .
.

127
)
.
) ( )
.

.
) .
) ,
,
.
) ,
,
. ,

, ,
.

,
:
) /, /,
,

:
 ,
. '
. / .


, Loading
Manual. .
,
.. 6,
.


.
, / .
/ ,
/ 20 40
(
) (gross weight) 20 30 .


/ .
/
/.
) ,
, ,

:


,

.
 .

,
( )
, .

.
-.
.
) (
)

,

.

128

,
.
.
,
.

.
:


.

.

,
(
)
,

'
, .
-
,
.
 ,

. ,
.

12.7  ,
.
,
SWBM SWSF
.

,

.
, ,
.
:
) ,
,

. '

.
) ,
, , '
, .
) ,
, ,
.
,
'
(. . 15.1).
)


.
) ,

()

,

.
)

.

129
() /

1: (racking force) ( 15 )
() / , , . (racking) .
racking force , () /.
racking force ,
(ends).
2: (buttresses) (transverse force)
, , , , 50 ,
securing force/lashing force /. ( 2) lashing force
( 30 ) ,
.
3: (heaving) (pitching) .
(compression forces), /
( 86,4 ) /
/ , , . compression force (cmpression on corner posts compression in posts), E/K
.
compression forces .
4: ,
/ ( 25
) . /
(Separation force Lift force lifting force tipping force on corner fittings).

)

, ,

.
)
, , ,

.

12.8 
.
, .. -

(winch men,
crane men), (longshoremen)
(carpenters),
.
/ .

,
.

, .

-

130
. ,
,
, ,
.

.


, .
,
.

,
,
.

, ,
..,
.
( , ,
..).


. ,
. /


.

/
,
. ,

,

.


.

,
,
-
()
.
, ..

(coil).

.
:
)
/. ' /
.
) .
) Notice of stevedore damages to
the cargo Notice of damage by stevedores to
ship, gear or equipment .. (
).
,
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
,

.

131
,
/ .
)
, ,
(, , ..).
,

: "
" (refuses to sign),
.
, P& club,
.
) e-mail, fax telex .
)
( ),

.
,
,
telex
.
, ,
,

.

, .

GENCON,
, ,


. ,
, ,
, (demurrages).

.

:
)
,
.
.
)
,
. ()
,
, , - ...
) hoppers (slopping bilges) ,
,
. .
)
. ,
,
'
.
.

:
) ,
:
H (cargo
hooks). '
,

.

.


.
-

132
(..
).
 .

..,
, .
.


(2%),
,

/ .
, ,
.
) (.
. 14) :

,
.
 .
,
.

.
 .
)
:

.
 .





.



.

.

(hidden damages).

,

,
' ,

' .
,
, (Note of Protest),

,
/
.


(
), .

( ..) ,

.

, ,

.

, .

 13

13.1  .
/ ( ) ,
,
Carriage Of Goods by Sea Act,

,

, :
) ,

.

.
(Deck
Loads) ,
,
(shippers risk).


, , ,


,
.
,

,
.
,
, , /

,
, .

,

,

.

, ,
.
) , ( ). '
(. 13.1).
) ,

. 13.1.
.

134


,
. , , ,
, , ,
...
)
, ,
.
) , .
, ,
.
,
P&I club,
,
, ,
P&I club
.


SLAS 74,
. :
)
.
) , ,

. .
) ,

,
,

, ,
.
)
.
) , ,
,
, ,
,
.
) , .
)
IMDGC.
)


,
, CSS code (. . 3, . 325)
.
, .
.
) (Voyage Plan)
, .

.
GM ,
, .
,
,
.

13.2 .
/

135
,
( . 1.7, . 307).

,
, .
. ,
(
) .

13.3  .
, ,

. ,
,

. ,
, ,
.

.

(. . 3,
. 325).

(.. )
, , , (HTLA Steel/
HTS). .
,

.

,
.
,
.
) .
) ,
.
) ,
, ,
,
,

) , ,
.

13.4
 ,
.
13.1,
-
.
, , (
) (blind sector).
97 m
44 m (
).

, .
SOLAS V ( ) 22, 45 m
1 1998,
:
)

() 500 m, , ' 10

.

136
)
,
,
,

10 . 20.

5 . , ()
5 .
) '

225

22,5
.
) ,
'

225 , 180 '

( 1,80 m 1,60 m

) 45
.
)

60
.

) .
)



,
.

()
.

,
(), .




, , ,
,
.

 14

14.1  (DRI pig iron).

IMSBC
Code (DRI)
(pig iron).
1)
(Direct Reduced Iron DRI)

.

DRI, BC Code :
) DRI (A).
//, , (Hot-moulded Briquettes
Hot Briquetted ron ).
() 90140 mm x 40
100 mm x 2050 mm 0,23,0 kg.
,
650 C
(moulding),
5000 kg/m3.
.
9095%, , , ,
, , ..,
DRI fines 5% .
DRI () , ,
, .
30 C. .
.

cargo sweat
ship sweat.
) DRI (B).
(
) (Cold-oulded Briquettes CMB 6,35
mm 25 mm) DRI
fines ( ) 5% ...

(
)
. CMB ,

650 C 3
5000 kg/m .

DRI,
.
[Infra-red
(IR) thermometer]. (
).
DRI () ,
,
.
.
,
' . , DRI (A).
BC Code DRI ()
DRI (B) ,
(Group B). .
IMSBC, DRI DRI (A),
DRI (B) DRI (C) (by product fines)
, ,
/
DRI (A) DRI (B), 3
5000 kg/m ,
0,3%.

138
DRI (C) ,
.. DRI, o


. DRI
(C) () ,
0,3%.

65 C.
, DRI
.
2) C (Pig
Iron):
To non-coking coal (NCC) Hot Metal
Pig Iron .
Pigs ingots
,
.
820 kg.
Pig Iron 20 kg 550 x 90 x
80 mm (IMSBC Code). Pig iron
( 92%)
(carbon) 3,5
4,5%. Pig Iron , (
).
IMSBC Code Pig
Iron ,
C (Group C), ,
( ), ( ). ,

.



,
IMSBC.
( Pig Iron = 0,22 x ).

14.2
 ,
.
DRI, Pig Iron
, :
) ,
(. . 11.3). , ,
. , DRI.
.
) ,
.
) ,
.
DRI.
DRI Pig Iron ,
, .


,

.

.

14.3
 , , , ,
.
( , , ) DRI
Pig Iron
,


.

,

139
.

,
,

.
, .

(preloading survey) P&I club, ,
. (damp),
(rust) (pitting) ( ),
.
(.. pitted, rust with pitting) (.. bend edges bent and
rusty), .
1
,

.
,
.

,
(high cargo deadweight) CSS

:
)
(
).
)

.
) -
,

.
1

, , :

(steel sheets in coils, coils,

strip products).
:
) (, )
(Hot rolled steel coils raw steel) (..), (. 14.3).

() (flat metal strapping bands, straps)

. Hot rolled steel coils
raw steel '
. ..
.
) (Cold
rolled steel coils) (. 14.3)
(pickling), ,

, (
, ..).
... ,
' -

. 14.3.
.. .

: Rust spots apparent, Rust and oil spotted, Rust spotted, Rust stained, Rusty ends, Top sheets rusty, Rust on
metal envelopes, Wet before shipment, Covered with snow, Covers wet, Covers rusty, Packing wet, Packing rusty, Rusty.

140

. 14.3.
.

. Cold rolled steel

coils .

hot coils ,
, ,
, , ( )
.
, ( ) .

:
) .
. , .
)
.
) .
) (). : (C hooks) (Clamp hooks),
(Flats), (Pallet hooks),
(Braided
wires Braided chains). (chains slings)
(steel wire slings).
) () ,
,

.
) ,
,
( ).
) . silver
nitrate ( silver nitrate ),

.. .
)
. (
).
) ()
,
'
.
) (telescoping) (spiralizing), .
) (overstacked).

:
) ,
.
)
.
) , .
)
(Pneumatic Sealer, Strapping Dispenser
Pneumatic Strap Tensioner)

2000 kg (. . 14.4).
) ,
.
) , .
,

141
.
) (..
, ).
)
. ( ram) , .
Side shift fork lift
trucks ram. ,
,
.
) .
) (..
3 x 13 2
x 15 1
x 25 ).
) .
)
.

:
) ().

.
( ,
). .
)
.
)
' .
)
.

 (wire rods)/
(. 14.3).
. (Wire Rods In
CoilsWRIC)
. (.. , )

. 14.3.
.

.
,
, ,
supermarkets
.
.

:
) .

.
) [ ()
].
.
) ()
,
( ) .
) , (wrapped).
) .
) () .
) .

:
)
.
)
.
) ' .

142

:
) ().
(
).
)
.
)
.

(steel line pipes, steel pipes, pipes).

.
(. 14.3) (flat
steel) , (single pieces).

:
) .


.
)
.
) ,
.
) .
) (.. ).

. 14.3.
.

:
)
.
)
.
) .
.

(beams) (. 14.3).
()
(Constructional steel Structural Steel)
H, , T,
I, , , , ... ,
.
:
)
(crushing).
)
.

:
) (bending) .
)
(warping).
)
.
)
.

. 14.3.
.

143
:
)
.
)
.
,
,
.
)
.
)
.


.

:
)
,

.


, , ,
.
) ( )



, ,


.

14.4  .

, ,
, -

,
'
,
.

,
,
.

,
:
) , .
, .
,
,

, .
,
, ,
.

,
, ,

.
)
.


.
() ,

.
, , 20%, 7%.
(wire grips) 5500 kg (, seals) 7000 kg.
, :

144
)
(2040%), (3050%)
(4050%).
)

.
)
,
.
) .
, .
()
(seals 2x) , ,

(, ), .
,
,
,

.
,
, .


.

,
.

.
, ,

,

, , , . ,
. ,
0,976 m3/MT.
(magnets)
(. 14.5) (spider
grabs) ,
,
. ,
.
. :
,
() -

14.5  (scrap iron, scrap metal).

.
, ,
( ). ,

.
,
.

. 14.5.
(spider grab) .

145
,
(centerline),

.
( ), -.


.
.

hoppers .
, IMSBC .
,
. .

,
(cushion), .
IMSBC Code C,
( ), ( ).



. (
)

.


.

,
.

(
, ).
. (military
steel) .

.
(Safety Declaration)
(Quality Certificate).

,
.
24
. ,
.

14.6

.

, , .
,
,
.
,

.
, , .
.

:
) .
) , .

, ,

146
.

(swaft, steel turnings)
.
,

.
) , ,
.

55 C.

A 90 C
, 65

C ( 150 F).

65 C, . ,
.
.
MSBC Code : FERROUS
METAL BORINGS, SHAVINGS, TURNINGS OR
CUTTINGS UN NO. 2793, in a form liable to self
heating. 4.2 IMDGC .

,
MSBC Code, ,
,

/.


,
.


, .

SCBA (. . 24.7)
,

MSBC Code.


(Document of Compliancespecial requirements
for ships carrying dangerous goods DoC).
,

,
.

 15

15.1 H
.
,

(block stowage) .
,
, 2
1 g (9,81 m/s ) ()
0,3 g ( )
.


. ,
, ,
.

.

,
(jammed)

.



,
, .
,
,
.

,
( )
, .
. .

15.2


.
, , , /.
,

/ ,
,
.


(Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and
Securing CSS code) (IMO Resolution A.714(17)),

, , , /,
,
(,
..) , , .
,
,
.

,

.

148
(.. /)

, ,
.

,
.

15.3  , , .
, .


(wedging, chocking, ..)
.
(Blocking)
()
, , ,
,
/
.

, ,
,
(lashing).

.

.

(. 15.3) .

.
(. 15.3) :

-. ,
.

. 15.3.
() .

. 15.3.
.

. 15.3.
.

(. 15.3)
: ,

. ,
( ) / .

.
(. 15.3)
: ,
,
( )

149
(.. ), ,
.

. 15.3.
.

()

. 15.3.
.

. 15.3.
.

()

( ),

.
(
) (tomming) (. 15.3),


(shoring) (. 15.3).
(timber shoring) ,
.
,
.
(. 15.3):
(TurnbucklesTB) (.. ,
) .

.
.
.
(
) (gaps)

,
.
.

. 15.3.
.

150

15.4 
(sea
passage).
/
o
(
),
.

,

.
,

. ,



.


.
. ,


, .
.
,

, ,
()
.
,


, ' .
,
( )
.

,
,
,
.


cross-tier,
(
).

.

15.5.
 .
, .. , ,
.

.


,

. .
CSS (Annex 5).
,
Annex 13

CSS K
Res. A714(17).
K , ,
(advanced calculation method) (.
. 3.5, . 335)
(alternate method) (. . 3.5.3, .
340) .

151
K ,
.
.
CSS
(. 15.7)
. ,
, 1
1.8,
,
.
,
,
,

...

,

.

( '
). .
, .
(. . 3.2, . 329)
,

.


,
,
, ,

.

, -

.

,
' .
:
)
.
)
( )
.

(bedding)

.


.
25,

45 60.

15.6
 - .
(wheelbased cargoes) (, ,
,
, ..)
(.. ,
..)
().

, 4

(. . 19.11).

,
5
Resolution A.581(14)
,

152
5
,
(. . 3.1, . 325)
.
,
,

.

,
,
.
(. 3.5, . 335).

,
, ...
,

,
.
15.7
 /,
, ,
/ ,


.
,
15.5. ( 5 ),
( 1, 4,
2 12) CSS code,
5

.
(.
. 3.1, . 325) ,

5 Resolution A.581(14)
,
.

,

(ISO) .
) /
: /


.
(. . 20.1)
,

/
,
.
/
/
.
/ :
/ , ,
.
,
/
2 m .
,
.
/, ,
, .
, , ,

/
,
(twist locks).
/
. -

153
/
,
. /


,
/.
/ , / 20
40
( ) (gross weight) 20
26 ,
.
/
(2 ) ( ).
/
(Safe
Weight Load) .
,


.
/ , .


.
/ ,
(18 mm 6 x 19)
/. /

.
15.7
,
(16 mm 6 x 24 )
(foot lashings)
(. 15.7) /.

( ),
, .
, (wire clips, Wire rope

grips, bull dog clips, U-bolts, grips)

,
(dead end
of the wire) .

U
(. 5).

(), ()
. , ,

.
(timber shoring)
2 m.
CSS Code /
, ,

/ ' .
/
/ 70%
/.
/ /
70% /.
.
/
/
70% /.
15.7
CSS


/
.
) :
CSS Code Res. A.714(17)
4 Safe Stowage and securing of wheelbased (rolling) cargoes

154

()

()

()

. 15.7.
/
. , , / CSS . (), ()
.
()

,

4 (
1) , ,
, ...
1

,

.
CSS Code ,
.

.

MSL 120 kN MSL x 120 kN.
,
Hook-elephant foot , ()
.
, (), ,
.

155

. 15.7.
/.

,
.

,
.. , ..,

.

, ,
, ,
..,
.

,

-, .
, (. . 3.2, . 329) 200 kN (20,39 ).
,

( ) ( -

) .

30 60.
CSS Code
,


30, 20, 10 .


, ,
,
,
20
5.
9,5 ,

2 (safety
factor) (. . 3.3, . 332)
, 13
mm, 120 kN .


( )

.
) ().
15.7 ,
().

, ,
1 2. 1 25. 2 45 60.
15.7
, CSS Code

450 lt 1.000 lt

156

1: K
2:

. 15.7.

.

. , ,

.
(. 15.7).

.
,
.

.

.

( )
( 1 ).
(1)
' 1

. 15.7.
.
.

,
,
( . )

' .


,

.
(2) ,


,
( ),


, .

(3 4) .
, (. 15.7)
.

:
() ( ) () 3 GMo
() 13 s, .. 30 MT/10 MT = 3 x 3 =
.

157

. 15.7.
.

) :
(Unit loads),

(Annex 12) (), . ,
, /.


( , ,
, , ,
). , ,
.. , , ,
(), .
,

.

,
' .


(racking).
.
,
(. . 12 19).
CSS


,
.
, ,
, 15.3.
.

 16

16.1  (,
, ).
.
-
.
,

.

.
' -. ,
.
(reefer
plant) ,

- (. 16.1), , '

. , , , /
.

,
,
.
.
.
.. 3,673,90 m3/, 2,793,76 m3/,
2,372,79 m3/.
, , ( )
, /-
, .
-,
() (reefer compartments), / .

,

.
- . (temperature
portable paper chart recorders), '
.
.
.
.
/

()

()
. 16.1.
.

159

, ,
, ..
.
(data loggers)
(, .. ) '
,
.
,

.
.
' .
H
, ,
.

.
.

-, ,
, ( ).
'
' .
(),
(CO2) ('
).
CO2 , . CO2 ,

. [( (CO) )].
.
, -

1 ppm.


, .. . , .
A ,
. 0,1%
.
,
1% .
.


.
:
)
, ,
.
) .
) .
) ,

, . ,

'
.
)
, .
)
(, , , , ,
, ), ,
.

. (Controlled AtmosphereCA) ()

160

, ,
, ..
,
. /
.

16.2 
.
.


.
,
, .
:
) N ,
(gas sampling points),
.
)
.
.
( ).
) , ,

.
)
,

, .
) , . .
) 50% .

) , ,
, , , ...
,

.
.
, '
.

24
'
(.. 18 C).

.

.

,
.
.
- / ,
, .

. .
,
(Permanent Collapsible
Dunnage-P.C.D.) 50 x 50 75 x 50
mm , ,
(Aluminium Strip
Dunnage) (Steel Grating Dunnage) 3 x 0,5
m,
. - .

.

161

:
) , ,
.
.
)
.

50
x 50 mm ,
.

16.3 .

-
:
) .
) , .
) .

,

.
,


' .
,

.. .

:
(frozen products),
(chill products).
:
) (Frozen Cargoes),
, .
( ),

, , , ...
18 C.
,
.
148,9 C.
) (deep frozen

cargoes) 25

35 C (.. 28 C 18

C, 28 23 C,

20 C, 35 C).
:
)
(chilled cargoes).

0,5 C 1,0 C
,
( ),
(, ..), ...
) (temperature regulated cargoes),
(air cooled cargoes).
,
.
, . '
,

.

16.4

.

,
.
,
,
' .

.
, (. ).


. -

162
,
,


, .

.
.

.
, .
,
, .
,
.

,


. ,
.
.
,
.
,

. .

. cosmetic damages.
,
,
.
.
-

,
.

(.. ).

,
' ,
.
.
/
,
.
,
.
, ,

. (),
,
.


, ,
.

. /
.
, /
,
.

,
' ,
.
.
,
.
. -

163

26,7 32,2 C,

, .. 11,7 C

12,2 C (Gros Michel) 13,9 C 14,4 C

(Lacathan) .

.
.
. ,
(ventilating slits)

,
,

.
:


CO2. ,


,

,
(.. CO2
).
, , -
(. . 23).

16.5 
.
.
.
(.. )
, ,
.
, , , ..

-

.
(.
)
, .

, ( ).
,
, .

.
1) (mechanically chilled cooling systems).
,

. '

, .
:
) (70% ).

, .. .
.
.


. .
) . ,
. . ()
.. (,
),

164
().

'

( ),
.
,
.

(
, , ),
( ), (
),

(
).

.
)
( ).
(.. ),
,
.
2)
(cold air, air chilling, forced-air cooling).

,
, ,
... '
.

. (air ducts),
,
.
(vertical
air flow systems) .
. '
.


.

,
, (.. CO2 3-8%),

.
.

,
.

(refrigerants).
,
.


(Freon ).
19 (NH3) .
, ,
. 1960
.
1959
CO2,



. . 1959
,
(CFCs),
.. R-12 (Freon 12).
CFCs ,

,
, .
,
.
(HydroChloroFluoCarbons-HCFCs), ..
R-22 (Freon 22).

165
HCFCs,
,
2020, .
HCFCs ,
01/01/2010
R-22 (Freon 22) ...


,
(HFCs), . HFCs
,
(triflu1
oracetic-TFA), .
,
3 :
1 : 
(Safe Refrigerants, Fluorinated hydrocarbons).
2 :  (Toxic or caustic refrigerants)

(LEL) 3,5%
(. . 21.7).
3 : 
(Combustible Refrigerants),

(LEL) 3,5% .
( ) 1, ,
.
2, .
3 , ..
.
(certificates).
-, ,

(statutory certificates). ,
1

(cargo refrigerating
installations),
,

tightness, ventilation, alarms, emergency stop buttons and leakage detectors.

.
:
) First special survey certificate
annual survey.
)
Class Renewal Survey 5 , Continuous Class Renewal Survey,


, .
) ntermediate Survey
Class Renewal Survey
) Damage Repair Survey

, .
) Conversion Surveys
.
/,
.
/- Rules
for Certification of Cargo Containers.
,
, Loading Surveys
:
) Running Surveys certificate,
) Loading port survey
certificate.

pH 4 , .
.

166
,
)
.
, ( )

.


.
- (Original health certificate) -
(Phytosanitary certificate), .

 17

17.1 .
.
.
(.. )
.
, .. (heavy logs,
pulpwood, props, poles, pit/mine props, baulks)
(packaged timber) (..
cants, battens, boards) (sawn
lumber/sawn timber/sawn wood).
:
) ( /
0,40 0,64) (softwood timber) ,
, .. , , , , , , ... ( softwood

hardwood).
) ( 0,640,77, 0,81
0,89 0,91),
(hardwood timber)
, , .. , , , ,
( ), ipe ...
,
, . IMO,

,


(Code of Safe practice for
ships carrying timber deck cargoes),
IMO Timber Code.
,

() - (wood pellets), (woodchips), (wood pulp pellets), / (wood pulp/paper pulp),

. T (paper
products) (plywood)
,
.
. (Bulk carrier
SAGA SPRAY 2006) Wood Pellets,
, 3,5
. CO,
CO2, .
. wood
pellets, '
.

(. 17.1) , 100 m
, .

,
, , . ,
(,
..). ()


() . ()
(swinging derricks) . (),
(jib parking posts)

.

168

()

()

. 17.1.
() , () ().

,
,
.


.

.
.
.

:
) Petrograd standard, . 120 3
x 11 x 6 1,5 x 11
x 11 x 6) x 120= 1980 board feet=
x 12 = ( 3 12
165 ) = 4,672 m3.
( 1980
)=165 = ( 35,316
12
) mille board, 1000 board feet,
(165 x 1000):1980 = 83,33 ft3, 2,36
m3.
()
petrograd standard.
) standard,
,

, .. Irish standard, Drammen
standard, Wyburg standard, Christiania standard.
) (commercial
cubic meter-cbm), -

(freight unit).
:
) stre, stere
35,31466 ft3.
, .
) Timber shipping ton 42
3
ft ( ).
) load 50 ft3 = 1,4158 m3,
load 40 ft3 = 1,1327 m3.
) (fathom of wood) = 216 ft3
= 6,1164 m3.
) ,

) Board Measure Feet (, ..)
1000 Board Measure Feet 2,36 m3.

cbm,
cub.
wood chips bone-dry unit, 1,0886
(zero percent moisture content),
bone-dry ton (bdt) (0,9072 metric ton) bone-dry
metric ton (bdmt), .

17.2 

.

:

169
.
,
.

,

.
(), (raised ferecastle), 7%
. ,

(raised quarter deck),
() (Deck house)

. .


.
( )

, .

:
) ()



.
) / () 1 m
()
. ,
(),
'
. /
,
.

() (timber deck load) , ,

,
.

.

,
.


.



,

.

,
.
wood chip carriers

,

,
.
.


.

( , )
(wells). ,
,
.

. ,
(), () , ,
,
.

.

170
,
.

, .

, , ,
...

4%
.


,

.
' ,


.


.

, .


(broken stowage) (.
. 1.4, . 298). ' ,

,

.

,

.
.

, .


,
.
, ,
.
. /
.
.

,
.


IMO Timber Code.

800 kg/m3 (0,800 /m3) ' ,
. , 1
1,033 /m3
,

2.

1

, .

, 25% .
, .
2
() ;
.
) , . , . ,
, (upright position) , (afloat)
.

171
,
,
40%

() .

(.. ) 4
m, 3 m,
4 m
1,5 m.
(props)
,
.
.
.
, .

.

.

,
.
SOLAS
74 , .

() .
,
.

(GMo). GMo

3% ,

Timber ,

,
.

,
,
.
,
10% ( )
10% (30 kg/m2 , 5 kg/m , ..)

10%, .
, .

,
(. 17.2).
,
,
.
Stability Manual Loading Manual
,
, GMo ( )
.
-

) , , , .
,
, .
) ,
. / 1,025,
, ().
, , ,
.

172
1

,
IMO Timber Code,
. GM 2
,
. 98%
, , ,
. GM
--

Loading Manual
.

,


.

1

. 17.2.
.

, ,
.
.

:

10
. ,
Loading Manual. ,
. 100 m
IMO:
) ( GZ)

0,055 30 0,090

40 (f,

) 40 . , GZ

30 40 30 f, 40 0,03
.

) GZ 0,20 m 30 .

) GZ 30

25 ,
) GMo, 0,15 m.
100 m GMo
.

, 4%
, .

) GZ 0,08 40

, 40 .
) 0,25 m.
) GMo
, , /
. , GMo 0,10 m.
2
(free surface):
, .
.
. ,
.
GM.

173
,
, , ,
,
,
.

.
IMO Timber Code


350 mm 1 m
.
,
, .
,
.
, ,

600 mm
.
,
,
.
.

.


Timbel
. ,
.

,

.
, .
, ..
,
.
,
, ,

. .

,
,
' -


.
,

. , ,

.

17.3 .

(.
17.3) .

. 17.3.
.

174
,
.


, 25 mm 1 m ( ) .


.
()

2,5 m 3 m,

1,2 m.
,
.

.
, . ,
.


.

 18

(DEEP TANKS)

18.1 
.
( ), (Deep Tank) .

,
, ,
(. 18.1).
' ,
, .. 760
mm .


.
.


. .

,
,
, .. ,
, , ,
.
,
,
, , .
.


, ()
/,
.
, ,

.
, .

. 18.1.
: 1) , 2) , 3) .

176

18.2 O
.
,
, , ,

,
.
.

, ,
,
.
.

,
, 98%,
sea sloshing1

,
.

,
.

18.3 
.


,

, .. 98%

. '
' ,

, .


,

,

,
.

,
. ,
, ,


.
1 2007 20 Resolution
MEPC.148(54) 24 2006

(,
vegetable oils-vegoils) , :
) NLS Certificate.
) (
) IBC.
) II MARPOL 73/78.


,
.
)
760 mm .
)
.

Sloshing: ( ).

, . sloshing
. Sloshing by sea
, .

 19

19.1  .
.
:
) ,
(crates),
, , ()
,
/.
) -, , , ,
, ..,

, .
)

, (Cargo Transport UnitsCTUs):

(loading units) , / , swap-bodies, , (railway
wagons, railroad cars), .
(cargo unit): , / CTU, , /, , ,
().
:
,
, (.. ).
: .
(Unit load): (pallet box)

, (palletized)

. , .. / .
:

-. ,
, , ...
) , ..
IMDG
Code
/.

19.2
 .
:
) (): (.. , , ..),
()
(nets) ( ) (transparent
plastic foil), (shrink wrap) (stetch wrap)


( , Pre-slung units)
.. /
.
.
(Intermodal Transport UnitsITUs): CTUs
. / (closed cargo
transport units and freight containers).
(Intermodal transport):
() ,

.
(Combined transport):
,

, ,
.
(Multimodal transport):

.

178
, ' .

, .
(.. ) -
- ,


.
.
) :
(..
) , .. ().
( )

.

19.3  .
(Pallets, skids) () ,
, . M

,
.
. (pressed
wood pallets), (cardboard pallets),
,
.

,
(Safe Maximum Load)
1 1,5 .
,
,
, 4,5 .

.
, ,
.


(racking).
 .
,

, .

ISO ().

1219 mm x 1216 mm ( )
1140 mm x 1140 mm 1500 mm x 1200 mm . . ( )
1100 mm x 1100 mm ()
1067 mm x 1067 mm (. , , ) .. .. 950 cm x 1200 cm x 140 mm
1000 mm x 900 mm 1100 mm x 1100 mm 1100 mm x 1400 mm
(BS)
, :
140 mm 145 mm 150 mm.
,
: Two-way pallet, four-way pallet,
single-faced pallets, double-faced pallets, pallet with fork lift pockets, ..

1200 mm x 800 mm x 140 mm (EURO-PALLET)

1200 mm x 1000 mm x 140 mm EUR 2 (, )
1200 mm x 1000 mm EUR 3
800 mm x 600 mm EUR 6

ISO.

179
,
:
) Classic Crane: .
) Ships Derrick (Boom):
(), ,
.
) Gantry Crane: ,
.
,
. /
, 64 m
SWL 60MT.
) Ro-Ro Ramp rampway door:
() , .
) Roller conveyor:
,


.
) Fork lift pallet forks (. 19.3):
(),

,
,

. , .

' .

.
) Pallet trucks pallet jacks:
-
.
) Pallet slings: () ,
.

.

(pallet board) (lifting eyes)

.
) Flatbed Lorries Tow trucks:
,
(headboard, bulkhead).

. 19.3.
fork lift .

180

19.4  , .
(Safe Maximum
LoadSML) , , 1,5
.
,

. o Stacked
Load

3 4.
2 3.
,
,
(top cap) ,
.
,
. '
( )

' 150 mm.
,

,
, .
,

.

, ,
,
, ,
/ .
,
.
,
/ .
, bulk carriers
1
box shaped open hatch type
.
.

,
1 ,
,
. .
, ,
,

.
, ,
,
,
.

.

1
Bulk carriers open hatch type: T ,

( ). open hatch type
(Box shaped holds).
.
/ conbulkers
.

181

19.5  .
,
, ,
,
. / .
()
/ 400 1000
, , Barge carrying
vesselsBCVs, Lash, Seabee Carriers
Baco Liners (. . 19.6).
,
.
. .

, , .. ,
, , ,
.

, ' . ,

,

.

19.6

(Ro-Ro).
(Roll-On/RollOff-Ro-Ro)
,


.
Ro/Ro
English Channel. Ro-Ro

(. 19.6).

. 19.6.
Ro/Ro-Container ship. /
(Authwartship stowage).

182
,
,
( ),
/
.

/
(), ,
(lower deck tank top)
(upper deck). - . ,
,
.
, .
Ro/Ro , .
/ Ro/Ro .
Ro/Ro
( ,
, , , ,

, , /,
) (Roll on)
(Roll off) .


Ro-Ro .
, Ro-Ro
,
. .

Ro-Ro .
.

:
)
,

,
.
) ,
.
.

.
)
.
) .

.
(
),
.
) '
.
' ,
.
)
.
.
) '
.
,

.
) .
, .
)
, ,
..

SOLAS 74.

183

 .


, , .
:
) LASH (Lighter Aboard SHips
). (. 19.6)

.

, SWL 510 ,
400 385 .
) SEABEE carriers (. 19.6) , LASH,
, , .
38
, / ,
. LASH,
/ ,
()

,

.
) Barge carrying ships BACO liners
(Barge and Containers /) (.
19.6) LASH
500 DW
,

. 500 /.

,
, .. 82 Barges.
) RoRo/Reefer/Container vessels (

///) (. 19.6): - /
:

(graitingless).
 5200 m2,

,
500 ,
 880 TEU
.
(Semi-Submersible Heavy lift ships),
.

19.7 .
(CTUs) Ro-Ro,
, -

. 19.6.
LASH.

. 19.6.
SEABEE.

. 19.6.
BACO liners.

184

. 19.6.
RORO/Reefer/Container vessel.

.
)

.
) .
Ro-Ro
,
:
 10
20 .


,
' .
 '
.
) (..),


IMDG Code (. . 19.12).

19.8 
.
( )
, , ,
(, ) :

) Road vehicle ( :
, , ,
.
) Fully enclosed goods vehicle commercial vehicle goods road motor vehicle truck
(U.K.) lorry (U.S.A.):
,
( ) . (,
trailer)
(drawbar).
) Semi-trailer towing vehicle, HGV (Heavy
Goods Vehicle), Road motor vehicle, Road
tractor, tow truck lorry, tow unit: (/)- (),
,
, (), (semi-trailer)
.
) Semi-trailer, Road (semi) trailer (), box type, curtainsider, flatbed ..:
-, ,
(coupled)
/-
'
. /
20 40 ISO
.
) Draw-bar trailer (, ):
- 20, 30 40
.
/- (drawbar).
) Semi-trailer trailer with sideboards
and tailboards:
() .
) Open sided semi-trailer trailer:
(dropsides, sideboards)
(tailboard).
) Semi-trailer equipped with a structure
to support a hood cover: . ,

185
,
.
) Flat-bed trailers semi-trailers:
. flatbed semi-trailers 20
40 ISO / (
/, , ..).
) Roll-trailers:
(low loaders, MAFI trailers
) 20, 30 40


.
) Van body trailers:
. (fixed) (side
walls) (roof).
) Combination of vehicles Draw bar
combination:
() .
) Draw bar road train, Road train ():
(),
.
) Articulated road train ( ): - .
) Road tank-vehicle (Liquid bulk):
()
, , ,
.

.
) Portable tanks ( ): ,
, 450 lt,

, .

.
) Temperature controlled box: .

) Livestock transporter:
.
) Skeletal Container
(Swap-body) transporter: /
/ ISO. .
(rolltrailers).

:
) Pocket Wagon: , /
(swap-bodies).
) Low Loader Wagon, rail flatcar
bogies: , /
.
) Double Stack Wagon: /
.

19.8.1 .
(Short
Sea Ro-Ro ferries)

,
. .

(//, Ro-Pax). 12

-
(Ro-Ro Cargo only).

19.8.2
 .


, Ro-Ro
(. 19.8).
.

186
-Ro/Ro ferries ,

.

19.8.3 .
(. 19.8) (, Deep Sea Ro-Ro vehicle carriers,
PCC, PCTC),

. ..
(Pure Car
Carriers with fixed decks)
- (Pure Car Truck Carriers)

(with hoistable decks). ,

, , rolltrailers ... ()

,
.
/ ,

,
.

19.9
 .

:

. 19.8.
Ro/Ro Cargo Ship.

. 19.8.
.

187
.
) ( )
.
)
,
40 , , ,
.
) ,

. ,
.
)
,
/ .
.
)



. .
)
,
.
) , ,
,

. (
).
)
GMo , .
,
, .

)
.
.
)
.
) .
) - , ,
.

19.10 .
/-/
/-/ , :
) 19.8
, ,
-, ...
) ,
.
) .
) .
) .
) , .. , , , , , ...

19.11
 .. .
T .
(..)
,
. ,
, .
,
.
Diesel
, -

188
.

(. 19.11) 10 cm

, , 30 cm
.
20 cm.
.. ,
,

.
, 4
(
).
.. ,
.
 .
-

. 19.11.
.. .

... ( Gross Vehicle Mass/Weight-GVM

G.V.W.).

Roll Trailers :
) 3,5
20 (2),
) 20
30 (3).
) 30
40 (4).

kN :
( x 10 x 1,2):
(Number)
.
()
.
,
.
.

,

.
,
,

.

(trailer lashing
points) 20, 30 40 . 20 30 4
.

....
MSL 100 k ( 10 )

.
Hook-elephant foot

189
() (Raised elephant foot
Frailer lashing point D-rings)
.
(wood rubber
trailer chocks)

.
.
, , (, ,
..), ,
(.. )
,
.
3,5 ,


0,50 m.
3,5 0,50 m
,

.

,

.
(..
)
.
(. 19.11)
.


.

. ,
,
.

GVM
(30 MT)

20 MT<GVM<30 MT
3

P/

MSL = 10 MT
4 40

. 19.11.
.

19.12

.

(..) (Cargo
Transport UnitsCTUs),
:
) ,
.
) ,
) . -
,

,
. ..


..
,

190
.
..,

.
,
.
.
.. IMDG
1, 7
(
.. , , ..)
, /
, Barge-carrying
ships
(. 19.12
. 7.5 20.9).
..
.
.
) . 100
m, ,
...
)
24,

.
)

SOLAS 74.
:
4 ,
, ,
, (4
,
2 ), ( 12 kg ), , .
) - .
)
.
)

,
,
.
) ..
.
.
)
.
) SOLAS 74


.
/ ,

.
.. ,
,
'
.
/-/

,

.
/- / 5 Bf 25 ..
, 3,
.
.. ,
.

,

. ,
.
.
,
, 7.4, ..
CTUs.


36 m

(
)

36 m

36 m +

48 m

48 m

24 m +

36 m

24 m

24 m +

24 m +

12 m

24 m

24 m +

12 m MIA

12 m MIA

(
)

6m

6m

3m

3m

12 m

3m

3 m MIA

6 m MIA

6 m MIA

3m

3m

6m

6 m MIA

3m

6m

(
)

(
)

: .

CTU Ro/Ro.

19.12

191

192
/:
)
.. , ,


, .
)

..,


.
)

' .
) .., -

,
, .
)

,
.
)
,
.
)
,

,
.

 20

20.1 ,
.
.
/ (. 20.1.) / , , ,
.
T ,

/,
.
,
-

McGregor, .
30 , .

, , ...

. /
,
.

. 20.1.
/.

194
,
, . ,
1
.

/ , Go,
0,10 0,15 m, / , 0,60 m.
/
,
(.. 20 ' ).
/
.
,
,
. ,
/ .
/ '
,
conbulkers ,

(cell guides) -
(uncelled).
/ ,
,
.

H/Y2 (
/
1

.
).
(generation), ,
TEU:
1970 1100 TEU
1975 2000 TEU.

19701980, 2305 TEU.
(Panamax) 1985, 3300
TEU.
(Post Panamax) 19862000.
1995, 4848 TEU 5000 TEU.
(Super Post Panamax) 2000
2005. 2005 8600 TEU,
2007.
15.000 20.000 TEU (Megacontainerships)
.
18.000 TEU Malaccamax.
, , 2020
20.000 TEU,
400 m.

(gearless),

/
(hub-ports hubs),
.
,
/
1500

GM,
, .
GM ,
, KM. KG
, GM .
2

(cargo management). , / (Loading and lashing securing programs). ,
. ,
.
MSL , .
1980 / , .
, .

195
2500 TEUs () (feeder ships)
300500 TEUs.
.
/
(, ) (stacks) (Bays)
. '
(). /
(Rows) /
.
/
(Tiers).
M' /
BAY-ROW-TIER
(. 20.1)
/ ,

. (Bay Plans) Bay
,
(view from stern).
/ BAY-ROW-TIER . :
) BAY
/
. BAY, , ROW () TIER ()
/.
BAY

. 20.1.
BAY-ROW-TIER.

, (..
) ,
Bay
/
/ 20 ft TEU 40 ft TEU FEU (.
6).
) ROW
/ . ROW Bay.

, ,
/ Bay
ROW .. 01 02 10 ..,
/ (. 6).
) TIER
/ ( )
(vertical layer), .

, TIER
/ , (. 6).
.


. /
. . '
. /
Bays.


,
, /,
...

, ,
.

196

,
.
,
/,
( , ,
).

.


' '
(. 20.1). (. 20.1)
2 2,

()

. /
/ 20 ft
TEU 22 /
. ' ' 6600 TEU
100 /
40 ft . . ,
,


, (

22 30 )
/ .

.

()

. 20.1.
(), () , ()
Bulk Carrier.
. Bulk Carrier
full ' .

,
, , ,
waterplane, block coefficient, , - GM
...
()

197

. 20.1.
.


, anti-roll
, (fin stabilizers) (bilge keels).
/

. 12.000 TEU (BV),
15.000 TEU (GL)! ( 12,000 /
! 72 km , !!).
EMMA MAERSK LOA 398 m, B 56,4 m d 15,5 m,
mega-containerships. : 11.000 TEU ,
13.500.
14.876 TEU!
(Germanischer Lloyd),
40% ,
1 2
(GL rules).

20.2 .

, IMO/ILO/UNECE GUIDELINES FOR
PACKING OF CARGO TRANSPORT UNITS
(CTUs) /.
/ (
)
,

,
,
, /,

/,
, /

/ .
/ ,
/
. ,
, ,

/, :
)
/,
,
.
)
/.
) / .
) ,
/

,
) /
.
,

/, .

20.3
 ,
.
.
/
. ,
, ,

.

198
/, :
) .
, ,
,
) .

, ,
,
.
 / .
/
.
/
:
) /
, , , , () , /
'
(high cubeQ) /.
) E/K
, , , .. .
) / , , ...
) E/K 25 C
+25 C Q, ..
(Reefer), / .
/ .
/ :
) 20 ft / (Standard Steel Container): 19 11 1/4 (6058 mm)
8 (2438 mm) 8 86 (24382591mm),
HQ 96 (2896 mm).
) 40 ft / : 40(12.192 mm)
8 (2438 mm) 8 86(24382591 mm),
HQ 96 (2896 mm).
) 45 ft HQ: 45 (13.716 mm) 8(2438 mm)
9 6 (2896 mm).

/,
()
/ 48 ft (14,6 m)
53 ft (16,2 m) ,
SO 35 ft /
/ .
TEU FEU.
TEU teu (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit)
( 20). / 20 (20x 8x 8
86) (Max Gross Weight)
20.320 kg.

/ o (International Organization of Standards
ISO). ,
( ) (Length) ( ) (width) (Container
height) . 0 5 mm. ,
,
.
FEU (Forty-foot Equivalent Unit).
/ 40
ft (40 x 8 x 8 86), 2 TEU,
(Max Gross Weight) 30.480 kg.
40 ft
40 ft TEU, TEU / 40
2 TEU.
/
... (USA
Standards InstituteUSASI).

20.4

.
/

: .
, /, ,
,
,
(CSC Safety Approval pla-

199
te, CSC=Container Safety Convention) (. 20.4),
.
, ,
/, /,
. /
, /.
, ,
, , ,
.

. 20.4.
().

20.5 
.
bulk carriers /

,

/ (container terminals)1 (.
20.5) ,
. , .
1

/
(. 20.5 20.5),
Bays (. 6) /
,
: /

( ) / ,
. .
,
.
/
.
.
/
. ( /
).
,
. '
, '

.
, ,
, /.

(containership loading management systems),

.

Container Terminals ,
(storage yards), / (portainers gantry cranes, rubber-tire gantry overhead
cranes), / /
(container-lift equipment, Straddle Carriers) ... ( ) /, .
/ /.
() , ,
.

200

. 20.5.
/.

. 20.5.
Bay.

. 20.5.
.

, ,

/ / .
, ,

/ .

,
/ (..
/- , / ..).

. /

. , , .
, /

,

.

/. / ...

201
/
/ (. 20.5)
Straddle Carriers..
/

, /.
/ ,
, ( )
.
,
,
.

. 20.5.
: / .

20.6 
.
/
Bay ,
,
Cargo/Container Securing Manual, .
/ 20

(slot) / 40

, /
.
().
,

() /
( ).


(lashing bridges)
/
. /

(SATLs)
(. 7).

. ,
/ (.
. 12.6).
:
) /
(stack) . .
.
E/K


(equalizing devise)
()

(. 20.6).
.
) (criss cross),
/
. .
) , -

202
,
.
/ , ,


/.
.
fully
cellular container ships /
(upright) .
(unicellular).

, /
/ (pins).

. 20.6.
/.

(block stowage securing and stabilization),

Bay
.

(Double stacking
twistlocks) /. Bays
.
)
(deck cell guides),
(
hatchless ships opentop vessels)
(. 20.6) -
(/)

. 20.6.
Hatchless container ship.

/
/
,
, /
, .. 7.

, / .

/ .


, /.

/,

.
/, .


.

203
,
/, , ,
, .
'
, :
)
.
)
, .
)
, / .
(cargo securing devices).
/
, , (.. ..) (. 7) ,
( ..) (. 20.6) (. 7)
/ .
,
.
.


.
.. 30.000
,
, , , ,
.
/
, DNV,
o , :
1) /:

) .
)
.
.
,
.
) , .
) () ,
.
) / (lifting holes)
/ .
) ,
(Lashing tensioners, . )
, ,

/.
) / .
) / .
/ /
.
2)
/.
) .
) /
.
) / .
) /
.
. /
, .
) 0,9 m ,
0,3 m , .
/.
) .
) , .
)

.
(Certificate of Compliance for Dangerous
Goods) . , ,
IMDG
Code. , MSC/Circ. 675.
.

204

. 20.6.
.

20.7  .
/,
, ,
/
:
) /
,
()
/
.
,
/ . /
,

.
) / '

.
/ .
,
.
,

/ .
/,
. .
) .
) ,
.
,
.
) .



, .
)
(automatic locking system)
,
.
) , /,
,
,
/ /. .

,
.
) /
.
) ()
/ -

205
(overheight
cargo) /
/ ' . / 20 40,
40 45 ...
) /

.
) .
)
/.
) .
) .

/.
/ ,
, / , .

,
/ .. ,
.
( ) (seals).
/ '
, DNV

, :
) :
.
 .
/ / .
) :
 .
/ / .
) :
.

/ / .
)
, :
 .
/ / .
)
(GM) , :
.
 .
.
/.
,
, ,
' ,
, ,
.


.

(very large container vessels
VLCVs)
(container terminals), 7
Bf . 9
, VLCV
() (bow thruster)
.
(very large
crude carriesVLCCs) (very large bulk carriers
VLBCs). ,
,


.

206
VLCVs
, ,
VLCCs VLBCs.

20.8 .
/ .
()
()

. /

, .
, .. (. 20.8).
T /-,
. /-
/- ,
(. 20.8).
440V AC
.
/-, -
,
, -

.

: NEMS (Natural Exhaust-Mechanical Supply,
), MENS (Mechanical Exhaust-Natural Supply,
), . NEMS
. ,
()

/- , .
:
) .
) .
) ( ),
) (
).
/ /
( ),
/-.

. 20.8.
/ ,
' , .

207

. 20.8.
/ .

/
.

/ .

20.9 
.
IMDG Code (. 7.2)
/ ,

/. / ,
.
/
(. 20.9) IMDG Code, (Volume 1
Part 7, Chapter 7.2.paragraph 7.2.3.3.) (. . 7.5).

,

-

(
)

(
)

/
/

24 m

/
/
/

/
/

24 m

24 m

24 m

\
\
MIA
/
/

(
)

(
)

/ 6 m .
.

,

-

-

/ .

20.9

ENOTHTA

 21

21.1 
.
(crude)
, , ,
.
, , . /
,
, , ,
, ..,
. (hydrocarbons), ,
,
.
2003 Scientific American, .

5000 m
().

, /
1
,

1

, ,
.

.

.


, (crude carriers crude
tankers) (. 21.1).
:
)
.
1 atm
(
Stabilization Process).

(unstabilized cargo)
.
) ,
( ).
)
( -).
)
(.. , ),
( H2S), ...

.
: (C), (H), (S) 0,1 6%, ,
C H .
: 85%, 12%, 5%, 6%, 0,5%,
0,5% 0,1% ( ).

211

. 21.1.
.

) .
,
. ,
( )

:
) Sour Crude oil 2%
m/m ( ).
) Sweet Crude oil
2% m/m ()
, .
) Stabilized Crude oil ' ,
.
) Spiked Crude oil
(..
),
/
.
(
C H)

:
)
( , ).
) ().
) ()
' .

. -

(Mercaptans) (
),
(
).
) (
).
) .
:
(Nafthenic), (Aromatic) (Parafinic) .
.
API- (. . 5, . 351)
, :
) crudes 31,1
( ).
) crudes 22,3 ,
) crudes 22,3 31,1
( ).



:
) West Texas Intermediate (WT 1):
sweet light oil.
) Brent Crude Oil: Light Sweet crude oil 15
Brent Ninian Shetland.
Sullom Voe Shetlands.
) Dubai Crude: Light Soure crude (UAE)
Fateh .
) Tapis: Light Far East Oil .
) Minas: Heavy Far East Oil .
) OPEC Basket: . (Arab Light),
(Qatar Marine), (Basra light),
(Iran Heavy), (Kuwait Export), (Es Sider), (Murban), (Bonny
Light), (Minas), (Saharan Blend),
(Isthmus), (BCF 17).

212

:
)
 ():
0,7901,000 kg/l 15 C
) gravity at 60 F:
22
38
)  (Boiling Point):
050 C
)  (Kinematic Viscosity):
415.000 cSt 37,8 C
) (Pour Point): 35 + 70 C
) :0,08%5,0% m/m (. .)
) :11200 mg/kg
) :212% m/m
) :0,05%3,0 % m/m ( , ).
.

,
' , . ,
, (.., petroleum products). ..
,
.
:
) .. (petroleum gases), ,
, (-
4 ), , , (-), ...
) .. (light), ,
, , ..
().
) .. (medium), , , , gas oils,
, ...
) / .. (heavy),
, Heavy fuel oil, Diesel-fuel,
, ,
() ...
) , , ,
(). ( , ,
, ..).

) (), (),
() ( ).
) .., ,
.. (, ).
.
:
) (LPGs),
,

(LPGC).
) .. (Clean), (, refined, ..,
, white spirits, , ), , , , , , .. /
(Product Tankers).
) (Lubricants)
,
, , ..,
Product Tankers.
) .. (Dirty), Marine fuel
oil, Heavy Fuel oil, Residual Fuel oil Marine
Diesel oil, Gas oil, ..
Crude Tankers.
) .. (Highly viscous oils),
(bitumens, asphalts), ..,
/ Crude Tankers.
) ( ,
Petrochemicals, .. ,
, ),
,
/ (Chemical Parcel tankers),

.
..
:
) (non-fuel products),

213
, , , ...
) (fuel products).


. , ,

.
(Marine fuels),

..

.
:

.
 /,

.
 , ,
.
 .
 .

marine fuels ...

21.2 .
1) (Flashpoint).
ISGOTT,
24 (Definitions),


.

.

:
)
(closed cup): , 1

ISGOTT.

,
' .
)
(open cup): ,
,
' .
, (6 C).

.
,
.
,
.
2) (Auto-Ignition/Spontaneous
Ignition): ISGOTT,

, ,
.

, ..
,
.

.
( )

.

.

.
,

.
3) (fire
point)1
(.. )

214
5 sec.
,
5 sec, .

.
4) (spontaneous ignition
1
temperature)
(
)
.


.
'
.
5) (Spontaneous Combustion). ISGOTT,
()
,
(/).

21.3 .

:
2
) (viscosity) .


. ,

. '
(
) .
, .. Redwood 1

sec at 100 F, Saybolt Universal Seconds at 100 F,

Saybolt Furol Seconds at 100 F, Engler degrees at

40 C. (.. Heavy FO)

.
) (kinematic viscosity) 1
2

ISGOTT.
Viscous:

. ,
(centistokescSt),
, .. Kinematic cSt at 50 C 180.

:
v = /, cm2/s =stokes

v: , : ,
: .

)
(vapour pressure).

(.. ), , .
'
, ,
.
,
.

,
.

(True Vapour PressureTVP).
) (condensation) (liquefaction).
/ ,
. .

21.4

- .
, ( ),
:

215
)
60C
(Volatile cargoes), ,
)
60C -
(Non Volatile cargoes), -
(. ISGOTT).
-
.
, , /

(Jet fuels, .).

(. . 21.7) ,
crude oils,

.
-

(. . 21.7).
fuel oils ,
Gas oils Diesel oils.

(. 21.5).
,
, ,
( )
.
,
,

,
(. 21.5).


.
.
'
() .
A

21.5 
.
,
( )
: , ,

( ),
(combustion).



,
.
,

. 21.5.
.

. 21.5.

.

216
-
.
,
.
'
( ),

(, ).
, ,
,
(.. ), .
,
,
21% 110%.
( ) /
, /
(. . 24). '
/
.
,
, 21.5.

,


, , !
..
,
.
/ ,
.
. INERT GAS, /,

,
11% .

21.6

.

.
,
.
(explosimeters),
( ).


,
()
().
(Lower Flammable
Flammability Limit LFL)
(Lower Explosive LimitLEL)
(Upper Flammable
Flammability Limit UFL)
(Upper Explosive Limit UEL).

LFL 1% (Too
Lean), UFL (
10% )
(Over Reach Too Reach)
.

21.7
 / .
LFL / ( % )
-

217
(.. )
. LFL
.
LFL
1%.
UFL / ( % )

. ,
.
UFL
10%.


.

21.8  .
(flammability envelope).

, '
(Flammability composition diagram).
.
()
, ()
, .
/. /.. ,
.
,
.
, ,

,
.

(flammable range explosive limits).
( )
LFL UFL.
, .
2%12%,
.. , 1,5%8%,
1,9%8,5%, , .. 2,3%78%.

21.9
 .
(. 21.9) /. /..,
( )
( ).

, :
)
.
) LFL (1,7%
) UFL (10%
)
C D . C D
.

.
) .. .

.
) ..
..,
.

15

10

5
G

218

10
15
5

C
A
20 21

. 21.9.
.

CE DE
, ,
.. 11% .
) , ...
)
()
.. .
( )

..

F.
) .. F,
,
FA
.
.. GA
(..
).
G,
...

 22

22.1 .
/ (crude oil carriers).
22.1 / .
: 12 (cargo oil
tanks) 6
3
, 175.112 m ,
( ), (slops)
-,
24 () (Segregated Ballast Tanks),
.
(FPT)
.
3
3800 m /h.
.
/
(product carriers).
22.1 -

/ (..),
,
MARPOL.
(segregation system),

.
.
.

,
.

/ ( ) (product/oil carriers).
22.1
/
.
, -

. 22.1.
/ .

220

. 22.1.
/ .

. 22.1.
/ .

221
, , ,
.


. ,
3
2500 m /h
(self-stripping),
3
(ballast pump) 1500 m /h
. 8
.
(7)
(6) (1)
.
, 14 .
(residue tank).

 (combination carriers).
/ , il/
ulk/re (OBO) (. 22.1)
OBO Oil/Ore (/):
) OBO -

, (ore
carriers) .

, .
,
,
(bottom hopper tanks),
(wing tanks). , . ,
,
,
.

(slop tanks)
. hopper Tks ( ) DBTs
SBTs.

DBTs
-
.
,

-

. 22.1.
.

222
.
() (duct keel pipe tunnel).
OBO , (. 22.1).

'
, .
, , .
) /
/
.
.
(
),
, .

, .
.
,
, . -

. 22.1.
.

.
(panel)
'
OBO. ,
'
,
.
CAUSTIC SODA/ BULK CARRIERS, /. ,
, , , , , , , D.R.I.
,
7 ,
Nos 2, 4 6,
.

22.1.1 .
:
)
(Segregated ballast tanks).
1983 Protectively
Located Segregated Ballast Tanks SBTs, .
SBTs
,
.
.
, ,

,
.
SBTs
/.
)
(Slop tanks).
, Slop Tanks,
-

223
,
.
,

(residue tank).
/ 150 GT (Oil discharge
monitoring and control system).

) , , (Cofferdams).

,
.

(Fore Peak TankFPT),
,

. Chemical tankers,
.
) (Peaks).
FPT (After Peak TankAPT)
.
.


. ,
.
) (Deep tanks).
FPT APT
deep tanks,
,
(. .18).
. deep tanks
/ , ,
.

22.2 .
 .
(o) /
/,

.
/ :
) (direct pipeline system block pipeline system).
/ .

,
( ) , .
,
.
, .



.
(. 22.2)

.

.
,
.
15
(5 , 5 5 )
.
. 2
1, 2 3
. 1
4 5 .
1 ()
3 -

224

No2

FPT

No1

. 22.2.
.

2.
/
.

.
) (Free flow system). / () (ULCSs VLCCs), ,
' (. 22.2).
,

.
.
- ( ),
' .
,

.
.
,
. ,
, -

. .
) (Double ring
main system). , ,
(ring
main system), .

.


.

' / /
.
(. . 22.4).

,
( , )
.
.
 direct pipeline
system .
/
, , 1 (-

225

. 22.2.
.
. . .

) 2
1, . 3 2
2. 4 3
3. 4 '
.

(masters, crossovers
)
. /
.

.
,
(cargo pump-rooms),
' -

(pumpman). ,
, ,
,
. /

(Cargo Control RoomCCR),
, ,
, ..).
/.

'
' (. 22.2).
'
. (
).
( , )

226

. 22.2.
.

, . ()
.
.
'
, ,
,
.

.
( ).

.
( ), ,

.



, .

.
.




, .
(. . 22.4)

,


.
,
. / ' , ,

(emergency shut).
, .

, SOLAS,
II-2/10.9.1.1.
,
.
(camera and telephone call devicesCCTV)
.
.


. .
,

.
/

.
,
(. ISGOTT).

22.3 .

.

227
() (pipe lines), (manifolds),

() (cargo hoses)
(metal arms, loading arms),


, :
) ,
(Deck Lines)
,


( ) (tank lines)
)

(), /
Drop Lines

. '
(Drop Valves) ,
, ( )
.

.


(Stripping Lines).
/ (stripping system)
,

.
(
),
.

,
(..
).
,
, ,

(stripping suction valve). .
,

,

(. . 22.6) .


.
,
.

 ( ) (valves).

.

, , ().

. :
) (Crossovers). '
.
-

228


. '



.
)
(Bypasses).
,

(..
).

( )

. (By-passes).
) (Master valves).

. '
'
,
.
(transverse bulkheads),
,

,
.

.
)
Tank valves (Tank suction valves).

' .
-

.
) (Sea
suction valves sea chestSC).
, ,
'
. . .
, ,

.
,
(overboard discharge valve)1.

22.4 .

/.
,
.
' () ,
, . T
(discharge), ( )
(
). (casing)
, ..
( ) , ,
.

.
' .

1
ICS/ OCIMF Prevention of oil Spillages through Cargo Pumproom
Sea Valves ISGOTT Sea and Overboard Discharge Valves.

229
(m3/h)
, .. Cargo pumps: 4 x
3
2.000 m /h 12,00 bar.

T (centrifugal pumps, rotody-namic pumps).

( ) (.
22.4) /.
(impellers) ,
() (shaft).

()
() (, ).
. ,


.
'
,
.

(kinetic pumps)
,
( ) . ,

.


, , . , .

. .
, ,
. -

.
.

T (reciprocating pumps).
(. 22.4)
. ,
. ..
().
,
( ) /
.

()

()

(,
)

. 22.4.
.

()

()

()

. 22.4.
.

230
(piston)

() (suction valve).

(discharge valve).

. '

,
,
.

T (. 22.4) ( ) (screw pumps heavy duty).

.
[ (displacement
pumps)] ,
.

. .
.

(
)

()

(
)

. 22.4.
.

.


( ),
.

.

. , .

.

.

. .
/ , ,
.

T
() (eductors).
(. 22.4)
, ,
. /
, ,
..,
, ..
(),
...

( , , C D, E,
F) (. 22.4) , .


( ). O
( ).

231

(..

)

,
.
. 22.4.
.
D motive propellant ( ), E , suction ( ), F ,
discharge ( ).

.

( ),

.

(
,
, ).
:
) (motive connection), ,
.
) (suction connection),

(
) ' (stripping valve),
) (discharge connection),

,
(
),
(, )
.

 .
' .
,
. ,
.


.
'
.

(Rotary pumps), (Displacement pumps).
.
, ,
,
.
/, .


(stripping pumps).

.

.

232
,
,
(self-primed
units) .

.
/ .
.
/ ,
, ,
caustic soda/bulk carriers, OBOs,
(submerged pumps) (
) (deepwell pumps),

.
, ,

, 3
50 m /h. ,
.
(booster pumps),
.
, ,
,
,
.. ,
. .
,
,
SCBA, -

, .. ,

.

22.5
 - .
:
,
,
, ,
.

22.5.1

. .

,

.


.
:
) ( ) , .
()
:
.
 ( ).
.
 ,
.
 ,
,
.
) (Crude Oil
WashingCOW). COW

233
20.000 DW / . 1 ,
.
) (flushing) ,

,
.

, ,

.
.



.
,
(
).
(SIRE Inspections)2.

 .

1

(Gas free) (Pressure test)
()
' .

() .
.
. , , , .. 600 rpm,
.. 15 kgf/cm2,
.
. ,

' , .
,

.

.

,

COW ' ,
, : )
. ) . )
. ) , ,
. ) .
: )
( ). )
. ) , . ) .
: ) . )
, , . ) . ) . )
, .
2

(Oil Companies International Marine ForumOCIMF) 2 2009 :
) / / ,
2,5 . .
) , ,
.
) , .

234

. ,

,

.

22.5.2  .

. .
.
(.
22.5) (crude oil
washingCOW)
,
,

(, ).
( ,
) (High capacity tank washing machine)
.

.
:
) 90%
.
) 85% ,
) [.
22.5()]
, .
MARPOL, COW
85%90%
.
, .


, .
()
.

COW.

:
)

1 m /
) ,
.
()
,
.

,
:
)
,
)
.



.

.
8,5 12,2 kgf/cm2 ( 120 175 PSI).
.

:
(. 22.5).
COW.
)

,

. ,
.
,
.

( ) (150)
[(. 22.5()].
1/3 , ,
.

235

. 22.5.
(COW).

. 22.5.
.

2/3



0. 1 .
) (. 22.5)

.
.

, .
1

, ,
.
, ,
.
:
) (COW Operations and
Equipment Manual),
COW, MARPOL.
)

(full cycle path): COW

360. 360
, (full cycle time).

236
, .

.
,

,
.
) ,
,
,
.
,
.
,

110 130 .

, .
,

.
) .

8% (
5%).
(..) ..,

.
.

,
.
8%,
, .
) COW ,
( -

) 24
. COW
.
) ,
COW,

.

.
, .


.
) COW,

. '
.


(tank washing machines).
COW
(bottom washers).
, .
, ,
:
) . ,
Butterworth .
) , , .
) , .
) (
COW) .
)
.

237

22.5.3 , , , ,
.
(Loading).


.
/
.

, (. ,
. 293).
, Draught Survey


(shore ships figures).
.
,

.
, /,
/ . /
,

.

,
/
,
(/ ), .

60 F (
) 15 C ( SI) ,
, ,
' -

.
.

.
,
.

API- (. . 5, .
351). , .
().


(shore pumps).

3
, .. 14.400 m /h.

3
(.. 3000 m /hr)
3
(topping off rate) .. 2400 m /h


,
,
Loading plan (cargo operation). /


.
,

,
.
, ( )
( ).
, / '
,
,
...
,

238

,
.
 (care
of cargo on passage).


.
:
) , ..
, (..)
.. .
)
ullages (.
. 22.5.4)
.
) ,
CBTs, .
)
, .
) .
 (Discharging/transshipment).

ullages
,
, .
.
,
/
( )
, .

,
. ..
. -

(Check
list), .

.

.
- ( -)
.
,



/. /
, . .


,
.
,
.

'

,

.

,
.
,
,
,
, .
,
. ,
.

'
,
-

239
(Dry tank certificate). O

( ,


).

,
.

 (), (ballasting).
,

, , .

,
, '
.
, .
, ,
/
sloshing,
, .
.

.

, . ( ) .

,
/
.
(SBTs),
-

,
.
(Dedicated Clean Ballast TanksCBTs)

. ,
.
CBTs.
,
.
, .

, , .

(Ballast Management Record Book).
 () (Deballasting).

.
,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
.

.
0,15%

240
.

. CBTs,
.



.

22.5.4  (ullage).

98%98,5% ( )
(expansion and
gases). '
.
, ,
1/4
(6,35 mm) Ullage Book ( Innage/ullage
tables Calibration tables Tank tables Gauge
Tables Tank capacity tables ..).


ullage pipe
( ,
ullage hatch, ),
Ullage :
Ullage (.
ullage pipe ), , Ullage (.
),
.
(
) (open gauging) ,

( ) (automatic
tank gauge) (reference
point, datum, calibration point) ullage pipe (level
gauge, outage). Ullage Book Ullage

.
Ullage
, , Outage
,
. (
, Ullage
). Ullage
Innage,
()


.


Innage gauge (sounding).
/ ..


( Closed Ullaging/
Gauging System), .
... ullages (.. Radar
Tank Gauges)

.

,
/ .

22.5.5
 /.

,

/, :
) '

241
.
) .
) .
) .
)
...

/ .
' /.
.


(, ) (heating coils)
()
. ,
, . () ,
.
.

. ,
, ,
6 10
.
,

,
.
,
..,
(heat exchanger, )
. .. ,
.
-

Surge , , , ...

. '
.
..
.

22.6
 .
(pressure surge)1
ISGOTT :
' ,
.
()

.
16 ISGOTT 2006
,
.

22.6.1
 .


. .
,
.

,
- ' .
:
) .
) .
)
.

242
) .

,

.
,

,

.
.

(
).

22.6.2 .
:
)
.
) .
) ( ).
,
.

P , . ( P

).


, : P= wav ( ).
w
(.. kg/m3), a
(.. m/sec), v ,
(..
m/sec).

, .

22.6.3

.
,

, :
)
,
,

.
) (30 sec
).
)

.
,

, :
)
,
. ,
.
) ,
'

.

.
)
,
.
)
,

.

22.7 .
(Cargo
Venting Systems)
(.. USCG, ISO ..) -

243

(.. SOLAS).
( ) '
, '
, .

'
'

.
:
)
(controlled tank venting system method by highvelocity discharge):

,
' .
(Pressure/Vacuum high velocity Valves)
(
).
.


.
. / ,

, , .
) (open
venting system method by free flow of vapour
mixtures):

() , 6 m
, .. (mast-riser). (
). mast-riser

/ (. . 22.8).

,
,
. O
.

22.8
 ( /).


(..).
SOLAS, ,
/.


.
/ (Pres-sure/
Vacuum breaker). ..
Mast Riser

, ,
P/V breaker
P/V valves .
/
(Individual tank pressure/
vacuum valves) (. 22.8).

.


. /
.
/ (Full flow pressure/Vacuum
Venting Arrangements): ..
/
/

244
1
2
/
.
(Indi-

vidual Tank Pressure Monitoring and Alarm Systems): ..

/.

()

. 22.8.
/.

(Over-pressurisation) ,
, ,
.
2
(Under-pressurisation)
.
/ P/V Breaker,
.

 23

()

23.1 .
(..) (Inert gas-IG)1:
(..
, ) ( crude carriers),
,
..

.
.
(inert condition):
,

..
8 % /
, (1% product, chemical carriers).
.
(inert gas
system): /


..
.
/, 1979
20.000 DW /,
,
, () .. .
,

/ ,

...
..
.. .
.. ,
,
. ,

, ..
.
,
, .


. (cargo control room)
...
..:
..


. ..

1
.. ISGOTT = () 83%,
(CO2) 12-14%, () 2-4%, (CSO2O) 50 ppm, (CO) ,
(NOx) 200 ppm, (H2O) , , 1,044.

246

. 23.1.

().

,
5%
.
. , ..
,
,
: -

()
(scrubber) (. 23.1)
(de-mister)
.
(blowers)
.
(pressure
controllers), (deck water seal)

, (non
return valve)

/

.
..
(. 23.1).
.
..
( ). (. 23.1):
) .
)

. 23.1.
.

247
,

.
)
.
) .
) .

,

.
, .
, . , ,
21%.

:
()
(inerting). ..


( )
11% . '

, ..
, , (. . 21.5).
10%
,
8%.

8% . '
.
, ,
.., . .
, ..
,
.

(gas-freeing):
( ..)
,
1
.. .
2
. ()
(), .
..,

... ,
,
(. . 23.3).
:
)
.
) , .
,
.
. '

.

.
.
.
2
(flushing) :
'
. . ' .
.
.

248
,

21% '
.
, ,
.
(purging):
,

. ,
() (in inert condition) 8% ,
..
/
2%. '
,
.
(topping-up): , ,
.

23.2  .
' ( ) (Flue gas system)
. .. ,
. .. .


.. (inert gas
generator system, inert gas plant).

,
,
. .. (turb-inert system).

(99,9 % )

/ ,
/ .
.. .
(ammonium carbonate),
.

.. .

23.3 .

..,

.. .
, ,

.
(exchange of ballast)

(pumping-through),

.

:
) (
8% ).
) ( ) (
2% )

) ( 21% 1% ).

:
) (Displacement).

,
, -

249

(purge pipe).
..,
.

.. .
.. 35 m/sec 1 (.
23.3).
) (Dilution).
,

. , .
.
, 35
' .

:
(. 23.3),

. 23.3.
.

. 23.3.
.

(. 23.3), (purge pipe) (. 23.3).


, .

23.4  .


.
8%
,
. /,
. , .

. 23.3.
.

. 23.3.

.

250
,

.

23.5 
.
:
) : ,
8% .
) :
..
, ,
. ,
mast riser . ,

..
.
) : (
) ,
.
100
mm water gauge1, '
/.
.. (5%
)
...
) :
.
, ...
... '

...
) COW:


,
. ,

. 8%
,
, .

23.6

.
..
.
(..
) ,

,
.. ,

... ,
.. .
,

, .

23.7
 .
,
8% .

(1 mm water gauge = 10 pascal, 100.000 pascal = 1 bar, 1 bar = 14,25 PSI).

251
, . (xygen indicator recorder)
,
.. ,

, ,
.
.. -

,
, .

8% ,
/,
.
.. ,
.

 24
-

24.1 
/
.
1966
(nternational Oil
Tanker Terminal Safety Group) .

, -,
, ,

.
,
.

(International Oil
anker and Terminal Safety GuideI.O.T.T.S.G.)
.
,
American Petroleum,
(International Association of Classification SocietiesIACS) ...
. ,
,
(), (International Chamber of Shipping),
(Oil Companies International Maritime Forum)

(International
Association of Ports and Harbors).
ISGOTT, International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals 2006
.
: , /,

.
,
.
,
,
.., ,
.. Gas Testing Equipment, . ., ,

, ..,
, ,
, ...
, ,
,
,
ISM ISPS
- (The Ship/Shore Safety CheckList).

24.2
 . .


. '

.

253
, .
(
),
(. ).




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'
/
.

.
. /

.


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, ..
, ).
) (


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24.2.1 
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-

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 .
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),
.
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.
) .

.
)
,
.

254
) .
)
(

).
) (


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 .

, ,
.

( ,
).
 .

,
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.
.
:
)
,
.
,
.
) , ( ..


).

24.3 .
.

.
) (gascope) ...
)
. (
Tankskope II Multi-Gas Detectors).
) (inferometers
refractive index meter).
) [Infra-red (IR) instruments] .. .
)
(Gas analyzer, Fixed Combustible and Toxic Gas
Detector).
) (Oxygen meters, Oxygen Analyzers).
)
(chemical absorption
indicators).
) (Electrochemical
Sensors).
) (Personal Gas
Monitors).
:
)
, , () (Calibration)
.


,

.
)

,
.
)
, .
)

255
.
) , , ,
( ) (),
.


:
)
.
)
.
) .
) .
)
.

24.3.1  .

, (Flammable Gas Monitors)
. :
)
(Catalytic Filament Combustible Gas Indicators,
Explosimeters) (. 24.3).
() ,
, .
, ( ).
/

' (

. 24.3.
.

).

'
. 2
,

(
)
. .
, ,
, (pellistor),
.

.
,
,
( 24 ), ,

,
,
... ,


.
) M- -
(Non-Catalytic Filament Gas Indicators
Tankscopers):
.
, ( ). - ,
,

.
o
.
) (Interferometers Inferometers Refractive Index Me-

256

. 24.3.
Model FI-21.

ter Optical Gas Indicators): ,

,
. ,

. Interferometer
Model FI-21 (. 24.3).
, ( ).


.

.
, ,
. ,

. ,

. ,

.
 .



.
, .
- ,
.

(IR, infra-red gas detectors, Ray model). , . ,

, .
, ( ). (measuring chamber).
( ).
, .
' (beam splitter), (
) .
.
,

, 90 , .
,
. .
, :
) ( ) .
) . (.. CO2) .
) IR .
()
100% . (IR) (2) .

257
,

.
, ,
.
.
- ,
(1%3% ) ( 10% ),
, .. 2%
15% .. 8% . ,
'
,

.

24.3.2  .

.
:
) , .

, ( ..)
( ..)
.
) . , ,
(High Velocity vent).
) .
' .
) .
.

24.3.3  .

(.. ,
,
' ..).
.
:
)
.
' .
)
.
' .
,
.


.
) ,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.

24.4
 .
()
(portable oxygen analysers, portable oxygen monitors, portable oxygen indicators, oxygen meters)
(. 24.4):
)

258

. 24.4.
.

' ,
21% ,
) ,
8%,
,
. :
(paramagnetic sensors),
(electro-chemical
sensors). :
) (
), ' .
.

() (cell),

.
-,
.

.

,
.


( )
21% (20,8% )

0% .

,

. ,
1%
.
) ,
' -. .
,

. ,

. ,
.

.
:

,
 .
,
.
, (
) .

24.5
 .
(Chemical Absorption Indicators, Chemical Detector
Tube Pumps, Atmosphere Testing Indicators)
(, toximeters)
(. 24.5)
.

259

. 24.5.
.

, Draeger ' ,
,
MSA Inc.
, (.. 4 ) .
,
. /,
(..
). (),
, ( )
(Chemical Indicator Tube Sample
Tube).

.
, .. , , ...
.

,
.
,
.


.

, .
,
, .
(..
) , (..
),
( Vol.% ppm ..).
,
.

24.6
 .


. ,

.
.
(American Conference of Governmental
Industrial HygienistACGIH),
( ) ,
.
()
,
, .

.
.
.

, .

260

[Threshold Limit Value (TLV) Time Weighed
Average TWA)]:
8
40 ,
, ,
.

(ppm) 3
, mg/m
( , , ).

(STEL, Short Term Exposure LimitTLV): ,
(TWA). STEL
15 min
60 min .
4 STEL 8 TWA.
,
.
, , ,
...
(acute toxicity)
. (chronic toxicity) ,
,
.


. .
:
) (ingestion).
) ()
(absorption),
) (inhalation).
, ,
.

/ , / ,
,
.

'
.
' ,
, ..
(Benzol, C6H6) (benzene,
C6H6, : Carbon oil, Coal naphtha,
Cyclohexatriene, Phenyl hydride Diesel Exhaust
Component) (Hydrogen Sulphide,
H2S) .. (. ISGOTT . 2).
, ,
.
,
, , .
( ),
, , (gasoline
1,5% ), ,
, ( 1%) ...
10%
, , 10% ,
.
,
(), , , ,
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, , , ... ,
.
,
.

, -

261

, ,

, ,
, , ...

.

( , , ,
, , , ..).

, (, , ) , ,
. O ISGOTT

, :

, ppm

.

0,5% TLV-TWA
1 ppm 8 ,
,
.
:

) TLVTWA.
) TLV-TWAs
.
)
,
) .
1000 ppm
, .
TLV-TWA 300 ppm 2% LFL.

,
.
, ..
ppm

..
.
(Permanent Commission and International Association for Occupational Health)
, , ,
,
TWA
10 ppm 8 5 ,
25 ppm (ceiling).
, ,
.

24.6 .

24.6
(H2S).

0,3 ppm (O ISGOTT 0,10,5 ppm)

10 ppm ( ISGOTT) ( )

, .

25 ppm ( ISGOTT)

.
.

50-100 ppm ( ISGOTT)

. 100 ppm 4- 48
.

150 ppm ( ISGOTT)

2- 5 .
()

262

250-600 ppm

, .. .

350 ppm ( ISGOTT)

30 .

700 ppm ( ISGOTT)

700-900 ppm

1000- 1200 ppm

510 ppm 8

,
.

.

: , . www.inegsee.gr, ISGOTT.

, ,
,
.. , 10 ppm, 15 mg/m3,
15 ppm, 21 mg/m3.
TLV (ACGIH NIOSH) 15 mg/m3 (10 ppm)
10 70 mg/m3.

24.7 
.
, ,
(void space)


.

.
1

.
.

:
)
.
)
/
, .. ( 1% LFL),
,
( ), .
)
,

)

1
SCBA / SABA (

(Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus DevicesEEBA EEBD) (SOLAS 74,

Regulation II-2) (respirators). '
(self contained breathing apparatus
SCBA).
.
(supplied air breathing apparatusSABA supplied-air respiratorsSAR) -
breathing lines SCBA.
(Cartridge Canister Face Masks Filtered Self-RescuerFSR)
.

SCBA. (Hose Mask, Fresh Air
Breathing Apparatus), /, ISGOTT .
.
ISGOTT. .

263
4 )
.

, -
.
.



.
,
(.. , ..) ' ,
(
,
).

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, ,
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24.8  .
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, .
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)

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:
)
21%.
()
.

.
)
(sour crude)
,
,
.. .
,
.
) ..

...

264
)

' .
)
.
) Pressure/Vacuum Breaker .
)

(low sea water suctions)
(Sea Chest). ,
,
Sea Chest, .
.

(ISGOTT).

24.9 
.
,

' ,
.

.
,
,
. 20% 50% -

.

,
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.

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 25

25.1 .
, ,
.
( -).
(Atmospheric Pipe Still-APS)
(). (, , Straight Run)
, (distillates)
(avgas), Marine
Gas Oil, (,
) ... .
,
, .


, ,
,
,
. . '
,
. (CH4),
1

,
, 1/600

(Standard Temperature and PressureSTP) 600
().
(cryogen)
.

.


. ,
.

, .
,
, '
1, . ,

.
(boiling) (evaporation).
, 2
-

(Critical Temperature) ,
. (Critical Pressure)
.
2
LNG .
LNG, (100%)
.

266
,
1
(reliquefaction) .
LPG ,
(flared) (thermal
oxidizer).
(.
) (boil off gases) LNGC
.


.
,

, LNG Regasification Vessels (LNGRVs), .
, , 2
, .
:
) [Liquefied ( Liquefied) Petroleum GasesLPG)],
, (C3H6)
(C4H10).
1

, , ,
. LPG, ,
. LPG
.

.
)
(Liquefied Natural GasesLNG),
(CH4) .
, ,
, ,

(, ) (, , ).
65
95%, 516% , ,
.
( 9000
1,3 ),

,
.
) (Chemical Gases),
, , vinyl chloride
monomer (VCM), ,

. LPG
,
. ,
. .
:
) (indirect cycle). , (.. VCM ).
) (direct cycle) : (one stage)
, . , .
(two stage) (- )
. .
) (cascade), , . , ,
.
, (expansion valve),
.
Reliquefaction Plant Room .
2
, (Latent Heat of vaporization). ' () ,
( )
. ,
.
, , .

267
, , , , ...

25.2 
.

/ (Liquefied Gas Tankers) ,

,

.
/ :
)
(Liquefied Petroleum Gas CarriersLPGCs), .. ,
, ... LPGCs

(..), (light naphtha),
(jet fuel) (motor gasoline mogas). LPGCs (. 25.2)

.
)
(Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers
LNGCs), (doublehulled ships) LNG .
LNGCs .
(Very large gas carriersVLGCs) 265.000
3
m , 12 m,

(LOA) 345 m 53,8 m.

/
/


(. 25.2). (Certificate of Fitness).

(International
Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Liquefied Gases in BulkIGC Code).
,
500 , 2,8 bar
37,8 C,
19 .

25.2.1 LPG.
LPG :
) (Full pressure).
LPG (,
),

(fully pressurizedFP LPG carriers) (. 25.2).

( -)
, C (. 25.2)
.

. 25.2.
(LPGC).

268

( )

T
IHI-SPB

Gas-Transport-NO96

Technigaz-MARK III

ss

. 25.2.

LNG.

269

. 25.2.
.

()

()

. 25.2.
() () C LPG.

. T LPG
, .. 18
bars (kg/cm2),

.
10 46 C.

.
) (Full refrigeration, 48

C 50 C).
LPG
(fully refrigeatedFR LPG carriers)

(. 25.2),
.
,
, (cargo heater) (booster pumps)
.
) (Semi-pressure, 6,7 bar g
, 9 bar, ) (fullrefrigeration 48 C 55 C) (semi-refrigeration) 10 C.
LPG '

(Semi-pressurized/semi-refrigerated
LPGC). -

270

.



(
)

(
)

(stools)

. 25.2.
LPG
.

/ / (Semi-pressurized/fully
refrigeratedSP/FR Gas Carrier) .
,
.
48 C
LPG
.
, (NH3)
(. 25.2). ,

25.2.2  LNG
LG.
LPG
(LEG) (LNG),
fully refrigerated ships LPG .
, LNG :
) LNGCs (Liquefied Natural Gas
Carriers) (. 25.2),
(Methane ships) / (Cryogenic tankers): LNGCs 4 5 , ,
(vaporizer).
, , ,


. LNG

()1 160 C 163 C.

.
) LNG//
LPG LNG.
(C2H4),
,


.

. 25.2.
/ (LPG/NH3).
1
( , boiling point):
. . , (vapor). ( ,
). .
.

271

. 25.2.
LNGC.

,
Moss, [Independent self-supporting spherical tanks, ( )] -
(Technigaz membrane type, non-self-supporting
tanks),
. LEGCs

(-),

, 104 C, .

104 C.

.

/ LPG/
(Semi-pressurized/fully refrigerated LPG/ethylene
carriers), .
, .

(Compressed/
Pressurised Natural Gas CarriersCNG/PNG)

(40 C + 40 C) (150
250 bar) -,
. ,
. ( 700 MMscfd),

. :
CNG, IGC code
,
.
LNG ,
.

25.3 .

/,
,
... (American Petroleum Institute, Institute of Petroleum) ISO, .

.
, ( )
LPG
. (Cargo Calculation Sheet) (.
25.3)
(sounding report, cargo report) (. 25.3),
(readings)
,
.

272

GRADE:

BEFORE

A Trim

Readings

B Sounding
C Corrected sounding
D Temperature of liquid

E Temperature of vapour

F Tank pressure
G Full tank volume

m3

H Liquid volume

m3

Liquid

K Shrinkage factor
L Corrected liquid volume (H K)

m3

N Volume at 15 oC (L M)

m3

M Volume reduction factor (see table 54B)*

P Density (at 15 oC)

Q Liquid mass (N P)
R Vapour volume (G

kg/m3
kg
m3

H)

Vapour

S Shrikage factor
T Corrected vapour volume (R X)
U Volume at 0 oC, 1 atm **

Total

V Density of vapour

wt
( Mol.
22.414 )

m3
kg/m3

W Mass of vapour (U V)

kg

X Total mass (Weight in vacuo) (Q + W)

_
Y Total weight in air X (P 1.1)
P

m3

TOTAL LOADED/DISCHARGED in vacuo

or in air

t.
t.

: F atm
T Corrected vapour volume (R x S) (R x X)
U 0 C =T x [(F+1 atm): 1 atm] x [273: (273 +E)]
V density of vapour 0 C

. 25.3.
(Cargo calculation sheet).

AFTER

m
m3

3 Temperature

4 Corrected sounding

5 Volume of liquid

bar
o

12 Pressure (p) (p)

13 Temperature (t)

. 25.3.
(Sounding report, cargo report) .

Water density

Forward

Mean

Aft

mertic tons

22 CARGO LOADED/DISCHARGED

DRAFT:

metric tons

21 PRIOR/AFTER LOADING/DISCHARGING

m. tons

19 CARGO IN EACH TANK

metric tons

m.tons

18 VAPOUR

LPG/C
SOUNDING REPORT

20 TOTAL CARGO ON BOARD

kg/m3

m3

17 Vapour density (actual)

16 Molecular weight (M)

15 Corrected volume of vapour (V)

14 Shrinkage

m3

11 Volume of vapour

m. tons

10 LIQUID

9 Density at 15 C

Kg/litre

kg/litre

8 Density (actual)

m3

7 Corrected volume of liquid

6 Shrinkage

m
o

2 Sounding

m3

CARGO

TANK No.

1 Capacity 100%

Voyage No.
Port

273
V M p (abs)

=
273 + t
22,4

Chief Officer

Vapour calc. :

Date:
Loading/Discharging

kg

273

274
25.3.1 : LPG .

.
: Mw 44,097
:
()
: 10,020 m
( )
: 2,0 m
()
: 0,5
()
: 43 C
()
: 38 C
(59 mbarg) x 0,001
:0,059 bar

: 44,097

15 C
: 511 kg/m3
:

: 127 mm

: +46 mm

: 0 mm
[(10020127+46+0)]/1000
: 9,940 m
100%
: 9893,63 m3

: 5441,88 m3
9893,635441,88 =
: 4451,75 m3

(S/F) 43 C
: 0,99773
43 C (5441,88 x 0,99773 =
: 5429,52 m3

(S/F) 38 C
: 0,99791
38 C (4451,75 x 0,99791 =
: 4442,45 m3

43 C 15 C ( ASTM 54)
: 1,145
15 C
: 6216,80 m3
: () . ASTM D 1657.
. (
).
: ASTM 53 kg/litre.
1000 kg/m3.
15 C (V15 in m3) (43 C)
ASTM 54 43 C kg/litre.

.

.
' .
.

: (Liquid calculation).
( ), .
, / .
D = m/V m () kg:

(1) (kg) (m kg ) = V

15 C

x D

15 C

275
m = kg.

V = +15 C

D = +15 C .

= 6216,80 m3 x 0,511 kg/m3= 3.176.785 kg

. (vapour
calculation).
, , . ,
, .
D = m/V m.

(1) (kg) (m kg ) = V x D
D = (Density of vapour) , .
:
D= [(p+1): 1,013] x [288 : (273+ t )] x (MW: 23,645)
p = bar (Tank Pressure),
t = C (Temperature of Vapour) (),
W = (Mole mass Molecular weight) kg/kmol,
Properties of Commercial Gases . 23,645
3
m /kmol (288 K)
(1,013 bar = 1 atm).
[(p+1): 1,013]= Pv = bar =1,056 1,013= Ps
bar.
(1) :

(kg) (m kg ) =[(V x S/F)] x [(P.F.) x (T.F.) x (M.F.)]

(P.F.) = (Pressure Factor) = (p + 1): 1,013.

(T.F.) = (Temperature Factor) = (273+15 C ): (273 + t).

(M.F.) = (Molecular Factor) = (MW : 23,645).
.
1
.
.
.
3
3
= 4442,45 m x 2,389 kg/m = 10.613 kg

N :
) Charles: p t
( ) V .
p/t =.V=.

P1/T1 = P2/T2

) Gay Lussacs: p , V
t.
V/t=. P= . V1/T1 = V2/T2
) Boyles: ,
( ) t, V
p .
pV = . . P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

276

. (Total of Cargo on Board):

( )1
kg.
= + = 3.176.785 kg + 10.613 kg = 3.187.398 kg
= 3.187.398 x 0,99775 = 3.180.226 kg = 3.180,23 M/T
,
,
(Weight-in-air), ,
,
, ,
3

. ASTM 56 (short table) 511 kg/m 15 C

2
(Weight-in-vacuo) (Weight-inair). 0,99775.
Weight-in-air Weight-in-vacuo.
Weight-in-vacuo .
.
25.3.
1,033 kp/cm2
1 atm= 1,01325 kp/cm2. ( 10132,5 kgf/m2, kgf= 9,80665 N) = 1,01325 bar = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101.325 kPa = 14.696 PSI
1 bar ( )= 100.000Pa 100 kPa = ~ 1 kp/cm2 = 14,5038 PSI = 750,062 torr = 0,986923 atm
(Kelvin) SI. 273,16 = .
288 = (273 + 15 C). (ISO standard day conditions).
(Kelvin) 273 + tC. K = C + 273,16 ( 273)
C = K 273.
1 mole mol SI, gram (molecular, ),
(MW MW Mol. wt).
1 mole () 22,4 lt (STP 0C, 1 atmosphere).
MW .
( ) , .. CO MW = 12,01 + 16,00 = 28.,01 gm/mole,
CO2 W= 12,01 + (2 x 16.00)=12,01 + 32,00 = 44,01 gm/mole. (44,00995) ( MW m3/kmol).
22,414 lt 0C 1 atm .
23,6451 lt 288 15 C 1 atm (ISO standard day conditions).
LG.
LNG ' LPG, :
)  LNG ,
) LNG
LPG. LNG ,
. ,
, '
.
LNG ,
.
' LPG,
.

1
,
. .
'
.
2
H ASTM 56 (short table)
+15 C. , 15 C. ()
( ).
(buoyancy of air).

277

-
.
) (Mass) ,
(Weight) , .
) (Density) (
) ( ).
,
. . : =m/V.
) (True Density) .
(Weight-in-air). kg/lt.
) (Apparent Density)
. kg/lt.
) (Relative Density
Specific Gravity)

.
.
.
) E
(Apparent Relative Density Apparent Specific Gravity)


.
.

. ,
,
.

15 C.

(standard condition) .
, ,
.
,
.
,
.

.


,
. .. .
ASTM 56.

0,5680 kg/lt (Ethylene) 0,9714 kg/Lt (Vinyl Chloride Monomer).

( ),
0,0011 kg/lt .

25.4
 .

.


IACS.

,

. .
.

,
/. , , , (Reactivity),
, ...

,
.
:
)
. /
,
,
- (
/ PRESTIGE

). - -
, -,

.

,
,

.

CO2.
,

278
,

.
fully pressurized LPG carriers
.


,

(UK P&I Club).

)

.

'
, ...

,
, ..
.

,
.
-,


1
.
.

2
.


,

.
1

) .

,
,
. '
.
( ),
, '
.

3
.

.
FP LPGCs
/.
/
.
) .
,

.

, , ..
, , ,

: Methane (Flash point 175 C), Ethane (Flash point 125 C), Propane (Flash point 105 C), n-Butane (Flash point 60 C), i-Butane Flash point 76 C), Ethylene(Flash point 150 C), Propylene (Flash point 180 C), -Butylene
(Butene-1), (Flash point 80 C), -Butylene (Butene -2) (Flash point 72 C), Butadiene (Flash point 60 C), Isoprene (Flash
point 50 C), Ammonia (Flash point 57 C), Ethylene oxide (Flash point 18 C) Propylene oxide. (Flash point 37 C). (
chlorine () ).
2
// (pump room/motor room, cargo compressor room).
( ) IGC Code , .
(
), .
.
. ,
, , / ...
3
: Ammonia, VCM (Vinyl Chloride Monomer), Ethylene oxide, Propylene oxide Chlorine.

279
,
, ,
, ,

(). IGS
.

.
,
,
. ,
,
, .

/,
.

25.5 .
,

. .
, ,
.
:
)
(Special Containment types)

.
(Insulation of Cargo Tanks) (. 25.5).
)

.
/ ,

.
) ,

.
) ,
.
) ,
. '

.
) .
) , /
,
.
.

.
, .
) ,
(, ,
, ) .
) .
)

.
)

( ).




.

280

()

()

()

. 25.5.
) Ethylene-LPG carrier ) ) MARKII LNG.

) ,
. ,
.
) ,
.
) ,

.
) ,
. ,
,
,
.
) ,
.


.
.
.
) ,
.

.
.
) ,
.
.
) , ,
.
) , , ,
, ...
) , . .. ()
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
) sloshing
LNGC.
,
,
.


,

281
,
20 .

.
. ,
(endorsement),

5 .
STCW 1978, , -

. :
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
.

 26

26.1 
IBC
CodeIMO.
O International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code)

.

500

.
2007
(chemical products)
MARPOL 73/78
, SOLAS
.

.
:
) Heavy chemicals: ( )
: sulphuric acid,
,
phosphate fertilizer,
TNT, ,
,
.
) Chemical wastes: ( , )

. ,



. (

).
) Coal tar products: ( )
(carbonization)
, .
benzene,
phenol (
), naphthalene ,
, ...

1/07/2006 1/01/2007.
IBC Code 2007,
SOLAS MARPOL ,
01/07/86
/ , '
.
IBC,
BCH 2008
01/07/86,
.

) Petrochemical products (CPP): ( )

.
.
, .
.

,
xylenes (
), phenol styrenes
.
) Animal and Vegetable fats oils (vegoils):
soyabeans, groundnuts, cottonseed, sunflowers, coconut, corn, sesame, peanut, safflower, rapeseed
, olive, coconut
oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, palm olein, palm stearin
, ,
, ... linseed castor seed.
(tallow, whale oil, fish oil, herring oil, suet beef ..). (glycerol),
.
) Molasses alcohols:

.
ethyl, methyl propyl,
.
, ,

.

283
,
.
/
(. 26.1)
IBC.
:
1:
, , ,
...
2:

.
) 1 / ()
17 (.. , 1,2,3 -), ,
,
.
1
.
) 2 / 17 (..
, ),
,
,
.
2 150
m . 2 150 m

.
) 3 / 17 (..
, ), ,
,

.
3 225
m .
3 125 m , 225 m

,
.
3 125
m ,

. ,

( ).
1 /
,
2 3 / o . ,
1

' .
3:
, .

. 26.1.
IMO.

284

, ,
, ,
, ,

.
.


,
, , , (void
space), , ,
,
,
.
4:
.
:
) (Independent
tank) ,
.

, ( )
.
.
) ()
(integral tank)
,

.
.
) (gravity tank)
0,07 MPa
(0,7 bar ).


,

.
) (pressure tank)
0,07 MPa.
,
,
.
:
5:
,
.
6: .
7: .
8:
.
9:
.
10:
.
11:
,
.
12:
.
13:

.
14 21 , :
14: ().
15:
.
16: ,

, , , ,
,
.
17: ' ,

285


,
18: '
IBC.

,

.
19:
.
20:
.
21:
IBC.

26.2 

.

,
1 IBC Code .
) () (Noxious Liquid SubstanceNLS)
(Pollution category) ( c) 17
18 IBC Code MEPC 2/Circular (Marine
Environment Protection Committee)
1

6.3 MARPOL 73/78, ,

1
, .
) / (Chemical tanker):

17 .
) (Boiling point):
,
.
) (Cargo area):

, , , ,



' .
, ,


,
.
) (Cargo pump-room):

.

MARPOL.
: , ,
.
: , ,

.
: , ,
.
: OS (Other Substances) 18 IBC
code, , ,
,
.
MARPOL .

286
) (Pump-room):
.
) (Cargo service spaces):

, , 2 m2

.
) (Cargo tank):

.
) (Cofferdam):

.
.
) (Control stations):


.
,
.
) (Dangerous chemicals):

17.
) (Density): ,
kg/m3. , .
) (Explosive/flammability limits/range):
,

.
) (Flashpoint):
,

.
C
.
) (Hold space): -

'
, .
) (Products):
.
) (Reference temperature): ,

/
.
) (Separate):
, , .
) (Vapour pressure):

Pascals (Pa)
.
) (Void space):

, (ballast space),
, ,

.

26.3
 (, ,
).
.

, ,
. ,

(International Electrotechnical CommissionIEC),
, ,
.

287
.

.
, :
1) (Fire hazard): ,
/
.
: .
'

.
,
, ,
( ..).

2) (Health hazard):

:
) .
) (Toxicity Limits) :
1
LD50 . '
50% ,
.
LD50 .
50%
.
2
LC50 H 50%
.
)
.
:
1
2

LD = Lethal Dose = .
LC = Lethal Concentration = .

,

, ,

,
.
,
. ,

, ,
, ,
, .
,
, : (1) , (2) , (3)
, (4)
(5)
.

3) (Reactivity hazard): :
) .
) .
)
) (.. Polymerization).
:
,
,
(/5 760mm)
, , .

4) ()
(Marine pollution hazard):
:
) (bioaccumulation).
) (lack of ready biodegradability).

288
) (acute toxicity to aquatic organisms).
) (chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms).
) (long term human health effects).
) (physical properties resulting in the product floating or sinking
and so adversely affecting marine life).
:

() ( )
( ).
.

26.4 , , ,
, .
.

.
/ . (Certificate of Fitness for
the carriage of dangerous chemicals in bulk)
.



5
MARPOL 73/78.
'
,
,
,
,

' .
/

, . ,
(.
)
.
,
,

.
' /

,
.
, (
)

.
.

/. , .

(
, ) .
' ,
(.. ). (
) (vapor return lines).
'
98% ,
.
, /,

. .. .

.
,
.

289
(pre-loading
check list)
( , ,

..) .
,

0,5 bar.

, .


.
:
) (compatibility) .
) .
,
.
(coating resistance list).
)
,
.

(transshipment) (. 26.4).

, ,
, ,
.
(regional carriers) .

.

( ) (demurrages),

()
(
). ,
. ,
.
,

. 26.4.
/.

290
,
.
'
'
.
.
,
/,
(thermo-oil).
,
() (heat exchanger),
.
,

ullages
, .
.

:
) .
)
,
.
)

,


.
) .
) .
)
(purging),
.
1

)
.
) , ...
) (main control rooms).
)
.
) (, ) (primary, secondary
and emergency communication systems).
) ,
.
) ,
.
) .
)
.
) .
) .
)
...

.


/ . .
,
.

,
(last cargo/next
cargo situations). 1
.

: Companys Tank Cleaning Manual, MARPOL Annex I & II, US Coast Guard
Chemical Data Guide for Bulk Shipment of Chemicals, - Dr. Verweys Tank Cleaning Guide Tank Cleaning
Database-Cargo Handbook, Cargo Data Sheets.

291

,
(purity)
.

. (contamination)
(.. ) (specifications), (denature)
.
.
,
,
.
,
, :
) ( )

.
) /.
) ,
/
.
)
( ,
,
, , ) ,
.
) ,
.
) .

MARPOL.


, , , ,
...
/

,

.
,

.
.
12 IBC .
,
, ,
, ,
20 30 ,
.
, , , ,
, .., , 8 ,

. 16

.
8 IBC -,



. . ,
(gas-freeing arrangements),
.
,

,
.

:
) , IBC ,

292
) , 2 m
(. 26.4), 30 m/
sec, ,
) , 2 m
,
, 20 m/sec,

.

30%
,
,
,

.

. 26.4.
2 m .

1.1 .
(Stowage factor
SF)


. .
(factor),
() ,
,

.
3
, cu.ft/LT (ft /LT). ,
3
m / [.. Barley
3
1,67 m /
3
( 1012%) 1,81 m /]
3
ft /LT.
,
3
ft /LT,

3
, ft /MT.
, .

.
, ' , ,
..,
5% (. . 1.4, . 298).
1

,
, ,
.. .
.
(Cubic Factor
CF)


, .

3
(/m )
1
(bulk density ), , (..
bulk density Barley 0,665-0,678 MT/
3
m ).
.

. (conventional stowage factor)
(grain stowage factor)
,
.
Test
Weight,
, : = (2240:Test weight)
1,2445. Test Weight pounds (Lbs) U.S.
Winchester bushel (Bu),
3
1,2445 ft ( Imperial
Bushel 1,2837).

1.2
 Bale & Grain capacity.

,

ulk Density ( ): , ,
kg/m3. .

295
, . 3
3
ft m Grain
capacity Grain space Gross capacity
Bale capacity Bale space Net capacity.
, Grain capacity Bale capacity,
Deadweight capacity (capacity ).


, :
) , , (Bale Capacity)

)
(grain) - (Grain Capacity).
Loading Manuals, Ships Particulars
Capacity plans

.
(capers panamaxes)
Grain capacity.
,
Bale capacity
,
, Bale capacity
96% Grain capacity . ,
,
Bale space 7% 10%
Grain space.
:
) .


bale capacity bale space net capacity.

,
, , ,
...
, , ,

,
,

(.. ..).
bale capacity ( ) (,
..)
(, , ..) ,
( , , ..).
,
, . (spot
voyage charter)
,

, .
. ,
bale capacity
,

.
,

, ,
, .

, (. .
4, . 345).
) . grain capacity grain space

,
, . grain capacity [
(TSTs),

296
],

( ),
(.. , , ..).
grain
capacity , ,
,
, .. .
bale capacity,
, ,


bale capacity.
grain capacity ,
,
,
.
, Grain loading
manual ,
(filled ends
trimmed) (filled ends untrimmed).
() , ,
(Volumetric Heeling Moments)

,
.
grain
capacity , , .

1.3 
.

(..) '

, ' .

Draught Survey
( Draft Survey ).

,
,
(B/L),
shore
figures (
), ships figures
( Draught Survey).
, Draught Survey
( ), ,
. 0,5%
.
,
, ,
shore figures
ships figures,

Draught Survey. Draught Survey
(. 8)

.
.. (Hydrostatic tables. . 3, . 3). . ..


.
,
(Hydro). (evenkeel),
,
, /, -

297
.
,
(static).


,
.
' ,
.. : (Displacement) ,
(Tons per cmTPC),
(Moment to
Change Trim one cmMTC MCT 1), ' (Longitudinal
Center of BuoyancyLCB B),

' (Longitudinal Center
of FloatationLCF F), ,
() (KM), (Block CoefficientCb),
(Wetted surface-Wetsur),
(Waterplane
coefficient),
(Vertical Center of Buoyancy
VCB) ...
(Draught Survey): , ( ) (
).
(
) ( /)
.. .
..
( ).
, ,
(
). ' ,
, -

.

(. Draught Survey 8 3, . 4 5).
,


.
Draught Survey

(Hydrostatic curves) (Deadweight scale) (. 9 10),
. ..
' .
'
, Draught Survey ,
.
..
,
.
..
()
..



3
( ) m
(V) ( = V )
:
) . Draught survey '
,
) , ( ,
3
d=1,000 kg/m ).
Draught Survey /,
-

298
Draught Surveys /.

.
/

,
.

1.4 .


(Broken stowage)] :


,
,
, (..
,
, ..) [..

(loader)].
..
o
.
.

1.5  .
.
(freight) (
)

,
/
. '
: , ,
, , , ...
:

,
, ,

, ,
,

15
,
...

.

,
( )
:
) (measurement cargoes measurement goods light)
,
) (deadweight
cargoes heavy)
.
shipping ton U.S. measurement
3
ton freight ton 40 ft ,
.

(LT) 2240
3
Lb 1016 Kg, 40 ft (1.1327
3
3
m 1,2 m ), 40
ft3/LT [ (SI) 3
3
1,11 m /MT 0,900 /m ]
3
40 ft .
1 LT .
3
40 ft /
LT.

,

,

299
,
...
,
40 ft3
, LT
(short ton),
.

, SOLAS
, (high density cargoes)
(bulk density) 1,780 MT/
m3 (1780 kg/ m3) iron ore, pig iron, steel, bauxite cement,
(low density cargoes) (bulk
density) 1 MT/m3 (1000 kg/m3) ,
, ...

1.6  .
. '
, .

1.6.1 
.
1.
(grain capacities) Bulk carrier , summer DW 29607 MT
No 1:5609, No 2:7297, No 3:7266, No 4:7291, No 5:7162 34.625 m3.
, 44,248 ft3/LT.
.
.
) 1.
, ft3/LT
35,88 (. 3, . 6 11) m3/MT m3 (44,248/35,88 = 1,233 m3/MT).
)
.
1) 1 5609/1,233 = 4549MT
2) 2 7297/1,233 = 5918MT
3) 3 7266/1,233 = 5893MT
4) 4 7291/1,233 = 5913MT
5) 5 7162/1,233 = 5808MT
2.
Bulk carrier :
Cargo holds

Filled ends trimmed

3

1
2

Filled ends untrimmed

Volume m

Volume m3

8343
10.994

8129
10.869

SI , , , ..,
, .. . , ,
. .

300
3
4
5
6
7

10.993
10.926
10.999
10.980
10.383

10.868
10.802
10.874
10.855
10.223

Grain SF 1,199 m3/MT 1 6815

4 6325 .
, , ;

.
Filled ends trimmed (1,199 m3/MT), ,
. ,
, Filled ends trimmed
1
6815
No 2
10.994/1,199
No 3
10.993/1,199
No 4
6325
5
10.999/1,199
6
10.980/1,199
7
10.383/1,199

= 6815 MT
= 9169 MT
= 9168 MT
= 6325 MT
= 9173 MT
= 9158 MT
= 8660 MT
= 58.468 MT

3.
:
3
3
3
3
3
3
1: 12.293 m , 2: 13.264 m , 3: 13.169 m , 4: 13.195 m , 5: 13.278 m , 6: 13.223 m , 7:
3
12.128 m .
1,3377 m3/. Loading instrument
1 7 , 82% 96%
( ) , 5 .

.

.
1: 12.293 m3:

3
2: 13.264 m :
3
3: 13.169 m :
3
4: 13.195 m :
3
5: 13.278 m :
3
6: 13.223 m :
3
7: 12.128 m :

82% 10080 m3.

' 10080/1,3377 =7535,00
2 13.264/1,3377
=9915,00
3 13.169/1,3377
=9844,00
4 13.195/1,3377
=9863,00
5 .
=0
6 13.223/1,3377
=9885,00
96% 11642 m3.
11642/1,3377=8703,00
():
55.745,00 MT

: , .

301

4.
:
1 L. H. (lower hold): 60.780 ft3
No 1 T. D. (tween deck): 35.900 ft3
No 2 L. H.: 112.610 ft3
No 2 T. D.: 47.400 ft3
No 3 L. H.: 51.020 ft3
No 3 T. D.: 35.000 ft3
No 3 D. T. (deep tank ): 50.600 ft3
No 4 L. H.: 96.540 ft3
No 4 T. D. 36.380 ft3
No 5 L. H. 42.160 ft3
No 5 T. D.: 24.460 ft3
45 ft3/LT Nos 1, 2, 3, 4 5, No
3
3 3. No 3 46.035 ft .
4 . .
) .
) .

.
(SI)
. .
1 L. H.: 60.780 ft3/45 = 1351 LT
3
No 2 L. H.: 112.610 ft /45 = 2502 LT
3
No 3 L. H.: 51.020 ft /45 = 1134 LT
3
No 3 D. T.: 46.035 ft /45 = 1023 LT
3
No 4 L. H.: 96.540 ft /45 = 2145 LT
3
No 4 T. D. 36.380 ft /45 = 808 LT
3
No 5 L. H. 42.160 ft /45 = 937 LT

= 9900 LT 1,01605 = 10.058,9 MT
: 4
4
.

5.
/ 58.922m3.
3
48 ft /LT, 15% .
;
.
ft3/LT cu.m/MT 0,0278 :
48 x 0,02787=1,33776 cu.m/MT.
.
) 1) 58.922/1,33776
= 44.045,269 MT
2) 44.045.269 MT 15%= 6.606,790 MT
3) 44.045.2696606,790 = 37.438,479 MT

302
) 1)

100
15
58.922
X
X=15 58.922/100= 8.838,3 cu.m.
2) 58.9228.838,3= 50.083,7 cu.m.
3) 50.083,7/1,33776= 37.438,479 MT

) 1) Weight=

V (1 BS)
=[58.922(10,15)]/1,33776 = 37.438,479 MT
SF

1.6.2  .
1.
2, 4 6
3
(fishmeal) 3 m / 3000 , 3080
3100 , ;
.
, .
2
4
6

: 3000 x 3 = 9.000 m3
: 3080 x 3 = 9.240 m3
: 3100 x 3 = 9.300 m3

2.
Panamax Bulk Carrier DWAT 71.900 MT 1:
10.497,9, No 2:12.051,1, No 3:12.434,5 , No 4:11.504,6, No 5:12.434,5, No 6:12.062,9, No 7:10.838,4
3
3
81.838,9 m , 60.000 32 ft /MT. :
) .
) .
.
ft3/MT m3/MT 35,316 (.
3
11) 32/35,316=0,9061 m /MT.

3
m /MT. ,
.

) 1

10.497,9
=0,1282751 60.000=
81.838,9

) 2

12.051,1
=0,1472539 60.000 = 8835,2MT x 0,9061= 8005,5 m3
81.838,9

7696,5MT x 0,9061= 6974,0 m3

) 3 12.434,5 =0,1519387 60.000 = 9116,3MT x 0,9061= 8260,2 m3

81.838,9
) 4

11.504,6
=0,1405761 60.000 = 8434,6 MT x 0,9061= 7642,5 m3
81.838,9

12.434,5
) 5 81.838,9 =0,1519387 60.000 =

9116,3MT x 0,9061= 8260,3 m3

303

) 6

12.062,9
=0,1473981 60.000 = 8843,8MT x 0,9061= 8013,4 m3
81.838,9

10.838,4
) 7 81.838,9 =0,1324357 60.000=

7946,1MT x 0,9061= 7200,0 m3

: , , ,
, 12.2:
= ( : ) .

3.
1000 MT , 40 ft3/MT, broken stowage
20%.
3
m ;
.
= (1000 40)/0,20 = 200.000 ft3 0,0283168 = 5663.36 m3
: 0,0283168 ft3 m3.

1.6.3 .
1.
3
3
0% 1 m = 510 kg ( 0,510 MT/m ). o Bale Capacity
3
33.359 m broken stowage, , 30%.
; .
.
:
3
) 33.359 30% = 10.007,7 m
) 33.35910.007,7 = 23.351,3 m3
:
3
) 1/0,510 = 1,96078 m /MT
:
) 23.351,3: 1,96078 = 11.909
23.351,3 x 0,510 = 11.909MT
2.
/ 38.640 ft3. 643 2 x 1
3
x 1 ft 200 lbs, broken stowage 5% t3
. , , 325 LT 55 f /LT.

3
53 ft /LT .
.
)
.

304
2 1 1 = 2 ft3
643 2 = 1286 ft3
) broken stowage 5%
. .
1286
3
3
Broken stowage = 100 5= 64,30 ft =1286 + 64,30 =1350,3 ft
) 325 55= 17.875 ft3,
3
: 1350,3 + 17875 = 19.225,3 ft
)
,
.
3
= 38.64019.225,3 = 19.414,7 ft
19.414,7/53 = 366,3 LT .

3.
5000 2 2 1 ft, broken stowage 5%.
t3
(LT) 50 f /
LT .
.
2 2 1 = 4 ft3 5000 :
3

5000 4 = 20000 ft
5
1000 ft3 : Broken stowage = 20.000 100 = 1000 ft3
: 20.000 + 1000 = 21.000 ft3
420 : 21.000/50 =
= 420 LT

1.6.4 
.
1.
motorship 800 MT 3500 m3,
3
, 4000 m . A U.S.
USD 20, ;
.
) m3 ft3. 3
35,3147 (. 11): 3500 35,3147 = 123.601,45 ft
) ft3 40 (. . 1.5, . 298)
3
40 ft , :
123.601,45 ft3/40 = 3090 U.S. .
) :
3090 20 = 61.800 USD.
2.
-

305
.
6,55 m , 6,71 m 0.
4245 m3. ( load draft) 8,23 m TPC 20
MT.
200 MT ()
() 4,878 m3/ , ,
4000 SF 30 ft3/LT .
. ,
. Broken stowage
15%. USD 20
USD 15 (LT).

.
) : 6,55 + 6,71 = 13,26/2 = 6,63 m.
) : 8,236,63 = 1,60 m 160 cm.
) TPC
: 160 20
= 3200 MT.
3
) :
=
200 MT 4,878 = 975,60 m

=
3000 MT 0,836 = 2508,00 m3

3200 MT
3483,60 m3
3

3483,60 15% = 522,54 m

4006,14 m3
4245,00 m3
(4006,14 m3) , .
3
) m 35,3147 (. 11) : 975,60 35,3147 = 34.453,21 ft3
) 34453,021 ft3 40 ft3 (U.S. measurement ton),
40 ft3.
34.453,021/40 = 861,32 LT
3
) 40 ft
:
861,32 20 = 17.226,50 USD
) 0,98421 (. 11) ,
(USD 15)
:
3000 0,98421 = 2952,63 LT
2952,63 15 = 44.289,45 USD
) :
17226,50 + 44289,45 = 61.515,95 USD.
3.
665 10,5 kg 1,5 ft 1 ft 1

306
ft. 65 USD U.S. measurement ton
, . ;

.
) : (665 10,5) = 6982,5 kg (6982,5/1000) = 6,9825
) 6,98425 0,984206528 = 6,87 LT
) : (1,5 ft 1 ft 1 ft) = 1,5 ft3
) : (665 1,5) = 997,5 ft3
) = 997,5/6,87 = 145,19 ft3/LT ( )
) 997,5 ft3 (997,5/40) = 24,9375
24,9375 65 USD = 1620,94 USD.
453,86 USD (6,9825 65).
4.
2 : 2,5 m, : 1 m : 2 m.
3
, , 110 USD 1 1 m ,
.
;
.
) 2,5 1 2 = 5 m3
' :
) 5 110 USD = 550 USD

1.6.5  , .
, ,
, .
Pig Iron = 0,22 x (. . 14.1,
. 137). ' ( .. Pig Iron 0,280,30 m3/MT)
1,394 m3/MT ( 1,39 1,67 m3/MT).
.

1.6.6 .
(1), ,
(h) (ft)
.
ft
(SF ft3/LT).
50
SI (1) :

(1):

h=

h=

m
(SF m3/MT).
1,394

1.
M/V

307
Pig Iron 0,28 m3/MT. (h) , 3,5 m;

.
: h = (/1,394) 0,28/1,394 3,5 = 0,70 cm
O Pig Iron h = 0,22 = 0,77 cm
, .
2.
/
3
0,418 m /MT.
10 ft.
.
.
(. 11)
:
3
3
) 0,418 35,88= 15 ft /LT 0,418/0,02787= 14,998 15 ft /LT
10
) 50 15= 3 ft.

' . .
. .
(carefully trimmed).

1.7 
.
(Permissible LoadPL)
.
.
.
, , . (bedding
space) 5%
, 2 m, .
2
2
3 /m 3,30 /m ,
.
.
30% . 2
, 1,80 /m 2,40 /
2
m . .
.
.

308

1.
26,0 , 6
2
1,25 m 1,80 m. 3,30 MT/m . .
.
6 1,25 = 7,50m2, 7,50 3,30= 24,75 MT
.
: 26,0 5% = 27,30 MT 27,30
2
2
MT/7,50 m = 3,64 MT/m , 2
, 3,30 MT/m .

' ,
( ) . A
' .
2
27,30/3,30= 8,27m ,
.
2.
2 3
6 m 1,25 m 0,42 m 7,874 MT/m .
2
PL 3,30 MT/m .
.
2 .
.
)
. 5%
,
2 m. .
3
1) = 6 1,25 x 0,42 = 3,15 m
2) = x = 3,15 7,874= 24,80 MT
3) 24,80 5% = 1,24 24,80 + 1,24 = 26,04 MT
) , .
' ,
2
2
m , PL (3,30 MT/m )
.
, 26,04,
2
2
PL (3,30 MT/m ), m
( ),
.
2
4) = 6 1,25 = 7,50 m
5) = 24,80/7,50 = 3,31 MT/m2 (3,30 MT/m2)
6) = 26,04/3,30 = 7,89 m2.
= 7,50 m2
(
2
3 3) 7,90 m ,

309
. , , .. .

3.
/ 5000 , 2 2 1 ft, Broken
Stowage 5%. (LT) SF 50 ft3/LT
.
. , 4, 2 (/) 20 ,
. / 6058 mm 2438 mm 2438 mm 20
. PL 3,30 MT/m2.
( ).
.
2 2 1= 4 ft3 5000 :
5000 4= 20000 ft3
5
broken stowage 1000 ft3 (Broken stowage=20.000 100 = 1000 ft3)
, : 20.000+1000 = 21.000 ft3
420 LT
(21.000/50 = 420 LT).
.
4 / , , .
: 20 + 20= 40 T,
: 6,058 x 2,438= 14,769 m2.
:
= 40/14,769 = 2,71 MT/m2, = 3,30 MT/
m2, .

1.8  ' (Volume Limited

Ship).

(. . 6, . 359), .
. .
, ,
, (
) .
(Volume Limited
Ship) : (Summer Displ.) 52,380
MT, (light ship) 7,120 MT, (constants, water, bunkers,
luboils) 1.260 MT (bale capacity,
) 51.910 cu.m.

44.000 MT (52.3807.120=45.260 MT
45.260 1.260=44.000 MT = , )
1,800 m3/MT, 44.000 MT

310
, 28.838 (51.910/1,800).
.

1.9  (Deadweight limited

ship).
0,850 m3/MT,
, , 61.070 MT (51910/
0,85). ( ) 44.000 MT,
.
,
.
(),
,
() .

1.10  (Full and Down).

.

. full and down
( ).
1.8, 309
3
3
ft /t (51.910/44.000=1,1797 m /MT),
, . m3
.
3
1,1797 m /MT,

. full and down.
:
) : >.
)
: <.
) : = full and down
,
. ' ,

,
. ' (
) ,
:
(1) x + y = ,
net DW (),
(2) bx + ey = V ( , bale capacity),
b , ,
e , .
V (T b)
: =
e-b
, , V,

311
(bale capacity), , (net DW), b,
e, .

1.11  ,
.
1.
/ 3000 m3. 1500 MT
:
3
) 50 ft /LT
3
) 85 ft /LT.
8%.
;
.
)
. ( ).
100 m3 8
3000 m3

= 8 3000 = 240 m3 3000 240 = 2760 m3

100
) ft3/LT cu.m/MT, 0,02787 (.
11).
50 ft3/LT 0,02787 = 1,393 cu. m /MT 85 ft3/LT 0,02787 = 2,369 cu.m/MT
: x+y=1500 MT,

1,393x + 2,369y=2760 m3 ..,
y=686,98 = x = 813,02
V (T b)
= e b = 686,98 = 1500598,36 = 813,02 =

2.
100 LT SF 30 ft3/LT SF 60 ft3/LT
3
4200 ft .
' .
.
.
x+y= 100
30x+60y=4.200
= 60 y = 40
y = = 40 LT x = = 60 LT
3.
.
6,55 m 6,71 m ,
3
4245 m . 8,23 m TPC 20 MT.

312
, 175 ft3/LT
30 ft3/LT. '
full and down; ( , ).

.
) .
TPC
.

(6,55 + 6,71)/2 = 6,63

8,23 6,63 = 1,60 m 160 cm
3

160 20 MT= 3200 MT. 4245 m .
) SI 0,02787 (.
11).
30 ft3/LT 0,02787 = 0,836 m3/MT
3
3
175 ft /LT 0,02787 = 4,878 m /MT
)
full and down.
x + y= 3200
0,836x+4,878y .. y=388,5 MT x=2811,5 MT
) :
= 2811,5 MT 0,836 m3/MT = 2350,4 m3

= 388,5 MT 4,878 m3/MT = 1894,7 m3

= 3200,0 MT
= 4245,0 m3
4.
50 ft3/LT 70 ft3/LT . /
1000 MT, 100 MT, 100 MT, 45.090 MT,
66.092 m3.
, full and down;
.
,
.
) () = 1000 + 100 + 100 = 1200 MT
) = = 45.090 1200= 43.890 MT
SI
0,02787 (. 11).
3
3
) 50 ft /LT 0,02787=1,393 cu.m/MT 70 ft /LT 0,02787=1,951 cu.m/MT
) :
876,75 MT ,

35.013,25 MT

=
43.890,00 MT

 2
E ,

,

2.1  .
1.
M/V : Summer DW 29.607 MT, Displ. 36.267 MT. Draft 10,554 M,
4,28 M, FWA 240 mm, TPC 37,68 MT, 15,0 kts.
: (sea) FO (fuel oil ) 27 MT, DO (diesel oil)
1MT, FW (fresh water) 0MT, DO ( 0,1%) 1,5 MT
FW 7 MT.
FO 30 MT, Constants 250 MT.
M/V = 1008
. . 10 . 4676 . Load
Line Zone . :
FO 85 MT, DO: 80 MT FW: 80 MT.
(safety margin) 25% FO, DO: 70 MT FW: 150 MT .
: :
) FO, DO, FW .
) .
) .
) .
.
1) , ,
, .
) FO, DO, FW ().

.
(1) 4676 /15= 311,7 .
24
.
(2) 311,7/24= 12,98 13 .
FO
FO
(3) 13 x 27 MT/Day = 351 MT FO .
FO
, ,
(Safety Margin) 25% .
: (4) 351 25% = 88 MT.

314
FO, (unpumpables)
, .
FO .
(5) 351 + 88 + 30= 469 MT FO
FO 85 MT.
FO , , ,
.
(6) 469 85 = 384 (FO ).
DO .
FO,
.
(7) 1,5 MT/D 10 = 15 MT MDO .
DO . 1 MT/ 70 ,
DO.
(8) 80 15 = 65 M DO ( DO).
.
(9) 7 MT/D 10 = 70 MT FW .

.
(10) 80 70 = 10 MT FW ROB (remain on board ) .
150 FW ,
.
(11) 150 10 = 140 .
) .

, . FO, DO, FW [FO = 384 + 85 = 469 MT, DO = 65 MT FW= 150 MT
(Constants) 250 MT].
(1) FO: 469
DO:
65
FW: 150
Constants: 250
: 934 .
S DW 29.607 , ,
.
(2) 29.607 934 = 28.673 MT.
) .
1008 kg/lt,
. .
FWA (1025 )
(1) DWA= DWA (mm) =
= 163 mm 0,163 m
25

315
,
.
(2) 10,554 + 0,163 = 10,717 .

Deck Line.
(3) 10,554 + 4,28= 14,834 m
14,834 m .
(4) 14,834 10,717= 4,117.
) .
FO: 27 DO: 1 , :
(1) 351+13= 364 MT.
cm ( ) TPC 37,68 MT
m 100.
(2) 364/37,68 MT= 9,66 cm 0,096 m

.
(3) 10,554 0,096 = 10,458 m
, .
(4) 36.267 364 = 35.903 MT
FWA :
Displacement
= 238 mm 0,238 m
(5) FWA (mm) =
4 TPC
10,458 FWA m

(6) 10,458+0,238= 10,695

2.2  .
2.
M/V : Summer DW 70.359 MT, Displ 79.604 MT, Draft 13,322
M.
Tropical DW 72.177 MT, Displ 81.411 MT, Draft 13,599 M.
Winter DW 68.559 MT, Displ 77.804 MT, Draft 13,045 M.
TPC 65 MT, FWA 306 mm, Constants 300 MT, 14,0 ,
(unpumpables) 40 MT.
FO 29 MT, DO 0 MT, FW 0 MT
FO 0MT, DO 2MT, FW 5 MT
FO 150 MT, DO 100 MT, FW 200 MT
.
(1,025) (1,010) ( )

316
.
B 5600 . 3 .
13,500 m FW, Safety Margin 25% FO.
.
: :
) .
) .
) .

.
) .
1) DO FW,
1, 2.4, 317 FO
484 ().
2) 484 25% Safety Margin.
484 25%= 121 MT
3) , FO .
484 + 121 + 40 = 645 MT .
4) ,
FO , FO .
645 150 = 495 MT.
DO FW .
(FW)
, 3 15 ,
FW: 200 15 = 185 MT
DO 2 144 , 3 6 .
DO.
150 6 = 144 MT
) .

, FO, DO, FW Constants,
70.359 MT, .
(1) 645 + 144 + 185 + 300 = 1274 MT .
(2) 70359 1274= 69.085 MT .
) .
,
1,025, 70.359 = 13,322 m ( ).
484 TPC, cm
100.
(1) 484/65 = 7,44 cm 0,0744 m
m,
.
(2) 13,322 0,0744 = 13,248 m

317
70359 , .
(3) 70359 484 = 69875 MT
DW ( 9245 = 79.604 70.359 MT), .
(4) 69.875 + 9245= 79.120 MT.
,
, 1,010.
10 Displ (1,025 )
(5) DWA (mm) =
=182 mm 0,182 m
TPC
(Salt Water Arrival DraftSWAD) DWA
(Brakish Water Arrival DraftBWAD)
(6) 13,248+ 0,182= 13,430 m ( ).

2.3  .
3
4654 , 6180 4,85 m TPC
6,37 . DO 6 , FW 3 .
11,80 .
( 1,007)
3527 ( 1,025).
4,40 m 912 ..
: .
.
. 4,40 m. : Draft in sea water = Ship's draft x Port density ,
1, 025
1,025. 4,22m.
912 ... (11,80 ) : 912/11,80 = 77,28 .
24 77,28/24 = 3,22
DO FW 6 + 3 = 9 MT.
,
3,22 9 = 28,98 MT. TPC cm
28,98/6,37 = 4,5 cm 0,045 m
4,22 0,045 = 4,175 m.

2.4 .

(
) , ,
. (Zone
Allowance).
,

318
. , . (IFO+MDO+FW).
() ,
.
:
Zone Allowance = [(/)/24]
24
. , ,
. (Zone Allowance).
Zone Allowance ( Additional cargo liftable)
, :
+ Zone Allowance =
+ Zone Allowance =
,
, ,
, , .

4.
FO: 1000 T, DO: 100 T, FW: 200 T, Constants: 150 T. light crude
.
W 900 .. 15
. 32 8
. o 26.450 T 26.350 MT
.
.
.
)
, .
) ,
W. , , W
.
:
Zone Allowance [(/)/24] x
(1)
:
[(900/15)/24] (32+8)=100 MT.
+ Zone Allowance =

(2)

26.350 + 100 = 26.450 .

) 26.450 , , :
26.450 (1000+100+200+150) = 25.000 MT (.. 30,0) (.
21.1, . 210).

319

().
( Zone Allowance):
) .
IFO:
MDO:
FW:
Constants:

1000 T
100 T
200 T .
150 T Loading Manual
Draft surveys.
: 1450 T
) W.
.
:
:
zone allowance:

80 T *
20 T *
100 T

(*) W
([(900/15)/24] = 2,5 ) (32 MT): 32 x 2,5=80 T ...

) , .
: 26.350 T .
Zone allowance:
100 T ()
:
26.450 T
: 1450 T ()
: 25.000 T
.
, .
. .

5.
: S DW 17.705 MT Draft 9,20 m, T DW 18.164 MT Draft 9,39 m, W
DW 17.328 MT Draft 9,01 m, TPC 22 MT, Speed 14,5 kts, FO 23 MT, DO 0,5 MT,
FW 6 MT.
900 ..,
4700 ..
5800 ..
: .
.

) W
17.328 + 398 1= 17.726 MT
) S
17.705 + 76 1= 17.781 MT
) T
18.164 MT
o , W = 17.726 MT

320

.
. 2.5
, .

2.5 .
6.
: S DW 17.705 MT, Draft 9,20 M, T DW 18.164 MT, Draft 9,39 M, W DW
17.328 MT, Draft 9,01 M, TPC 22 MT, Sp 14,5 , FO 23 MT, DO
0,5 MT, FW 6MT, FWA 228 mm. Full bunkers FW
B (1016)
.
o (W) 1012, 30 05 ()
4250 mls
W
IFO 20 MT, FW 8 MT.
690 mls S

2.5 .
K

{}

6100 mls

S
2650 mls T

A (1025)
. 2.5.

.
) (1,025)
,
(1,012)
9,270 m.
(1) 30 05 9,270 m
(2) DWA (mm) (in) =

FWA (1025 )
= 118 mm 0,118 m
25

(3) 9,2700,118 = 9,152 m

(9,27 x 1,012)/1,025 = 9,152 m

) (..) 9,152 m DW. :

1) 9,200 ( ) 9,152 = 0,048 m 4,8 cm
2) 4,8 22 = 105,6 MT
3) 17.705 105,6 = 17.599,4 MT .
) , ,
. .
1) 17.599,4 + 517,1 ( 1) = 18.116,5 MT
2) W 17.328 + 575 ( 1) = 17.903 MT

28
17.931
3) S 17.705 + 225 ( 3) = 17.930 MT
4) T 18.164
S 17.930 :
DW 17.930

321
) .
(1) 4250 + 6100 = 10.350 ..
(2) A B 877 MT ( 1).
(3) 877 + 28 ( ) = 905 MT
(4) 17.930 905 = 17.025 MT
) .. 1,025
:
(1) 17.025 17.328 ( ) = 303 MT
(2) 303/22 =13,77 cm 0,14 m
(3) 9,01 ( ) 0,14 = 8,87 m
) (1,016).
Ship's draft x Port density
. Ships draft
Draft in sea water =
1, 025

8,87 x 1,025
= 8,94 .
1,016

2.6 .
.
Laker (Lakes size ship LOA 225,5 m, B:23,8 m)
7,92 m 26 [ 7,95 m (261) 15
30 ]. 8 m,
8,08 m, .
(sea way) .
Welland, .
. (St. Lambert lock)

FWA
Cabot Strait.

, .
( 8 m 8,08 m ).

.
.

(Addendum No 2. . 12)
.

. .
FPT APT, ,
.

322
,
,
sloshing. ,
.

2.7 .
:
. 1, 5, 6, 7 8 ,
2, 3 4 (. . 6, . 46) (. 3, . 3). ,
. Fuel Diesel
MARPOL.
' ,
. ,
, ,
.

1.
M/V NIKOPOLIS :
S DW 17.705 MT, 9,20 m, TPC 25 MT
T DW 18.164 MT, 9,39 m, TPC 27 MT
W DW 17.328 MT, 9,01 m, TPC 22 MT
5172 MT, 14,2 , FO 23,5 MT,
DO 0, FW 6 MT.
: / ( =1,025),
T, S 1000 .. S W: 4793 ..
SW 29 00 6134 ..
: . Calcined Bauxite .
: , ,
.
: 8,94 m.
2.
: M/V BULKER

: Paranagua (25 31S, 048 30W) . 1,025

: Tarragona (41 06N, 001 17E) . 1,025

: 5040 ...
3
: Soybeans 1,3 m /MT
: FO 800 MT, DO 50 MT, FW 150 MT
: ) .
) Tarragona.
: 69.654 13,58 m
Tarragona 13,50 m.
3.
bulk carrier M/V BULKER 20/04/2009 Richards Bay (RB) (28 50S, 032

3
06E) Hong Kong () (22 18N, 114 10E) 0,90 m /MT
F 700 MT, DO 50 MT, FW 150 MT. RB 4815 .. Spore

323
10, 661 .. , 791 .. ,
RB 1,025 1,022.
. 25% (Safety
Margin).
:
 ) (dMP) RB;
)  ;
, .
: 73.340 RB
14,12m. 572 FO dMP 14,15 m.

4.
: M/V BULKER.
: Weipa (12 42S, 141 40) . 1025
: Kobe (34 41N, 135 10E) . 1024.
Halmahera (0 00, 129 00E)
10 1828 .. Kobe 1522 ...
: : 1,1 m3/MT. .
.
: 25/11/2009
: F 600 MT, DO 50 MT, FW 100 MT
:
 ) Weipa;
) .
: 73.680 Weipa
14,12 m. Kobe 14,08 m.
5.
M/V Bahia Blanca 20.000 Rio Grande do Sul ( ).
. . Rio Grande :
FO: 900 MT, DO: 80MT, FW: 80 MT, Constants 300 MT.
,
10,30 m.
Rio Grande 550 ..,
3889 ..,
697 .. 755 ...
:
S / 36.267/10.554 m , TPC 37,50 MT
W / 35.438/10.334 m , TPC 35,00 MT
T / 37.099/10.774 m , TPC 39,50 MT
: 6660 MT. : 15,00 , FO: 24 MT, DO: 1 MT,
FW: 5 MT.
Rio Grande. , .
: Rio Grande 7690 .

324

6.
M/V :
S DW 17.705 MT 9,20 m
T DW 18.164 MT 9,39 m
W DW 17.328 MT 9,01 m
TPC 22 MT, 14,5 , FO 23 MT, DO 0,5 MT, FW 6 MT,
FWA 0,228 mm, 5100 .
1850
.., 2580 . , 9,200 m , 9,650 ...
.
: 12.604 .
7
M/V (=1,025) (= 1,005).
.
: FO 300 MT, DO 50 MT, FW 100 MT.
:
S DW 70.359 MT, 79.604 MT, 13,322 M,
T DW 72.177 MT, 81.411 MT, 13,599 M,
W DW 68.559 MT, 77.804 MT, 13,045 M,
Constants 300 MT, 14,0 , TPC 65 .
: FO 29,6 MT FO D/G 2,1 MT, FW DO 0.
: FO D/G 2,1 MT, FW 5 MT, DO 0.
IFO 30 MT.
25% FO 50 MT DO (FW) 200 MT.
:
Distances: Santos
T S Zone
3777 ..

S W Zone
847 ..

W Rotterdam
816 ..

5440 ..
:
) FO, DO, FW .
)

.
) .
: FO 400 MT, DO , FW 110 , 78.240 MT,
67.749 MT 67.700 MT, 13,274 m.
:
.

 3

,

3.1 .
V SOLAS 74 (Carriage of
Cargoes)

. 1991 ,
. 1994

. ,
1998
(
) (Cargo Securing ManualCSM)
- .

SOLAS 74, : ,


, / , , ,
500,
, , ,
, /-/,

.
/
. (. 3, . 7)
,
.

.

.
,
,
:
)

, .
)
,
)

(Flag State Control), (Port State ControlPSC)
(Memorandum of UnderstandingMOU)
(Surveyors to
Classification Societies).

, , , ,

.

.
,


.


.

326
.
(Standardised Cargoes)
, /, ,
,
:
)
, , ,



.
) /

, ,
,

)
,
,

,
.
,
, ,
,
( : Standardized stowage
and securing system). :

,

. , , / 20, 40, 45,
/- (IMDG Ctrs) / (Reefer Ctrs).

.
H (Semistandardized cargoes)
,
, , , ...

.

- (
Ro/Ro),

( : semi-standardized stowage and
securing) ,
, ,
.
.
(nonstandardized cargoes) (nonstandardized stowage and securing).
, (cargo units),
, /, ,
.., (unit
loads)
(.. ),
, .
.
5 nnexes 1 12
CSS Code (Resolution A.714(17))

.

327

.
,


(. 12, 14, 15
19). , 5 CSS

,
. :
)

/ (annex 1).
) (portable tank) (annex 2).
) (portable receptacles)
(annex 3).
) [wheel-based (rolling) cargoes] (annex 4).
) (locomotives),
(transformers) .. (annex 5).
) (coiled sheet
steel) (annex 6).
) (heavy metal
products) (annex 7).
) (anchor chains)
(annex 8).
) (metal scrap in bulk)
(annex 9).
) (Flexible Intermediate Bulk
Containers FIBC Big Bags) (annex 10).
) (underdeck stowage of logs) (annex 11).
) (Unit loads), , , (annex 12).
.

1
()
,
.
,
1

,
, , /

.

:
) , .
) .
) .
)
.
)
.
) .
) .
) .
)
.

,
.

.


(accelerations): Fy (transverse),
Fx (longitudinal) Fz (vertical).

,
. ,
,
.

,
' .
, , ,
- ,

. , .

328
.

:
)
(Sway)
(Yaw) (Heave).
)
(Surge)
.
)
,
.
, - ()
,
( ) ,

.

,
( ) .
,
, :
)


)
,
.

() / .



.
-

, (o ,
), .

. ,


. ,
. ,
( )
,

.

:
)
.
)
, .
)

,
.
) ,
.
)
/ , .
)
,


. , .
) 70%80%

(
).
:
)

' '

329

.
)
/

.

.

.
.
)

,

.

( ..)
, /, /- /, ,

(anti-rolling systems),
.

.
)
. ,

,
.

(..
),
:
(TIPPING) :
) -

,

.
)
, .
)
, .
) ,
.
(SLIDING) :
) ,

.
) ,
.
)
, .
.
)
,
.
) , .
,
(. 15.5, . 150).
, ,
,

.

3.2 .

(Strength Of MaterialsSOM)
, ,

330

. ,
1.
,
( , .. ),
,
.
,
, . ,
: ,
, .

X, ,
...
(.. , ..)
,
(.. ).

() : , , , , , , , .

:
)
, .
.
)
,

.
,
(External load/
force) :
) ,
,
) ,
.
' , ,
, ..

. ,


.

. ,
:
) ,
)
.

.
:
.
,
(strain) ,

, ,
.
,
...

331


(tensile stress).


: ()
().
(stress)
' ( ) , ,
.

(
Hooke).

(Safe Working LoadSWL) ()
.. 13%-15%, 15%,
() 25%,
...
, , 12%.
, , , (lashing rods) ,

.
, , , .

( ),

. .
,
, .
, /
,

.
, ,

,
.
: ,


. ,
(
), 1.
(, Breaking LoadBL):
,
.
.
()
,
.
(.
). ,
,

, ,
( ).
.
(Breaking
StrengthBS)
. k.

(Minimum Breaking
LoadMBL),
.., .

. (Nominal Breaking-Load
NBL), ,

,

332
BS. MBL NBL
(Safe Working LoadSWL)
.
SWL, MBL
BS NBL BL.

, ,
. . (
!!).
:

(Permissible Working LodPWL)
,

.


.
, , , ,
.
:
) , .
) , .
)
,

) , , .

(Maximum Securing LoadSL).
SL ( )

k. SWL, -

SL. SL
(
), SWL

,
, ...
MSL

,

.
, (fibre straps with tensioners)
/,
PWL. PWL
, MSL.

,

(deckeye), MSL ,
.
, .


(balance of forces and
moments) (calculated
strength calculation strengthCS)
,
MSL (. ).

3.3
 (safety factor).

( ) '
(.. ) ,
. ,
.
160 kN,
(MSL SWL)

333

(Material)

MSL ( kN) .

, ,
, ,
, ,
D,
/
/.

50% (1/2 )
: kN= 20

33%

, ,

50% ( CSM 70%)

80%

30%

70%

50%

2
0,3 kN/cm

( : MSL in kN = 40)

: 1 kN x 0,101936799 = MT 1 kN= 101 kg , kN=MT x 9,810, 10 tonf x 1,01601=tf (MT),

Tonf (Long) x 9,96402=kN , kgf x 9,80665=N, N x 0,101972=kgf. kN x 0,100361= Tonf

40 kN
4
.

5.
CS ,
' ,
MSL, : CS = MSL/safety
factor. (Advanced calculation
method) 1,5. : CS =
MSL/1,5 .. 90/1,5= 60 kN.
CS
kN .
MSL :
)
.
)

.
)


.
-

,
,

(,
, , .),
' .


, ,
.

-.

.



. ():
)
10 BF,
.
) .
) .
)

.
) , . (.
).
) .

334
) .
) .
)
,
.
)
, .

3.4  / .
,

,
,
. [
,
, (Marine Safety CommitteeMSC
Resolutions), IMO (IMO Circulars),
MSC (MSC circulars),
(IMO Guidelines), (IMO Specifications and manuals].
,
(CSS Code, annex 13) (. 3.5, . 335)

. CSS
/
/
(. 15.7, .
152). .

3.5 .
()

(alternate method)
,
.
, ,
CSS Code
. .
,

/,

. ,
.
() 3, 7.

.

: (LBP)
(L): 215,64 m, (B): 32,20 m, (V)
15,5
(GM) 2,47m.
2 (DL)

[(. 3.5()] 62
6 m 4 m 4
m (L 0,7):
(4) =40
(4) (

=40 10 ).
(lever arm of securing force) C1 = 2,3 m 40

C2 = 0,8 m 10 ,
(lever-arm of tipping) 1,80 m
(Lever arm of stableness) 2 m [(. 3.5(),(),()].
: 125 kN ,
180 kN .
o MSL ,
.
.
:
: )
)
.
: .

(Advanced
cargo securing calculation, data input sheet) (.
3.5),
(Calculation Manual for use
by the Master) ...

335

Advanced calculation method CSS.
[(. 3.5()]
Ship
details ,
.
(Length Between PerpendicularLBP), (Breadth),

(GM), ,
(B/GM).
,
, Cargo details

[(. 3.5()], . : ,
(Table 2)
(Deck
HighDH) (Deck
LevelDL), (Tween DeckTD),
(Lower HoldLH).
(LengthL) , 0.1, 0,2 ...
(m) mass (
) .

4m

=1,8 m
10

40
b=2 m

40
b=2 m

()
=40, =30 3

=10, =10 1

()
=40, =30 5

=40, =20 6

C1=2,3 m

6m
=40, =10 7
=10, =30 2
=40, =30 4

C2= 0,8 m
10

()

=40, =40 8

40

40

()

. 3.5.

, .
,
, ,
. ,
.

336
Ship Details
Ship Length
215,64

Breadth
32,20

GM
2,47

Speed
15,5

B/GM
13,036

()

Cargo Details
Cargo
(DH/DL/
TD/LH)
DL

L ftom
Aft
0,7

Mass
(m)

Lenght
F/A
6

62

CS

Port/
Stbd
P
P
P
P
S
S
S
S

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

C of
G
(a)
1,8

Half
base
(b)
2

Friction
Coefficient ()
0,3

()

f = .sin + cos

Lashing Details
No
(n)

Dimensions
Height
Width

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

Transverse Lashings
Lever
CSa.fn
Angle
Arm (c)
()
10
0,8
62,40
10
0,8
62,40
40
2,3
57,60
40
2,3
57,60
40
2,3
57,60
40
2,3
57,60
40
2,3
57,60
40
2,3
57,60

Total
Total

Port
Stbd

240
230,4

CSa.cn

Fore/
Aft

Longitudinal Lashings
CSa.fn
Angle
CS
()

48
48
138
138
138
138
138
138
372
552

()

Total
Total

Fwd
Aft

[pply F(x,y) only to deck cargo up to 2m above deck/hatch top]

Force by Wind Pressure (Fw(x,y))
Force by Sea Sloshing (Fs(x,y))
(Fs(x)) 2 Width
(Fs(x)) 2 Length
(Fw(x)) Width Height (Fw(y)) Length Height
44 =16
64 =24
24 =8
26 =12

Results

F(x,y,z) = m.a(x,y,z) + Fw(x,y) + Fs(x,y)

ax
2,9

Table 2
ay
6,3

Fy
279

az
6,2

Table Table
0,621

()

[Apply Table 4 to ay only)

Accelerations Corrected
ax
ay
az
1,80
3,92
3,85

Fx
135,6

Forces
Fy
279,0

Fz
238,7

Fy .m.g + CS1 . f1 + CS2 . f2 + ... + CSn . fn

Transverse Sliding (Port)
Transverse Sliding (Starboard)
Fy.a
Lashings
Balance OK?
Lashings
Balance OK?
YES
279
422,0
YES
412,4

Fy.a b.m.g + CS1 . c1 + CS2 . c2 + ... + CSn . cn

Transverse Tipping (Port)
Transverse Tipping (Starboard)
Fy.a
Fy.a
Lashings
Balance OK?
Lashings
Balance OK?
502,2
YES
502,2
1588,44
YES
1768,44
Fx . (m.g - Fz) + CS1 . f1 + CS2 . f2 + ... + CSn . fn
Longitudinal Sliding (Fwd)
Longitudinal Sliding (Aft)
Fx
Fx
Lashings
Balance OK?
Lashings
Balance OK?
NO
NO
135,6
135,6
110,86
110,86

()

()

()

()

. 3.5.
.

, ,
(Length) (F/A),
(Width), (Height) .

(C of G),
(Half of base)
(, Friction
coefficient).

3.5.1
 / (Lashing/
Shoring blocking forces).
, ' [(. 3.5()] Lashing Details Advanced
cargo securing calculation, data input sheet.
-

337
Ship Details
Ship Length
215,64

Breadth
32,20

GM
2,47

Speed
15,5

B/GM
13,036

. 3.5().
Cargo Details
Cargo
(DH/DL/
TD/LH)
DL

L ftom
Aft
0,7

Mass
(m)
62

Lenght
F/A
6

Dimensions
Height
Width
4

C of
G
(a)
1,8

Half
base
(b)
2

Friction
Coefficient ()
0,3

. 3.5().
f = .sin + cos

Lashing Details
No
(n)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Port/
Stbd
P
P
P
P
S
S
S
S
Total
Total

CS
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

Transverse Lashings
Lever
CSa.fn
Angle
Arm (c)
()
10
0,8
62,40
10
0,8
62,40
40
2,3
57,60
40
2,3
57,60
40
2,3
57,60
40
2,3
57,60
40
2,3
57,60
40
2,3
57,60
Port
Stbd

240
230,4

CSa.cn

Fore/
Aft

Longitudinal Lashings
CSa.fn
Angle
CS
()

48
48
138
138
138
138
138
138
372
552

Total
Total

Fwd
Aft

. 3.5().

(No, n) .
(Transverse Lashings) (Longitudinal Las-hings),
.
Port/Stbd
, (Starboard-S)
(Port-P).
CS
kN .
(Angle, ) .
c ,
,

(

).
/ .

CS f (CSn fn). f
7.5 f
(f-values as a function of and ) (. 3, . 7). / ()
.

CS c c
(CSncn). -, .
, ,

,
CS ,
(Angle, ) /, CSn fn

338
, . ( ).
CSn fn
CSncn , .
, . T
Total
.
:
(
) / (Lashing/
Blocking Forces), .

,
-
.
CS :
CS = MSL/1,5.
MSL
.. 180 kN, 50% 90 kN
safety factor 1,5 CS = 90 / 1,5= 60
kN. ,
,
,
MSL.
CS=60
kN 40
0,96 (f)= CS1,2,3,4 f1,2,3,4 = 57,60 57,6 + 57,6 + 57,6 + 57,6 =
230,4 (S).
, CS = 60 kN
40
0,96 (f) = CS5,6 f5,6 =57,60
57,6 + 57,6=115,2
, CS=60 kN 10 1,04 (f) = CS7,8f7,8 =62,40
62,40 + 62,40 =124,8.
:
115,2 + 124,8 = 240,0 (P).
40
CS=60 kN , c
2,3 m :
CS1,2,3,4 c1,2,3,4 = 60 x 2,3= 138. 4 :
138 + 138 + 138 + 138 = 552 (S).
40, o c 60 kN 2,3

c 2,3m
CS5,6 c5,6 = 60 x 2,3=138. 2
138 + 138=276. '
10 c 0,8 m , CS7,8c7,8
60 x 0,8= 48. 48 + 48 = 96.
276 + 96= 372 (P).
Advanced cargo securing calculation,
data input sheet,
.

3.5.2

o .

Fy (
Ft), Fx
Fz . (External Forces to the
Cargo)
(Fw)
(Fs) . .
- .


.
Fw (force
by wind pressure)
(
)
( )
.

, Fw
.
1 kN/m2.
.
:
/ 40 14,77 m2, 3,6
3,5 kN).

339
Fs

(sloshing by sea) , 2 m
(weather deck) (
2) ,
.

,
2 m (
2) .


.
2
1 kN/m .


,
. ,

, 1 kN/
2
m .
, Fs, .. , ,

. (x)
(y) , .
,


, .
, Fy, Fx Fz
7.2 3
(basic acceleration data)
(L) ay, ax az.

.

7.3 3
(correction factors for length and speed)
(correction factor),

. '
2.
, .
7.4 3, /GM< 13 (correction factor for B/
GM<13).
GM 4
,
.
, ,
15,5
GMo 2,47 m (B/GMo 13)
15,5 GMo = 2,93 m.
GMo
,
GMo . (.
7.6 7.7 3).
:
F(y,x,z)=m a (y,x,z)+ Fw(y,x) + Fs (y,x)
. Fw Fs.
:
Advanced cargo securing calculation, data input sheet [.
3.5()] Results
(Force by
Wind Pressure Fw(y,x))
.


4 4 = 16 kN

6 4 = 24 kN. ,
-

340
[pply F(x,y) only to deck cargo up to 2m above deck/hatch top]
Force by Wind Pressure (Fw(x,y))
Force by Sea Sloshing (Fs(x,y))
(Fs(x)) 2 Length
(Fs(x)) 2 Width
(Fw(x)) Width Height (Fw(y)) Length Height
44 =16
64 =24
24 =8
26 =12

Results

. 3.5().

(Force by Sea Sloshing Fs (y,x).)

.

2 m 2 4 = 8 kN
,
2 m
2 6 = 12 kN.
[. 3.5()],
,
Tables: 2, 3 4. 2 3
(accelerations)
ax ay az 7.2
3 (Basic acceleration data)
: 2,9 6,3 6,2 ax , ay az .

7.3 7.4 3 0,621
1 . ,
(correction
factors) (Accelerations Corrected) 1,80,
3,92 3,85 .
, ' Forces
Fx, Fy Fz : F(y,x,z) = m a (y,x,z) + Fw(y,x) + Fs (y,x)
:
Fx =62 (2,9 0,621) + 16 + 8 = 135,6
kN.

Fy= 62 (6,3 0,621 x 1) + 24 +12 =

279,0 kN.
Fz= 62 (6,2 0,621) = 238,7 kN.

3.5.3
 .

(Balance of forces and
moments). :
)
'
, ,
.

,

.
) /
,
.

,

.
:

F(x,y,z) = m.a(x,y,z) + Fw(x,y) + Fs(x,y)

ax
2,9

Table 2
ay
6,3

az
6,2

Table Table
0,621

[Apply Table 4 to ay only)

Accelerations Corrected
ax
ay
az
1,80
3,92
3,85

. 3.5().

Fx
135,6

Forces
Fy
279,0

Fz
238,7

341
) (transverse sliding)

. ( )


, .
:
Fy m g + CS1 f1 + CS2 f2+.. CSn fn
Fy m g + CSn fn.
: n, , Fy, kN, , , m, , g,
= 9,81m/s2 (
/
), CS, ,
kN, f,
(. 3, . 7.5). f= sin + cos .
) ,
(transverse tipping)

'

.
,
'

, ,

.
:
Fy a b m g + CS1 c1 + CS2 c2+..
CSn cn.

Fy a b m g + CSn cn.
Fy, m, g, CS,
3.5:
a (leverarm of tipping) ,
.
(m).
b (lever-arm of stableness) ,
.
, .
(m).
, , .

CS3

Fy

CS2
a
c1 c3

c2
CS1

. 3.5.
.

342
c (lever arm of securing force):
(m), .
) (longitudinal sliding)


.
Fx

( )
Fz
.

Fx.

.

.
/ ,
, ..
.
:
Fx ( m g Fz)+ CS1 f1 + CS2 f2 + CSn fn
Fx ( m x g Fz) + CSn fn.
: Fx kN, , m, g, f , n
, Fz, kN,
CS, ( ) kN.


CS.
:
Advanced cargo securing calculation,
data input sheet ,
-

Fy
279

.
[. 3.5()]
Transverse Sliding (port), Transverse
Sliding (stbd) Fy , Fy
279,0.

Transverse Sliding (port) Lashings 412,4, m g 0,3 62
9,81= 182 + 230,4(S) /
lashing and shoring forces CSn fn.
(S).
182 + 230,4 = 412,4.

Transverse Sliding (stbd) Lashings 422,0, m g 0,3 62
9,81= 182 + 240,0 (P) /
lashing and shoring forces CSn fn.
(P). 182 + 240 = 422,0.

412,4 422,0 Fy = 279,0
( ) Fy = 279,0.
(),
YES ()
Balance OK? ( ; ;).
[. 3.5()] Transverse Tipping (port) Transverse
Tipping (stbd) Fy a 502,2
, Fy ( )
a = 1,80 m (
), 279 1,80 = 502,2.
.

Fy .m.g + CS1 . f1 + CS2 . f2 + ... + CSn . fn

Transverse Sliding (Port)
Transverse Sliding (Starboard)
Fy.a
Lashings
Balance OK?
Lashings
Balance OK?
YES
279
422,0
YES
412,4

. 3.5().

343
Fy.a b.m.g + CS1 . c1 + CS2 . c2 + ... + CSn . cn
Transverse Tipping (Port)
Transverse Tipping (Starboard)
Fy.a
Fy.a
Lashings
Balance OK?
Lashings
Balance OK?
502,2
YES
502,2
1588,44
YES
1768,44

. 3.5().
Fx . (m.g - Fz) + CS1 . f1 + CS2 . f2 + ... + CSn . fn
Longitudinal Sliding (Fwd)
Longitudinal Sliding (Aft)
Fx
Fx
Lashings
Balance OK?
Lashings
Balance OK?
NO
NO
135,6
135,6
110,86
110,86

. 3.5().

Transverse Tipping
(port) lashings
-
.
: b x m x g + CSn cn. (S) 2 (Lever arm
of stableness) 62 9,81 +552 (S) = 1768,44,
Transverse Tipping stbd) lashings

:
b m g + CSn cn. (P) 2 (Lever arm of stableness) 62 9,81+372 (P) = 1588,44.

1768,44 1588,44

Fy (
a = 1,80 m), Fy a 279
1,80 = 502,2, ( )
502,2.

,
Balance OK? (
; ;)
YES ().
[. 3.5()]
Longitudinal sliding (Fwd), Longitudinal sliding
(Aft) Fx 135,6 1

.

Longitudinal sliding (Fwd), Longitudinal sliding
(Aft) lashings

.
. .
,
, Fz

,
,
:
(m g Fz) 0,3 (62 9,81 - 238,7)= 110,86
.

(110,86) Fx
(135,6)
( )
Fx
(Longitudinal sliding)
.

. 1

344
, (angle of deviation)
().



,

.


(.
Balance
3.5).
OK?.


(. .
3, . 7.8.2) :

Transverse sliding ( ):
(Advanced calculation method),
Fy m g + CS1 fy1. ++ CSn fyn.

Longitudinal sliding ( -):

Fx (m g- Fz) + CS1 fx1. ++.CSn fxn
. transverse Tipping:
. Fy a b m g +0,9 x (CS1 c1+CS2 c2+

+CSn cn).
.
,

, , -

CS

, 1,35 (.. CS = MSL : 1,35 ..
90/1,35= 67 kN).

100%
,
. . 3.5.

0 90
.

4.1  1
.


,
.

.

( 44
), ,

.
, ' ,
,
( ..
, TSTs
GM ).

,
, ,



[ Loading Manual /
(Combined General Arrangement and
Capacity Plan)].

'
.
,
, claim
,
! , ,
,
.
(Dead Freight).

, .

, ( )
.

, , ,
.

4.2  ,
.
, ,
.
1) (. 4.2):
(cbm),
.

( ) .
,

1,4 1,6 -

4.1 6.2, 48.

346

. 4.2.
.

m3=

,
1,4-1,6 m3


2,0m3. 1,4
,
. 1,6
.
bale capacity 33.359 m3,
33.359/1,6
=20.849 m3. ,
bale capacity 33.359/1,44 = 23.166 m3.
:

1,44 ( ) 1,6 ( )

o
.
= ( m3) : ( m3/)
= ( m3 ) ( /m3).
ale capacity (
broken stowage). 5% broken stowage Bale
capacity , .

.

:
board feet =

Bale capacity x 100

12

feet
Petrograd standards = Board
1980
in ft3 .
Petrograd standards = Volume
165
2
Board Measure Feet ( ft of planking 1 thick) = Thickness in inches x width in inches length in ft.
12

2) :
(. 4.2), /. .
, . ,
,
.
, ,
, .. ( ) , .

347

. 4.2.
.

Loading
Manual .
..,
(

) (. . 17.2, . 168).
,
.
,
.
IMO Code of Safe practice
for ships carrying timber deck cargoes, Code of safe practice for
stowage and securing of cargoes, , .

, (
) (On deck Volume, KG and G
Curves Timber Deck Cargo Curves) / (. 13)
,

m3 (capacity in m3).

(KG VCG )
(LCG from fter
PerpendicularA.P. G).

,

, , .

.

:
) .
)
,

.
)
, , .
) , ,
,
, (. . 17.2, .
168).
) ,

.


( ).
3) :

348

LCGs VCGs
/. , ,
, .
KG (Vertical moments)
KG = GM GM FS Corr.=GMo.

( free surfaceFS)
m4 (i moment of inertia) ().

,
(.
). anti-rolling tanks .
GM (Free Surface correction)
(Free Surface factorsFS)
(slack tanks) .

GMo,
GM .
(. 4.2).

GZ
( )

( )
, .

(cbm)
, .
(Cargo Stowage Plans)

, , ,
, .

m3 ,
.

.

.
.
(, , )
.

Draught Survey '
m3
. Draught
Survey .
(. 4.2) Go
G, KGo
VCG. Max. VCG
500 (
). KGo
Max. VCG ,
.

C
E

10

20
30
40
50(57,3)60
( )

70

. 4.2.
.

.
(. 17),
>0,55mrad, B>0,090mrad, C>0,030mrad, E

GZmax>0,20m, F GM>0,15m (x=40 ).

349
4.2
.
ARRIVAL : VIGO
Compartment

CGO: SAW TIMBER

Bale

Grain

Weight

LCG

Density (sea): 1,025

Hor. Mmt

VCG

Vert. Mmt

FS
factor

Light Ship

3831,00

61,67

236 257,77

8,21

31 452,51

Constants

340

51,00

1 7340,00

8,21

2 791,40

No 1 CH

1966

983

114,48

112 533,84

5,09

5 003,,47

No 2 CH

4254

2223

89,97

175 441,50

4,95

11 003,85

No 3 CH

1536

708

68,91

48 788,28

4,94

3 497,52

No 4 CH

3161

1809

51,70

93 525,30

4,95

8 954,55

No 5 CH

2371

1142

17,26

19 710,92

8,76

10 003,92

TTL CHs

13 288

6865

449 999,84

41 961,21

No 1 TD

1581

803

115,52

92 762,56

11,26

9 041,78

No 2 TD

1583

806

95,59

77 045,54

10,78

8 688,68

No 3 TD

1523

709

74,05

52 501,45

10,59

7 508,31

No 4 TD

1561

584

51,67

30 175,28

10,57

6 172,88

TTL TDs

6 248

2902

252 484,83

31 411,65

Up Dk No 1 (P) & (S)

70

114,48

3 205,44

14,00

372,40

Upper Hatch No 1

124

114,48

14 195,52

14,05

1 742,20

Up Dk No 2 (P) & (S)

170

89,97

15 294,90

13,30

2 261,00

Upper Hatch No 2

150

84,66

12 699,00

14,05

2 107,50

Up Dk No 3 (P) & (S)

256

68,66

17 576,96

14,05

3 596,80

Upper Hatch No 3

208

74,20

15 433,60

14,05

4 046,40

Up Dk No 4 (P) & (S)

251

52,56

13 192,56

14,05

3 526,55

Upper Hatch No 4

148

50,16

7 423,80

14,05

2 079,40

1 502,90

14,10

1 339,50

1 746,48

14,08

1 605,12

Up Dk No 5 (P) & (S)

Upper Hatch No 5
TTL Dk Cargo
TTL CARGO

95
114

15,82
15,32

1586

102 271,16

22 676,87

11353,00

804 755,83

96 049,73

No 1 DB Tk (Across)

21,09

113,95

2 403,21

0,61

12,86

381

No 2 DB Tk (C) DO

40,00

90,00

3 600,00

0,59

23,06

915

No 2 DB Tk (P)

221,48

89,47

19 815,82

0,60

132,89

No 2 DB Tk (S)

221,48

89,47

19 815,82

0,60

132,89

No 3 DB Tk (C) HO

31,40

57,02

1 790,43

0,60

18,84

1 050

No 3 DB Tk (P) HO

141,00

57,87

8 159,67

0,63

88,83

253

No 3 DB Tk (S) HO

101,00

57,87

0,63

63,63

253

No 4 DB Tk (P) DO

18,70

35,66

666,84

0,83

15,21

150

No 4 DB Tk (S) DO

6,60

35,50

234,30

0,8 3

5,48

154

ARRIVAL : VIGO

CGO: SAW TIMBER

5 844,87

Density (sea): 1,025

350

Compartment

Bale

Grain

Weight

No 5 DB Tk (S) FW

LCG

Hor. Mmt

VCG

FS

Vert. Mmt

factor

29,48

0,87

7,31

130,58

954,54

8,43

61,62

80,82

3,07

248,12

7,73

624,74

333

68,91

4,94

4,50

21,08

94,86

2,29

10,31

No 6 DB (S) HO

51,40

21,28

1 093,79

2,24

115,14

168

FWT Fwd

38,00

32,47

1 233,86

7,35

279,30

46

DWT aft

25,00

28,67

716,75

7,38

184,50

29

4,40

39,42

173,45

7,34

32,30

DO Settling Tk

9,30

38,41

357,21

7,34

69,26

HO Service Tk

15,80

39,42

622,84

7,34

115,97

34

HO Settling Tk

11,90

39,42

469,10

7,33

87,23

37

2 074,06

3 432

132367,70

3 432

FPT

AFT
No 3 Hold
No 6 DB (P) HO

DO Serrvice Tk

TTL LIQUIDS

1051,18

--

TOTALS

16575,18

67,94

68 295,48
1126649,00

Go:
: 16.575,18
: 132.367,70
: 3432,00
KG = 132.367,70/16.575,18
= 7,98
3432/16.575,18 = 0,21
KGo
= 8,19
KM ( ..)
= 8,34
GMo
= 0,15 Max VCG = 8,20>KGo

-7,98

5.1 .

1
Baume Gravity (Baume = ( 140 ) 130) API .
Sp.Gr.
, .
o (..) (specific gravitySG) , API. ,
APIGravity, (degree API, API).
Baume-Gravity API-Gravity
:
(1)
API = [(141,5)/]131,5
= /w ( ) SG 60F/60F.
- = ( specific gravity 60141.5
F/60 F or 15.6 C/15.6 C ) 131,5
fuel oil 0,933 Baume 20
Baume- Gravity, APIGravity 20,16. API-
, .
- ' - (SGRD) ,
.
o
.. API (1):
o
) SG 1,000 API = [(141,5/1)131,5] = 10,00

) .. 0,950 = [141,5/0,950 131,5] = 17,45

) .. 0,933 = [141,5/0,33 131,5] = 20,16

o
) SG 0,810 API = [(141,5/0,810)131,5] = 43,20
o
) SG 0,715 API = [(141,5/0,715) 131,5] = 66,40
Specific gravity

1,000

0,950

0,933

0,810

0,715

API gravity ()

10,00

17,45

20,16

43,20

66,40

.., ,
(. . 21.1, . 210).
, .. .
1

American Petroleum InstituteAPI: 1919 , .

352
To - ASTM D 287
(American Society for testing MaterialsInstitute of Petroleum), SI ASTM
D 1298.
.

/
/,
, . , ../
.

.
,
,
,
.

.. 60 F.
,
1000 kg/m-3. .
60 F/60F (. 15,6 C /15,6 C).
(1) 60 F/
60 F (. 15,6 C/ 15,6 C) .
,
SG . , ..
= (lb oil/cu ft oil) / (lb water/cu ft water).
.
,
.

5.2 
() .

1

.

3
1
m , .. U.S. Bbls Net
(Net Bbls 60 F),
.

5% 10% moloo (more or
less), .
.

( ), ,
6, 46.

( )
.


,
(Maximum permissible full load)
5% moloo.
: ,
,
( ), , API .

( )
.
(SI)
3
m

U.S. Barrel .
(Barrel) West
Virginia o 1866 42 35 imperial gallons 158,9873 ltr.
2 40
. E ' , (drum size) , 55
.
54A 6 54B
6 bunkers (Marine fuels Volume corrections to 15 C). ASTM
, API, crude
VCF T-6A, VCF -54A -6 -54 Density ,
Density 15 C, Density air, SG 60 F, T11(LT/Bbls), T13(MT/Bbl), T52(m3/Bbls) ...

353
m.
1970 ,
. O (
net DW cargo
deadweight to load)
2.4,
317.
.

2.4 317

25.000 , 30,0,
90 F.

5.3  .


, .. 25.000 (.
2.4, . 317), ()
.
, (U.S. Barrels)
60 F,
60 F
,
90 F.
/,

. /
.
/,
(U.S. Barrels) 60 F,

13 (. 3, . 8).
Net Bbls 60 F
11 (. 3, . 9).
() Net Bbls Gross Bbls 90

F Net Bbls VCF 60 F

,
1

/ .

,
ASTM 6 CD-ROM. VCF
. 54 (ISO 91-1) VCF 15 C.
.

60 F (Volume
Correction Factor-VCF):
) .. ASTM 6A

30.0 90 F VCF 0,9866.

)
(25.000 ) Nett
Barrels ( 60

F Gross Standard Volume GSV)

/Bbl ( 13) (25.000 MT: 0,13899 /Bbl)
Bbl/MT: (25.000 MT

7.1947622) = 179.869,05 Net Bbl 60 F.

) GSV (Net Bbl)
VCF
(. 90 F)
(Gross Barrels,
Gross Observed Volume GOV)
OBQ/ROB (. 5.5, . 356): 179.869,05:
1
0,9866 = 182.312,03 Gross Bbls 90 F.
)

,
ullage (. . 22.5.4, .
240), (. . 5.6, . 358) .
)

.
,
, (
), .
/ ,
.

354

:
) .
(volume correction
coefficient expansion coefficient) :
(.. 1,014)
(.. 43,33 cu.ft./LTon).
.
,

.
(volumecoefficient Vc) :
(.. 0,00047).
(60 F )
, 60 F
.
,

60 F,
.
) .. (
):
,
(Specific gravity coefficient) :
(S.G., RD) 60 F (.. 0,830)
(.. 0,00038).
, 60 F
.
.., ..

. ,

( .. ,
,
. C F).

,

.

5.4 .
,
.

' .

,
-

. (weight W) ,
.
:
W=V
(Density D d )

(Liquid Density Transducer) (digital
density meter) ,
.
:
) ,
.
) ,
.
) U.K. Gallon 10 pounds- .
) U.S. gallon 231
.
) , , 0,001 .
10 cm
.
(Conference Generale des Poids et
Mesures CGPM 1901).

'
, (SI)
,
(Mass-Length-Time systemMLS), . ,
(U.S. Barrels)
.



. soundings
.

.

355
, ,
ullages
()
U.S.
Barrels
.
-
,

60 F 15 C.

, (. .
5.5, . 356).



,
, .
,
ASTM

, , :

15 C,
(SG RD)
API- (thermal expansion coefficient)

60 F
.

60 F.
(VCF)


,

(60 F 15 C).
(, Imperial) :

) (..) (SG RD) 60/60 F.

) API 60 F.

) F.
) US Bbls US gallons U.K./Imperial

Bbls UK/Imperial gallons 60 F.

) .
) .
) lbs (LT) 2240 (
1016,05 kgs).
SI :
3
3
) (kg/Litre, kg/m gr/ml gr/cm
3
3

/m , kg/dm , 15 C).

) C.
3
) (m ) (Litre)
dm3 ( 4 C
).

) 15 C.
) kg (t MT) 1000 kgs.
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
(. . 5.5, . 356)
, .
ASTM-IP .
:
US Barrels
x
5,6145 = Cubic Feet
US Barrels
x
34,9725 = Imperial Gallons
US Barrels
x
42,0 = US Gallons
US Barrels
x
158,9839 = Liters
UK Barrels x
6,228
UK Barrels x
36,0

UK Barrels x
163,564
US Gallon
x
231,0
Cubic Feet
x
0,02831
Cubic Feet x
0,17811
Cubic Feet x
7,08051
Cubic Feet x
28,31623
Cubic Meters x
35,31466
Cubic Meters x 264,17203

= Cubic Feet
= Imperial Gallons
(UK Gallons)
= Liters
= Cubic inches
= Cubic Meters
= US Barrels
= US Gallons
= Liters
= Cubic Feet
= US Gallons

356
. ,
.
, ,
, .
(arbitrator)
.
.

,

.
, .

5.5  .

.


, .
,

.
.
.
:
) ullages ( ullages

).
)
[ (Radar Tank Gauges).
,
].
) ,
) ,
.
-

,
' ,

.
( ) .
,

... , ,
. '
,
,

,
.

,
,
!

:



.
, ,

.
,
2%. (. 3, . 10) :
) ullages (observed ullages), (corrected ullages), .
.

357
.
) ullages
(Total observed volumeTOV)
(G. Bbls). ' ,
GOV
(Gross Observed Volume) [

(n board Quantity SedimentsOBQ)].
) 6A (. 3, .
11)
VCF
o GOV Net Bbls (Gross Stan
dard VolumeGSV) 60 F
15 C (GSV = GOV x VCF).
) GSV

Total Calculated Volume TCV,
(TCV = GSV + FREE WATER).
TCV
.. (OBQ/ROB) ( )
,
wedge formula ( 11),
(On Board QuantityOBQ)
(Total Received

Volume Loaded TCV) Net Bbls/60 F

15 C.
) (Vessel
Gross Volume Loaded) (Supplier
Gross Volume Loaded)
1
VEF , (Total Received
Volume adjusted for VEF) (Gross Net
Bbls./60) .
)
Long Tons 1

(in air) 13 11 (. 3, . 8 9).

ASTM 56 in air
in vacuum . in
vacuum .

Barrels (Bbls) Gross Bbls
Bbls at 60 F
net barrels. TOV GOV
Gross Bbls GSV (Net
Observed Volume NOV) et Bbls.
GOV GSV free water
ROB /OBQ
, .
To
(. . 21).
500 ppm
(cargo residues, oily residues) sludges, ,
. sludges
(clingage),
4 , COW
, 50%. (sediments)
, ,
.. ,
() .
Sediment sludges
non-liquid unpumpable residues OBQ
ROB (Remained On
Board) LOB (Left On Board),
(TRIM) .
Wedge
Formula.
cargo on board quantity report by wedge formula
Dip (m), drafts fore and aft m3 .
Free water: Free water (Cfw)


(UTI MMC) ullages
,

,
(water finding paste) ,
10-30 .
.

(Vessels Experience Factor, Ships Experience Factor VEF)

ship-to-shore .
. VEF . 20
. 20 5 qualified voyages ( .
0,3%.). 20 5 qualified voyages VEF. To Vessel Load
Ratio Vessels TCV Bbls/60 OBQ Shore Total Calculated Volume
Bbls/ 60. .

358

5.6  .
98% 98,50%

.
98%
. , 98%
1% ,
. 60% ,
98% 98,50%
.
,

.


2%

.

98%
(full) ( 100%
).
'
(overfull)
100% . (
).

,
98% (max. Filling
limit %)
(safety relief valve),
. 98%
, -

,
. LPGC ,
98% (85
95%) .
,
98%
(pressure tanks),

, . ,
.


,
.
,
:
VL = (0,98 x V) x (DR/DL)
1 : VL = 0,98 x
DR x V/ DL VL =0,98V DR/DL VL = 0,98V

R
L
: DR R = 2
(Relative DensityRD )
.
DL L =
(Loading). ( ).
V = (Volume)
3
m .
0,98 = 98% (
(full) ).
VL = m3 (max. Volume
to which the tank may be Loaded).
VL m3 V
100 maximum
filling limit %.

1
98%.
.
2
, .
, , . .
DL. (. . 5.3, 353, . . 15 7 8 IGC
Code).

 6
LODICATORS KAI
/ (SOFTWARE)

6.1  Lodicators /.
Lodicators
,

, .
Lodicators.
Lodicator
.
Lodicators
(. 6.1), , , .
,

. 6.1.
Lodicator.
1

.

.
1965,
( ). /
,
. 1966
. 1970
(calculators) /
,
.
Lodicators.
-
Lodicators . Lodicators
( ,
1
) Loading instruments
(/, Personal ComputersPCs,
(Hardware systems)
() (Software). /

. SOLAS 74

150 m

MSC 170(79) Loading instruments 01/07/1999

( 5 SOLAS 1997), Loading instruments
01/07/06 .

360
,
, ,
,
.

. / .
/
,
, , ... / ,
.
/ (sea PCs, marine
PCs), 12V DC 24V
DC,
. , / ,

.

.

.
,
,
,
, .
' ,
.

.

(Cargo planning and loading computer software)

(ships
specific),

.

(IACS)

.
:
) .
) /
Load line .
) .
) .
) .
)
(Damage Stability) ...

, / , /.
/ ,
,
/ , .
H/Y
,
, , ,
.
, . .
.

/
, . ,
, ..

, /
/
,

.. / , / .

361
,
/,
/
.

,
20 .

(. 6.1). /
,
,
( ..) .
()

- . ,

.

,
( ).

/
.

, /
.
Loading Instrument
,
.
.

,
.

. 6.1.
.

362


.

/.

6.2  :
, , , Ro- Ro, .
O . ( 6.2.1 6.2.5)
.

, :
) Maximum GZ

(initial stability)
,
.
) (Specific Gravity
S.G.)
(General cargo ship)
CF/MT. ,
1,9821 m3/MT.

6.2.1
 Single Decker open hatch type.
Summer DWMT 37451, Displacement: 45.098 MT,
Summer Draft 10,815 MT, LBP: 174.00 m, LOA:
182,80 m, Breadth (moullded) 28,40 m, Depth:
15,252 m. GT: 22.342 Tons NT: 12.775 Tons.

6.2.

6.2
.

(m3)

3
(m )

No1
No2
No3
No4
No5

176 207
140 176
104 140
68 104
35 68

7653,4
10215,5
10233,5
10316,9
9054,9

7443,5
10034,0
10052,6
10135,5
8909,4

VCG
()
(m-BL)

LCG
()
(m MS)

8,82
8,64
8,65
8,64
8,93

65,32
33,63
10,86
-18,06
-45,38

363
.

364

: 70,000 CF/MT 1,982 m3/MT. 100%

, .
,
broken stowage.

365

366

367

368

369

6.2.2 Aframax product tanker.

(. 6.2) .

. 6.2.
.

370

371

372

373

374

6.2.3 / 1121 TEU.

.
/ .. Full Ctrs, Mty Ctrns, / .. Reefer Ctrs, IMDG
Ctrs, .. Next port cargo, Transit cargo ...
/ (. . 380).

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

6.2.4 Ro-Ro.
.

382

383

384

385

6.2.5 , Panamax.

(. 6.2) .

. 6.2.
.

386

387

388

389

390

392

1
.

()

) , .

()

()

) , .

393

) .

) , .

) , .

) FPT.

) hopper.

394

( )

) .

) .

)
.

hopper

) ,
.

395

No. 5WBT

No. 4WBT

No. 3WBT

No. 2WBT

No. 1WBT
No. 4 FOT

No. 4 FOT

No. 4 FOT

No. 4 FOT

FPT

)
.

WBT

FOT

WBT

FOT

) H
.
, .

396

2
IMDG.

( 1)
Divisions 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3

( 1.4)
Divisions 1.4

( 1.5)
Divisions 1.5

1
1.4

1
1.5

: .
.
(. ).
:
1
.

()
.

(

).
:
1
.

()
.

. (. ).
1
.

( 1.6)
Divisions 1.6

( 2.1)
Class 2.1
Flammable gases

1
1.6
()
.

. (. ).
1
.

2
2.2

: .
: .
2
.

: () .
: .
2
.

( 3)

( 4.1)
Class 4.1
Flammable sodids

( 2.3)
Class 2.3
Toxic gases
2
2.3
:
.
:
2
.

( 2.2)
Class 2.2
Non-flammable, non-toxic gases

4
4.1

: .
: .
3
.

: .
: .
4
.

397

( 4.2)
Class 4.2
Substances liable to
spontaneous combustion

( 4.3)
Class 4.3
Substances which, in contact with water, emit
flammable gases

( 5.1)
Class 5.1
Oxidizing substances

4
4.2
.

4
4.3

.

5
5.1

: .
:
.
4
.

: .
: .
4
.

:
.
: .
5.1
.

( 5.2(a)*)
Class 5.2
Organic peroxides

(No. 5.2(b))
Class 5.2
Organic peroxides

( 6.1)
Class 6.1
Toxic substances

5
5.2

5.2

( )

6
6.1

:
.
: .
5.2
.

: .
:
.
5.2
.

:
.
: .
6
.

( 6.2)
Class 6.2
Infectious substances

( 7A)
Category I White

( 7B)
Category II Yellow

6
6.2

:
'
.
: .
6
.

: .
: .
...,
...
7
.

.

:
.

...,
... .
7
.

.

398

( 7C)
Category III Yellow
7


: .
:
.

..., ...
.
7
.

.

( 7E)
Class 7 fissile material

: .


.
7
.

:
.
:
9
.

:
.
:
.
8
.

*
**

( 9)

( 8)

(Marine Pollutant)

. .

' (Excepted
Quantity) .

.

( IMDGC 34-08).

399

3
1

400

2
, .

IAN. . M. A. MAI. IOYN. IOY. . . . . .

/ ,
/ ,
/ ,
,
,
, /
, .
, .
, /
(hurricanes), /
(hurricanes), /
, Grand Banks
( 75%), .
( 75%), .
( 75%),
,
. , .
, .
, .
,
,
, .

401

Bulker.

: DRAFT (EXT.) , (21,5

mm ) . (+) LCB LCF ,
. Displacement (ext) .. 1025. 0,08 m
121.

402

403

404

405

(C3).

1,0000

0
0,024390

0,024293

0,024195

0,024098

0,024000

0,023902

0,023804

0,023707

0,023609

9
0,023511

1,0010

0,023415

0,023318

0,023220

0,023122

0,023025

0,022928

0,022831

0,022733

0,022636

0,022539

1,0020

0,022439

0,022341

0.022244

0,022147

0,022049

0,021951

0,021853

0,021756

0,021658

0,021560

1,0030

0,021464

0,021366

0,021268

0,021170

0,021173

0,020975

0,020877

0,020779

0,020682

0,020584

1,0040

0,020488

0,020391

0,020294

0,020197

0,020099

0,020001

0,019903

0,019806

0,019708

0,019610

1,0050

0,019513

0,019415

0,019317

0,019220

0,019122

0,019024

0,018927

0,018830

0,018733

0,018636

1,0060

0,018537

0,018440

0,018343

0,018246

0,018148

0,018050

0,017952

0,017854

0,017756

0,017658

1,0070

0,017561

0,017465

0,017367

0,017270

0,017173

0,017076

0,016978

0,016880

0,016783

0,016685

1,0080

0,016585

0,016489

0,016391

0,016293

0,016195

0,016097

0,016000

0,015902

0,015804

0,015707

1,0090

0,015610

0,015514

0,015416

0,015318

0,015220

0,015129

0,015024

0,014926

0,014829

0,014731

1,0100

0,014635

0,014538

0,014441

0,014344

0,014247

0,014150

0,014052

0,013954

0,013856

0,013756

1,0110

0,013660

0,013563

0,013465

0,013367

0,013269

0,013171

0,013074

0,012977

0,012879

0,012781

1,0120

0,012683

0,012587

0,012490

0,012393

0,012296

0,012198

0,012000

0,011902

0,011805

0,011708

1,0130

0,011707

0,011612

0,011514

0,011416

0,011318

1,0140

0,010732

0,010636

0,010539

0,010442

0,010344

1,0150

0,009756

0,009658

0,009564

0,009466

0,009369

0,011220
0,010247
0,009271

0,011122

0,011024

0,010926

0,010828

0,010150

0,010052

0,009955

0,009858

0,009173

0,009075

0,008978

0,008880

1,0160

0,008780

0,008684

0,008586

0,008488

0,008390

0,008292

0,008194

0,008096

0,007998

0,007900

1,0170

0,007805

0,007710

0,007613

0,007516

0,007418

0,007320

0,007223

0,007125

0,007028

0,006931

1,0180

0,006830

0,006734

0,006636

0,006538

0,006441

0,006344

0,006246

0,006149

0,006051

0,005954

1,0190

0,005853

0,005758

0,005660

0,005562

0,005464

0,005366

0,005268

0,005170

0,005073

0,004975

1,0200

0,004880

0,004783

0,004685

0,004587

0,004490

0,004392

0,004295

0,004198

0,004100

0,004002

1,0210

0,003903

0,003807

0,003709

0,003612

0,003514

0,003416

0,003318

0,003220

0,003123

0,003025

1,0220

0,002927

0,002832

0,002734

0,002636

0,002538

0,002440

0,002343

0,002245

0,002147

0,002050

1,0230

0,001951

0,001855

0,001757

0,001659

0,001561

0,001483

0,001365

0,001267

0,001169

0,001071

1,0240

0,000976

0,000878

0,000780

0,000683

0,000585

0,000487

0,000389

0,000292

0,000195

0,000098

, '
1,000 1,024, 0 9
( ) 1,0001, 1,0002 ......1,0009. ,
1,0025 1,0020 5.
,
, .
C3 C3 = ds d x Displacement
ds
.
/ ,
.
Draught Survey :
=
.

Displacement x d

ds

406

15C.

0 C

5 C

10 C

15 C

20C

25 C

30 C

1,0000

0,996

0,9994

0,9995

1,0000

1,0008

1,0019

1,0032

1,0010

1,0006

1,0003

1,0005

1,0010

1,0018

1,0029

1,0042

1,0020

1,0015

1,0013

1,0015

1,0020

1,0028

1,0039

1,0053

1,0030

1,0024

1,0023

1,0025

1,0030

1,0038

1,0049

1,0063

1,0040

1,0034

1,0032

1,0034

1,0040

1,0048

1,0060

1,0073

1,0050

1,0044

1,0042

1,0044

1,0050

1,0059

1,0070

1,0084

1,0060

1,0053

1,0052

1,0054

1,0060

1,0069

1,0080

1,0094

1,0070

1,0062

1,0062

1,0064

1,0070

1,0079

1,0090

1,0104

1,0080

1,0072

1,0071

1,0074

1,0080

1,0089

1,0100

1,0115

1,0090

1,0081

1,0081

1,0084

1,0090

1,0099

1,0111

1,0125

1,0100

1,0091

1,0091

1,0094

1,0100

1,0109

1,0121

1,0135

1,0110

1,0100

1,0100

1,0104

1,0110

1,0119

1,0131

1,0146

1,0120

1,0110

1,0110

1,0113

1,0120

1,0129

1,0141

1,0156

1,0130

1,0119

1,0120

1,0123

1,0130

1,0140

1,0152

1,0166

1,0140

1,0129

1,0125

1,0133

1,0140

1,0150

1,0162

1,0176

1,0150

1,0138

1,0139

1,0143

1,0150

1,0160

1,0172

1,0187

1,0160

1,0148

1,0149

1,0153

1,0160

1,0170

1,0182

1,0197

1,0170

1,0158

1,0158

1,0163

1,0170

1,0180

1,0192

1,0207

1,0180

1,0167

1,0168

1,0173

1,0180

1,0190

1,0203

1,0218

1,0190

1,0176

1,0178

1,0182

1,0190

1,0200

1,0213

1,0228

1,0200

1,0186

1,0188

1,0192

1,0200

1,0210

1,0223

1,0238

1,1021

1,0196

1,0197

1,0202

1,0210

1,0220

1,0233

1,0248

1,0220

1,0205

1,0207

1,0212

1,0220

1,0231

1,0243

1,0259

1,0230

1,0215

1,0217

1,0222

1,0230

1,0241

1,0254

1,0269

1,0240

1,0224

1,0226

1,0232

1,0240

1,0251

1,0264

1,0279

1,0250

1,0234

1,0236

1,0242

1,0250

1,0261

1,0274

1,0289

1,0260

1,0243

1,0246

1,0252

1,0260

1,0271

1,0284

1,0300

1,0270

1,0253

1,0256

1,0261

1,0270

1,0291

1,0294

1,0310

1,0280

1,0262

1,0265

1,0271

1,0280

1,0291

1,0305

1,0320

1,0290

1,0272

1,0275

1,0281

1,0290

1,0301

1,0315

1,0330

1,0300

1,0281

1,0285

1,0291

1,0300

1,0312

1,0325

1,0341

1,000 1,030 7 (
). 8 .
. Draft Survey,

15 C.

407

().
cu.ft/LT

Cu.ft/MT

cu.M/MT

MT/cu.M

cu.M/LT

LT/cu.M

35

34,55

0,976

1.025

0,991

1.009

36

35,43

1.003

0,996

1.020

0,98

38

37,40

1.059

0,944

1.076

0,929

40

39,37

1.115

0,897

1.133

0,883

42

41,34

1.171

0,854

1.189

0,841

44

43,31

1.227

0,815

1.246

0,803

46

45,27

1.282

0,779

1.303

0,767

48

47,24

1.338

0,747

1.359

0,735

50

49,21

1.394

0,717

1.416

0,706

52

51,18

1.450

0,679

1.473

0,679

54

53,15

1.505

0,664

1.530

0,654

56

55,12

1.561

0,641

1.586

0,631

58

57,08

1.617

0,618

1.643

0,609

60

59,05

1.673

0,598

1.699

0,589

62

61,02

1.728

0,579

1.755

0,570

64

62,99

1.784

0,560

1.813

0,552

66

64,96

1.840

0,543

1.869

0,535

68

66,93

1.896

0,528

1.926

0,519

70

68,89

1.951

0,512

1.982

0,504

72

70,86

2.007

0,498

2.039

0,49

74

72,83

2.063

0,485

2.096

0,477

76

74,80

2.119

0,472

2.152

0,465

78

76,77

2.175

0,460

2.209

0,453

80

78,74

2.230

0,448

2.265

0,441

82

80,70

2.286

0,437

2.322

0,431

84

82,67

2.342

0,427

2.379

0,42

86

84,64

2.398

0,417

2.436

0,411

88

86,61

2.453

0,408

2.492

0,401

90

88,58

2.509

0,399

2.549

0,392

92

90,54

2.565

0,390

2.606

0,384

94

92,51

2.620

0,381

2.663

0,375

96

94,48

2.676

0,373

2.719

0,367

100

98,42

2.788

0,358

2.833

0,353

102

100,38

2.843

0,351

2.889

0,346

104

102,35

2.899

0,345

2.946

0,339

106

104,32

2.955

0,338

3.003

0,333

108

106,29

3.001

0,332

3.059

0,327

110

108,26

3.067

0,326

3.116

0,321

112

110,23

3.122

0,320

3.172

0,315

114

112,20

3.178

0,315

3.229

0,309

116

114,17

3.234

0,309

3.286

0,304

118

116,13

3.290

0,304

3.343

0,299

120
118,10
3.345
0,299
3.400
, ..

0,294

408

3, . 325
7.1: Friction coefficient = .

0,4

(timber)

0,3

( 0,2-0,3) (steel) (timber) (rubber).

0,1

(dry).

0,0

(wet).

7.2: ANNEX 13 IMO Res. A714(17).

Longitudinal
acceleration
ax in m/s2

TRANSVERSE ACCELERATION in m/s2 ay

on deck, high

7,1

6,9

6,8

6,7

6,7

6,8

6,9

7,1

7,4

3,8

on deck, low
tween deck
lower hold
Length of ship L

6,5
5,9
5,5
0,1

6,3
5,6
5,3
0,2

6,1
5,5
5,1
0,3

6,1
5,4
5,0
0,4

6,1
5,4
5,0
0,5

6,1
5,5
5,1
0,6

6,3
5,6
5,3
0,7

6,5
5,9
5,5
0,8

6,7
6,2
5,9
0,9 1

2,9
2,0
1,5

7,6

6,2

5,0

5,0

6,2

7,6

9,2

VERTICAL ACCELERATION az
4,3

4,3

: 0 1 , .
0,1 0,9 .

7.3: .
LBP (m)

9
12
15
18
21
24

50

60

70

80

90

100

120

140

160

180

200

1,20
1,34
1,49
1,64
1,78
1,93

1,09
1,22
1,36
1,49
1,62
1,76

1,00
1,12
1,24
1,37
1,49
1,62

0,92
1,03
1,15
1,27
1,38
1,50

0,85
0,96
1,07
1,18
1,29
1,40

0,79
0,90
1,00
1,10
1,21
1,31

0,70
0,79
0,89
0,98
1,08
1,17

0,63
0,72
0,80
0,89
0,98
1,07

0,57
0,65
0,73
0,82
0,90
0,98

0,53
0,60
0,68
0,76
0,83
0,91

0,49
0,57
0,63
0,71
0,78
0,85

: / 3 . 50 m 300 m.
B/GM 13 .

7.4: /GM<13.
/GM
Deck
On Deck, high
On Deck, low
Tween-deck
Lower hold
(Tank top)

10

11

12

1,56
1,42
1,26

1,40
1,30
1,19

1,27
1,21
1,14

1,19
1,14
1,09

1,11
1,09
1,06

1,05
1,04
1,03

13

1,00
1,00
1,00

1,15

1,12

1,09

1,06

1,04

1,02

1,00

7.5: f-values as a function of and .

30

20

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0,3
0,1
0,0

0,72
0,82
0,87

0,84
0,91
0,94

0,93
0,97
0,98

1,00
1,00
1,00

1,04
1,00
0,98

1,04
0,97
0,94

1,02
0,92
0,87

0,96
0,83
0,77

0,87
0,72
0,64

0,76
0,59
0,50

0,62
0,44
0,34

0,47
0,27
0,17

0,30
0,10
0,00

409
15,5 GMo 2,47 m
(B/GMo 13).

7.6
Accelerations in m/ s2 for GMo 2,47 m
Transverse acceleration ay
0,50
0,60
4,16
4,23

Long. Pos.
deck high

0,10
4,41

0,20
4,29

0,30
4,23

0,40
4,16

deck low

4,04

3,92

3,79

3,79

3,79

tween deck
lower hold

3,67
3,42

3,48
3,29

3,42
3,17

3,36
3,11

4,72

3,85

3,11

2,67

Long.acc.
ax

0,70
4,29

0,80
4,41

0,90
4,60

3,92

4,04

4,16

1,80

3,36
3,42
3,11
3,17
Vertical Acceleration az

3,48
3,29

3,67
3,42

3,85
3,67

1,24
0,93

2,67

3,85

4,72

5,72

3,79

3,11

2,36

: 15,5 GMo = 2,93 m.

GMo . GMo
.

7.7
Accelerations in m/ s2 for GMo = 2,93 m
Transverse acceleration ay
Long. pos.
deck high
deck low
tween deck
lower hold

0,10
4,90
4,41
3,69
3,56

0,20
4,76
4,27
3,69
3,43

0,30
4,69
4,13
3,62
3,30

0,40
4,63
4,13
3,56
3,23

4,72

3,85

3,11

2,67

0,50
0,60
4,63
4,69
4,13
4,13
3,56
3,62
3,23
3,30
Vertical Acceleration az
2,67
3,11

0,70
4,76
4,27
3,69
3,43

0,80
4,90
4,41
3,69
3,56

0,90
5,11
4,54
4,09
3,81

3,85

4,72

5,72

Long.acc.
ax
2,36
1,80
1,24
0,93

7.8.1 = 0,4.

fy
0

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

40

45

50

60

70

80

90

0,67

0,80

0,92

1,00

1,05

1,08

1,07

1,02

0,99

0,95

0,85

0,72

0,57

0,40

fx
90

10
20

0,65
0,61

0,79
0,75

0,90
0,86

0,98
0,94

1,04
0,99

1,06
1,02

1,05
1,01

1,01
0,98

0,98
0,95

0,94
0,91

0,84
0,82

0,71
0,70

0,56
0,56

0,40
0,40

80
70

30

0,55

0,68

0,78

0,87

0,92

0,95

0,95

0,92

0,90

0,86

0,78

0,67

0,54

0,40

60

40
50
60

0,46
0,36
0,23

0,58
0,47
0,33

0,68
0,56
0,42

0,77
0,64
0,50

0,82
0,70
0,56

0,86
0,74
0,61

0,86
0,76
0,63

0,84
0,75
0,64

0,82
0,74
0,64

0,80
0,72
0,63

0,73
0,67
0,60

0,64
0,60
0,55

0,53
0,51
0,48

0,40
0,40
0,40

50
40
30

70
80
90

0,10
-0,05
-0,20

0,18
0,03
-0,14

0,27
0,10
-0,07

0,34
0,17
0,00

0,41
0,24
0,07

0,46
0,30
0,14

0,50
0,35
0,20

0,52
0,39
0,26

0,52
0,41
0,28

0,53
0,42
0,31

0,52
0,43
0,35

0,49
0,44
0,38

0,45
0,42
0,39

0,40
0,40
0,40

20
10
0

7.8.2 = 0,3.

fy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

40

45

50

60

70

80

90

0,72
0,70
0,66
0,60
0,51
0,41
0,28
0,15
0,00
-0,15

0,84
0,82
0,78
0,71
0,62
0,50
0,37
0,22
0,06
-0,10

0,93
0,92
0,87
0,80
0,70
0,58
0,44
0,28
0,10
-0,05

1,00
0,98
0,94
0,87
0,77
0,64
0,50
0,34
0,17
0,00

1,04
1,02
0,98
0,90
0,81
0,69
0,54
0,39
0,22
0,05

1,04
1,03
0,99
0,92
0,82
0,71
0,57
0,42
0,27
0,10

1,02
1,00
0,96
0,90
0,81
0,71
0,58
0,45
0,30
0,15

0,96
0,95
0,91
0,86
0,78
0,69
0,58
0,45
0,33
0,19

0,92
0,91
0,88
0,82
0,75
0,67
0,57
0,45
0,33
0,21

0,87
0,86
0,83
0,79
0,72
0,64
0,55
0,45
0,34
0,23

0,76
0,75
0,73
0,69
0,64
0,58
0,51
0,43
0,35
0,26

0,62
0,62
0,60
0,58
0,54
0,50
0,45
0,40
0,34
0,28

0,47
0,47
0,48
0,45
0,43
0,41
0,38
0,35
0,33
0,30

0,30
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,30

fx
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

410
7.8.3 =0,2.

fy
0
10
20

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

40

45

50

60

70

80

90

0,77
0,75
0,71

0,87
0,86
0,81

0,95
0,94
0,89

1,00
0,98
0,94

1,02
1,00
0,96

1,01
0,99
0,95

0,97
0,95
0,91

0,89
0,88
0,85

0,85
0,84
0,81

0,80
0,79
0,76

0,67
0,67
0,64

0,53
0,52
0,51

0,37
0,37
0,36

0,20
0,20
0,20

fx
90
80
70

30

0,65

0,75

0,82

0,87

0,89

0,88

0,85

0,89

0,75

0,71

0,61

0,48

0,35

0,20

60

40

0,56

0,65

0,72

0,77

0,79

0,79

0,76

0,72

0,68

0,65

0,56

0,45

0,33

0,20

50

50
60
70

0,46
0,33
0,20

0,56
0,40
0,25

0,60
0,46
0,30

0,64
0,50
0,34

0,67
0,53
0,37

0,67
0,54
0,39

0,66
0,53
0,40

0,62
0,51
0,39

0,60
0,49
0,38

0,57
0,47
0,37

0,49
0,42
0,34

0,41
0,36
0,30

0,31
0,28
0,26

0,20
0,20
0,20

40
30
20

80
90

0,05
-0,10

0,09
-0,07

0,14
-0,03

0,17
0,00

0,21
0,03

0,23
0,07

0,25
0,10

0,26
0,13

0,26
0,14

0,26
0,15

0,26
0,17

0,25
0,19

0,23
0,20

0,20
0,20

10
0

7.8.4 =0,1.

fy
0

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

40

45

50

60

70

80

90

0,82

0,91

0,97

1,00

1,00

0,97

0,92

0,83

0,78

0,72

0,59

0,44

0,27

0,10

fx
90

10
20
30

0,80
0,76
0,70

0,89
0,85
0,78

0,95
0,91
0,84

0,98
0,94
0,87

0,99
0,94
0,87

0,96
0,92
0,85

0,90
0,86
0,80

0,82
0,78
0,73

0,77
0,74
0,68

0,71
0,68
0,63

0,58
0,56
0,52

0,43
0,42
0,39

0,27
0,26
0,25

0,10
0,10
0,10

80
70
60

40
50
60
70
80
90

0,61
0,51
0,38
0,25
0,10
-0,05

0,69
0,57
0,44
0,29
0,13
-0,03

0,74
0,62
0,48
0,32
0,15
-0,02

0,77
0,64
0,50
0,34
0,17
0,00

0,77
0,65
0,51
0,35
0,19
0,02

0,75
0,64
0,50
0,36
0,20
0,03

0,71
0,61
0,48
0,35
0,20
0,05

0,65
0,56
0,45
0,33
0,20
0,06

0,61
0,53
0,42
0,31
0,19
0,07

0,57
0,49
0,40
0,30
0,19
0,08

0,47
0,41
0,34
0,26
0,17
0,09

0,36
0,31
0,26
0,21
0,15
0,09

0,23
0,21
0,19
0,16
0,13
0,10

0,10
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,10

50
40
30
20
10
0

90
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00

fx
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

7.8.5 =0,0.

fy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

-30
0,87
0,85
0,81
0,75
0,66
0,56
0,43
0,30
0,15
0,00

-20
0,94
0,93
0,88
0,81
0,72
0,60
0,47
0,32
0,16
0,00

-10
0,98
0,97
0,93
0,85
0,75
0,63
0,49
0,34
0,17
0,00

0
1,00
0,98
0,94
0,87
0,77
0,64
0,50
0,34
0,17
0,00

10
0,98
0,97
0,93
0,85
0,75
0,63
0,49
0,34
0,17
0,00

20
0,94
0,93
0,88
0,81
0,72
0,60
0,47
0,32
0,16
0,00

30
0,87
0,85
0,81
0,75
0,66
0,56
0,43
0,30
0,15
0,00

40
0,77
0,75
0,72
0,66
0,59
0,49
0,38
0,26
0,13
0,00

45
0,71
0,70
0,66
0,61
0,54
0,45
0,35
0,24
0,12
0,00

50
0,64
0,63
0,60
0,56
0,49
0,41
0,32
0,22
0,11
0,00

60
0,50
0,49
0,47
0,43
0,38
0,32
0,25
0,17
0,09
0,00

70
0,34
0,34
0,32
0,30
0,26
0,22
0,17
0,12
0,06
0,00

80
0,17
0,17
0,16
0,15
0,13
0,11
0,09
0,06
0,03
0,00

411

60 C.

412

413

60 F.

414

415

10

416

11

(volume correction factorVCF).

417

4
.
( 10% 1/2 )
( 7 Bf , 10% )
(pack-ice)
M ()
,

418

419

5
() .
,
.
, , . .5()
. , .. . .
90% 70% .
, ,
, U-bolt [. .5()]
( ). 3
7.
. .
U-bolts 6

.. 26 mm x 6 = 156 mm,
16 cm ( ) 4 .
[. 15.7 .5()]
(. 15.7).

22 mm

3 . 2 3/4

22 mm 32 mm

4 . 4

32 mm 38 mm

5 . 5

38 mm 51 mm

6 . 6

51 mm

7 . 7

()

()
()

. 5.
.

420

6
.
(Bay plan).
Bay plan, . .6 38 Bays
20 TEU.

. .6.

38 Bays 1 38,
/ 20 TEU. .6
19 Bays 40 TEU. 19 Bays 1 19.

. .6.

/ 20 40 EU
. 38 / 20
TEU , 01, 03, 05 .. 75,
/ 20 TEU
FEU / (40 EU), 02, 04, 06 74.

. .6.

, .6,
(tiers) / 20 TEU, Bay 1 3 ,
/ 40 EU (. .6) Bay 1
3 20 TEU, Bay 02.

421
Rows / .
/ , Rows ,
Row 00 (. .6).

. .6.

.6 Rows Bay
16 14, 12, 10, 08 06 . Rows
/, Rows 04, 02 ,
(pontoons).

()

()
. .6.

.6() .6(), 6 14.

.6 Rows Bay
05, 07, 09, 11, 13 15 , .
03 , Rows, 01 03 Row 00
.

422

()

()
. .6.

.6() .6(), 05 13.

.6 Rows Bay (Aft Bay) ,
.
Rows.

. .6.

.6 Tiers .
Tiers 80 (
) . /
82. Tiers.

423

. .6.

Tiers , Bay plans (. .6),

, 02 ( )
02 18. Bay plans bay, row tier.

. .6.

. .6.

424
.6 /. Bay-Row-Tier / .
/ 20 TEU, (slot) () :531212
/ 40 FEU, (slot) ()
:540788
/ 20 TEU, (slot) () :551184
Bay, Row
Tier.
, . .. row-bay-tier .
rows bays tiers .
Ro-Ro slots / (lanes running lengthwise).

425

7
.

( )

(
) (Flush socker)
.

. , .

,
.

.

.

(D-Ring)

.

.

/
(Dovetail foundation)

(Fixed
stacking cone)

/ 20
40.

Bay
(Mid-bay Guide)

/ 20
40.
.

/
40.

(breech
base) (Container
lashing point)

,
.

(Raised socker)

(Lashing plate, Padeye)

426

() / .
.

.


/.

.

/
(Extension piece)
Higl cube 96 (2896 mm).

(Turnbukle0

.


.

(Penguin
book)

/

. ,
/ .

(. .7) (Stacking
cone)

/
.

.
.
/ .

/

(wistlock)
.

,
separation
force
.
.

/ .

/
(SATL)
.

.
/

/ ' .

.
.

(Fully automatic
.
twistlock-FAT)

/.

.

(. .7)
(Lashing rod)

427

(

/) (Deck mount
twistlock)

/
.

.
. .

(. .7)
(Bridge fitting)

/
.
.

.
.

/

.
(Horizontal Twistlock)

/
.
. /
ISO.

/
.
/ 20 Bay
40
Bay.

Separation.
/
/
.

.
link plates

.

(. .7)

(Double stacking cone)
.

.

con-bulkers.

(Lost
Equalizing Device)

/
,
.
.

(Mid-lock)

(Battress)

. .7.

/.

. .7.
/
, Block stowage, securing and stabilization.

428

8
draught survey cargo weight calculation.

Draught Survey Hydrometer (DSH)

DSH (Draught Survey Hydrometer Glass) kg/lt
( , in air), .
DSH 0,999 1,040 kg/l, .. 15C (
20 C), . ,
, ,
.
(Brass Load Line Hydrometer LLH)
1966.

(15C/15C).
( ) (in vacuo). LLH 15 C/15 C 60 C/60 C. ,
(LLH) .
LLH Draft Survey.
15 C ( ) 0,9991 kg/l. LLH
1,025 (1,025 x 0,9991 kg/l)= 1,0241 kg/l. 1
1,0241 kg (in vacuo). ,
(in air) , 0,0011 kg.
1,0241 0,0011= 1,023 kg (in air)
. LLH 1,025 DSH 1,023 kg. .
DSH LLH,
() air buoyancy correction 0,002. LLH
DSH .
Draught Survey:

DSH (water observed density) 1,0220 kg/lt 25 C,

Draft Survey, . ,
15 C, :
) 25C , 15 C, . 25 C ( )
. , , (.. + 0,0003
). .
15 C.
, 15 C. , ,
, . ( ,
).
) 25 C DSH 15C,
DSH , .
,
, 15 C ( ).
) , . , ,
. ,
, ( ) .
(
) , , DSH.
( ) 1,025 kg/lt. .
,
( ) 1025 kg/l
. Draft Survey
, .
() DSH 15 C,
U.S. Department of Commerce Coast and Geodetic Survey Reduction of Observed Specific Gravity to Specific Gravity
at 15 C Browns Nautical Almanac ):
) DSH 1,0000 25 C, 15 C 1,0019
kg/lt.
) 1,0300 25 C, 15 C 1,0325 kg/lt.
) 1,0220 kg/lt 0 C, 15 C 1,0205 kg/lt, 1,0220 kg/lt.
1,0220 kg/lt 25C, 15C 1,0243 kg/lt
, 187 . C3 , .
, , /
' 15 C, , (marine surveyors) (). 0,3% , .

429
draught survey draft survey
.
:
) (initial, start, before loading/
discharging)
) (final, finish, on completion after Loading/
Discharging).
(net displacements), (
), .
,
Draft Survey
Draft Survey.

Draft Survey , Draft Survey
.

.
BULKER .
1. H
(observed density, ) 1,0220 kg/l LBP 217 m.

LBP/2
LBP/2

LBM Ld

da
da

do

la

Ld

LOA

draft amid.

df

df

LBP
LWL

Draft survey

(draft reading).
' Draft Survey
( 2 cm
).
, ,
( , 0,5%).
, , ,
. .

430
6 6 , ,
10
.. 10. ( 2 12, 10).
-
, , .
, , , ,
() (clinometer). ,
.
Draught Survey
. .
, .
.
.. () , () (during making fast) ,
,
(warping)
. , (
).
,
.. 14,14 m, .
, , :
) M .
.
) M . , .
, .
.. 5 cm (2d)
. :
10 cm (h2) 5 cm (h1) =
5cm (2d), dMP = 14,14 m 0,5 cm = 14,09 m
1. (raw draft calculation).
,
, . ,
,
, .

:
(dfp):
(dfs):
(df):

13,90
13,96
13,93* dfm

431

(dap):
(das):

14,10
14,20

(da):

14,15 * dam. = (da df )

= 0,220m
, df da
,
.

(dp):
(ds):

14,04
14,14

(d):

14,09 * dMP


.

2.
 (stem and stern
corrections to perpendiulars corrections for fwd and aft draft).
, , , ,
,
(LBP/2),
.
, .

, (straight waterplane),
. ( ), (1,025 kg/l).
,
, , straight waterplane,
mean of mean of means (mean adjusted draft, mean of mean 2),
(Displacement Draft Draft for entering table).
,
, '
(Displacement Draft) .
,
Loading manual .
, . , , :
(1) (f) = (lf/Ld) x AT
(2) (a) = (la/Ld) x AT
df d :
(lf x trim df d)/(LBP/2- lf) da d :
(la x trim da d)/(LBP/2- la).

432
(3) df = df = df +/ (f)
(4) da = da = da +/ (a).
:
(f) = (stem correction, forward correction).
(a) = (stern correction, aft correction).
df = (Draft fwd).
da = (Draft aft).
lf =  (DF) (Distance) (Designed Waterline-DWL
Load Waterline-LWL)
(Fore PerpendicularF.P.). Loading manual
(plan) , General Arrangement Plan . T
(mm) (scale) , la = ( DA)
(Distance) (Aft PerpendicularA.P.).
lf. ,
.
, lf la [ (Distances)] 10 m,
. , lf
, , .
.

AT= apparent trim ( ) Ld= LBP-distance. distance (Fore P.P. F.P.) (Aft P.P. A.P.)
(Aft draft Scale P.P.) (Fwd draft Scale P.P.) . , Ld LBM
. (Length Between
MarksLBM) Length Between Scales (LBS) LBP- distances,
(Length Between Perpendicular), (distances) lf la: Ld = LBP (lf+la).
(3) (4), ,
(A.P. F.P.), ' (
), .

Fwd. of F.P.

Aft of F.P

Fwd of A.P.

Aft of A.P.

()

(+)

()

(+)

()

(+)

()

(+)

, DM, .
, (5). :
(5) d corrected for perpendicular Midship Correction= [Apparent Trim x Middle Dist.]: LBM or Ld, :
Middle Distance ( DM) ( )
(midship perpendicular = , . LBP/2 Deck Line
). T ,
(). .

433

.
=10 x 0,220 ( )/197 (LBM)= 0,0111
= 10 x 0,220 ( )/197 (LBM)= + 0,0111
13,93

Stem
Draft fwd (df)

0,0111
13,919

Stern
Draft aft (da)

14,15

0,0111

14,161 CORRECTED FOR P.P. ()

d dMP (
), .
(Real Trim) da df = 0,242
( , mean fore and aft draft, dm dm Arithmetic
Mean Draft, AMD) (df + da)/ 2= 14,04.
draft survey,
. ,
corrected for perpendiculars, df, da d.

3.  ( , /, /).
,
(mean adjusted draft) , (straight waterplane),
(correction for hull deflection, sagging
hogging), . /
table of correction : Mean adjusted draft= AMD + factor
(dMP AMD) . (water plane coefficient)
factor ' (1 2):
: dm > dMP = dMP dm () < 0 = dm< dMP =
dMP dm () > 0 = .
. ,
o (1),
, . 0 .
df+da
df+da
df+da+d
+d
22
+
+dd
22
(1) ( ): dm/m/m=
22
'
(2) ( dm,
mean fore and aft draft). (midship
mean draft, corrected mid draft, draft amid, d, dMP)
( dm d) (mean of means 1, mean of means, M.M, m/m
corrected draft, dm/m) midship mean draft
( sag. hog.), [Corrected
for deflection, actual mean draft ( true), Mean adjusted draft, Draft mean of mean of means,
Mean of means 2, M.M.M., dm/m/m, Mean of means corrected Draft, Double Mean of Means
Displacement Draft)]. , Displacement =),
:

434
) Draft fore and aft mean arithmetic mean draft AMD dm= df+da 0,5 x (df + da)
2
dm+d
) Draft mean of means, dm/m=

2
dm/m+d
) Draft mean of mean of means sag. hog, dm/m/m =
2
(1)
(), () () 14,077 m.
(2).

(2) 6/8 ( ): dm/m/m= df+6d8 +da

(2) Fuller form Box-shaped 4/6: dm/m/m= df+4d +da
6
(2) , , ,
.
.
: (14,09 x 6 + 13,919+14,161): 8 = 14,077 m.
: full form 6/8.

, mean of mean of means straight waterplane

.., ..
(Density Scale), ds=1,025 (SW Displacement). Draft Survey
Displacement Deadweight.
: Salt Water Displacement dm/m/m 14,077 m = 86168,56 .
Mean of mean of means
draft survey.
.
,
. ' , , .
, ,
dm d. , ,
, dm dm AMD,
d
dMP. . , dm/m/m . () TMD, True Mean Draft
(do ), . To true mean draft ,
, do. , Draft Survey,
.

4.
 ( , trim corrections layer
correction displacement correction).
.. .
, d dMP d. ,
, (Cf) .
(

435
). ,
. d d
(TMD do). , dm
do , . , , . . ,
,
,
(Displacement Fully corrected).

Loading manual. , ,
() () .
,
( ) (Real Perpendiculars
Trim True Trim TT) (Apparent Trim).

F x TT x 100
) C1 FTC (First Trim Correction FTC)= TPC x LBP

F lc (Y..) . F (lc)
.
1) Cf LCF , .. LBP/2- LCF=F, TRIM Real TRIM (0,242 m) LBP
(217m).
2) .. LCF Trim factors : LCF from AP = (LBP x aft trim factor): (fwd trim factor + aft trim
factor).

() 100 12 TPC TPI.

C1 () F (Cf, Center of Flotation, CF)
(trim) :
Cf ,
. Cf
. . ..
.
(Second Trim Correction STC) Nemoto C2, () .
Cf .
1 m 50 cm 1%
LBP Cf ... .
TT2 STC = (TT x TT x MTC x 50) / LBP
) C2 STC = 50 x MTC x LBP
(TRIM) . MTC
dMTC Dm/DZ DMZ Diff Mu. MTC MTC
.. 0,50 m Displacement
draft 0,50 m Displacement draft.
() 50 6 MTC MTI
() Nemoto formula.
Displacement corrected for Trim DispT = D (FTC + STC).

: C1 C2 =(5,14 + 0,28) = 5,42 Salt Water Displacement

corrected for trim = 86.168,56 + 5,42 = 86.173,98 MT.

436
.. 3 m :
Corr. for List ( +) = 6 x (TPC2 TPC1) x (d2 d1), d2 d1 TPC2
TPC1.

5.
 ( , density correction).
1,025 kg/l
( x = ).
(, ) (draft survey hydrometer)
(observed density, apparent density of Dock water) .. 1,022 kg/l (1,022 kg/m3 1,022 MT/m3),
' .. . ' ,
.
, ( . ).
() , C3 ()
(Density Scale), 1025 kg/m3.

) C3 = ds-d x .
ds

x d
) =
ds
, d (Density
Port) ds (Density Scale) , ,
1,025 kg/l.

: () 252,216 86173,98 MT252,216 =

85921,76 .

1) (special draft survey hydrometers 0,9901,040 kg/l),

BSI certificate ,
. Draft Survey Hydrometer. H apparent density
(V = m). , .
2) Draft Survey (observed density) . Draft Survey (glass DSH) 15 C
20 C. 15 C 20 C 60 F (15,5555

C) , ,
.
, .

6. (final net displ).

, ,
o
, ,
FINAL NET DISPLACEMENT , Fuel oil, Diesel
oil, Fresh Water, Ballast, Water, Luboils ( ), Sludges, Sewage
.. .
FINAL NET DISPLACEMENT = ( + + )

437
: FO602,3 + DO70 + FW200 + BALLAST49 + LO00 + OTHERS 8,7 = 930,00
85.921,76 930,0 = 84.991,76 = FINAL NET DISPLACEMENT (CARGO + Light ship +
Constants).
7. (cargo loaded).
INITIAL draft survey (
) INITIAL NET DISPLACENENT : 12.126,75

:
(Final Net Displs) (Initial Net Displs) = (CARGO + Light ship + Constants) (Light ship +
Constants) = CARGO loaded per draft survey.
: 84.991,76 12.126,75 = 72865,01 MT CARGO loaded per draft survey.
Net Displacements constants
.

CONSTANTS ().
Light ship Summer Displacement Summer Dead Weight
(86.46774.540,25) = 11.926,75
INITIAL NET DISPL Light ship constants (other non-cargo)
: 12.126,75 11.926,75 = 200,00 .
constants , net displacement,
.
.
(shore
weightscale, weight-meter, weighbridge, shore figures), draft
survey.
72.890,36 , (72.890,36
72.865,01 = 25,35 ) , .
Draft Survey, shore figures
(
3 , Loading facilities/terminals)
. 0,1%.
loading facility , draft
survey . dunnage lashings separation
materials, . , draft survey
. , :
) ,
.
) , .
) .
.

438
) .
, , 0,5% (principle of
one half of one percent), trade allowance.
0,05%.
weightscale (shore figures) ( ) (surplus shortage) '
Draft Survey / , 0,5% . 0,5%
Draft Survey .
Draft Survey .

. Draft Survey ' .
, . P&I club
.
Draft Survey .
0,5%
, .
.
0,5 %.
, ,
Initial Draft Survey Final .
.
:
) , sounding
doubler sounding pipe
.
) () (limber holes, limbers, parcloses, water courses) , soundings ,
, .
) (air pockets),
) ,
) (.. ) ...
:
) ,
squat Draft Survey.
Draft Survey Report Possible squat effects.
) . ,
. . (
15 3,87 1000).
) .
) .
Draft Survey , , ,
. (draft surveyor)
net displacement. Draft Survey ,
. constants net displacement (loaded)
.
(!).
, ' constants, ,
.

439
. ,
, .
bunkers.
Loading Manual constants .
Loading Manual. constants ,
(.. , ..). constants .
(modifications)
.. open hatch type, / 1. E

constants . constants
.
constants Draft Survey
. , .

draft survey.
.
dm dMP , .
...
(Density correction), :
x d
=

ds
(Trim correction).
(Displacement corrected), light ship,
Dead Weight (Light) (Liquids), :
Ballast water, Fuel oil, Diesel oil, Luboil, Fresh Water, Sludges, Sewage .
Dead Weight (Loaded)
constants initial draft survey (Light),
(CARGO) .

440

9
.

cyl oil
Tk No. 4 Twns

l.c.
tks

No. 5 Hold

5 tt tks

T. S. Tk
p. s.

5 4 D.B.
s p. s.

CONDITION No.9 G.

No. 3 Hold

No. 3 D.B. Tk.

p.c. s.

LOADED DEPARTURE.

LCG

No 1
No 2
No 3
No 4
No 5

No 1
No 2
No 3
No 4

No. 4 Hold

No. 2/3 Twns

114,48
89,97
68,91
51,77
17,26
115,52
95,59
74,05
51,67

No. 1 Twns

No. 2 Hold

No. 1 Hold

No. 2 D.B. Tk.

p.c. s.

No. 1 D.B. Tk.

across

C
I

F. P.

GRAIN CARGO AT 1. 8100 M3 / TONNE

Cu.
M. Net
1966
4254
1536
3161
2371
13288
1581
1583
1523
1561
6243
19.536

Cu. M. Gross
2215,0
4672,0
1742,0
3474,0
2605,0
14708,0
1695,0
1676,0
1626,0
1674,0
6671,0
21.373,0

:

14 kns : FO 14,0 MT/D MDO 1.5
14 kns : FO 14,0 MT/D MDO 1.5

FO Nil MT/D 1.5 MT/D
:
: , .
: 4 MT/D.
FO:

10
: 340 MT
: 3831 MT

TROPICAL FRESH TF
FRESH F
TROPICAL T
SUMMER S
WINTER W

9.247
9.063
9.051
8.867
8.683

15.615
15.177
15.622
15.175
14.729

441

10
M/V weendecker.
.

442

11
.
(brackish water)
(Dock immersion for brackish/ Dck Water AllowanceDWA) ()
(Dock immersion fresh water/Fresh Water Allowance FWA).
(Port Density) ,
(1,025Kg/l) .., .

FWA (in) =

FWA (mm) =

40 TPI

(TPI )

(MT)

(TPC )

4 x TPC

DWA (mm) (in) =

DWA (mm) (in) =

DWA (mm) =

DWA (in.) =

FWA (1025-)

kg/l

25
FWA (1,025-)
0.025

10 (1, 025

FWA (1,025-RD)
0.025

DWA (mm) =

TPC
x (1, 025

FWA (mm)x(1025) x 0,04

(1025
100 TPC

DWA (cm) =

x (1025
x TPC

DWA (inches) =

x (1025

1000 x TPI

RD)

TPI

SG LT MT =

x (1, 025

RD) x 1000

1025

corrected for d=

d
ds

d= , ds= 1,025 (Density

Scale). 1,025 kg/l 1,025 kg/lt.

1,025
( 2, . 313).

:
( ): (m) 1/4
, .
SI 1960 1650763,73
2p10 5d5 86. :
10 , . 1/10 (dm,
decimeter, ), o (cm, centimeter). 1 m=10 dm=100 cm=1000 mm (mm = millimeter, ).
1 =1000 m.
: (foot ft ) 1 (inch in ) : 1 = 12 . 1 (yard) =
3 = 36 , 1 (fathom) = 2 , 1 = 6 (feet) = 72 .
mm x 0,0393701 = inches, in x 25,3975 = mm, ft x 0,3948 = m 1 ft = 304,8 mm, fathom x 1,8288 = m (1 fthm x 1,83), m x 1,28084 = ft 1 m
= 0,5468 fathoms, cm x 0,39370 = inches, inches x 2,540 cm.

:
ft3 x 0,0283168 = m3, m3 x 35,3147 = ft3

:
ft2 x 0,092902 = m2, m2 x 10,7639 = ft2
10) SG (MT/m3) Density = 1/SF (Grain ..) m3/MT 1/CF

443

:
SF (m3/MT) = ,

SF (cu.ft/LT)
35,88

SF (cu. ft/LT) x 0,02787 = SF (m3/MT), SF (m3/MT) x 35,88 = SF (cu. ft/LT)

SF (cu. ft/LT) =

SF (m /MT)
0,02787

, SF (m3/MT) =

SF (cu.ft/MT)
35,316

, SF (cu. ft/MT)= SF (cu. ft/LT) x 0,9842035

35,316

SG (MT/m3) =

,
SF (cu.ft/MT) Grain
1 MT = 1000 kg = 2204,621 lbs = 0,98421 LT= 1,10231 short/American ton MT = kg/1000 , LT = kg x 0,0009842,
kg = LT x 1016,047, LT = lbs/2240 1 LT = 2240 lbs = 1,12 short/American ton = 1016,05 kg = 1,01605 MT

GRAIN SF(cu.ft / LT) =

2240 lbs
test weight per bu(lbs)

1, 2445

) GRAIN SF = (cubic factor)

) U. S. Bushel = 2150,42 = 1,2445 ft3 = 0,35242 m3
U.S. Bu x 1,0315 = Canadian Imperial Bushel Bushel Imperial Bushel Canadian Imperial Bushel = 1,2837 ft3 = 0,03637 m3

(SG) (Absolute Density) =

= Kg/m3 lbs/cu.ft

(SG, Relative density)= in kg/m

1000

( ).

( Grain SF ) m3/MT: m3/MT = 1/Density

(cu.ft/LT) =

2240

x (1 )

x (1 )

cu.ft or m

LT MT ,

(1 - )

WEDGE FORMULA:
Q
. (TRIM). wedge formula ISO 8697 wedge: Da= D[f(Y-Hf)], Da = sounding , D = sounding (Sounded Level, Dip), Y = Dipping point ( Gauging point= ) , (Distance of Gauging Pt. (DP)
from Aft Bulkhead), = (Overall Reference Height, RH) f= trim/Lpp.
Ct= Ls/ (2TsLt), Ct= tank constant, Ls = Lpp, Ts= , Lt= Length of tank.
k=Da Ct, k = . k>0,5 , k = 0,5 . k>0,5 D . k = 0,5 Dx.
Dx = Da/2. M Dx Vo V1= Vo 2 k, V1=
. , COW manual.
/ .

444

: . ,
OBQ (wedge). .
:
F= 9/5 C+32 Tf =(9/5) Tc+32, Tf: ( 32 212 )
Tc: , Celsius, Centigrade 100 (centi) grade ( 0 100).

C= (F32) 5/9 Tc= (5/9) (Tf32).

445

12
. Part IV. Addendum No 2
(inland waters).

446

13

72
15

3000

4000

L.C.G.

73

5000

6000

Tweendecker.

2000

14
13

1000

0
V.C.G.


(m)
12
L.C.G.


(M)

C.

V.
X
(m3)

G.

(m)

(Ships Breadth moulded) = 20,422m, LOA=144m LBP= 137,5 m.


( )





1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
10
13
13

2.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.1.1
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.6 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.9  ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24


3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26
27
28
28

4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

448
4.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3  . . . . .
4.4  ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7  ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32
34
36
38
39
39
40

, ,
5.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42
43
44
44
44
45

6.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46
48
52
56

(HAZMAT)
7.1 X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2  . . . . . . . . .
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5  (IMDG). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58
59
62
63
64
67
70
74

8.1  (BC Code) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4  , . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5 

77
77
79
79

449
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.7  (concentrates) . . . .
8.8  IMSBC Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o
o
o
o
8.9  30 , 30 35 > 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80

9.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2  .
9.3  , . . .
9.4  /
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5  bulk carrier
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6  , ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.7  ,
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85
85
86
88
89

81
81
83
83

(Dry bulk carriers)

89
90
93
95

10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
10.4  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
10.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102


11.1  , , VI SOLAS 74,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.7  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.8 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.9  (strapping or lashing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103
104
106
107
108
109
110
110
111

450
11.10  o ()
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
11.11  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
11.12  ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112


12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3  . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.4  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.5  . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.6  ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.7  , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.8  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

113
115
118
119
124
126
128
129

13.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4  ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

133
134
135
135

14.1  (DRI pig iron). . . . . . . . . .
14.2  , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3  , ,
, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.5  (scrap iron, scrap metal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

137
138
138
143
144
145

15.1 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3  , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.4 
(sea passage). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.6  - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

147
147
148
150
150
151

451
15.7  /, , , / ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152


16.1  (, , ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.4  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

158
160
161
161
163

17.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
17.2  . . . . . . . 168
17.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

(deep tanks)
18.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
18.2 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
18.3  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176


19.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
19.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
19.3  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
19.4  , . . . . . . . 180
19.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
19.6
 (Ro-Ro). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
19.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
19.8  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

19.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

19.8.2
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

19.8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
19.9  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
19.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
19.11
 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
19.12
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189


20.1 ,

452
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.3  , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.4  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.5 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.7  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.9  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

193
197
197
198
199
201
204
206
207

21.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.4  - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.7  / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.8  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.9  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

210
213
214
214
215
216
217
217
217

,
22.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

22.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
22.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
22.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
22.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
22.5  - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

22.5.1
 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

22.5.2
 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

22.5.3
 , , , ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

22.5.4
 (ullage). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

22.5.5
 /. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
22.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

22.6.1
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

22.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

22.6.3
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
22.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

453
22.8  ( /). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

()
23.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.4  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.7  . . . . . . . . . . .

245
248
248
249
250
250
250

24.1
 / . . . . . . .
24.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.2.1
 /. . .
24.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.3.1
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.3.2
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24.3.3
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.4  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.7  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.8  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.9 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

252
252
253
254
255
257
257
257
258
259
262
263
264

25.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.2.1 LPG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.2.2 LNG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.3.1 : LPG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25.4  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

265
267
267
270
271
274
277
279

26.1  IBC CodeIMO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
26.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
26.3  (, , ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
26.4 , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

454
( )



1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
1.2  Bale & Grain capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
1.3 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
1.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
1.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

1.6.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

1.6.2 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

1.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

1.6.4
 . . . 304

1.6.5  ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

1.6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
1.7  . . . . . . . . . 307
1.8  ' (Volume Limited Ship). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
1.9  (Deadweight limited ship). . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
1.10  (Full and Down). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
1.11  , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

, ,

2.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

313
315
317
317
320
321
322

,
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3  (safety factor). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4  / . . . . . . .
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.5.1
 / (Lashing/Shoring blocking forces). . . . .

325
329
332
334
334
336

455

3.5.2
 o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
3.5.3
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

4.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
4.2  , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345


5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2  () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

351
352
353
354
356
358

Lodicators / (Software)
6.1  Lodicators /. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2  : , , ,
Ro-Ro, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.1
 Single Decker open hatch type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.2 Aframax product tanker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.3 / 1121 TEU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.4 Ro-Ro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.5 , Panamax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

359
362
362
369
374
381
385

1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2

IMDG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3

1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2:  ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3: Bulker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4: (C3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5: 15 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6: () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7: 3, . 325 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8: 60 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9: 60 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

392
396
399
400
401
405
406
407
408
411
413
415

456

11: (volume correction factorVCF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5

() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8

draught survey cargo weight calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10

M/V Tweendecker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
 . Part IV. Addendum No 2
(inland waters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13

Tweendecker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

416
417
419
420
425
428
440
441
442

445
446

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447