TELEFON

SISTEM TALIAN TELEFON

Di setiap bandar/kawasan haruslah mempunyai ibu sawat
(main exchange) telefon.
Tujuan ibu sawat:a) Memberikan talian kpd pengguna
b) Membekalkan kuasa kpd telefonsupaya berfungsi
c) Menyambungkan talian pengguna kpd pengguna lain
samada di dalam atau di luar negara

TELEFON
CARA PEMASANGAN TELEFON
Cara pemasangan telefon kpd pengguna bmula drpd ibu sawat
adalah melalui 2 cara:a) Bangunan domestik (kediaman)
b) Bangunan tinggi (multi-storey bldg)
Pemasangan telefon pada bgnn telah dikategorikan kpd 3
cara:a) Kategori 1: > dari 5 tingkat & keluasan lantai > 650.30m2
b) Kategori 2: < daripada kategori 1 (2-5 tgkt)
c) Kategori 3: rumah teres utk kediaman termasuk banglow
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CARA PEMASANGAN TELEFON

Cara pemasangan telefon dari ibu sawat ke rumah2 melibatkan 4
komponen utama iaitu: a) Ibu sawat
b) Kabinet
c) Peti agihan (SDF)
d) Premises/rumah
Keempat2 komponen ini mempunyai pertalian di antara satu sama
lain. Bermula dari ibu sawat ke kabinet & seterusnya ke peti agihan
& destinasi yg terakhir sekali adalah rumah.
Cara pemasangan telefon dari ibu sawat ke pelanggan melibatkan
sistem berikut:a) Bangunan domestik
b) Bangnan tinggi (multi-storey bldg)
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BANGUNAN DOMESTIK
1. IBU SAWAT (MAIN EXCHANGE)
Daripada ibu sawat talian akan diagihkan kepada kabinet.
Di dalam ibusawat, terdapat jujungan agihan besar / Main
Distribution Frame (MDF)
Kabel utama dipasang di bawah tanah melalui manhole2 yg
diaturkan dgn jarak maksimum 180m di antara satu sama lain
menuju ke kabinet.
2. KABINET (PETI AGIHAN UTAMA MDP)
Didirikan di atas tanah & biasanya terdapat di tepi2 jalanraya
Asas - konkrit
- selebihnya besi tuang
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2. KABINET (PETI AGIHAN UTAMA MDP)

Di dalamnya terdapat banyak elemen2 penting bagi tujuan
penyambungan telefon.
Terdapat 10 pasang kabel di dlm kotaknya.
Utk sebuah rumah, dipasang 2 line & 10 pasang kabel adalah
diguna utk 8 buah rumah. 2 pasang lagi adalah diperuntukkan
jika berlaku kerosakan.
Dalam kabinet ada sisi ibu sawat (SI) & sisi agihan (SA) &
disusun berselang2.
Ianya utk mengelakkan daripada terjadi cross stop @ line
Boleh dibuka & ditutup utk kerja2 pengendalian.
SI menerima line dari ibu sawat , disambung pd SA
menggunakan jumper. SA menerima maklumat daripada SI &
diagihkan ke peti agihan (DP) @ SDF.
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3. TESTING POINT
Merupakan ujian terhadap kabel2 bg memastikan ianya
berfungsi atau tidak.
Juruuji perlu menghubungi MDF di ibusawat. Ia merupakan
Pusat Ujian (Testing Point) di mana ujian dibuat dengan
mengunakan meter.
Jika berfungsi dgn baik, haruslah penyambungan terus dibuat
ke peti agihan (DP).

4. PETI AGIHAN (SDF SUBCRIBER DISTRIBUTION POINT)

Selepas itu, kabinet akan disambungkan ke peti agihan (SDF)
melalui tiang2 dgn menggunakan kabel agihan (SA).
Jarak maksimum antara tiang2 ialah 35m.
1 tiang 5 buah rumah.
Sebelum pemasangan dibuat di rumah2, juruuji perlu
membuka peti agihan untuk memastikan samada
pemasangan dibuat dengan betul.
Sambungan dari peti agihan ke rumah akan disambungkan
terus jika sambungan adalah pendek. Tetapi jika panjang,
ianya memerlukan tiang utk menyokong.

CARA-CARA PEMASANGAN TELEFON KE BANGUNAN

DOMESTIK

(MDF)
IBU SAWAT

KABINET

TESTING
POINT
KABEL UTAMA

SI

(SDF)
PETI
AGIHAN
DISTRIBUTION
POINT

DROP
WIRE

SA
KABEL AGIHAN
TELEPHONE
MAX. 35m

180m

PREMISE

TIANG

MANHOLE

SI Sisi Ibu sawat

SA Sisi agihan
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Kabel Agihan
Terdapat 2 cara agihan kabel telefon ke dlm rumah:a) Melalui dlm tanah
b) Melalui rentang/gantung
SDF
Telefon
Telefon

Kabel

BANGUNAN TINGGI
Pemasangan dari ibu sawat sehingga ke kabinet adalah sama
dgn bangunan domestik.
Bagi bangunan tinggi, terdpt SDF & PABX (Private Automatic
Branch Exchange).
Pengagihan & pemasangan di dlm bangunan tinggi adalah
melalui 5 peringkat:a) Underground access cable (from last cabinet to SDF
room)
b) Cable from SDF room to switchboard, PABX & operator
c) Cable riser routed to distribution box at each floor
d) Horizontal running cable to telephone user
e) Earthing
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CARA-CARA PEMASANGAN TELEFON KE BANGUNAN

TINGGI
Multi Storey Building

Ibu Sawat

Kabinet

SI

SA

SDF

Sub Scriber
Distribution
frame

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CARA-CARA PEMASANGAN TELEFON KE BANGUNAN

TINGGI

3rd

Vertical
riser

2 nd

Distribution
board

PABX
1 st

Ground
Floor

Incoming cable

2
SDF

Concealed
ducting

Earth electrode
system
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PEMASANGAN
1. Underground Access Cable
Diperbuat drpd PVC berdiameter 100mm & 275mm tebal
Pipe adalah dilindungi dgn sheathed konkrit & duct di seal
pada sambungan.
2. SDF Room
Fungsi menerima & mengagihkan in coming line.
Rekabentuk & Ciri2:a) Access duct & cable dibina secara selari di sepanjang
dinding di dlm bilik SDF utk elak dari adanya bend.
b) Ianya bebas drpd flood hazard dgn menambah konkrit
setinggi 150mm.
c) Diletakkan di bhgn grd floor @ 1st floor.
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PEMASANGAN
2. SDF Room (contd)
d) Dinding mestilah kuat & diperbuat drpd konkrit
terutamanya pd tempat kelengkapan SDF diletakkan.
e) Pencahayaan dlm SDF mestilah diluluskan.
f) Pencegahan api & fire alarm mesti disediakan .
g) Tidak boleh ada duct service menembusi @ melalui SDF
room.
3. PABX (Private Automatic Branch Exchange)
Slps cable melalui SDF room, direct line akan disambung
kpd final user. Utk telefon yg mempunyai byk extension
ianya akan disambung dgn mesin/alat PABX.
Extension yg < drpd 300 tdk memerlukan PABX room tetapi
yg > 300 memerlukan separate PABX room.
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PEMASANGAN
4. Battery Room
Bilik di mana peralatan PABX diletakkan.
Saiz minimum adalah 3 x 1.8 x 3m tinggi bagi peralatan
PABX yang bersaiz sederhana.
Dikelilingi oleh ceramic tile setinggi 1.5m tinggi.
5. Operator Room
Diperlukan apabila > dari seorang operator.
Diletakkan 50m dari jarak PABX room.

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PEMASANGAN
6. Vertical Riser
Size :
( 4-10 storey high) 900mm x 450mm
(> 10 storey) 1200mm x 450mm
Lokasinya di mana pemasangan & penyelenggaraan
mudah bagi acess line.
Kalis api (Fire resistance).

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ARRANGEMENT OF TELEPHONE
DP

DP

Central / main
exchange
To other
main exchange

Branch
exchange

M.E
To other
Branch
exchange

Telephone
cabinet

Residential
area

DP
Telephone
cabinet

High rise building

(1 Acres)

DP (30 50 Acres)

Underground cable
DP

Joining
chamber

SDF room

DP
Commercial area 2-5 storey high
(3 Acres)

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PABX
(Private Automatic Branch Exchange)
Function
To switch calls within the building or between the outside
telephone network.
It is designed to handle lines especially in big building
such as the Category 1 building.
It is also design so that a small initial system can grow
into a large system with minimal labour and cost.
Location
The PABX should be place in a well ventilated, clean and
cool (air-conditioned) room to ensure the electronics
equipment are protected from dust and heat that can
ruin it.
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PABX
(Private Automatic Branch Exchange)
Features / Facilities
1. Direct any incoming call to an operator, who will then
direct the call to the required telephone.
2. Internal calls are free internal savings.
3. Follow me system Temporary change when the
recipient is not in the room to another extension so that
other people can pick up the call.
4. Transfer call system Divert the call to another
number/extension set by the recipients when the
required telephone do not answer. Features 3 & 4 gives
more freedom for the recipients to continue with works
instead of waiting for the call
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PABX
(Private Automatic Branch Exchange)
Features / Facilities
5. Pick-up call system Can take another persons call
without features no. 3 or 4..
6. Conference call system Communication for more than
two person simultaneously. Very useful for businesses.
7. Wake Up Call system Service for the telephone to ring
at certain/required time especially as an alarm to wake
people up.
8. Voice mailing system Callers can left their messages to
the recipients.

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PABX
(Private Automatic Branch Exchange)
Features / Facilities
9. Call waiting system
If theres an incoming call while the required line
is being used, it will hold the present call to check
on the incoming call.
To hold a call by playing song on the background.
10. Night service call system Instead of the call connected
to the required phone, it will directly transferred to the
night guard to answer the call. This is because, it is likely
that the recipients are not at his room during night hours.
Very beneficial for offices.
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PABX
(Private Automatic Branch Exchange)
Advantages
Provide easy communication within the premise.
Cheaper because savings in internal calls within the
premise.
have many features and facilities which is very beneficial
for the users.
Avoid missing calls with features such as transfer call
and follow-me systems.
Very useful for big buildings with multiple group user.

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PABX
(Private Automatic Branch Exchange)
Disadvantages
Not economical for small users.
Need an operator There is chances of wrong transfer .
Will increase the initial cost for the installation of the
PABX system and the construction equipment such as airconditioning for the room.
Increase the maintenance cost for the maintenance of
the PABX room and recurring costs for hiring the operator
and electricity bills.

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UNDERFLOOR TELEPHONE CABLE DUCTING LAYOUT

1.

Grid System

Suitable for open plan office & shopping complex

Malaysian grid is 3.6m x 3.6m
British grid 3.0m x 3.0m
The cable is located underfloor through trunking
Flexible system: easy to make any interior layout for the cabinets

Telephone riser ducting

Grid System

Underfloor
ducting

Junction box

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UNDERFLOOR TELEPHONE CABLE DUCTING LAYOUT

2. Branching Layout
Suitable where there is a fix partition
E.g: Office rooms, individual shop lots in shopping complex etc.
More economical because the cable can be taken directly to telephone
unit without any diversion
Telephone riser ducting

Branching Layout
Underfloor ducting
Wall
outlet
Junction

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UNDERFLOOR TELEPHONE CABLE DUCTING LAYOUT (contd)

3. Perimeter Layout
An alternative to the branching layout
Normally located at the internal perimeter of floor skirting
Normally use as combination with the grid layout
The system is easy to maintain (Terancang)
Normally use for office building in circular shape
Telephone riser ducting

Perimeter Layout
Underfloor duct

Junction
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