I HC GIAO THNG VN TI THNH PH H CH MINH

KHOA IN-IN T VIN THNG

----------

BO CO
H THNG VIN THNG II
TI: H thng thng tin di ng GSM

Ging vin hng dn : Ths.Li Nguyn Duy

Lp

: DV11

Sinh vin thc hin

:
Nguyn Th Cc Linh
Phan Th Hunh Giao
Vn V
Trn Khnh Vng
Nguyn Thnh Duy

TP.HCM, 12/2014

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NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN

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TP.HCM, ngy

thng

12

nm 2014

Ging vin hng dn

Th.S Li Nguyn Duy

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NI DUNG BO CO

Trang

Chng 1: H thng thng tin di ng t bo

1.1 Gii thiu mng thng tin di ng t bo

1.1.1

Gii thiu

1.1.2

Lch s

1.1.3
u im
1.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng thng tin di ng t bo

1.2.1

10

Cu trc mng

10

1.2.2
Nguyn l a truy cp
Chng 2: H thng di ng ton cu GSM
2.1 Cu trc mng GSM

14

2.1.1 Cu trc a l

17

2.1.2 Cu trc mng GSM

19

2.1.2.1 Trm di ng MS (Mobile Station)

19

2.1.2.2 Phn h trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem)

23

2.1.2.3 H thng chuyn mch NSS (Network Switching System)

27

2.1.2.4 Trung tm khai thc v bo dng OMC (Operation and

31

Maintenance Center)
2.2 Giao din trong GSM

17

33

2.2.1 Giao din Um

33

2.2.2 Giao din Abis

34

2.2.3 Giao din A

2.3 Cp nht v tr trong GSM

35
36

2.3.1 Nguyn nhn

37

2.3.2 Qu trnh thc hin

37

2.3.3 Ch chn mng

2.4 Nguyn l a truy cp

38
39

2.4.1 a truy cp phn chia theo tn s FDMA

40

2.4.2 a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA

41

2.4.3 a truy cp phn chia theo m CDMA

2.5 Cc bng tn trong GSM

42
43

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2.6 Phng php ti s dng tn s

45

2.6.1 C ly ti s dng tn s

45

2.6.2 Tnh ton nhiu ng knh C/I

46

2.6.3 Cch t chc Cluster trong mng t ong

47

2.6.1.1 Mu ti s dng tn s 3/9

47

2.6.1.2 Mu ti s dng tn s 4/12

48

2.6.1.3 Mu ti s dng tn s 7/21

2.7. Knh trong GSM

50
51

2.7.1 Knh vt l

51

2.7.2 Knh Logic

54

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PHN CNG CNG VIC

Ngi thc hin

Ni dung thc hin

Tnh trng
cng vic

Phn 1:
I.

Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng

thng tin di ng t bo
1. Cu trc mng
Nguyn Th Cc Linh
1151040033

Phn 2:
II. Cu trc mng GSM

Hon thnh

Tng hp ti liu
Lm word
Lm slide
Lm wor
Phn 1:
I. Gii thiu mng thng tin di ng t
Phan Th Hunh Giao
1151040015

bo
Phn 2:

Hon thnh

IV. Nguyn l a truy cp

V. Cc bng tn trong GSM
Phn 1:
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng

Trn Khnh Vng

1151040062

thng tin di ng t bo
2. Cu trc mng

Hon thnh

Phn 2:
III. Cp nht v tr trong GSM

Vn V

Phn 1:

1151040067

I.

Hon thnh

Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng

thng tin di ng t bo
3. Nguyn l a truy cp
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Phn 2:
II. Giao din trong GSM
VI. Phng php ti s dng tn s
Phn 1:
I.
Nguyn Thnh Duy
1151040010

Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng

thng tin di ng t bo
2. Nguyn l a truy cp

Hon thnh

Phn 2:
VII. Knh trong GSM

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GII THIU
Ngy nay thng tin lin lc tr thnh mt nhu cu quan trng trong cuc sng
ca chng ta. Ngoi cc dch v m cc in thoi c nh c nh: truyn thoi,
nhn tin, Fax, d liu, vv. Thng tin di ng cn cung cp cc tnh nng u vit
ca n cht lng dch v, tnh bo mt thng tin, thit b nh gn, linh hot trong
vic di chuyn, v cc dch v ngy cng a dng nh truyn hnh di ng, truyn
video cht lng cao. p ng nhu cu ca khch hnh cc nh cung cp dch v
lin tc nng cp h thng mng, cht lng ng truyn, v a dng cc dch
v, ng thi gim cc dch v, nhng iu ny mang li cho h mt s lng
thu bao khng l v tng nhanh. Mt cng ngh quan trng nht v c s dng
ph bin nht khng ch Vit Nam m cn cc nc trn th gii l cng ngh
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication-H thng thng tin di ng ton
cu). Vit Nam hin nay nhng nh cung cp dch v vin thng ln nh:
Vinaphone, MobiFone, Viettel u s dng cng ngh GSM. c pht trin t
nm 1982 vi k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) mt gii php
tng dung lng h thng v m ho tn hiu m bo tnh an ton d liu ng thi
m bo cht lng dch v p ng nhu cu ca hng triu khch hng
ng v pha quan im khch hng, li th chnh ca GSM l cht lng cuc
gi tt hn, gi thnh thp v dch v tin nhn. Thun li i vi nh iu hnh
mng l kh nng trin khai thit b t nhiu ngi cung ng. GSM cho php nh
iu hnh mng c th kt hp chuyn vng vi nhau do vy m ngi s dng c
th s dng in thoi ca h khp ni trn th gii.
tm hiu v vn ny, bi bo co ca chng em c chia thnh 2 chng:
Chng 1. H thng di ng t bo
Chng 2. H thng di ng GSM

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CHNG 1
H THNG THNG TIN DI NG T BO
I.1 Gii thiu h thng thng tin di ng t bo
I.1.1 Gii thiu
H thng thng tin di ng t bo s dng mt s lng ln cc my pht v
tuyn cng sut thp to nn cc cell hay cn gi l t bo (n v c bn ca h
thng thng tin v tuyn). Thay i cng sut my pht nhm thay i kch thc
cell theo phn b mt thu bao, nhu cu thu bao theo tng vng c th. Khi thu
bao di ng di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc, cuc m thoi ca h s c gi
nguyn lin tc, khng gin on. Tn s s dng cell ny c th c s dng li
cell khc vi khong cch xc nh gia hai cell.
Nguyn nhn hnh thnh ?
Cu trc h thng thoi di ng trc y

Antenna kh cao.
Cng sut pht ln.
Khng p dng k thut ti
s dng ti nguyn v tuyn.
Dung lng h thng hn
ch.
S dng ph tn s km hiu
qu.

Hnh 1.1 H thng thng tin di ng

truyn thng

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tng:
Thay v s dng mt trm cng sut ln, ngi ta s dng nhiu trm cng sut
nh trong vng ph sng c n nh trc, khi cc cell xa th c th s dng
li cng mt tn s.
Hiu qu:

Nng cao dung lng h thng.

Trnh tt nghn trong thng tin.
Tit kim, s dng hiu qu ti nguyn v tuyn.
I.1.2 Lch s hnh thnh

12/1971: H thng cellular tng t u tin ra i, FM, di tn s

850MHz vo thng.

Nm 1983: Ra i bn thng nghip AMPS.

Nhng nm u thp k 90: H thng cellular th h th 2 c 3 tiu chun
chnh: GSM, IS-54, JDC.
Nhng nm sau ca thp k 90: H thng cellular th h th 3 vi CDMA
v TDMA ci tin ra i.
Nm 1991: Qualcomm trin khai h thng di ng trn cng ngh CDMA
chun IS-95A (Interim Standard-95A).
Nm 1993: Vit Nam s dng GSM.
7/2003: Vit Nam trin khai h thng di ng theo cng ngh CDMA v a
vo s dng.
I.1.3 u im
iu khin ng trong vic cp pht knh lin lc lm cho s dng ph tn
s hiu qu hn
C nhiu dch v mi: nhn thc s liu, mt m ha, kt ni ISDN.
Dung lng tng, din tch Cell nh i, chuyn giao nhiu hn, bo hiu tt
bt u d dng x l bng phng php s.

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I.2 Nguyn l hot ng h thng thng tin di ng t bo

I.2.1

Cu trc mng thng tin di ng t bo

I.2.1.1 Cell
Cell (t bo) l n v a l c bn ca h thng thng tin v tuyn theo m
hnh t bo. Cc vng ph sng bi cc trm c dng t bo nn ta gi l h thng
thng tin theo m hnh t bo. Cc cell l cc trm gc pht sng n mt bn knh
a l xung quanh v vng ph sng c dng ging hnh lc gic

Hnh 1.2. Khi nim v bin gii ca cell

Hnh dng thc t ca cell
Hnh 1.3a

Mt thu bao cao

thu
bao thp
MtSng
v tuyn
khng b che khut
Sng
v
tuyn
t
b
che khut
Cng sut pht cao

Cng sut pht ln

Hnh 1.3b

Mt thu bao cao

Sng v tuyn b che khut
Cng sut pht nh

Hnh 1.3. Hnh dng thc t ca cell

Nhm cc t bo (Cluster)
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Cluster l mt nhm cc cell. Cc knh khng c ti s dng tn s* trong

mt cluster. Mt cluster gm 7 cell.

*Ti s dng tn s

Hnh 1.4. Nhm t bo

*Ti s dng tn s
Ph tn s s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng l c hn nn ngi ta phi
tm cch s dng li tn s c th tng dung lng in thoi phc v. Vic s
dng li tn s c thc hin bng cch cu trc li kin thc h thng thng tin di
ng theo m hnh t ong.

Hnh 1.5. Ti s dng tn s

Cc loi kch thc cell
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+ Megacells: ph hng trm km (satellite BS)

+ Macrocells: ph hng chc km (ph thnh ph, >1km)
+ Microcells: ph hng trm m (ta nh, khu thng mi, hi ngh, hi ch,
< 1km)
+ Picocells: W-LAN (trong to nh, < 0,1km)

Femtocells: Mng truy cp c nhn, dng, vt dng trong nh PAN.

Hnh 1.6. Cc kch thc Cell

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I.2.1.2 M hnh h thng thng tin di ng t bo

Hnh 1.7. M hnh h thng thng tin di ng t bo

Trong :
AUC (Authentication Center): Trung tm nhn thc.
CSPDN: Mng chuyn mch s theo mng cng cng .
BSS (Base Station Subsystem): H thng trm gc.
BSC (Base Station Controller): iu khin trm gc.
BTS (Base Transceiver Station): Trm thu pht gc.
EIR (Equipment Indentity Register): Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b.
ISDN: Mng s lin kt a dch v.
HLR (Home Location Register): B thanh ghi a ch thng tr.
MS (Mobile Station): Trm di ng.
MSC (Mobile services Switching Center) : Tng i di ng.
OMS (Operation Maintenance subsystem): H thng vn hnh,gim st v bo
dng.
PSPDN: Mng chuyn mch cng cng theo gi.
PSTN: Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng.
SS (Switching subsystem): H thng chuyn mch.
VLR (Visistor Location Register): B thanh ghi a ch tm tr.
PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network): Mng di ng mt t cng cng.
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I.2.2 Nguyn l a truy cp

Ti nguyn tn s l c hn nn ngoi vic s dng li tn s p ng s lng
ln thu bao th trong mi cell s knh tn s c dng chung theo kiu trung
k.
X l trung k cho php ngi dng s dng mt cch trt t s knh c hn.
Phng thc ny c gi l a truy cp.
Cc h thng a truy cp:

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access): a truy cp theo phn chia tn s

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): a truy cp theo phn chia thi gian

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): a truy cp phn chia theo m

Hnh 1.8. Cc h thng a truy cp

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CHNG 2
H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TON CU
GSM - Global System of Mobile communication
Vi nt v h thng thng tin di ng GSM
T u nhng nm 1980, sau khi cc h thng NMT hot ng mt cch
thnh cng th n biu hin mt s hn ch :
- V dung lng thit k c hn m s thu bao khng ngng tng. Do h
thng ny khng cn p ng c na .
- Cc h thng khc nhau ang hot ng khng th phc v cho tt c cc thu
bao Chu u, ngha l thit b mng NMT khng th thm nhp vo mng
TACS v ngc li.
- Nu thit k mt mng ln phc v cho ton Chu u th kh thc hin c
v vn u t qu ln.
V vy, p ng yu cu phm vi s dng in thoi di ng c rng ri
trn nhiu nc, cn phi c h thng chung. Thng 12-1982, nhm c bit cho
GSM (thng tin di ng ton cu) c hi bu chnh v vin thng Chu u
CEPT (Confrence European Postal And Telecommunication Administration) t
chc, ng nht h thng thng tin di ng cho Chu u ly di tn 900MHz. Cho
n nm 1989, nhm c bit GSM ny tr thnh mt u ban c bit ca vin
tiu chun vin thng Chu u ETSI (European Telecommunication standart
Instute) v cc khuyn ngh GSM 900MHz ra i.
GSM l tiu chun cho mng thng tin di ng mt t cng cng PLMN (Public
Land Mobil Network), vi di tn lm vic (890-960)MHz. y l mt tiu chun
chung, iu c ngha l cc thu bao di ng c th s dng my in thoi ca
mnh trn ton chu u.
Cc ch tiu phc v :
-

H thng c thit k sao cho thu bao di ng c th hot ng tt

ccc nc c mng GSM

- Cng vi phc v thoi, h thng phi cho php s linh hot ln nht cho cc
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loi dch v khc lin quan ti mng a dch v ISDN.

- To mt h thng c th hot ng cho cc thu bao trn tu vin dng nh mt
mng m rng ca cc dch v di ng mt t.
- Phi c cht lng phc v t nht l tng ng vi cc h thng tng t
ang hot ng.
- H thng c kh nng mt m thng tin ngi s dng trnh s can thip tri
php.
- K hoch nh s da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT.
- H thng phi cho php cu trc v t l tnh cc khc nhau khi c dng
cc mng khc nhau.
- Dng h thng bo hiu c tiu chun ho quc t. Nu MS di chuyn sang
vng nh v mi th n phi thng bo cho PLMN v vng inh v mi m n ang
. Khi c cuc gi n MS th thng bo gi s c pht trong vng nh v m
MS ang .

Hnh 2.0. Th phn thng tin di ng trn th gii nm 2006

Nm 1996, s thnh vin GSM MoU ln ti 200 nh iu hnh t gn 100
quc gia. 167 mng hot ng trn 94 quc gia vi s thu bao t 50 triu.
Nm 2000, GPRS c ng dng. Nm 2001, mng 3GSM (UMTS) c i vo
hot ng, s thu bao GSM vt qu 500 triu. Nm 2003, mng EDGE i vo
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hot ng.
Cho n nm 2006 s thu bao di ng GSM ln ti con s 2 t vi trn 700
nh iu hnh, chim gn 80% th phn thng tin di ng trn th gii. Theo d
on ca GSM Association, nm 2007 s thu bao GSM s t 2,5 t.
2.1 Cu trc h thng thng tin di ng GSM
2.1.1 Cu trc a l mng
Mi mng in thoi cn c mt cu trc nht nh nh tuyn cuc gi n
tng i cn thit v cui cng n thu bao b gi. mt mng di ng cu trc rt
quan trng do tnh lu thng ca cc thu bao trong mng

Hnh 2.1. H thng cc vng ph sng GSM

Vng phc v GSM
L ton b vng phc v do s kt hp ca cc quc gia thnh vin nn nhng
my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc mng GSM khc nhau c th s dng c
nhiu ni trn th gii.
Vng phc v PLMN
C th l mt hay nhiu vng trong mt quc gia ty theo kch thc ca vng
phc v.
Kt ni cc ng truyn gia mng di ng GSM/PLMN v cc mng khc (c
nh hay di ng) u mc tng i trung k quc gia hay quc t. Tt c cc
cuc gi vo hay ra mng GSM/PLMN u c nh tuyn thng qua tng i v
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tuyn cng G-MSC (Gateway-Mobile Service Switching Center). G-MSC lm

vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho GSM/PLMN.

Vng phc v MSC (Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip v di ng, gi tt

l tng i di ng).
L mt b phn ca mng c mt MSC qun l. nh tuyn mt cuc gi
n mt thu bao di ng. Mi thng tin nh tuyn cuc gi ti thu bao di
ng hin ang trong vng phc v ca MSC c lu gi trong b ghi nh v tm
tr VLR.
Mt vng mng GSM/PLMN c chia thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v
MSC/VLR.
Vng nh v LA (Location Area)
Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v LA. Vng
nh v l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR, m mt trm di ng c th
chuyn ng t do m khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho tng i
MSC/VLR iu khin vng nh v ny. Vng nh v ny l mt vng m
thng bo tm gi s c pht qung b tm mt thu bao di ng b gi. Vng
nh v LA c h thng s dng tm mt thu bao ang trng thi hot ng.
H thng c th nhn dng vng nh v bng cch s dng nhn dng vng nh
v LAI (Location Area Identity):
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
+ MCC (Mobile Country Code): m quc gia
+ MNC (Mobile Network Code): m mng di ng
+ LAC (Location Area Code) : m vng nh v (16 bit)
-

Cell (T bo hay )

Vng nh v c chia thnh mt s m khi MS di chuyn trong th khng

cn cp nht thng tin v v tr vi mng. Cell l n v c s ca mng, l mt
vng ph sng v tuyn c nhn dng bng nhn ng ton cu (CGI).
Mi c qun l bi mt trm v tuyn gc BTS.
CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI
+

CI (Cell Identity): Nhn dng xc nh v tr trong vng nh v.,Trm

di ng MS t nhn dng mt bng cch s dng m nhn dng trm gc BSIC

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2.1.2 Cu trc mng GSM

Hnh 2.2. M hnh cu trc mng GSM

2.1.2.1 Trm di ng MS (Mobile System)
Trm di ng l mt thit b u cui di ng, l phng tin gia ngi v
mng. MS c chc nng v tuyn chung v chc nng s l truy cp mng qua
giao din v tuyn.
S la chn thc hin i vi cc nh sn xut c th khc nhau nhng u phi
to ra mch t hp theo mt giao tip chun MS c th truy cp n tt c cc
mng. MS thc hin chc nng:
Hin th s b gi.
Chn mng PLMN.
Hin th v xc nhn cc thng tin nhn

My di ng MS gm 2 thnh phn:
Thit b thu, pht, bo hiu ME (mobile Equipment).
Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR (Equipment Identity Register)

MS=ME+SIM

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2.1.2.1.1 Thit b my di ng ME (mobile Equipment).

Hnh 2.3. Thit b di ng (Mobile Equipment)

ME c b phn y phn cng cn thit phi hp vi giao din v tuyn
chung, cho php MS c th truy cp n tt c cc mng. ME c s nhn dng l
IMEI (International mobile Equipment Identity) nh kim tra IMEI ny m ME
b mt cp s khng c phc v.

Hnh 2.4. ch s IMEI

+ TAC (Type Approval Code): m chng nhn loi thit b, gm 6 k t,
dng phn bit vi cc loi khng c cp bn quyn. TAC c qun
l mt cch tp trung.
+ FAC (Final Assembly Code): xc nh ni sn xut, gm 2 k t.
+ SNR (Serial Number): l s Seri, dng xc nh cc my c cng TAC
v FAC.
Thu bao thng ch tip xc vi ME m thi, c 3 loi ME chnh:
+ Loi gn trn xe (lp t trong xe, anten ngoi xe).
+ Loai xch tay (Anten khng c gn trc tip trn thit b)
+ Loi cm tay (Anten c gn trc tip trn thit b).

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Tu theo cng sut pht, ME c mt s loi:

Bng 2.1. Bng phn loi cc loi ME.
Loi

Cng sut pht

nhy my thu

20W(khng dng)

-104 dBm

8W (39 dBm)

-104 dBm

5W (37 dBm)

-104 dBm

2W (33dBm)

-102 dBm

0,8W (29 dBm )

-102 dBm

2.1.2.1.2 Modul nhn dng thu bao SIM (Subcriber Identity Module).
SIM l mt ci kho cho php MS c
dng. Nhng l ci kho vn nng. Dng
nhn dng thu bao v tin tc v dch v
m thu bao ng k. S nhn dng thu bao
di ng quc t IMSI l duy nht v trong
sut qu trnh ngi dng GSM thit lp
ng truyn v tnh cc da vo IMSI.
Hnh 2.5. Modul nhn dng thu bao
SIM cng c phn cng, phn mm cn thit vi b nh lu tr 2 loi tin tc: Tin
tc c th c hoc thay i bi ngi dng v tin tc khng th v khng cn cho
ngi s dng bit. Cc thng s trong SIM c bo v, Ki khng th c, IMSI
khng th sa i. Mt s thng s khc trong SIM cn c cp nht.
SIM c thit k khng th lm gi. Ngi dng c th s dng mt khu
ring PIN (personal Identity Namber) phng ngi khc dng SIM phi php.
Ngoi ra SIM cn cha thng tin tnh cc v thc hin thut ton nhn thc.
SIM : Module nhn dng thu bao cha mt s thng tin nh:
S nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t IMSI (International Mobile Subcriber

Identity). nhn dng thu bao c truyn khi khi to. IMSI khng th sa
i.
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN
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Trong :
+ MCC (Mobile Country Code): m nc c mng GSM, do CCITT qui nh
nhn dng quc gia m thu bao ang c mt.
+ MNC (Mobile Network Code): m mng GSM.
+ MSIN (Mobile Subscriber Identification Number): s nhn dng thu bao di
ng, gm 10 s c dng nhn dng thu bao di ng trong cc vng
dch v ca mng GSM, vi 3 s u tin c dng nhn dng
HLR.MSIN c lu gi c nh trong VLR v trong thu bao MS. MSIN
c VLR s dng khi truy nhp HLR/AUC to lp H khu thng tr
cho thu bao.
S nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi TMSI (Temporary Mobile subcriber

Identity). Qun l vic thay i TMSI thu bao khng b theo di giao din
v tuyn.Gm 4 octet. VLR lu gi v s dng LMSI cho tt c cc thu bao
hin ang c mt ti vng ph sng ca n v chuyn LMSI cng vi IMSI cho
HLR. HLR s dng LMSI mi khi cn chuyn cc mu tin lin quan n thu
bao tng ng cung cp dch v.

Kho nhn thc thu bao Ki: nhn thc SIM card. Ki khng th c
c

S nhn dng vng nh v LAI (Location Area Identity).

H thng c th nhn dng vng nh v bng cch s dng nhn dng vng nh
v LAI (Location Area Identity):
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
+ MCC (Mobile Country Code): m quc gia
+ MNC (Mobile Network Code): m mng di ng
+ LAC (Location Area Code) : m vng nh v (16 bit)
S in thoi ca thu bao di ng MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN)
MSISDN = M quc gia + M vng + M thu bao.
Cc thng s ca SIM c bo v

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2.1.2.2 H thng trm gc BSS (Base Station System).

Hnh 2.6. H thng trm gc BSS

BSS thc hin gim st cc ng ghp ni v tuyn, thc hin u ni cc MS
vi tng i v nh vy u ni nhng ngi dng trm di ng vi ngi dng
vin thng khc.
BSS thc hin :
+

iu khin s thay i tn s v tuyn ca ng ghp ni vi s thay i

cng sut

Pht v tuyn.

M ho knh v m ho thoi, phi hp tc truyn tin.

Qun l chuyn giao (Handover).

Bo mt knh v tuyn.

H thng trm gc BSS bao gm 3 phn chnh :

+

Trm thu pht BTS.

Phn h iu khin trm gc BSC.

B chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU.

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2.1.2.2.1 B chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU (Transcoding and

Rate Adaption
Unit)
Hnh
2.7 B chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU
m bo b rng ca di tn, ting qua giao din v tuyn ca GSM c m
ho vi tc 13Kbps nh vic s dng b m ho d on tuyn tnh LPC (Linear
Prediction Code)
Trong mng GSM, MSC kt ni vi tng i ISDN hot ng trn cc mch tc
64Kbs.
Bi vy cn phi c s chuyn i gia tc 13Kbs (LPC) v tc 64Kbs
(PCM) trong mng GSM gia MS v MSC. Vic chuyn i ny thc hin nh b
chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU. Chc nng thch ng tc p ng tc
truyn d liu l 9,6Kbps v thp hn. Sau n c chuyn thnh tc
64Kbps truyn qua MSC. V nguyn tc th TRAU l mt b phn ca BSS
nhng thng th n t xa BSC v c t cng vi MSC.

Hnh 2.8 V tr ca TRAU trong h thng GSM

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2.1.2.2.2 Trm thu pht v tuyn BTS (Base Tranceiver Station).

Hnh 2.9. Trm thu pht v tuyn BTS

Mt BTS bao gm:
+ B pht/thu v tuyn TRX
+ X l tn hiu v iu khin thit b
+ Anten v cable
+ Ngun AC/DC
L thit b trung gian gia mng GSM v my di ng MS, BTS cung cp cc
chc nng thu, pht trao i thng tin vi MS qua giao din v tuyn. Mt BTS ph
sng cho mt (hay mt s) khu vc nht nh gi l (cell). BTS c th cha mt
hay mt s my thu pht v tuyn TRX (Tranceiver ).
BTS thc hin cc chc nng:
+ Pht qung b thng tin h thng di s iu khin ca BSC.
+ Pht cc thng tin tm gi.
+ Qun l tn hiu thu pht
+ M ho ghp knh v gii m.
+ iu khin cng sut.
+ o cht lng.
+ Bo dng.

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2.1.2.3 B iu khin trm gc BSC (Base Station Controller).

BSC c dng iu khin cc BTS. S lng
BTS ny c th khc nhau gia cc nh sn xut v
c th b gii hn bi dung lng, lu lng ca
mi BTS hn l cc nhn t khc. BSC cha cc
chc nng chuyn mch ng v hot ng nh mt
im tp trung gia mng v tuyn v MSC.
BSC thc hin cc chc nng:

Hnh 2.10. B iu khin trm gc

+ Chuyn mch v iu khin cc BTS

+ Khi to cc kt ni
+ Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
+ Kt ni n MSC, OMC v BTS
BSC network topology:

Hnh 2.11. BSC network topology

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H thng chuyn mch SS (Switching System).

2.1.2.3

Hnh 2.12. H thng chuyn mch SS (Switching System).

H thng chuyn mch bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca GSM
cng nh cc d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng ca thu bao.
Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l trao i thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng
mng GSM vi nhau v ngi dng mng vin thng khc.
H thng chuyn mch SS bao gm:
+ MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center)
+ IWF (Interworking Functions)
+ ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
+ PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
+ PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data
Network)
+ CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Network)
+ Databases
+ HLR (Home Location Register)
+ VLR (Visitor Location Register)
+ EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
+ Auc (Authentication Center) trung tm nhn thc

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2.1.2.3.1 Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di ng MSC (Mobile Servise

Switching Center).

Hnh 2.13. Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di ng MSC

MSC l mt tng i thng thng, nhim v chnh ca MSC l iu phi v
thit lp cuc gi n nhng ngi s dng mng GSM. Mt mt MSC giao tip
vi BSS mt khc giao tip vi mng ngoi i hi cng thch ng giao thc vi
cc b nh v HLR, VLR m bo thng tin cho nhng ngi s dng mng.
MSC c giao din vi tt c cc phn t thuc mng (VLR, HLR, AVC) v vi cc
mng khc PSTN, ISDN.
Chc nng ca MCS tm li nh sau:
+ Chuyn mch cuc gi
+ iu khin cuc gi
+ Nht k cuc gi
+ Giao tip vi mng PSTN, ISDN,
+ Qun l di ng ca MS qua mng v tuyn v qua mng khc
+ Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn handover gia cc BSC
+ Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn handover gia cc BSC
+ Thng tin tnh cc

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2.1.2.3.2

GVHD: ThS.Li Nguyn Duy

B ghi nh v thng tr HLR (Home Location Register).

Hnh 2.14. B ghi nh v thng tr HLR

B ghi nh v thng tr HLR l mt c s d liu quan trng GSM. N lu
tr thng tin vnh cu v thng tin tm thi, nh v MS nhn dng thu bao, cc
dch v s liu tnh cc v thu bao ng k trong mng nh
+ S hiu nhn dng thu bao IMSI, MSISDN.
+ Cc dch v c quyn s dng ca thu bao.
+ S hiu nhn dng VLR hin MS ang truyn v VLR .
+ Trng thi ca thu bao ng k.
+ Lu s nhn dng chuyn giao MSRN (Mobile Subcriber Roaming Number).

Hnh 2.15. HLR kt hp vi AuC

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2.1.2.3.3 B ghi nh v tm tr VLR (Visiter Location Regiter).

Hnh 2.16. B ghi nh v tm tr VLR

B ghi nh v tm tr c kt hp trong phn cng ca MSC. VLR lu gi tm
thi s liu thu bao ca cc thu bao hin ang nm trong vng phc v ca MSC
tng ng, ng thi lu gi v v tr ca cc thu bao ni trn mc chnh xc
hn HLR.
Khi MS di chuyn vo vng qun l ca MSC th thng tin nh v thu bao c
cp nht vo VLR ca vng nh:
+

Nhn dng vng nh v LAI.

Trng thi bn hay ri ca thu bao.

S chuyn giao MSRN.

S nhn tm thi TMSI.

Mi MSC c 1 VLR
VLR b nh v tm tr lu tr tm thi cc thng tin v thu bao trong vng
phc v ca MSC.
Thng tin trong VLR thng xuyn c cp nht mi khi thu bao di chuyn
trong vng phc v gia cc trm gc hoc cc BSC ca cng MSC
Tm thu bao khi c cuc gi n

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2.1.2.3.4 Trung tm nhn thc AUC.

Hnh 2.17. Trung tm nhn thc AUC

Trung tm nhn thc c chc nng cung cp cho HLR cc thng s nhn thc v
cc kho mt m to ra 3 b m kho nhn thc cho tng thu bao:
+ Kho mt m Ki.
+ S ngu nhin RAND.
+ Mt khu SRES.
Khi ng k thu bao, kho nhn dng thc Ki cng vi IMSI c dnh ring
cho thu bao ny v c lu gi trung tm nhn thc AUC cung cp b 3 m
ho. Trong qu trnh khi to cuc gi, h thng s dng b 3 m kho nhn thc
xc nh quyn truy cp vo h thng ca thu bao.
2.1.2.3.5 Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR (Equipment Identification Regiter)

Hnh 2.18. Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR

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Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b bo v mng PLMN khi s truy cp mng ca
nhng thu bao tri php bng cch so snh s IMEI ca thu bao gi ti khi thit
lp thng tin vi s IMEI lu gi trong EIR. Nu khng ng, th thu bao khng
c truyn truy nhp mng.
Thu bao c phn loi 1 trong 3 danh sch sau:
+ Danh sch trng ( White List ) : Bt k thu bao no c danh sch trng th
c truy cp vo mng m s dng dich v m mnh ng k.
+ Danh sch xm (Gray List ) : nhng thu bao truy cp c danh sch xm th
phi kim tra.
+ Danh sch en (Black List) : Tt c cc thu bao c danh sch en u khng
c truy cp vo mng
2.1.2.4 Trung tm khai thc v bo dng OMC (Operation and Maintenance
Center ).

OMC bao gm:

Hnh 2.19. Trung tm khai thc v bo dng OMC

+ Phn v tuyn (OMC-R)

+ Phn chuyn mch (OMC-S)

OMC l mt mng my tnh cc b LAN s dng h iu hnh UNIX v cc
phn mm ng dng cho GSM. H thng ny cng vi cc phn t khc ca mng
nh: MSC,VLR, qua giao din X25 nhm gim st, iu hnh, bo dng mng v
qun l thu bao mt cch tp trung, H thng ny l ni cung cp thng tin quan
trong cho vic thit lp k hoch xy dng v m rng mng.
2.2 Giao din trong GSM
Giao din :
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L ranh gii gia cc thc th chc nng (functionalentities) ti khun dng

d liu (protocols) v qu trnh trao i thng tin (procedure) c chun ha.
Nhim v chnh ca giao din l thit lp v xa kt ni cuc gi.

Hnh 2.20. Giao din trong GSM

C 3 giao din chnh trong mng GSM: Giao din Um, Giao din A v giao din
Abis.
2.2.1 Giao din v tuyn Um (MS - BTS):
Giao din v tuyn l giao din gi BTS
v thit b thu bao di ng MS. y l giao
din quan trng nht ca GSM, ng thi n
quyt nh ln nht n cht lng dch v.
Trong GSM, giao thc v tuyn s dng
phng thc phn knh theo thi gian v
phn knh theo tn s: TDMA, FDMA,
GSM s dng bng tn 900MHz v
1800MHz.

Hnh 2.21. Giao din Um

Mi knh c c trng b mt tn s sng mang gi l knh tn s RFCH

(Radio Frequency Channel) cho mi hng thu pht, cc tn s ny cch nhau
200KHz.Ti mi tn s, TDMA li chia thnh 8 khe thi gian hay 8 khe thi gian
c truyn bi mt sng mng. Trong tng lai khi ng dng GSM pha 2 hay tc
Half-rate (bn tc) th s khe s l 16.
Di tn knh vt l l 200KHz, di tn bin cng rng 200KHZ. Vi GSM900
c 124 knh tn s RFCH (890 - 915)Mhz cho ng ln v RFCH (935 - 960)Mhz

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cho ng xung.
Mi knh vt l cha mt cp knh tn s RFCH cho mi hng thu, pht. Mt
knh c dng truyn mt nhm knh nht nh thng tin c gi l knh
logic. Mi knh vt l c th gn cho mt hoc mt s knh logic.
Knh logic c phn thnh 2 loi: knh lu lng TCH (Trafic Channel) v
knh iu khin CCH (Control Channel):
+ Knh lu lng TCH mang thng tin thoai hoc s liu.
+ Knh iu khin CCH c dng truyn cc thng tin qun l giao din
Um (truyn kt qu o cng trng t MS n BTS) hoc cc gi s liu
(nh dch v bn tin ngn SMS: (Short Message Service)
2.2.2 Giao din Abis iu khin BTS (BSCBTS):
Abis l giao din gia BTS v BSC, cc bn
tin giao din ny c nhiu ngun gc v ni
nhn khc nhau nh: Cc bn tin iu khin
BTS, cc bn tin i t MS, v cc bn tin i ti
MS t nhiu ngun khc nhau ca mng. Cc
bn tin lp 3 t MS c truyn trong sut
(khng b x l) qua BTS v giao din A-bis ti
BSC.

Hnh 2.22. Giao din Abis

Giao thc qun l tim nng v tuyn RR nm trong BSC dng thit lp. Duy
tr v gii phng ni thng cc tim nng v tuyn cc knh iu khin dnh
ring. Hu ht cc bn tin giao thc RR dc truyn i trong sut, nhng cng c
mt s bn tin lin quan mt thit vi BTS th s c x l ti BTS bi giao thc
qun l BTS (BTSM) nh: Bn tin mt m th kha mt m ch gi n BTS m
khng gi n MS.
Giao thc c s dng lp 2 trn giao din Abis l cc th tc thm nhp
ng truyn knh D (LAPD). Knh D l knh bo hiu dng phn bit vi
knh B l knh lu lng. Giao thc ny c chc nng pht hin li, sa li v nh
hn khung bng cch a vo cc c u khung v cui khung. Abis s dng
ng truyn chun PCM32 (2Mb/s) vi m sa sai CRC4 ca CCITT, G732. Giao
thc bo hiu theo chun CCITT l LAPD.
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2.2.3 Giao din A

y l giao din gia MSC v BSC
ca h thng trm gc BSS v n c
s dng truyn cc bn tin gia MSC
vi BSC v MS. Cc bn tin gia MSC
v MS s dng cc giao thc sau:
Hnh 2.23. Giao din A
-

Giao thc qun l ni thng CM: Giao thc ny c s dng iu khin

thit lp, gim st v gii phng cc cuc gi. ng thi qun l cc dch v b
sung v cc dch v bn tin ngn.
-

Giao thc qun l di ng MM: c s dng qun l v tr cng nh tnh

bo mt ca trm di ng.
Giao thc CM v MM thuc lp 3 v c t bn trong MSC. Thay cho vic s
dng cc bn tin ISDN-UP v MAP th n c bin i v truyn i cc bn tin
CM v MM. Cc bn tin iu khin cuc gi nh ng k cc dch v b sung cng
c sp xp bn tin MAP trong MSC.
Phn ng dng h thng trm gc BSSAP l giao thc c s dng truyn
cc bn tin CM v MM, iu khin trc tip BSS nh khi MSC yu cu BSC n
nh knh. BSSAP s dng cc giao thc MTP v SCCP truyn cc bn tin sau:
Cc bn tin lin quan n MS gia BSC v MSC, cc bn tin ti t MS ch
nh hng theo ni thng v cc bn tin phn phi dng phn loi gia cc bn
tin BSSAP v DTAP.

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2.3 Cp nht v tr
Cp nht v tr
L th tc MS bo cho h thng bit v tr hin ti ca n. c thc hin khi
Ms chuyn t tt my sang m my, khi di chuyn t vng ny sang vng khc,
hoc cp nht theo chu k thi gian MCS m ang cha MS s cp nht thng tin
vo VLR, ng thi bo v cho MCS m ang qun l MS bit v tr.

Hnh 2.24. Cp nht v tr

oi vi thue bao di ong viec thay oi vi tr xay ra lien
tuc. Do o viec cap nhat v tr rat quan trong. Trong mang
di ong, mot so cell tao thanh vung nh v LA (Location
Area). Va moi vung LA c xac nh bi thong so LAI
(Location Area Identifier). Ton tai hai dang cap nhat v tr:
MS chuyen t cell 3 thuoc LA2 sang cell 4 thuoc LA1.
Ca hai v tr eu thuoc cung mot tong ai MSC.
Trong trng hp nay cap nhat v tr khong can
thong bao en HLR v HLR ch quan ly v tr cua MS
en tong ai MSC phu trach MS.
MS chuyen t cell 3 sang 5 co LA3. hai o nay trc
thuoc hai tong ai MSC khac nhau. V the cap nhat
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v tr phai c thong bao cho HLR e no ghi lai v tr

mi cua tong ai quan ly MSC.

2.3.1

Nguyn nhn

Thu bao bt ngun hoc quay li vng ph sng

MS di chuyn t vng nh v ny qua vng nh v khc

Thc hin vic cp nht nh k ca nh mng

2.3.2

Qu trnh thc hin

Hinh 2.25. Qu trnh thc hin vic cp nht v

tr
MS s thc hin chn mng khi n bt ngun hay n ang t ngoi vng ph
sng quay tr li vng c ph sng.
Xt trng hp khi my di ng bt ngun hoc quay li vng ph sng
Khi MS s phi thc hin qut tt c cc knh sng mang mi knh s thc hin
5 php o v thi gian o trong khong t 3 5 s ( o y l o cng ca tn
hiu) sau khi o song n s thc hin sp xp cc knh theo cng tn hiu gim
dn => Tip theo MS s nhy vo knh cao nht kim tra xem c phi l knh
BCCH ( Knh qung b t bo ) hay khng. Bng cch tm knh FCCH ( Knh sa
tn ) - Kim tra xem c phi l 142 bt ton 0 hay khng.
Mc ch ng b tn s gia MS v BS (Do BS s lun pht vi tn s
chun cn MS s phi bm theo ng b vi n. V nu ch to MS c tn s
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chun th s rt tn km v khng cn thit dn n thit b u cui s rt t tin)

=> nu nhn thy ng l knh FCCH => Knh trn ng l BCCH.
2.3.3 ch chn mng
2.3.3.1 Ch t ng : automatic
Trong ch ny thng thng n s chn mng cui cng m n ng k s
dng.
Nu khng c mng cui cng th thng thng n s bo l khng tm thy
mng .
Nu c s h tr roaming th n s la chn mt mng khc c h
tr Roaming theo trnh t sau :
1. Mng gc.
2. Mng c lu tr trong SIM theo th t u tin.
3. Cc mng khc c mc tn hiu thu ln hn 85 dBm theo th t bt k.
4. Tt c cc mng khc theo th t gim dn v cng tn hiu

2.3.3.2 Ch la chn bng tay : manual.

Trong ch ny, MS s chn u tin mng c ng k hay mng gc (mng
ng k cui cng). Nu vic ng k tht bi hay do ngi dng khi to vic chn
mng, MS s ch ra tt c cc mng c th chn. Ngi dng c th chn mng m
mnh mun v bucMS khi to qu trnh ng k mng
Thc t ch ny khng c Vit Nam.
2.3.3.3 Ch chuyn vng.
c thc hin khi MS ra khi mng PLMN tc l sang mt quc gia khc nu
c s h tr y l tha thun gia hai quc gia vi nhau th khi MS c th la
chn v ng k vi mng ca nc (mng ca nc c tha thun ). Song mc
d vy MS vn c gng s dng dch v ca mng gc ca n theo chu k c k
hiu l T(pht) c lu trong th SIM . vi bc l 6 ( pht ). Nu khng c gi
tr lu trong th SIM th n s mc nh chu k c gng T l 30 pht T nm trong
khong t : 6 (pht) => 8(gi ).
Nu khng c tha thun chuyn vng quc t : th MS s ra mt thng bo i
vi ngi s dng l khng tm thy mng.

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2.4 K thut a truy cp

Multiple Access Technique: K thut a truy cp cho php nhiu thu bao s dng
chung knh truyn.
Cc k thut a truy cp :
FDMA.

TDMA .

CDMA.

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H thng GSM s dng k thut FDD-TDMA (FDMA v TDMA)

2.4.1
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Mi thu bao c cp pht mt tn s trong sut thi gian lin lc

Hnh 2.26. a truy cp phn chia theo tn s

FDMA: s dng cc knh

Time tn s khc nhau.

Ph tn c chia ra thnh nhiu knh(Pht v thu).
Mi knh c th l knh thng tin hay l knh iu khin.
ac iem cua ky thuat FDMA
u iem:
+ n gian
+
Hien tng ISI be -> khong can bo can bang
(equalizer)
+ Khong can ong bo mang
+ ong bo khung va khoi phuc nh thi bit de
+ Khong can bo ma hoa thoai (Voice Coder)
Khuyet iem:
+
Can mot khoang bang bao ve (guard band).
+
Kho mat ma.
+
Khong hieu qua khi khong co thoai truyen.
+
Dung lng thap (s dung bang tan khong
hieu qua).
2.4.2
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access).
Mi thu bao c cp pht mt khe thi gian trong sut qu trnh lin lc

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Hnh 2.27. a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian

TDMA :thit lp kt ni trn cc khong thi gian gi l khe thi

gian(Timeslot).
Sng mang c phn chia trn cc knh theo khong thi gian.
Mi knh tn hiu s chim mt khe thi gian khc nhau.
Nhiu tn hiu c pht trn cng mt tn s nhng trn cc khong thi
gian khc nhau (Khe thi gian khc nhau).

ac iem cua ky thuat TDMA

u iem:
+

Chia se tan so cho N ngi dung bang sap xep thi

gian
+

Toc o bit thay oi c

Nhieu gia cac ngi dung giam

MS c ieu khien, o at
Khuyet iem:

Hien tng ISI --> can bo can bang

ong bo mang va khoi phuc nh thi bit

Nhieu thong tin mao au va phan cng phc tap

Dung lng han che do bang tan va khe thi gian

2.4.3

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

Thue bao c phan chia bang ma.

NHM 03

Hnh 2.28. a truy cp phn chia theo m

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ac iem cua ky thuat CDMA :

u iem:
+
mat ma thong qua chui ma gia ngau nhien PN
+
+
+
+

(Pseudo Noise sequence) dung ky thuat trai pho

Dung lng ln va mem
Chuyen giao mem
Cong suat phat thap
Hieu qua s dung tan so cao (he so s dung

lai tan so 1)
+ Chat lng tot
+ De dang nh v thue bao
+ Nhieu loai hnh dch vu
Khuyet iem:
+
Van e ieu khien cong suat MS va BTS phc

tap
Van e ong bo chuoi PN phc tap (ong bo
tho va tinh chnh)

2.5 Cc bng tn trong GSM

Mi h thng thng tin di ng c cp pht mt hoc nhiu bng tn xc nh.
Trong mi bng tn, cc knh v tuyn ca h thng s c n nh.
Cng ngh GSM c chia lm 4 bng tn:
Bng tn GSM 850 MHz

Bng tn GSM 900MHz

Bng tn GSM 1800MHz

Bng tn GSM 1900MHz

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Hnh 2.29. World GSM band map

2.5.1

Bng tn GSM 900MHz.

Hnh 2.30. Bng tn GSM 900MHz

Mi bng tn l 25MHz, khong cch gia Uplink v Downlink l 45 MHz.

Bng tn Uplink t 890- 915 MHz.
Bng tn Downlink t 935- 960 MHz.
Bng tn cho mt sng mang l 200KHz v 1 sng mang bo v bng

thng.
Tng s sng mang: (25-0.2)/0.2=124
Tn s Uplink: Fu(n) = 890+0.2n
Tn s Downlink: Fd(n) = Fu(n) + 45
(Trong : n = ARFCN: Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number).
2.5.2 Bng tn GSM 1800

Hnh 2.31 Bng tn GSM 1800MHz

Thng s dng cho Microcell trong Macrocell.

2 bng tn 75 MHz, khong cch 95 MHz.
Uplink : 1710- 1785 MHz.
Downlink : 1805- 1880 MHz.
Tn s sng mang : (75-0.2)/0.2=374.
Uplink: F (n)= 1710.2+0.2(Fu(n-512) (512<=n<=885)
Downlink: Fd(n)=Fu(n)+95

2.5.3 Bng tn GSM 1900MHz

GSM 1900

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Hnh 2.32. Bng tn GSM 1900MHz

2 bng tn 60 MHz, khong cch 80 MHz.

Uplink : 1850- 1910 MHz.
Downlink : 1930- 1990 MHz.
Tn s sng mang : (60-0.2)/0.2=299
Uplink: Fu(n)= 1850.2+0.2(n-512) (512<=n<=810)
Downlink: Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
Bng 2.1 SO SNH GSM 900 VA GSM 1800

Di tn pht (uplink)Di
tn thu (downlink)

GSM 900
890 915 MHz935
960 MHz

GSM 1800
1710 1785 MHz1805
1880 MHz

S lng knh

125

375

rng knh

200 kHz

200 kHz

rng bng thng

25 MHz

75 MHz

Khong cch song cng

45 MHz

95 MHz

Cng sut pht

0.8W/ 2W/ 5W
Kt
hp
gia

0.25W/ 1W
Kt hp gia TDMA

Phng thc truy nhp

TDMA v FDMA

v FDMA

Phng php ghp knh

FDD

FDD

Phng thc iu ch

GMSK

GMSK

2.6 Phng php ti s dng tn s

m rng knh thng tin trong GSM ta dng phng php quy hoch t ong,
v h thng t ong l da trn vic ti s dng li tn s.
Vy ti s dng li tn s l s dng knh v tuyn cng mt tn s sng mang
ph sng cho cc vng a l khc nhau. Cc vng ny phi cch nhau mt c ly
ln nhiu giao thoa ng knh l mc chp nhn c.
Vic ti s

dng

li

tn s cc

cell

khc

nhau

ph

thuc vo

nhiu

ng

knh gia

cc cell.
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Hnh 2.33. Cluster gm 7 cell

C ly ti s dng tn s

Ta bit rng s dng li tn s cc cell khc nhau th b gii hn bi nhiu ng

knh C/I gia cc cell nn C/I s l mt vn chnh cn c quan tm.
D dng thy rng, vi mt kch thc cell nht nh, khong cch s dng li
tn s ph thuc vo s cell N trong 1 Cluster. Nu N cng ln, khong cch s
dng li tn s cng ln v ngc li.
Ta c cng thc tnh khong cch D s dng li tn s:
D = R*
( Trong : R l bn knh ca cell).

Hnh 2.34. Khong cch ti s dng tn s.

2.6.2 Tnh ton nhiu ng knh C/I:
Ta gi P l v tr ca MS thuc cell A, chu nh hng nhiu knh chung t cell B
l ln nht.

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Hnh 2.35. S tnh t s C/I.

Ti v tr P (v tr my di ng MS), ta c:

Trong , x l h s truyn sng, ph bin nm trong khong t 3 n 4 i vi

hu ht cc mi trng.

Suy ra:

2.6.3 Cch t chc Cluster trong mng t ong

K hiu ca mu s dng li tn s l M / N:
M = tng s sites trong Cluster.
N = tng s cells trong Cluster.
Ba kiu mu s dng li tn s thng dng l: 3/9, 4/12 v 7/21.
2.6.3.1 Mu ti s dng tn s 3/9:
Mu ti s dng li tn s 3/9 c ngha cc tn s s dng c chia thnh 9
nhm tn s n nh trong 3 v tr trm gc (site). Mu ny c khong cch gia cc
trm ng knh l D = 5,2R.
Cc tn s mu 3/9 (gi thit c 41 bng tn t cc knh 84 n 124, chim
bng tn chung 41*0.2 MHz = 8,2 MHz s dng trong mng GSM900 ca VMS).

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Bng 2.3. Bng n nh tn s ca mu 3/9.

Ta thy mi cell c th phn b cc i n 5 sng mang. Nhng phi dnh ra

mt khe thi gian cho BCH, mt khe thi gian cho SDCCH/8. Vy s khe thi gian
dnh cho knh lu lng TCH ca mi cell cn (5 x 8 2) = 38.
Trong 9 Cell ca Cluster phi mt 2*9 = 18 knh, cn li 41*8 18 = 310
knh logic dnh cho knh lu lng.

Hnh 2.36. Mu ti s dng tn s 3/9.

Theo l thuyt, cu trc mng 9 cells c t s C/I > 9 dB m bo GSM lm vic
bnh thng.
T s C/A cng l mt t s quan trng v ngi ta cng da vo t s ny m
bo rng vic n nh tn s sao cho cc sng mang lin nhau khng nn c s
dng cc cell cnh nhau v mt a l.
Tuy nhin, trong h thng 3/9 cc cell cnh nhau v mt a l nh A1 & C3; C1
& A2; C2 & A3 li s dng cc sng mang lin nhau. iu ny chng t rng t s
C/A i vi cc my di ng hot ng bin gii gia hai cell A1 v C3 l 0dB,
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y l mc nhiu cao mc d t s ny l ln hn t s chun ca GSM l (- 9 dB).

2.6.3.2
Mu ti s dng tn s 4/12:
Mu s dng li tn s 4/12 c ngha l cc tn s s dng c chia thnh 12
nhm tn s n nh trong 4 v tr trm gc. Khong cch gia cc trm ng knh
khi l D = 6R.

Bng 2.4. Bng n nh tn s mu 4/12.

Ta thy mi cell c th phn b cc i l 4 sng mang. Nhng phi dnh ra mt

khe thi gian cho BCH, mt khe thi gian cho SDCCH/8. Vy s khe thi gian
dnh cho knh lu lng ca mi cell cn (4 x 8 2) = 30.
Trong 12 Cell ca Cluster phi mt 2*12 = 24 knh, cn li 41*8 24 = 304
knh logic dnh cho lu lng.

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Hnh 6.37 Mu ti s dng tn s 4/12.

V l thuyt, cm 12 cells c t s C/I > 12 dB. y l t s thch hp cho php
h thng GSM hot ng tt. Tuy nhin, mu 4/12 c dung lng thp hn so vi
mu 3/9 nhng m bo vic n nh tn s sao cho cc sng mang lin nhau khng
s dng cc cell cnh nhau v mt a l.

2.6.3.3 Mu ti s dng tn s 7/21:

Mu 7/21 c ngha l cc tn s s dng c chia thnh 21 nhm n nh trong
7 trm gc. Khong cch gia cc trm ng knh l D = 7,9R.
Bng 2.5. Bng n nh tn s 7/21

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Hnh 2.38. Mu ti s dng tn s 7/21.

Ta thy mi cell c th phn b cc i l 2 sng mang. Nhng phi dnh ra mt
khe thi gian cho BCH, mt khe thi gian cho SDCCH/8. Vy s khe thi gian
dnh cho knh lu lng ca mi cell cn (2 x 8 2) = 14.
Trong 21 Cells ca Cluster phi mt 2*21 = 42 knh, cn li 41*8 42= 286
knh logic dnh cho lu lng.
Nhn xt:
Khi s nhm tn s N gim (21, 12, 9) th khong cch gia cc trm ng knh
th D s gim 7,9R; 6R; 5,2R. Nh vy, vic la chn mu s dng li tn s phi
da trn cc c im a l vng ph sng, mt thu bao ca vng ph v tng
s knh ca mng.
Mu 3/9: s knh trong mt cell l ln, tuy nhin kh nng nhiu cao. M hnh
ny thng c p dng cho nhng vng c mt my di ng cao.
Mu 4/12: s dng cho nhng vng c mt lu lng trung bnh.
Mu 7/21: s dng cho nhng khu vc mt thp.
2.4 Knh trong GSM
Khi nim cc knh GSM.

Mng GMS/PLMN c dnh 124 knh sng mang , sng ny di tn:

+

ng ln (MS-BTS) : 890-915MHz.

ng xung (BTS-MS): 935-960 MHz.

Vit Nam, GMS s dng bng tn ng ln 890,2-898,4 MHz v ng

xung 935,2-934,4MHz. Mi tn s sng mang 200kHz trn mi sng mang thc

hin ghp knh theo thi gian ng vi mi khung TDMA ta c s knh bng
124x8(khe)=922 knh.
2.7.1 Knh vt l
Mt khe thi gian mt tn s v tuyn dnh truyn ti thng tin ng v
tuyn ca GSM. Mi mt knh tn s v tuyn c t chc thnh cc khung
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TDMA di 4,62ms gm c 8 khe thi gian (mi khe di 577 s).

Ti BTS, cc khung TDMA cc knh tn s c ng ln v ng xung
u c ng b, tuy nhin khung ng ln tr 3 khe so vi khung ng xung.
Nh c tr ny m c th s dng mt khe thi gian c cng s th t c ng
ln ln ng xung truyn tin bn song cng.
2.7.1.1 a khung, siu a khung, siu siu khung.
- V mt thi gian, cc knh vt l mt knh tn s c t chc theo cu trc
khung, a khung, siu a khung, siu siu khung nh sau

Hnh 2.39 a khung, siu a khung, siu siu khung.

Mt siu siu khung c chia thnh 2048 siu khung vi thi gian l 6,12s. Siu
khung li c chia thnh cc a khung, c hai loi a khung:
a khung 26 khung cha 26 khung TDMA. a khung ny c s dng
mang TCH (v SACCH cng FACCH). 51 a khung ny to nn mt siu
khung.
a khung 51 khung cha 51 khung TDMA. a khung ny s dng mang
BCH v CCH. 26 a khung ny to nn mt siu khung.
2.7.1.2
NHM 03

Cm v cu trc cc cm.
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Cm l mu thng tin mt khe thi gian trn knh TDMA, c 8 khe thi gian
mt ln knh TDMA c pht i th c 1 cm ca mt loi thng tin.

Hnh 2.40 Cm v cu trc cc cm.

Cm bnh thng ( NB): Mang thng tin TCH v cc knh iu khin tr
RACH, SCH v FCCH.
Cc bit c mt m gm 57 bit s liu hay ting v mt c ly cp.
Chui hng dn l mu bit bit trc b cn bng c th thnh lp mt m
hnh knh.
Cc bit ui TB lun l 0,0,0 gip b cn bng xc nh u v cui mu bit.
Khong bo v GP l mt khong trng cho php my pht dch ln hay dch
xung trong gii hn do khuyn ngh GMS qui nh.

Cm hiu chnh tn s (FB): iu chnh tn s ca MS, n tng ng sng

mang cha b iu ch. Lp li ca mt cm gi l FCCH.

Cm ng b (SB): Dng ng b thi gian ca MS.

Khi ng b di d dng nhn bit v mang thng tin s khung TDMA cng m

nhn dng trm c s BS. Lp li ca cm gi l SHC.

S khung TDMA gip MS bit loi knh lgc no ang c truyn knh iu
khin. Mt chu trnh nh s khung l 3,5 gi vi mi khung TDMA thi gian l
6,615ms.
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Cm thm nhp (AB): S dng thm nhp ngu nhin v c GP dnh

cho pht cm t trm di ng.
Cm gi: c pht i t BTS v khng cha thng tin khun mu ging

nh cm bnh thng vi cc bit mt m c thay bi cc bit hn hp c mu bit

xc nh.
2.7.2

Knh logic

Cc knh logic c c trng bi thng tin truyn gia BTS v MS. Knh logic
c chia lm hai loi:

Hnh 2.41 Knh Logic

Knh lu thng (TCH): Mang ting c m ho hoc s liu ca ngi s
dng, gm hai dng knh:
+

Bm hay knh ton tc TCH mang thng tin tc 22,8Kbps.

Lm hay knh bn tc TCH mang thng tin tc 11,4Kbps.

Cc knh iu khin: Mang tn hiu bo hiu hay s liu ng b, gm ba loi

sau:
+

Cc knh qung b (BCH):

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Hnh 2.42 Knh qung b BCH

Knh hiu chnh tn s (FCCH): Mang thng tin hiu chnh tn s ca MS.
Knh ng b (SCH): Mang thng tin ng b khung (s khung TDMA) ca
MS v nhn dng BTS (BSIC).
Knh iu khin qung b (BCCH): Pht qung b thng tin chung trn c s
mt knh cho mt BTS.
+

Cc knh iu khin ring (DCCH):

Hnh 2.43 Knh iu khin ring

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Knh iu khin ring ng mt mnh (SDCCH): c s dng bo hiu

h thng khi thit lp mt cuc gi trc khi n nh mt TCH. Knh ng

ln/xung, im n im.

Knh iu khin lin kt chm (SACCH): lin kt vi mt TCH hay mt

SDCCH, l knh s liu lin tc mang thng tin lin tc nh cc thng bo o c

t trm di ng v cng tn hiu thu t hin thi v cc ln cn. Thng tin
ny cn cho chc nng chuyn giao. Knh ny cng c s dng iu chnh
cng sut ca MS v ng b thi gian. Knh ng ln/xung, im n im.

Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh (FACCH): L knh lin kt vi TCH.

FACCH lm vic ch ly cp bng cch thay i lu lng ting hay s liu

bng bo hiu.
+

Cc knh iu khin chung (CCCH):

Hnh 2.44 Knh iu khin chung

Knh tm gi (PCH): c s dng tm gi MS.

Knh thm nhp ngu nhin (RACH): MS s dng knh ny yu cu dnh

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SDCCH hoc tr li tm gi, hoc thm nhp khi khi u, hoc ng k cuc
gi MS.

Knh cho php thm nhp (AGCH): c s dng dnh mt SDCCH hay

trc tip mt TCH cho mt MS.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

Gio trnh H thng vin thng 2. Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti

TP.HCM. chng 3: H thng thng tin di ng.

http://vntelecom.org/diendan/forum.php

http://gsm.vn/

http://slideplayer.us/slide/246804/

http://sohoa.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/doi-song-so/cau-truc-mang-gsm-

1501536.html

http://khotailieu.com/luan-van-do-an-bao-cao/ky-thuat-cong-nghe/ky-thuat-

vien-thong/do-an-tot-nghiep-thong-tin-di-dong-gsm.html

http://doc.edu.vn/tai-lieu/do-an-tong-quan-ve-thong-tin-di-dong-he-thong-

thong-tin-di-dong-gsm-do-dac-kiem-tra-he-thong-thong-tin-di-dong-gsm-51431/#

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BI TP
Cu 5
a. Nu c dv m cng ngh thng tin D GSM c th cung cp
b. Trnh by phng php a truy cp trong mng GSM
c. Nu tn k thut iu ch trong GSM. Hy gi tn cho ng cc k thut
iu ch sau:
d. Gii thiu mt s cng ngh thng tin di ng khc GSM hin ang c s
dng v lm r dch v no c b sung bi nhng cng ngh mi m GSM cha
cung cp c
e. Trnh by s lc phng thc nng cp GSM ln 3G
Gii
Cu 5:
a)

Nu cc dch v m cng ngh thng tin di ng GSM c th cung cp.

Dch v thoi: thoi v cuc gi khn cp
Thoi: truyn ting ni v cc tone bo hiu ca mng c nh
Gi khn cp: bt buc i vi GSM, c th thc hin t mobile m khng

cn sim, trong trng thi my ang kha.

Dch v d liu FAX; gi v nhn
Dch v tin nhn (SMS) : gi SMS n tt c thu bao.
Dch v qung b: Multicast
Dch v truy cp data Internet (IP based):chun vi tc 9.6kbit/s.
Nu s dng advanced coding max = 144kbit/s.
Khng cho ng dng Internet v multimedia. HSCSD (High-Speed

Circuit Switched Data)

Cc dch v khc: chuyn cuc gi, chn cuc gi, c lng cuc gi, gi

cuc gi, cuc gi ch, chuyn cuc gi, caller ID, m thoi hi ngh, Push to
Talk.
b) Trnh by phng php a truy cp trong mng GSM.
Cc phng php truy trp trong GSM:

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1. FDMA:

K thut a truy
nhp phn chia theo
tn

FDMA

(Fequency

Division

Multiple Access) l
mt phng php a
truy nhp lu i nht
v c thc
Trong

thi rng ri nht.

phng

php

ny,

bng tn ca ton b h thng b chia thnh nhiu phn nh. H thng gn cho mi
ngi s dng mt tn s khc nhau, mi knh truyn l mt tn s, c ngha l mi
ngi s dng c mt knh truyn ring. H thng phn bit tn hiu ca nhng
ngi s dng khc bng cc knh tn s khc nhau. iu ny lm cho h thng s
dng ph tn km hiu qu nht, v khi ang tin hnh cuc gi, khng mt ngi
s dng no khc c th chia s cng mt knh tn s. Mi knh trong h thng
FDMA l mt cp tn s, tn s cao dnh cho ng xung, tn s thp dnh cho
ng ln.
Trong FDMA, khng cn n ng b mng ban u v vic hi phc nh thi
bit hay ng b khung rt d dng v phn cng n gin trong vic thc hin iu
ch.
Nhng yu im ca FDMA l: cn c b lc, b song cng. Nhiu cng knh l
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vn c th pht sinh do vic phn chia nh ph tn s v do cn c bng tn bo

v gia cc knh ti thiu ho nhiu ny.
*

c im chnh ca h thng FDMA :

Mt knh FDMA ch mang mt knh thoi ti mt thi im.

- Khi knh FDMA khng c s dng, n s trong tnh trng ri, nhng

khng mt thu bao no khc c th chia s, s dng knh tn s ny.

- Cuc gi c thu pht lin tc sau khi n nh knh thoi.
- Bng thng ca mi knh hp (30KHz), do h thng FDMA l h thng

bng thng khc.

- Mc phc tp ca FDMA thp hn cc h thng khc.
- Do phn cch thu bao bng cc tn s khc nhau, nn h thng cn t thng

tin cho mc ch ng b.
- Dung lng ca h thng nh. Tuy nhin c th tng dung lng bng cch s

dng bng tn hp hn thng qua ci tin cc k thut iu ch.

- S dng cc b truyn song cng do c hai hng thu v pht hot ng cng

mt lc, dn n tng chi ph cho thit b.

- nh hng ca nhiu i vi h thng rt cao. V vy phi s dng nhiu b

lc tn
2.

TDMA:

K thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian - TDMA (time division multiple
access) cng chia nh bng tn ca mnh thnh nhiu knh tn s khc nhau. Nhng
thi gian s dng knh tn s c chia thnh nhiu khe thi gian nh hn (v d 8
khe trong GSM). V vy, nhiu ngi c th s dng chung mt tn s. Khi s
dng ht tt c cc khe thi gian trn mt tn s th ngi s dng tip theo s c
cp pht mt khe thi gian trn knh tn s mi. iu ny lm tng thm hiu qu
s dng tn s ca h thng so vi h thng FDMA.
Nhiu ngi s dng trn mt knh tn s c n nh khe thi gian khc nhau.
Mi ngi ch c th thu pht tn hiu trong khe thi gian ca mnh. Mi knh tn
s cng vi mt khe thi gian to thnh mt knh truyn bn trong h thng.
Trong TDMA, v mi ngi s dng khng truyn lin tc m ch truyn trn
khe thi gian nn h thng phi s dng tn hiu s v iu ch s. C hai dng
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song cng bn trong TDMA: song cng theo tan so (FDD) v song cng theo thi
gian (TDD). FDD s dng cc knh c tn s khc nhau cho truyn v nhn. Ngc
li, trong TDD, mt na thi gian c dnh cho thu v mt na cn li dnh cho
vic pht tn hiu.
Trong thng tin di ng TDMA, trm gc pht tn hiu TDM n my di ng
trong t bo. My di ng nhn mt khe thi gian ca mnh trong s cc tn hiu
TDM v gi tn hiu khi v trm gc mt cch tun t.
* c im chnh ca h thong TDMA:
-

TDMA cho php nhiu ngi s dng chung mt tn s, bng cch chia

khong thi gian s dng tn s thnh nhiu khe thi gian khng chng lp nhau, v
mi ngi s dng mt khe thi gian, s lng khe ty thuc vo k thut iu ch,
bng thng ...
-

Vic truyn tn hiu trong TDMA din ra khng lin tc m thnh tng cm

nh. V vy, my di ng c th gim bt nng lng tiu hao cho vic thu pht tn
hiu, dn n thi gian s dng acquy tng ln.
-

Trong cc khe thi gian ri, my di ng o c mc cng sut ca cc trm

pht khc.
-

TDMA cn nhiu thng tin cho qu trnh ng b ban u hn FDMA do ch

truyn khng lin tc v chia khe thi gian.

-

C th cp pht bng tn theo yu cu thng qua vic n nh nhiu knh cho

mt ngi s dng tng tc ca dch v. V vy, tc dch v c th c

ci thin.
3. CDMA:
K thut a truy nhp phn chia theo m - CDMA (code division multiple
access) khng phn chia nh ph tn, cng khng chia thi gian thnh cc khe, m
tt c nhng ngi s dng khc nhau u c php s dng ton b bng tn
trong cng mt thi gian.
Theo cng ngh CDMA th mi MS s c gn mt m ring bit v s dng k
thut tri ph tn hiu gip cho cc MS khng gy nhiu ln nhau trong iu kin
c th cng mt lc dng chung di tn s rng hng MHz. K thut tri ph cho
php tn hiu v tuyn s dng c cng trng rt nh v chng pha inh hiu
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qu hn FDMA v TDMA. Vic cc MS trong cell dng chung tn s khin cho cc

thit b truyn dn v tuyn n gin, vic thay i k hoch tn s khng cn l
vn , chuyn giao tr thnh phn mm,iu khin dung lng trong cell rt linh
hot. CDMA ang c u vit hn cc h thng khc v bo mt, chng thm nhp
phi php rt cao, dung lng ln...
* Cc c im chnh ca CDMA:
-

Cho php mi ngi dng s dng ton b bng tn ca h thng trong cng

mt thi gian.
-

Mi ngi s dng s c mt m khc nhau phn bit. M c s dng

m ha v iu ch.
-

S dng hiu qu ph tn hn cc h thng FDMA v TDMA.

H thng c tnh bo mt cao.

Cho php cp pht ti nguyn mm do. H tr nhiu loi dch vctckhc

nhau.
-

Dung lng cao, chng nhiu tt

Yu cu cao v ng b

X l tn hiu phc tp

H thng thng tin di ng GSM s dng kt hp hai phng php a truy cp

TDMA v FDMA nng cao dung lng phc v cho s lng thu bao ngy
cng tng
c) Nu tn k thut iu ch trong GSM
C nhiu phng php iu ch s:
-

ASK (Amplitude Shift Key): d liu s c truyn i bng cch m ha

bin sng mang hnh sin.

-

PSK (Phase Shift Key): d liu s c truyn i bng cch m ha pha sng

mang hnh sin.

-

FSK ( Frequency Shift Key): d liu s c truyn i bng cch m ha tn

s sng mang hnh sin.

-

APK hay APSK (Amplitude Phase Shift Key): d liu s cn truyn i lm

thay i bin v pha sng mang hnh sin.

-

GSM s dng phng php iu ch kha chuyn pha cc tiu GMSK

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( Gausian Minimum Shift Keying). y l phng php iu ch bng hp da trn

k thut iu ch dch pha.
gii thch GMSK, trc ht ta xt MSK bng cch so snh n vi PSK. Ta c
th trnh by sng mang c iu ch i vi PSK v MSK nh sau:
S(t)=Acos( t0 + t + 0 )
Trong : A l bin khng thay i
0 = 2f [rad/s]: l tn s gc ca sng mang
t l gc pha ph thuc vo lung s a ln iu ch
0 l gc pha ban u
Mc ch dng GMSK l to ra tn hiu bng thng nh, dch tn nh.

ASK

FSK

PSK

d) Gii thiu 1 s cng ngh thng tin di ng khc GSM hin ang c s
dng v lm r dch v no c b sung bi nhng cng ngh mi hn m GSM
cha cung cp c.
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GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) l dch v truyn ti mi cho h thng

GSM, n ci thin mt cch hiu qu vic truy nhp v tuyn ti cc mng truyn
s liu nh X.25, Internetbng cch p dng nguyn l gi v tuyn truyn s
liu ca ngi s dng mt cch hiu qu gia my in thoi di ng ti cc mng
truyn s liu.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): s dng cng ngh a truy nhp phn
chia theo m (CDMA) thay v cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
(TDMA) theo chun IMT-2000.
-

Dung lng h thng CDMA gp 4 5 ln h thng GSM (TDMA).

Nng cao s bo mt thng tin.

c tnh ph sng c ci thin, nng cao phm vi ph sng.

Tng thi gian m thoi cho my u cui.

LTE (Long Term Evolution). y l th h th 4 c pht trin t 3G : kh

nng truyn ti d li u tc cao v l tuyt c th ti d li u ln hn 100 Mbps
v gi d li u vi tc cao hn 50 Mbps tu thu c vo bng thng truyn ti d
li u mi knh, cu trc MIMO v cht lng mng.
e) Trnh by s lc phng thc nng cp GSM ln 3G
Gii thiu s lc phng thc nng cp GSM ln 3G:
Con ng tin ti 3G duy nht ca GSM l CDMA bng thng rng. Trn
th trng chu u, WCDMA c gi l H thng vin thng di ng ton
cu(UMTS). Trong cu trc dch v 3G, cn c bng thng rt ln v nh th
cn nhiu ph tn hn. Cc nh cung cp dch v chu u dng hn 100 t
USD mua ph tn cho cc dch v 3G; cc nh cung cp dch v khc trn
th

gii

cng

phn

b ph

3G.

Hoa

K,

FCC

cha

th nhanh chng phn b bt c ph no cho cc dch v 3G. Hoa K c

khong 190MHz ph tn phn b cho cc dch v v tuyn di ng trong khi
phn cn li ca th gii ch c phn b 400 MHz. V th c th tin rng
s pht trin ln 3G Hoa K s rt khc vi phn cn li ca th gii.
n 3G c l cn phi i qua giai on 2,5G. Ni chung, 2.5 G bao
gm mthoc tt c cc cng ngh sau: D liu chuyn mch gi tc cao

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(HSCSD), Dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS), Tc d liu nng cao cho

s pht trin GSM hay ton cu (EDGE).
HSCSD l phng thcn gin nht nng cao tc . Thay v mt khe
thigian, mt trm di ng c th s dng mt s khe thi gian kt ni d
liu. Trong cc ng dng thng mi hin nay, thng thng s dng ti a
4 khe thi gian, mt khe thi gian c th s dng hoc tc 9,6kbit/s hoc
14,4kbit/s. y l cch khng tn km nhm tng dung lng d liu ch
bng cch nng cp phn mm ca mng (d nhin l c cc my tng thch
HSCSD). Nhng nhc im ln nht ca n l cch s dng ti nguyn v
tuyn. Bi y l hnh thc chuyn mch knh, HSCSD ch nh vic s
dng cc khe thi gian mt cch lin tc, thm ch ngay c khi khng c tn
hiu trn ng truyn.
Gii php tip theo l GPRS v dng nh l gii php c nhiu nh
cung cp la chn. Tc d liu ca n c th ln ti 115,2kbit/s bng vic
dng 8 khe thi gian. N c quan tm v l h thng chuyn mch gi, do
n khng s dng ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch lin tc m ch thc hin
khi c mt ci g gi i. GPRS c bit thch hp vi cc ng dng phi
thi gian thc nh email, lt Web.Trin khai h thng GPRS th tn
km hn h thng HSCSD. Mng ny cn cc thnh phn mi, cng nh cn
sa i cc thnh phn hin c nhng n c xem l bc i cn thit
tin ti tng dung lng, dch v. Mt mng GSM m khng c kh nng
GPRS s khng tn ti lu trong tng lai.
Cu 8:
a) V m hnh h thng mng di ng GSM v nu r chc nng ca cc thnh
phn
b) Trnh by cc qu trnh ng nhp ln u, location update, roaming v
handover trong mng GSM. Lu , hy lm r qu trnh ng nhp ln u v
location update; roaming v handover. C handover gia cc nh mng khc nhau
khng?
Gii

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a) M hnh mng GSM :

Chc nng tng khi :

Mng thng tin di ng cng cng mt t PLMN (Public Land Mobile
Network) theo chun GSM c chia thnh 4 phn h chnh sau:

Trm di ng MS (Mobile Station)

Phn h trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem)

Phn h chuyn mch SS (Switching Subsystem)

Phn h khai thc v h tr (Operation and Support Subsystem)

1. Trm di ng (MS - Mobile Station)

Trm di ng (MS) bao gm thit b trm di ng ME (Mobile Equipment) v
mt khi nh gi l moun nhn dng thu bao (SIM-Subscriber Identity
Module). l mt khi vt l tch ring, chng hn l mt IC Card hoc cn gi
l card thng minh. SIM cng vi thit b trm (ME-Mobile Equipment) hp thnh
trm di ng MS. SIM cung cp kh nng di ng c nhn, v th ngi s dng c
th lp SIM vo bt c my in thoi di ng GSM no truy nhp vo dch v
ng k. Mi in thoi di ng c phn bit bi mt s nhn dng in thoi di
ng IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Card SIM cha mt s nhn
dng thu bao di ng IMSI (International Subcriber Identity) h thng
nhn dng thu bao, mt mt m xc thc v cc thng tin khc. IMEI v IMSI
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hon ton c lp vi nhau m bo tnh di ng c nhn. Card SIM c th

chng vic s dng tri php bng mt khu hoc s nhn dng c nhn (PIN).
Trm di ng GSM thc hin hai chc nng:

Thit b vt l giao tip gia thu bao di ng vi mng qua ng v

tuyn.

ng k thu bao, chc nng th hai ny mi thu bao phi c mt th gi

l SIM card. Tr mt s trng hp c bit nh gi cp cu thu bao ch c th

truy nhp vo h thng khi cm th ny vo my.
2. Phn h trm gc (BSS - Base Station Subsystem)
BSS giao din trc tip vi cc trm di ng MS bng thit b BTS thng qua
giao din v tuyn. Mt khc BSS thc hin giao din vi cc tng i phn h
chuyn mch SS. Tm li, BSS thc hin u ni cc MS vi tng i v nh vy
u ni nhng ngi s dng cc trm di ng vi nhng ngi s dng vin thng
khc. BSS cng phi c iu khin, do n c u ni vi phn h vn hnh
v bo dng OSS. Phn h trm gc BSS bao gm:

TRAU (Transcoding and Rate Adapter Unit): B chuyn i m v

phi hp tc .
Khi thch ng v chuyn i m thc hin chuyn i m thng tin t cc
knh v tuyn (16 Kb/s) theo tiu chun GSM thnh cc knh thoi chun (64 Kb/s)
trc khi chuyn n tng i. TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ho v gii
m ting c th ring cho GSM c tin hnh, ti y cng thc hin thch ng
tc trong trng hp truyn s liu. TRAU l mt b phn ca BTS, nhng cng
c th c t cch xa BTS v thm ch cn t trong BSC v MSC

BSC (Base Station Controler): B iu khin trm gc.

BSC c nhim v qun l tt c giao din v tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu khin
t xa. Cc lnh ny ch yu l lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v
chuyn giao. Mt pha BSC c ni vi BTS, cn pha kia ni vi MSC ca phn
h chuyn mch SS. Giao din gia BSC v MSC l giao din A, cn giao din gia
BTS v BSC l giao din A.bis.

BTS (Base Transceiver Station): Trm thu pht gc

Mt BTS bao gm cc thit b thu /pht tn hiu sng v tuyn, anten v b

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phn m ha v gii m giao tip vi BSC. BTS l thit b trung gian gia mng
GSM v thit b thu bao MS, trao i thng tin vi MS qua giao din v tuyn.
Mi BTS to ra mt hay mt s khu vc vng ph sng nht nh gi l
t bo (cell).
3. Phn h chuyn mch (SS - Switching Subsystem)
Phn h chuyn mch bao gm cc khi chc nng sau:

Trung tm chuyn mch nghip v di ng MSC

Chc nng chnh ca tng i MSC:

X l cuc gi (Call Processing)

iu khin chuyn giao (Handover Control)

Qun l di ng (Mobility Management)

Tng tc mng IWF(Interworking Function): qua GMSC

Thanh ghi nh v thng tr HLR

HLR l c s d liu tham chiu lu gi lu di cc thng tin v thu bao, cc

thng tin lin quan ti vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng. HLR khng ph
thuc vo v tr hin thi ca thu bao v cha cc thng tin v v tr hin thi ca
thu bao.

Thanh ghi nh v tm tr VLR

VLR l c s d liu trung gian lu tr tm thi thng tin v thu bao trong vng
phc v MSC/VLR c tham chiu t c s d liu HLR.

Trung tm nhn thc AuC

AuC c ni n HLR, chc nng ca AuC l cung cp cho HLR cc tn s

nhn thc v cc kho mt m s dng cho bo mt. ng v tuyn cng c
AuC cung cp m bo mt chng nghe trm, m ny c thay i ring bit cho
tng thu bao. C s d liu ca AuC cn ghi nhiu thng tin cn thit khc khi
thu bao ng k nhp mng v c s dng kim tra khi thu bao yu cu
cung cp dch v, trnh vic truy nhp mng mt cch tri php.

Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR

Phn h chuyn mch (SS) bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca mng
GSM cng nh cc c s d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng
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ca thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l thng tin gia nhng ngi s
dng mng GSM vi nhau v vi mng khc.
4. Phn h khai thc v bo dng (OSS)
OSS (Operation and Support System) thc hin 3 chc nng chnh:

+ Khai thc v bo dng mng.

+ Qun l thu bao v tnh cc.
+ Qun l thit b di ng.
b) Trnh by cc qu trnh ng nhp ln u, location update, roaming v
handover trong mng GSM. Lu , hy lm r qu trnh ng nhp ln u v
location update; roaming v handover. C handover gia cc nh mng khc nhau
khng?
Qu trnh ng nhp ln u
Khi MS bt my n s qut giao tip v tuyn tm ra tn s ng: tn s
BCH/CCCH.V y l ln u s dng nn phn mng chu trch nhim x l
khng c thng tin v MS ny, MS khng c ch th no v nhn dng vng nh v
mi. MS c thm nhp ti mng bng cch gi i mt thng bo: Cp nht v tr
ti MSC/VLR.T gi MSC/VLR s xem MS hot ng bnh thng v nh du
trng d liu MS ny bng 1 c nhp mng.
Qu trnh location update
Khi thit b (in thoi di ng) trng thi tt, n c tch ra khi mng. Khi
bt ln, MS s phi thc hin qut tt c cc knh sng mang mi knh s thc hin
5 php o v thi gian o trong khong t 3 5 s (o y l o cng ca tn
hiu ) sau khi o xong n s thc hin sp xp cc knh theo cng tn hiu gim
dn => Tip theo MS s nhy vo knh c cng tn hiu cao nht kim tra
xem c phi l knh BCCH ( Knh qung b t bo ) hay khng. Bng cch tm
knh FCCH ( Knh xa tn )- Kim tra xem c phi l 142 bt ton 0 hay khng.
Mc ch ng b tn s gia MS v BS nu nhn thy ng l knh FCCH =>
Knh trn ng l BCCH, MS ng nhp vo. Nu sai MS tip tc chuyn xung
knh c cng song mang cao tip theo v thc hin qu trnh kim tra knh

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BCCH tng t.
Qu trnh roaming
Kh nng chuyn ng v nh ng thi thay i ni thng tin MS giao tip
v tuyn ti thi im cn thit m bo cht lng thu c gi l lu ng
ROAMING
Khi MS ri xa BTS ni vi n th cng tn hiu gim, mt thi im no
khng xa bin gii l thuyt gia 2 ln cn nhau cng , MS quyt nh
chuyn ti mt tn s mi thuc mt trong cc ln cn n. chn tn s tt nht
MS lin tc o tn s ca cc ln cn v chn tn s c BCH/BCCH t BTS c
tn s tt hn tn s c v quyt nh t kha vi knh c tn s BCH/BCCH tt
nht. Quyt nh thay i BCH/BCCH s c t MS thc hin m khng cn
thng bo cho mng.
Qu trnh handover.
Th tc chuyn giao handover l th tc quan trng nht nhm o bo tnh di
ng ca MS trong lc gi. Mc ch ca th tc l duy tr cuc gi ang thc hin
khi di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc. Quyt nh thc hin chuyn giao hay
khng l do BSC phc v.
Trong qu trnh thc hin cuc gi, MS nh k gi kt qu o ti BTS, kt qu
o bao gm cht lng tn hiu ca ng xung (BTS ti MS) ca cuc gi v t
6 cell ln cn. BTS thc hin o ng ln (t MS ti BTS) v cht lng tn hiu
v tuyn cuc gi. C 2 kt qu s c BTS gi n BSC. Da vo thng tin trong
2 bn bo co BSC s quyt nh c chuyn giao MS ti cell khc hay khng. Quyt
nh chuyn giao c thc hin bi 1 thut ton c ci t v thng s ca n
do ngi qun tr mng ci t.
C handover gia cc hang khc nhau nu cc nh mng ny lin kt vi nhau.

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Bi tham kho:
Bi 1 : GSM c:
10 cluster
Tng so knh kh dng = 416
h s ti s dng tn s = 1/7

Gi s c 21 knh c s dng iu khin va 1 knh support 20 user.

Tnh dung lng he thong ?

Gii:
S = 416, N =7 --> so knh trong 1 cell: k = 416 / 7 = 59,42 .
Chn max k = 60 knh.
H thng ny c 10 cluster, 1 cluster co 7 cell.
Trong 60 knh th c 21 knh iu khin, 1 knh h tr 20 user --> 38 knh truyn
d liu (mnh cng ko r 1 kn h tr 20 user tc l sao, nhng nu c tnh ton th
mnh ngh 1 knh nhn cho my cng ko thay i)
--> dung lng h thng C = 38.7.10 = 2660 knh
Bi 2: Mobiphone c cp di tn l: (899->909) Mhz v (944->954)Mhz s
dng trong mng
Di 1: delta(f1)= 909 899 =10Mhz
Di 2: delta(f2)= 954 944 =10Mhz
Trong 2 di cch nhau 1 khong m khng lin tc nn ta phi tr i : 0,4 Mhz
khng dng , vy nn:
delta(f) = delta(f1) + delta(f2)= 20 0,4 =19,6 Mhz s dng
S knh vt l:
Channel= 19,6/0,2 = 98 TS
Mng s dng qui hc cell theo mu 4/12 nn ta c: theo phn b u s dng 98
tn s u cho 12 cell.
Chng ta lp bng qui hoch cell th tnh c s tn s max trong mi l 8.
S MS hot ng ti a trong 1 cell l: 8 *8 = 64 TS 2TS = 62 TS
Bi 3
Mt nh cung cp dch v di ng trong h thng GSM 900 mun ph sng cho
1 khu vc din tch 1.000 km2 bi cc cells lc gic c bn knh R = 1500m. Ngi
ta d tnh rng mu s dng li tn s l N = 4, GoS = 2%, mi thu bao c lu
lng l 0,02 Erl.
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Hy tnh:
a. S cell l thuyt cn lp t?
b. S knh lu lng ca mi cell?
c. Lu lng m mi cell chu ng c?
d. Lu lng ti a m mng c th p ng?
e. S thu bao mng c th p ng?
f. S thu bao m 1 knh c th p ng?
g. S thu bao ln nht m mng c th phc v c cng 1 lc?
h. Nu GoS = 5% th cc gi tr tnh ton trn s thay i nh th no?
Gii:
a) Ly din tch ca c khu vc (S) chia cho din tch ca mt cell => S cell l
thuyt (171 cell)
b) Bi cho mng GSM => s knh lu lng l 124 knh => S knh trn mt t
bo l: 124/N=124/4= 31 knh
c) C=31, Gos = 0.02. Tra bng Erlang B tm c A = 23 Erlang/t bo
d) Lu lng ti a m mng c th p ngms cell nhn lu lng =
171*23=3933 Erl
e) S thu bao mng c th p ng U=lu lng max/0.02= 3933/0.02=196650
thu bao
f) S thu bao trn mt knh 196650/(4*31)=1586 thu bao/knh
g) S thu bao max m mng phc v c cng mt lc 31*171=5301 thu bao

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