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Chng 6:

BO HIU TRONG H THNG

VIN THNG

Thnh vin trong nhm

1. Trn Vit Bo
2. L Qung u

NHM
11

3. Dng Nht Khim

4. Sa Hunh Lc
5. L Thnh Vinh

Ni dung phn chia

Nhm 12:
1

Tng quan v bo hiu

Cc khi nim c bn ca h thng bo hiu

Nhm 11:
3

Mng bo hiu

Bo hiu s 7 trong mng PSTN

45

Bo hiu trong GSM

3

3. Mng bo hiu

Ni dung:

3. Mng bo hiu
3.1 Cc thnh phn ca mng
3.2 Cu trc ca mng
3.3 STP
3.4 tin cy ca mng

3.1 Cc thnh phn trong mng bo hiu

im bo hiu SP
im chuyn giao bo hiu STP
Cp STP
Knh bo hiu SL
Chm knh

3.1 Cc thnh phn trong mng bo hiu

im bo hiu SP (sginalling point)
im bo hiu l mt nt trong mng bo hiu c kh
nng pht hoc kt cui cc thng ip bo hiu.

Hnh 1: Cc im bo hiu

3.1 Cc thnh phn trong mng bo hiu

im truyn bo hiu STP (signalling transfer point)

Hnh 2: im bo hiu v im truyn bo hiu

8

3.1 Cc thnh phn trong mng bo hiu

Cp STP:
o nng cao tin cy ca cc STP, th cc SP thng
lm vic cng nhau thnh tng cp. Thng th lu
lng bo hiu c chuyn giao c chia gia hai
STP trn cng mt ti chung.

Knh bo hiu (SL) / Chm knh:

o Knh bo hiu bao gm hai u cui bo hiu u ni
vi cc loi mi trng truyn (nh khe thi gian h
thng PCM).

o Mt s cc knh bo hiu song song u ni trc tip hai

im bo hiu vi nhau to thnh chm knh bo hiu

3.1 Cc thnh phn trong mng bo hiu

Quang h bo hiu
Mt cp im bo hiu c th quan h bo hiu vi nhau nu
nh chng c th giao tip vi nhau qua mng bo hiu knh
chung

Hnh 3: Quan h bo hiu

3.1 Cc thnh phn trong mng bo hiu

Lin kt bo hiu
Lin kt bo hiu l mt knh truyn dn bao gm mt
lin kt d liu 64kb/s v cc chc nng iu khin
truyn

Lin kt bo hiu c s dng truyn cc thng ip

t mt im bo hiu ny n mt im bo hiu khc
Cc lin kt analog hot ng tc truyn thp hn
4.8kb/s

11

3.2 Cu trc ca mng

V l thuyt ta c th t chc mt vi kiu cu trc mng
c kh nng p ng y cc yu cu bo hiu gia cc
tng i u ni vi nhau. Mng ny s dng mt s tng
i lm chc nng STP. Vic trao i thng tin gia cc
tng i cc vng ln cn s hnh thnh mt mng bo
hiu ng trc. Do d, ta c mt cu trc mng cu trc
mng gm 3 mc:

Mc 1: STP quc gia

Mc 2: STP khu vc
(vng)
im u cui bo hiu SP

12

Hnh 4: Mng bo hiu c cu trc phn cp

13

Hnh 5: Mng bo hiu quc t

14

3.3 STP t hp / STP khng t hp

STP t hp
STP t hp thng l tng i ni ht hoc l tng i qu giang
c thc hin cc chc nng STP. iu ny c ngha ch l mt
phn ca dung lng b x l c th c s dng cho chc
nng STP.

u im:
Thc hin nhanh
Hiu qu gi thnh (dng lu lng d tr tng
i lp t)
Tng lu lng bo hiu thp hn.

15

 STP khng t hp (STP ng mt mnh):

STP khng t hp l mt tng i rt n gin. N bao gm h
thng x l v cc kt cui bo hiu (ST) v phn h bo hiu
knh chung

u im:
Ton b dung lng ca b x l dng cho chc nng
STP
STP s khng b nh hng bi li cc phn khc ca
tng i nh cc STP t hp.

16

Hnh 6: STP ng mt mnh

17

3.4 tin cy ca mng

Cu trc ca mng bo hiu cn c thit k sao

cho lun c t nht hai ng tch bit thng tin
cho tt c cc mi quan h bo hiu trong mng.
Bng cch ny mng bo hiu c th x l lu lng
khi chui cc s c n l xy ra.

18

n lin kt:

Hnh 7: Cu trc mng n lin kt

19

L0=Ln + Ln= 2Ln

Ln= 0.5L0
L0: Dung lng STP yu cu khi STP
hng, trng thi qu ti.

Ln: Trng thi ti bnh thng.

STP cn c d m bo cho s
c ca STP l 100%.

20

a lin kt:
Mi STP khng ch c cc SL mi cm SP m n c vi
cm SP.
Trong trng hp STP c s c th lu lng ca STP s
c cht ti vo hai STP khc
L0 = Ln+ 0.5Ln
Ln = 0,67L0

d ca STP m bo khi xy ra s c l 50%.

21

Hnh 8: Cu trc mng a lin kt

22

4. Bo hiu s 7 trong mng PSTN

23

Ni dung:

4. Bo hiu s 7 trong mng PSTN

4.1 Tng quan
4.2 MTP
4.3 Knh s liu bo hiu
4.4 Knh bo hiu
4.5 Cc chc nng ca mng bo hiu

24

4.1 Tng quan

c im ca cc h thng bo hiu:
- H thng bo hiu knh kp hp (CSA)
- H thng bo hiu knh chung (CCS)

Lch s pht trin ca SS7:

- Serie u tin c ban hnh nm 1980
- Serie th 2 c ban hnh nm 1984
- Serie th 3 c ban hnh nm 1988
- Serie th 4 c ban hnh nm 1992

25

26

27

28

29

u - nhc im ca SS7
u im:

Tc bo hiu cao
Dung lng ln
tin cy cao
Tnh kinh t
Tnh mm do

Nhc im:
Cn d phng cao v ton b bo hiu i
chung mt knh, ch cn mt sai st nh l
nh hng ti nhiu knh thng tin

30

Hnh 9: So snh vi m hnh OSI

31

4.2 Phn chuyn giao tin bo - MTP

MTP l phn chung cho tt c ngi s dng, n bao gm knh s
liu bo hiu (lp 1) u ni 2 tng i v h thng iu khin
chuyn giao tin bo.
H thng iu khin chuyn giao tin bo c chia lm 2 phn:
- Cc chc nng ca knh bo hiu (lp 2)
- Cc chc nng ca mng bo hiu (lp 3)

32

4.2 Phn chuyn giao tin bo - MTP

Hnh 10: Cu trc tng qut cc chc nng ca MTP

33

4.3 Knh bo hiu s liu (lp 1)

Knh s liu bo hiu l mt tuyn truyn dn song hng

bo hiu. Knh s liu bo hiu s c thit lp bi cc knh
truyn dn s (64kbit/s) v cc chuyn mch s. Knh s liu
bo hiu analog c thit lp bi knh truyn dn analog
(4KHz) v cc modem.

34

ST (Signalling Terminal) : Kt cui bo hiu

DS (Digital Switching) : Chuyn mch s
DCE (Data Terminating Equipment) : Thit b kt cui trung k s

35

4.4 Knh bo hiu (lp 2)

Cc chc nng ca knh bo hiu lp 2 l pht hin li c th
xy ra trn ng truyn, khi phc li bng cch truyn li
v iu khin lu lng.

36

Khun dng bn tin bo hiu

MSU:
n v
bo hiu
bn tin

LSSU:
n v
bo hiu
trng
thi knh

Bo
hiu
bn tin

FISU:
n v
bo hiu
lp y
37

38

Cc n v bo hiu:
n v bo hiu bn tin MSU:
MSU mang thng tin lin quan n iu khin cuc
gi, qun tr mng v bo dng trong trng thng tin bo
hiu.
n v bo hiu trng thi knh bo hiu LSSU:
LSSU lin quan n s hot ng ca knh bo hiu
LSSU ch trao i gia cc lp 2 MTP v n ch
c trao i trong trng hp knh bo hiu trng thi
khng sn sng truyn cc bn tin hoc khng th s dng
cho vic truyn bn tin na.
n v bo hiu lp y FISU:
FISU thng c truyn khi khng truyn cc n
v bo hiu MSU v LSSU trn mng bo hiu s 7, nhn
cc thng bo mt cch tc thi v s c ca ng truyn
bo hiu.

39

Cc phng php sa li

Phng php
sa li
Sa li c
bn

Pht li tun
hon
40

Phng php sa li c bn:

Sa li c bn: pht li cc MSU m im bo hiu thu,
nhn c khng ng th t.
Trong :
o FSN (Con s th t hng i): dng kim tra
trnh t ng ca cc n v bn tin bo hiu nhm
chng nh hng ca li ng truyn.
o BSN (Con s th t hng v): BSN c s
dng cng nhn cc n v tn hiu m u cui
ca ng bo hiu pha i phng nhn c.

41

Hnh 11: Phng php sa li c bn

42

Phng php pht li tun hon:

Phng php sa sai ny do cc im bo hiu ni ht
thc hin bng vic pht li mt cch c chu k tt c
cc MSU c pht m khng c cng nhn t
im bo hiu i phng. Nu khng pht li cc
MSU hoc cc LSSU mi th mi LSSU cha c
cng nhn phi c pht li mt cch c chu k.

43

Hnh 12: Phng php pht li tun hon

44

4.5 Chc nng MTP lp 3:

X l bn tin bo
hiu

nh tuyn tinh
bo

Phn bit tin bo

Phn phi bn tin

MTP(3)

Cung cp cc
chc nng v th
tc c lin quan
n nh tuyn
cho bn tin v
qun tr mng.

Qun tr ng
bo hiu
iu hnh mng
bo hiu

Qun tr tuyn
bo hiu
Qun tr lu lng
bo hiu 45

X l bn tin bo hiu:
Mc ch: m bo cho cc bn tin bo hiu t
mt User ti mt im bo hiu pht c
chuyn ti User ti mt im bo hiu thu m
mi ch th u do pha pht nh ra.
Chc nng
1.nh tuyn tin bo:
- c s dng ti SP, xc nh ng bo
hiu s c s dng truyn bn tin ti im
bo hiu thu, da vo ch th mng octet dch v
SIO, ng bo hiu SLS v m bo hiu thu
DPC.
2.Phn bit tin bo:
- c s dng ti SP, xc nh bn tin thu
c c ng thuc SP ny khng, nu khng s
gi n chc nng nh tuyn ( kim tra DPC).
3.Phn phi bn tin:
- c s dng ti SP, phn phi bn tin nhn
c ti phn s dng user da vo ni dung
phn ch th dch v SI trong n v tn hiu

46

Qun tr mng bo hiu:

Mc ch:
Cung cp cc hot ng, th tc hot ha ng bo hiu,
iu khin lu lng, lp cu hnh.

Chc nng:
Qun tr ng bo hiu: duy tr kh nng hot ng ca
chm knh nh trc bng vic thit lp v hot ha.
Qun tr tuyn bo hiu: trao i thng tin v trng thi gia
cc im bo hiu.
Qun tr lu lng bo hiu: thay i hng bo hiu t mt
(knh/tuyn) n nhiu (knh/tuyn), gim lu lng tm thi
ti thi im nghn xy ra.

47

Qu trnh x l h hng.

MC 2

MC 3

nh tuyn bn tin

Qun tr lu lng bo hiu

Qun tr tuyn
bo hiu

iu khin
trn thi
ng bo
hiu

Qun tr ng
bo hiu
48

49

TNH TON TI CA NG BO HIU

TI TNG I CHUYN TIP.

50

 Cc cng thc tnh ton:

Lu lng trn mch trung k: (Erlang)
TRAFF = (NBIDS * MHTIME) / Thi gian o (s)
S cuc gi trong thi gian 1s (N): (cuc gi/s)
N = (S trung k * TRAFF)/MHTIME
Lu lng bo hiu (S): (MSU/s) (Octet/s) (bit/s)
S = N * S bn tin MSU trung bnh trong 1cuc goi
(5MSU/cuc goi)
dai MSU=18 octet, 1 octet = 8bit
1 MSU/s = 18 Octet/s = 18*8 bit/s

51

 Trong :
TRAFF
Lu lng ( Erlang )
NBIDS
Tng s cuc gi
MHTIME Thi gian gi mch trung binh

52

5. Bo hiu trong GSM

53

Ni dung:
5. Bo hiu trong GSM
5.1 Bo hiu s 7 trong GSM
5.2 SCCP
5.3 Phn ng dng di ng MAP
5.4 Bo hiu gia MSC v BSS
5.5 Bo hiu gia BSC v BTS
5.6 Bo hiu gia BTS v MS

54

5.1 Bo hiu s 7 trong GSM

Bo hiu trong mng di ng phc tp hn rt nhiu so vi
bo hiu trong mng in thoi thng thng.
V cc MS thng xuyn di ng nn thng xuyn phi
cp nht v tr a l tng i ca n thm mt yu cu na
l phi c tn hiu bo hiu lc MS di chuyn sang bn
cnh , t cc iu ny yu cu phi c mt h thng bo hiu
nhanh v chnh xc

55

H thng GSM
-

AUC : Trung tm nhn thc.

VLR : B ng k nh v tm tr.

VLR

- EIR : B ghi nhn dng thit b.

- HLR : B ng k nh v thng
tr.

MAP

- BSC : i iu khin trm gc.

- BTS : Trm pht gc.

- MS : My di ng.

MAP

BSSA

MAP (chuyn )
ISUP
TUP

BSC

- ISDN : Mng s tch hp a dch

v.

- PLMN : Mng di ng cng cng

mt t.

MAP

MSC

GMSC

- MS : My di ng.

- PSTN : Mng chuyn mch in

thoi cng cng.

EIR

HLR
MAP

MAP

MSC

MAP

VLR

ISDN

- MSC : Trung tm chuyn mch di

ng.
- BSS : H thng trm gc.

AUC

LAPD
PSTN

BTS

H
thng
trm gc
(BSS)

LAPDm

MS

Hnh 13 : Bo hiu s 7 trong mng

56
GSM

H
thng
chuyn
mch
(SS)

Cc bc tin hnh gi t thu bao di ng sang c nh

MS

Yu cu
knh

n nh
DCCH
Knh bo
c thit
lp

BSS

MSC

VLR

HLR

PSTN

EIR

RACH

AGCH

SDCCH

CR

Yu cu
dch v

Nhn thc

Cc chi
tit thu
bao

Cc chi
tit thu
bao nu
cn
57

Cc bc tin hnh gi t thu bao di ng sang c nh

MS

BSS

MSC

VLR

HLR

PSTN

EIR

t ch
mt
m
SDCCH

Thit lp

Thng tin
cuc gi

Yu cu ID
thit b

Cuc gi
hon
thnh
Phng
thc tin
hnh cuc

CC

SDCCH
58

Cc bc tin hnh gi t thu bao di ng sang c nh

MS
Lnh ch
nh

Hon
thnh a
ch

BSS
SDCCH

MSC

VLR

HLR

PSTN

EIR

Mch

Knh
FACCH
TCH

a ch
u v a
ch cui
IFAM

Hon
thnh a
ch ACM
FACCH

Bo
chung

59

Cc bc tin hnh gi t thu bao di ng sang c nh

MS
Tr li
ANS

BSS

MSC

VLR

HLR

PSTN

EIR

TCH
Knh
FACCH

u ni

Bt u tnh cc
Khng
nh u
ni

FACCH

TCH

60

Cc bc tin hnh gi t thu bao c nh sang di ng

MS

BSS

MSC

HLR

VLR

a ch u
v a ch
cui IFAM

MSISDN

Gi thng
tin nh
tuyn

TMSI

Tha nhn
thng tin
nh tuyn

MSRN

a ch u
v a ch
cui IFAM
Gi thng
tin thit lp
cuc gi

PSTN

GMSC

MSISDN

MSRN

MSRN

MSRN
61

Cc bc tin hnh gi t thu bao c nh sang di ng

MS

BSS

MSC

VLR

HLR

PSTN

GMSC

LAI&TMSI

Nhn tin

Yu cu
nhn tin

PCH
TMSI

Yu cu
knh

RACH

n nh
DCCH

AGCH

Knh bo
hiu c
thit lp

SDCCH

TMSI

62

Cc bc tin hnh gi t thu bao c nh sang di ng

MS

BSS

MSC

VLR

HLR

GMSC

PSTN

SDCCH

TMSI

Hon thnh
thit lp
cuc gi

TMSI & Tinh

trng

Tnh trng

TMSI

SDCCH

Thit lp

Khng nh
cuc gi

Hon thnh
a ch ACM

SDCCH

63

Cc bc tin hnh gi t thu bao c nh sang di ng

MS

BSS

MSC

HLR

VLR

PSTN

GMSC

Lnh ch
nh

Hon thnh
a ch

FACCH

FACCH

Bo chung
TCH

TMSI & Tinh

trng
TMSI

FACCH

u ni

K
u
ni

Tr
li
ANS

FACCH

Bt u tnh cc
64

5.2 SCCP (Signalling connection control part):

SCCP c s dng trong cc trng hp:
giao din gia MSC v BSC (gi l giao din A), cc
SCCP c s dng bi 2 ng dng : phn ng dng BSS
iu khin cuc gi, cc ng dng lin quan v phn bo
dng BSS cho mc ch khai thc.
Cc giao din gia cc khi trong SS s dng SCCP cng
vi phn ng dng kh nng trao i v phn ng dng di
ng
Cc lnh vc sau y GSM c th khng s dng n SCCP:
Giao din v tuyn gia trm di ng v trm gc, BTS v
BCS
Qu trnh thit lp v xa cuc gi gia MSC
65

5.2.1 Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip vu di ng (MSC)

a ch ca SCCP c yu cu trong nhng trng hp sau:
Bi VLR khi v tr ca 1 my di ng cn phi c xc
nh
Bi VLR khi tr li mt s trao i hoc khi to MSC
Bi HLR cng nhn mt yu cu hoc thng tin
MSC
Bi MSC khc trong trng hp chuyn giao

66

5.2.2 B ghi nh v thng tr HLR:

HLR c gi trong cc trng hp:
Bi tng i c nh MSC cng khi mt cuc gi ti
thu bao di ng phi c thit lp
Bi VLR khi phi thc hin mt th tc cp nht v tr
Bi VLR khi n phi yu cu hoc gi mt vi s liu
lin quan ti mt thu bao nm trong vng ca n
Bi mt MSC khi phi thng tin trc tip ti HLR

67

5.2.3 B ghi nh v tm tr VLR:

S trao i ca VLR xut hin trong cc trng hp sau:
Khi mt trong cc MSC ni vi VLR bt u mt
cuc hi thoi vi n
Khi mt HLR mun gi mt yu cu hoc mt vi
thng tin ti VLR
Mt VLR khc phi yu cu mt s IMSI t VLR

68

5.3 Phn ng dng di ng (MAP - Mobile Application)

Phn ng dng di
ng (MAP) cung
cp cc th tc bo
hiu cn thit
c yu cu trao
i thng tin gia
cc phn t ca
mng GSM.

Hnh 13 : Bo hiu s 7 trong

mng GSM

69

 m hinh OSI, MAP

trn TCAP. C MAP v
TCAP u thuc v lp
7. TCAP c th c
h tr bi cc lp trinh
by, lp phin v lp
vn chuyn, cc dch v
v cc giao thc, c
gi l phn dch v
trung gian (ISP).

Hnh 14: so snh m hnh SS7 v m hnh OSI

70

MAP c chia thnh 5 thc th ng dng (AE :

Application Entity) l : MAP - MSC , MAP - HLR,
MAP - VLR , MAP - EIR , MAP -AUC .
Tt c cc thc th ny mi ci c phn nh
mt s phn h (SSN). Cc SSN c SCCP s dng
nh a ch mt thc th no ca mng GSM.

71

Mi AE bao gm mt s cc phn t dch v ng dng (ASE Application Service Element). Cc ASE c nhm li nh l cc
ASE chung v cc ASE c bit . TCAP l mt ASE chung v
lun lun cha cc MAP - ASE . Cc ASE h tr vic ha mng
cc AE
72

Cc th tc c thc hin trong MAP l :

1. Cp nht v tr
2. Hu b v tr
3. Qun l cc thng tin ca thu bao.
4. iu khin, qun l, thu nhn cc dch v thu bao.
5. Chuyn cc s liu bo mt, nhn thc
6. iu khin cc dch v ph.
7. Thc hin chuyn .

73

5.4 Bo hiu gia MSC v BSS

Giao tip gia MSC v BSS l giao tip A. MSC v h
thng trm c s (BSS) c ni vi nhau nh mt knh
PCM. Ngoi mt s cc knh thoi hoc s liu cn c
cc khe thi gian d tr cho bo hiu.

Cc giao thc thng c s dng:

BSSAP (BSS Application)
SCCP
MTP

74

Hnh 15: Bo hiu gia MSC v BSS

75

 SCCP cung cp 2 nguyn tc bo hiu:

Bo hiu khng u ni (CL)
Bo hiu u ni nh hng (CO)

BSSAP x l 2 nhm tn hiu:

Tin bo chuyn giao trc tip gia MSC v MS, chuyn giao
qua BSS. S chuyn giao ny l iu khin cuc gi (nh
lnh rung chung ti mt MS c th) v cc tin bo qun l di
ng.
Cc tin bo qun l BSS gia MSC v BSS qun l ngun,
iu khin chuyn , lnh nhn tin

BSSAP c 2 chc nng:

o Phn ng dng chuyn giao trc tip (DTAP)
o Phn ng dng qun l BSS (BSSMAP)
76

Hnh 16: Khun dng ca tin bo BSSAP

77

Hnh 17: Cc loi tin bo BSSAP

78

79

Cc tin bo BSSMAP
u ni nh hng

Khng u ni
-

Chn
Tha nhn chn
Nhn tin
Thit lp li
Tha nhn thit lp li
Mch thit lp li
Tha nhn mch thit lp
li
- Gii ta
- Tha nhn gii ta

Yu cu phn nh
Phn nh xung
S c phn nh
Ra lnh phng thc mt
m
Hon thnh phng thc
mt m
Cp nht loi
Lnh xa
Xa xong
Yu cu xa
Thng tin y ca lp 3
Lnh chuyn
S c chuyn
Chuyn c thc hin
80

Tin bo DTAP

Tin bo iu khin cuc gi

u ni ch mch in

Tin bo thit lp cuc gi

Tin bo qun l s di ng
Tin bo ng k
- Chp nhn cp nht v tr
- Bi b cp nht v tr
Tin bo bo v
- Bi b nhn thc
- Yu cu nhn thc
- p li nhn thc
- Yu cu nhn dng
p li nhn dng tin bo qun
l u ni
- Chp nhn dch v CM
- Bi b dch v

Bo hiu chung
Khng nh cuc gi
Qu trnh gi
u ni

Tin bo giai on thng tin ca

cuc gi
- Sa i
Tin bo xa cuc gi
- Ct cuc gi
- Gii phng
Tin bo tp v
- Khi ng DTMF
- iu tra trng thi
81

5.5 Bo hiu gia BSC v BTS (LAPD)

Giao tip gia b iu khin trm c s v trm thu pht c s
(BTS) c gi l giao tip A- bis.
C 2 loi knh thng tin gia BSC v BTS
- Knh lu lng
-Knh bo hiu

Hnh 18: Giao tip A-bis

82

LAPD cung cp 2 loi tn hiu :

- Chuyn giao thng tin khng c tha nhn, khng m bo phn
pht khung thng tin n a ch t kt qu.
- Chuyn giao thng tin c tha nhn, v h thng m bo khung
thng tin ti c ch. Cu trc khung trong LAPD c ch ra hinh
2.

Hnh 19: Cu trc khung LAPD

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Vic u ni gia BSC v BTS l nh mt knh PCM,

mt trong cc knh c dnh cho bo hiu, s dng giao thc
LAPD.
Thit lp ng truyn :
Trc ht cc ng truyn s liu LAPD c thit lp cc
u ni vt l gia BSC v BTS khi lp t hay m rng thit b. Mt
u ni vt l c s dng cho bo hiu ti mt hay nhiu thit b
u cui. Cc thit b u cui u ni n ng vt l ny c
nhn dng bi TEI. Mt ng truyn L2ML s c cung cp trn
tt c cc kt ni vt l. Sau tt c cc thit b u cui c trang
b mt ng truyn OML v cc phn t bo hiu v tuyn c
trang b RLS.

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5.6. Bo hiu gia BTS v MS (LAPDm) :

LAPDm l giao thc s dng cho bo hiu gia b thu pht BTS
v trm di ng (MS). Giao din gia MS v b thu pht c gi l
giao din khng gian (Um). Mc ch ca giao thc LAPDm l truyn
dn bo hiu qua knh v tuyn c an ton.
Giao thc LAPDm tng t nh LAPD s dng giao din Abis,
ngoi ra n c sa i ph hp vi cc c trng ring bit ca
knh v tuyn.

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Lp 3

Lp 2

Lp 1

Hnh 20: LAPDm theo m hnh OSI

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GOOD LUCK

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