6.

002

CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS

Superposition, Thvenin and Norton

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

Review
Circuit Analysis Methods
z KVL:

Vi = 0

loop

KCL:
Ii = 0

VI

node

z Circuit composition rules

z Node method the workhorse of 6.002

KCL at nodes using V s referenced

from ground
(KVL implicit in (ei e j ) G )

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

Linearity

R2

e
J

R1

Consider

Write node equations

e V e
+ I =0
R1
R2
Notice:
linear in e,V , I
No eV ,VI
terms

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

Linearity

R1

Consider
+

R2

Write node equations -e V e

+ I =0
R1
R2
Rearrange -1
1
R + R e
1
2
conductance
matrix

6.002 Fall 2000

linear in e,V , I

V
+ I
R1

node
linear sum
voltages of sources

Lecture 3

Linearity
Write node equations -e V e
+ I =0
R1
R2
Rearrange -1
1
R + R e
1
2
conductance
matrix

G
or

e=

linear in e,V , I

V
+ I
R1

node
linear sum
voltages of sources

R2
RR
V+ 1 2 I
R1 + R2
R1 + R2

e = a1V1 + a2V2 + + b1 I1 + b2 I 2 +

Linear!
6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

Linearity

6.002 Fall 2000

Homogeneity
Superposition

Lecture 3

Linearity

Homogeneity
Superposition

Homogeneity
x1
x2 .
.

x1
x2 ..
.

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

Linearity

Homogeneity
Superposition

Superposition

x1a
x2 a .
..

ya

x1b
x2 b .
..

yb

x1a + x1b
x2 a + x2 b .
..

6.002 Fall 2000

y a + yb

Lecture 3

Linearity

Homogeneity
Superposition

Specific superposition example:

V1
0

0
V2

y1

y2

V1 + 0
0 + V2

6.002 Fall 2000

y1 + y2

Lecture 3

Method 4: Superposition method

The output of a circuit is
determined by summing the
responses to each source
acting alone.
s
e
c
r
u
so
t
n
e
nd
e
p
e
ind
only

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

10

V =0 +

i
+
v

+
v

short

I =0

i
+
v

+
v

open

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

11

Back to the example

Use superposition method

6.002 Fall 2000

R2

Lecture 3

R1

12

Back to the example

Use superposition method
V acting alone

R1

I = 0 eV =

R2

I acting alone

V =0

sum

R1
R2

R2
V
R1 + R2

R1 R2
eI =
I
R1 + R2

superposition

R2
R1 R2
e = eV + eI =
V+
I
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

Voil !
13

Demo
salt
water

constant
+

output shows
superposition

sinusoid

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

14

Yet another method

Consider

By superposition
v =

mVm + n I n + Ri
m

no
resistance
units
units
By setting
n I n = 0, mVm = 0,
i = 0
i = 0

+
v
-

y network
r
a
r
t
i
N
Arb
resistors
Vm
In
+

also
independent
of external
excitement &
behaves like
a resistor

All
n I n = 0,
mVm = 0

independent of external
excitation and behaves like a
voltage vTH
6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

15

Or

v = vTH + RTH i

As far as the external world is concerned

(for the purpose of I-V relation),
Arbitrary network N is indistinguishable
from:
RTH
Thvenin
equivalent
network

vTH
RTH

+ vTH

+
v

open circuit voltage

at terminal pair (a.k.a. port)
resistance of network seen
from port
( Vm s, I n s set to 0)

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

16

Method 4:
The Thvenin Method
J

+
v
-

Thvenin equivalent
RTH

+ vTH

i
+
v

Replace network N with its Thvenin

equivalent, then solve external network E.
6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

17

Example:
+
V

R2

i1 R1

i1 R1
RTH

+
V

VTH

i1 =

6.002 Fall 2000

+ I

V VTH
R1 + RTH

Lecture 3

18

VTH :
VTH = IR2

RTH :
RTH = R2

6.002 Fall 2000

+
VTH
-

R2

+
RTH
-

R2

Lecture 3

Example:

19

Graphically,

v = vTH + RTH i

i
1
RTH
v
vTH

V
OC

I SC

Open circuit
(i 0)

v = vTH

Short circuit
(v 0)

vTH
i =
RTH

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

VOC
I SC

20

in recitation,
see text

Method 5:

The Norton Method

J
+

+
v
-

IN

RTH = RN

Norton
equivalent

IN =

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

VTH
RTH

21

Summary
Discretize matter
LMD
Physics

LCA
EE

R, I, V

Linear networks

Analysis methods (linear)

KVL, KCL, I V
Combination rules
Node method
Superposition
Thvenin
Norton

Next
Nonlinear analysis
Discretize voltage

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 3

101100

22