MISRIMAL NAVAJEE MUNOTH JAIN ENGINEERING

COLLEGE, CHENNAI - 97
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

(MA2211)
TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
FOR
THIRD SEMESTER ENGINEERING STUDENTS
ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS (R-2008-2009)

This text contains some of the most important short-answer (Part A) and long- answer
questions (Part B) and their answers. Each unit contains 30 university questions. Thus, a
total of 150 questions and their solutions are given. A student who studies these model
problems will be able to get pass mark (hopefully!!).

Prepared by the faculty of Department of Mathematics

AUGUST, 2009

www.engg-maths.com

UNIT I

FOURIER SERIES
PART A

Problem 1 Write the formula for finding Eulers constants of a Fourier series in ( 0, 2 ).
Solution:
Eulers constants of a Fourier series in ( 0, 2 ) is given by
2
1
a0 f x dx
0

1
an

bn

f x cos nxdx
0

f x sin nxdx
0

Problem 2 Write the formula for Fourier constants for f(x) in the interval , .
Solution:

1
a0 f x dx

an

1
f x cos nxdx

bn

f x sin nxdx

Problem 3 Find the constant a0 of the Fourier series for the function f(x) = k , 0 x 2 .
Solution:
2
1
a0 f x dx
0

kdx
0

1
2
kx 0

2k

Problem 4 If f(x) = e x in x , find a n .

Solution:

1
an e x cos nxdx

1 ex

cos nx n sin nx
2
1 n

1 e
e
n
n

1
1
2
2
1 n
1 n

an

1 n

e .

Problem 5 Write the formulas for Fourier constants for f(x) in (c, c+2l).
Solution:
c 2
1
a0 f x dx
c
an
bn

c2

f x cos nx dx
c

c 2

f x sin nx dx
c

Problem 6 Write the formulas for Fourier constants for f(x) in (-l, l).
Solution:

1
a0 f x dx

an

1
f x cos nx dx

1
bn f x sin nx dx

Problem 7 What is the sum of Fourier series at a point x = x 0, where the function f(x) has a
finite discontinuity ?
Solution:
f x0 f x0
Sum of the Fourier series at x x0 is
2

2
cos x cos 2 x cos3 x

4 2

.......... to
2
2
3
2
3
1

1 1 1
in x , find 2 2 2 ............. to .
1 2 3
Solution:

Put x a point of continuity

2
2 2
1 1

(1)

4 2 2 ........
4
3
1 2

Problem 8 If x 2

(1)

2 2
1 1

4 2 2 .......
4
3
1 2

2
1
1 1
.
2 2 .......
12 4 1 2
1 1 1
2

.....

12 22 32
48

Problem 9 Check whether the function is odd or even, where f(x) is defined by
2x
1 x 0
f x
1 2 x 0 x

Solution:
2x
2x
For x 0, f x 1
1
f x , where 0 x

f x is an even function.
Problem 10 When an even function f(x) is expanded in a Fourier series in the interval
x , show that bn = 0.
Solution:
n
1
bn f x sin nxdx
n n
Given f x is even and

sin nx is odd function

even X odd = odd. Therefore f x sin nx is odd function.

1
f x sin nx dx

= 0.

bn

Problem 11 Find the Fourier constant bn for x sin x in x , when expressed as a

Fourier series.
Solution:
f x x sin x

f x x sin x
x sin x f x
Here f x is an even function
bn 0
Problem 12 If f(x) is a function defined in 2 x 2 , what is the value of bn ?
Solution:

1
n x
f x sin
dx

2 2
2
2

bn

Problem 13 Explain half range cosine series in 0, .

Solution:
Half range cosine series in 0, is given by
f x

a0
an cos n
2
1

2
a0 f x dx
0

2
an f x cos nxdx
0
Problem 14 Find the sine series of f(x) = k in 0, .
Solution:

f x bn sin nx
1

bn

2
k sin nxdx
0

2k cos nx

n 0

n
2k 1 1
bn

1 1 n

sin nx .
n

Problem 15 Write Parsevals formula in the interval c, c 2n .

2k
f x
1

Solution:
1
2

c 2

f x
c

a02 1 2
dx an bn2
4 2 1
PART B

x
Problem 16 If f x
in 0 x 2 . Hence show that
2
1 1
1
2
(a) 2 2 2 .............
.
1 2
3
6
1 1
1
1
2
(b) 2 2 2 2 ...
.
1 2
3
4
12
2

Solution:
We know that

a
f x 0 an cos nx bn sin nx
2
1
1
a0

x
0 2 dx
2

dx

x 3

3
3
1
2

4 3
3 6
1

1
an

1
4

x
0 cos nxdx

cos nxdx

2 sin nx
cos nx sin nx

2 x
x
2

2
3
4
n
n
n
0

1
cos 2 n
2

0 2
00 2
2

4
n
n
1 4 1

4 n 2 n 2
2
1
2
bn
x sin nxdx

4 0

1
2 cos nx
sin nx cos nx

x
2 x
2 3
2
4
n

n
n 0
2 2 2 2
n n n3 n 3 0

1
f x
2 cos n x.
12 1 n

1
4

2 1
1

2 cos x 2 cos x .... 1

12 1
2

Put x 0
2 1 1

f 0
2 2 ... 2
12 1 2

x 0 is a pt of discontinuity.

12 2 2
f 0

2 4
4 4
2
2

1 1

2 2 ...
4 12 1 2

2
2

1 1

2 2 ......
4 12 1 2
1 1
2
2 2 .....
1 2
6
Put x in (1)

2 1

3
12 1 n 2
Here is a pt of continuity.
f 0.
f x

2 1 1 1
.....
12 12 22 32
1 1 1
2 2 2 .....
1 2 3
1 1 1
2 2 2 .....
1 2 3

3 0
2
12
2

12

Problem 17 Find the Fourier series of f (x) = xsin x in 0 x 2 .

Solution:

a
f x 0 an cos nx bn sin n x
2
1
a0

x sin x dx
0

2
1
1
x cos x 1 sin x 0 2 1 2

2
1
bn x sin x sin nxdx
0

x cos n 1 cos n 1 dx
0

cos n 1 x
sin n 1 x cos n 1 x sin n 1 x
x
1

x
1

2
2

n 1
n

1
n

1

n 1

1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
0 n 1

1
2

b1

x sin x sin x dx
0

x sin
0

x dx

1 cos 2 x dx
2

1 x2
sin 2 x
cos 2 x

x
1

2 2
4
2

0
2

1 4

0 0

2 2

an

1
2

x sin x

cos nx dx

x sin n 1 x sin n 1 x dx
0

cos n 1 x
sin n 1 x cos n 1 x sin n 1 x
x

2
2

1
n

1
n

2 2

n 1 n 1
1
1
2

2 ,n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1
2
2
1
1
a1 x sin x cos x dx
x sin 2 x dx
0
2 0

1
2

cos 2 x
sin 2 x
1
x

2
4 0

1 2

2 2
1
a1
2

2 1
1
f x
cos x 2 2 cos nx sin x
2 2
2 n 1

1
1
f x 1 cos x 2 2 cos nx sin x.
2
2 n 1
Problem 18 Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x2 in x and deduce that
1 1
1
2
(c) 2 2 2 .............
.
1 2
3
6
1 1
1
2
(d) 2 2 2 .............
.
1 2
3
12
1

(e)
Solution:

1 1
1
2
.

.............

12 32 52
8

Given: f x x 2
f x x2 f x

f x is an even function. Hence bn 0

f x

an
an cos nx
2
1

2
2 x3
2 3 2 2
2
an x dx .
0
3 0 3
3

2
2 sin nx
cos nx sin nx
an x 2 cos nx dx x 2
2x
2 x .
0
n
n 2
n 0

2 2 1

0
2
n

4 1

n2

f x

4 1

n2

2
1
n
4 2 1 cos nx
3
1 n

Put x in (1)

2
1
n
n
f
4 2 1 1
3
1 n
x is a point of continuity.
2
1 1

2 2
4 2 2 ....
3
1 2

1 1

2
4 2 2 ....
3
1 2

2 2 1 1
2 2 ...
3
1 2
2

1 1
2 2 .... 3
6 1 2
(ii) put x = 0, a point of continuity

2
1
n
0
4 2 1
3
n 1 n

2
1
n

4 2 1
3
n 1 n
2

1
n

2 1
3 n 1 n
4

2 1 1 1

2 2 2 .......
12 1 2 3

1 1 1
2 2 2
12 1 2 3
1 1 1
2

........

4
12 22 32
12
Add (3) and (4)
2 2 1 1

2 2 ....
6 12 1 3

1 1

2 2 2 ....
4
1 3

1 1

2 2 ....
8 1 3

Problem 19 If f (x) = x + x2 in x . Hence show that

1 2
i. 2
6
1 n
1 1
1
2

.............

.
12 22 32
12

ii.

Solution:
Given: f x x x 2

f x x x2
f x is neither even nor odd

f x

a0
an cos x bn sin n x
2
1

1
1 x 2 x3
a0 x x 2 dx

2 3
1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 2

2
3 2
3 3
3

an

x x cos nxdx
2

1
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
x x 2
1 2 x 2 2 3

n
n
n

1
1
1
1 2 2 1 2 2

n
n
n

1
n 2

4 1

n2

10

bn

1
x x 2 sin nx dx

1
cos nx
sin nx
cos nx
x x 2
1 2 x 2 2 3

n
n

n
n
n

1
2
2
n
n
2 1
2 1

3 1 n
3 1

n
n
n
n

1 1
2
2
2
2

2 3
n
n
n
n

bn

2 1
n

f x

2 1
2 4 1

cos
nx

sin nx

2
3
n
n
1
1
n

1
1 sin nx
2
f x
4 2 cos nx 2
3
n
n
1
1
Put x 0 in 1
n

1
2
f 0
4 2 2
3
n
1
Here 0 is a pt of continuity
f 0 0
n

2
1 1
2 0
4 2 2 ....
3
1 2

1 1 1

4 2 2 3 ...
3
1 2 3
2 1 1 1
......
12 12 22 33
Hence (ii)
Put x in (1)
n

1
2
n
f
4 2 1 3
3
n
1
x , is a pt of discontinuity
f f 1
f x
2 2
2
2
1
2 2 2
2

2
1
3 2 4 2
3
1 n
2
2
1 1 1
2 2 3 ...
3 4 1 2 3

11

2 1 1
...
6 12 22
Hence (i)
Problem 20 a. Expand f x x 2 x as a Fourier series in 0, 2 .
Solution:
We know that

a
f x 0 an cos nx bn sin nx
2
1

1
a0

1 x 2 x3
1
3
8 2
x 2 x dx 2
4 3 8 4 2

2 3 0
3
3

4 2
s
3
2
1
an 2 x x 2 cos nxdx
0
a0

1
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
2 x x 2
2 2 x
2 2
2

n 0
n
n

1 2 2
4
2 2 2
n
n
n
bn

2 x x sin nx dx
2

1
cos nx
sin nx
cos nx
2 x x 2
2 2 x
2 3
2

n
n

n 0

12 2
0
n3 n 3
2 2 4
f x
2 cos nx.
3
1 n
b. Find the Fourier series for f (x) = ex defined in , .
Solution:

a
f x n an cos nx bn sin nx
2
1

1
a0 e x dx

1 x
e

1
e e

1
an e x cos nx dx

12

1 ex

cos nx n sin nx
2
1 n

1 e
e
cos
n

cos n

2
2
1 n
1 n

1 n

bn

1
e x sin nx dx

1 e

sin nx n cos x

2
1 n

1 e
e
n

n cos nx

1 n 2
1 n2

1 n 1 e
e
n

1 n2
1 n2

bn n

1 n 2

f x

n
n

1 e e cos nx n 1 e e sin nx .
1

1 n2

2
1 n 2
1

2x
1 , x 0
Problem 21 Obtain the Fourier series expansion of f (x) where f x
1 2x 0 x

2
1 1
1

and hence deduce that 2 2 2 .............

.
1 3
5
8
Solution:
2x
2x
f x 1
1
f x

x 0 0 x .
The given function is an even function.
Hence bn 0
f x

a0
an cos nx

a0

2 2x
1 dx
0

2
2x2
x
0

2 0

13

an

2 2x
1
cos nx dx
0

2 2 x sin nx 2 cos nx
1

2
n
n
0
n
2 2 1 2

2
n 2
n

4
n
1 1
2
n
an 0 if n is even
8
an 2 2 is n is odd.
n

8
f x 2 2 cos nx
1,3,5 n

8 cos x cos 3 x

2 ...
2
2
1
3

8 cos x cos 3 x

f 0 2 2 2 ...
1
3

Putx 0
8 1 1

f 0 2 2 2 ...
1 3

0 is a pt of continuity f 0 1

8 1 1

2 .....
2 2
1 3

1 1 1
2 2 2 ....
8 1 3 5

1 1

Problem 22 Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f(x) = | x | is x and
1 1
1
2
deduce that 2 2 2 .............
.
1 3
5
8
Solution:
Given f x x

f x f x
The given function is an even function.
Hence bn 0
f x

a0
an cos nx
2
1

an

2
x dx
0

14

2 x2

2 0

an

2
x cos nxdx
0

2 sin nx cos nx
2 cos n 1 2
x

2 2 2
2

n
n 0 n
n n
an 0 if n is even
4
an 2 if n is odd
n
4
f x 2 cos nx
2 1,3 n

1 1
n

4
cos 3 x

cos x 2 ...
2
3

Put x 0
4 1 1

f 0 1 2 2 ...
2 3 5

Here 0 is a pt of continuity
f 0 0

4 1 1

1 ...
2 32 52

4 1 1

1 2 2 ...
2 3 5

1 1

1 2 2 ... .
8 3 5

Problem 23 Find the Fourier series expansion of period 2 for the function f(x) = x in
2

1
.
2
1 n
The Fourier series of f x in 0, 2 is given

the range 0, 2 . Deduce the sum of the series

Solution:

f x

a0
n x
n x
an cos
bn sin
2
l
l
1
2l

2l
2l
l x 3
1
1
2 2
2
a0 f x dx l x dx
l
l0
l0
3l 0 3
2l
1
n x
2
an l x cos
dx
l0
l

15

2l

n x
n x
n x
sin
cos
sin

1
2
l 2 l x 1
l 2
l
l x

2 2
3 3
l
n
n n
l

l 2
l 3 0

1 2l cos 2n
2l

n 2 2
l n 2 2
l2
l 2

4l 2
an 2 2
n
2l
1
n x
2
bn l x sin
dx
l0
l

2l

n x
n x
n x

sin
cos

1
2
l x cos l 2 l x 1 2 l2 2 3 l3
n
l
n
n

l3
0

1 2 cos 2n 2 cos 2n l 2
2
l

n
n n3 3
n3 3
l
l
l
l3
l 3

1 l 2 l 2

0
l n n
l
l
2

l
4l 2
n x
f x 2
cos

2
3 1 n
l
x 0 in (1)
l 2 4 2
f 0 2 2
2
3 1 n
Here 0 is a Pt of discontinuity
f 0 f 2l
f 0
2
1
l 2 l 2 l 2
2
l 2 4l 2
2
2 l 2 2
3 1 n

l 2 4l 2 1

3 2 1 n2
2l 2 4l 2 1 1

2 2 2 ...
3
1 2

l2

16

2 1 1 1
....
6 12 22 32
0 , 2 x 1
1 x , 1 x 0

Problem 24 a. Find the Fourier expansion of f x if f ( x )

.
1 x , 0 x 1
0 , 1 x 2
Solution:
f x

a0
n x
n x
an cos
bn sin

2
l
l
1

a0

1
f x dx
2 2

1
0
1
2

1
0
dx

x
dx

x
dx

0dx

2 2
1
0
1

0
1

1
x2
x 2
x x
2
2 1
2 0

1
1
1
0 1 1 0
2
2
2
0
1
1
n x
n x
an 1 x cos
dx 1 x cos
dx
2 1
2
2
0
0
1

n x
n x
n x
n x

sin

cos

cos

sin 2
1
2
2
2
1 x
1 2 2 1 x
1 2 2
n
n
n
2

4
1

4
0

0
1
1
n x
n x
bn 1 x sin
dx 1 x sin
dx
2 1
2
2
0

0
1

n x
n x
n x
n x

cos
sin

cos 2
sin 2
1
2
2

1
1 x
1
1 x

2 2
2 2
n
n
n
n
2

2
2

4
4

1
4
n
4
n
l
1
2 2 sin

0
0 2 2 sin
2 n
2 n
2 n
n

1
n x
f x
sin
.
2
1 n

17

0, 1 x 0
b. Find the Fourier series for f (x) where f x
.
1, 0 x 1
Solution:

a
x
n x

f x 0 an cos
bn sin

2
l
l
1
1
a0 f x dx
l
0

0 dx dx
1

x 0 1
1

1
1 0

an 0 dx cos n x dx
0
1 1

n x
sin
n 0

n0
n
sin
sin
0
n
n
1
1
bn 1sin n x dx
10
1

cos n cos n 1 1 1

n 0
n
n
n

1 2
f x
sin n x.
2 1,3 n
1

Problem 25 Find the half range cosine series for f (x) = (x 1)2 in (0, 1). Hence show that
1 1
1
2
.

...

12 22 3 2
6
Solution:
Here l 1

a
f x 0 an cos n x
2
1
1

x 1 2
a0 2 x 1 dx 2

0
3 0
1

a0

2
3
1

an 2 x 1 cos n xdx
2

2 sin n x
cos n x
sin n x
2 x 1
2 x 1 2 2 2 3 3
n
n
n 0

18

2
4

2 2 2 2 2
n n
1 4
f x 2 2 cos n x
3 1 n
1 4 1
f x 2 2 cos n x
3 1 n
Put x 0 in 1

1 4 1
f 0 2 2
2
3 1 n
Here 0 is o pt of discontinuity
f 0 f 0
f 0
1
2
1 4 1
1 2 2
3 1 n
2 4 1 1

2 2 2 ...
3 1 2

1 1
2

..........

.
12 22
6
a

1, 0 x 2
Problem 26 a. Express f x
as a cosine series
1, a x a

a
n x
Solution: f x 0 an cos
2
a
1
a

a
2 2
a
2 a
a0 dx 1 dx 0 a 0
a 0
2
a
a 2

a2

a
2
nx
nx
an cos
dx cos
dx
a 0
a
a
a

a
a

2
sin n x sin n x
2
a
a

a n n
0 a
a
a
2

2 a
n
a
n 4 n
sin

sin
sin

a n
2 n
2 n
2

4
n
n
f x
sin
cos .
2
a
1 n

19

1
1
4 x, 0, 2

b. Express f x as a Fourier sine series where f x

.
x 3 , 1 ,1

4 2
Solution:

n x
We know that f x bn sin
l
1
1

1
2 2 1
3

bn x sin n x dx x sin n x dx
1 0 4
4

1
1

3 cos n x
1
cos n x
sin n x 2
sin n x
bn 2 x
1
x
(1) 2 2 1
2 2
n
4
n

n
0

n
4
2

n
n

1 1 cos 2 sin 2 1
1
2
2 2 0

n
4 2 n
n 4

3 cos n sin n 1 3 cos n 2 sin 2

2 1
2 2
2 2
4 n n 2 4 n n

sin 2 1
1 cos n
sin 2

2 2 2
2
0 2 2
4n
n
4 n
n

n
n
4sin
1

1
2

n 2 2
2n 2n
n
2 1 if n is
bn
2 2
n
n
= 0 if even
n

4sin
2 1
f x
2 2
n
n
1/ 3

4sin

odd

sin n x.

Problem 27 a. Find the Fourier cosine series for x x in 0 x .

20

Solution:

a0
2

f x

cos nx

a0

2
x x dx
0

2 x2 x2


2
3 0
2 3 3 2

2
3 3

an

2
x x cos nx dx
0

2
sin nx
cos nx
sin nx
x x
2 x
2

2
3

n
n

n
0

n
2 1

n2
n 2
2
n
2 1 1
n
4
an 2 If n is even
n
an 0 If n is odd.

2 4
f x
cos nx.
6 2,4 n 2
b. Prove that complex form of the Fourier series of the function f x e x , 1 x 1 is

f x 1

Solution:
Here 2l 2,

1 in
sin h1.ein x .
2 2
1 n

l 1

f x Cn ein x

Cn

1 x in x
e e
dx
2 1

1 1in x
e
dx
2 1

1 e

1 in
2
1
1 in x

1
e 1 in e1in x
2 1 in

21

1 in

2 1 n
2

e cos n i sin n e cos n i sin n

1

1 in

2 1 n 2 2

1 in

2 1 n

2 1 n

1 in
2

f x

cos n e1 e1

e e

sinh 1

1 in

2 1 n
2

sinh 1 ein x .

Problem 28 Find the cosine series for f (x) = x in (0, ) and then using Parsevals theorem,
1 1
4
show that 4 4 ....
.
1 3
96
Solution:

a
f x 0 an cos nx
2
1

a0

2
f x dx
0

2
x dx
0

2 x2

2 0

an

2
x cos nx dx
0

2 x sin nx
cos nx
1 2

n
n 0

2 cos n
1
2 0 2
n
n 0
2 cos n 1

n2

2
n
2 1 1
n
4
an 2 if n is odd
n
an 0 if n is even

f x

2 4

cos nx
2 1,3 n 2
22

By Parsevals theorem
2

a0 2 1
1
2

f
x

dx

an

0
4 2

1 2
2 1 4
x
dx

0
4 2 1,3 n 2

1 x2
2 1 16


3 0
4 2 1,3 2 n 4

1 3 2 8 1 1

2 4 4 ....

3 4 1 3

2 2 8 1 1

2 4 4 ....
3
4 1 3

2
2

1 1

4 4 .....
12 8 1 3

4 1 1
.....
96 14 34
Problem 29 a. Find the complex form of Fourier series of f x if

f x sin ax in x .

f x Cn ein x dx

Solution:

Cn

1
2

sin ax e

inx

dx

e inx

in
sin
ax

a
cos
ax

2
a n

1
e in in sin a a cos a ein in sin a a cos a

2
2
2 a n
1

1
in sin a 2 cos n a cos a 2i sin n
2 a 2 n 2
2in 1 sin a
n

2 a n
2

sin a
f x

in sin a

a n2
2

in 1

n 1

n 1

einx .

b. Find the first two harmonic of the Fourier series of f (x) given by
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
f (x) 9 18 24 28 26 20

23

Solution:
Here the length of the in level is 2l 6, l 3
f x

a0
x
x
2 x
2 x
a1 cos
b1 sin
b2 sin
a2 cos

2
3
3
3
3

x
3
0

3
2
3

4
3
5
3

x
0
1
2
3
4
5

a0 2

2 x
3
0
2
3
4
3
2
8
3
10
3

9
18

9
9

0
15.7

9
-9

2 x
3
0
15.6

24

-12

20.9

-12

-20.8

28
26

-28
-13

0
-22.6

28
-13

0
22.6

20

10

17.6

-10

-17.4

125

-25

-3.4

-7

y cos

x
3

y sin

x
3

y cos

2 x
3

y sin

y 2 125 41.66
6

6
2
x
a1 y cos 8.33
6
3
2
x
b1 y sin
1.15
6
3
2
2 x
a2 y cos
2.33
6
3
2
2 x
b2 y sin
0
6
3
41.66
x
2 x
x
f x
8.33cos
2.33cos
1.15sin
.
2
3
3
3

Problem 30 a. Find the first two harmonic of the Fourier series of f (x). Given by

2
3
3
f (x) 1 1.4 1.9
x

4
3
1.7 1.5

5
3
1.2

1.0

Solution:
The last value of y is a repetition of the first; only the first six values will be used
The values of y cos x, y cos 2 x, y sin x, y sin 2 x as tabulated

24

f x

cos x

sin x

cos 2x

sin 2x

3
2
3

4
3
5
3

1.0
1.4

1
0.5

0
0.866

1
-0.5

0
0.866

1.9

-0.5

0.866

-0.5

0.866

1.7
1.5

-1
-0.5

0
-0.866

1
-0.5

0
-0.866

1.2

0.5

-0.866

-0.5

-0.866

a0 2

y 2.9

a1 2

y cos x 0.37

a2 2
b1 2

6
y
cos 2 x

6
y sin x

0.1

0.17
6
y sin 2 x 0.06
b2 2
6
b. Find the first harmonic of Fourier series of f x given by

T
T
T
T
2T
5T
6
3
2
3
6
f (x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.35 1.98
Solution:
First and last valve are same Hence we omit the last valve
x

0
T
6
T
3
T
2

2 x
T
0

3
2
3

cos

sin

y cos

y sin

1.98
1.30

1.0
0.5

0
0.866

1.98
0.65

0
1.1258

1.05

-0.5

0.866

-0.525

0.9093

1.30

-1

-1.3

25

2T
3
5T
6

4
3
5
3

-0.88

-0.5

-0.866

0.44

0.762

-0.25

0.5

-0.866

-0.125

0.2165

1.12

3.013

4.6
2
4.6
y
1.5

6
3
2 y cos 2
a1
1.12 0.37
6
6
2
b1 3.013 1.005
6
f x 0.75 0.37 cos 1.005sin
a0

26