DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lectures
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Design philosophy
Action Effects: Bending and axial load
Action Effects: Shear and Torsion
Serviceability: Cracking and deflections
Strut-and-tie method for design
Design and detailing of openings
Slender column design
Flat slab system
Collapse load methods for slab design
Design of structural systems
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Recommended
text

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Reinforced Concrete:
Mechanics & Design.
3 ed.
MacGregor, J.G.
Prentice Hall, 1997

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Reinforced
Concrete
Structures.
Park, R. & Paulay,
T. John Wiley &
Sons, 199X

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INTRODUCTION

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STRUCTRUAL
CONCRETE

Plain Concrete

Matrix + Reinforcement
Concrete +
Steel bars

Reinforced Concrete
Partially Prestressed
Concrete

Prestressed Concrete
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Brief History of Structural Concrete

1824
1854
1886

Patent on Portland Cement (Aspdin)

Reinforced Concrete (Wilkinson)
First prestressing system using tie-rods
(PH Jackson, USA)
1910 Various concrete institutes established
1920s RC buildings, bridges & liquid containers
constructed; circular prestressing;
practical PC; external prestressing
1930s Partial prestressing (Abeles, England)
1938 Ultimate strength theories in USSR
1940s Bridge design & construction with PC
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1956 Ultimate strength theories in England/

USA
1960s Working stress design
1970s Limit state design
1980s Durability issues
1990s Structural concrete coined;
Unification of codes & theories;
Performance-based design;
New materials.
1998 Formation of International Federation
for Structural Concrete (fib)
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Design Objectives

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

! Functionability
! Safety
! Economy
! Restorability

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DESIGN APPROACHES
"

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Working stress design (WSD)

! Focus

on working load level

! Check induced stress against allowable values
"

Ultimate strength design (USD)

! Focus

on ultimate load level

! Check factored actions against resistance
"

Limit state design (LSD)

! Considers

both serviceability and ultimate limit

states
"

Performance-based design (PBD)

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PfP

"!
Working
Ultimate
stress
strength
design
design
(WSD)
(USD)
Limit state
design
(LSD)

fsMu

wfys/1.5

wfor
"!
"
f
max
Mn;=for
e.g.
s
max
sM
ufs,allow

e.g.
Performace-based
design (PBD)
!Mu Mn

Bridges deformation should not affect rail alignment

Bridge is able to take a train load of xxx-xx
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Serviceability

WSD

Restorability

Damage Control

Safety

LSD

USD
PBD

Higher
loads

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Design criteria

PIS PIR
e.g.
S(fFk)

R(fk/m)

Action effect

Resistance

w(fFk, fk/m)

Crack width

Allowable value

w*

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Specifications /Codes of Practice

! BS

8110 Structural Use of Concrete. Parts

1,2,3.
British Standards Institution, 1985, 1997 (Part 1)

! CP65

Singapore Standard on Code of Practice for

Structural Use of Concrete, 1999

! ACI

318 Building Code Requirements for

Structural Concrete and Commentary.
American Concrete Institute, 1999, 2002

! Eurocode

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Structural Concrete
Matrix
Concrete

Reinforcement
Steel bars

High-strength concrete

Galvanised steel bars

Polymer concrete

Epoxy-coated bars

Light-weight concrete

Fibre-reinforced
polymer bars

Self-compacting concrete
Fibrous concrete

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1200

fy (MPa)

Steel strength

Materials

High
strength
concrete

Ultra-high strength
steel

New RC

800
400

Ultra-high
strength
concrete

High strength
steel
highrise RC
conventional

30

60

90

120

fc (MPa)
Concrete strength

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Characteristic Strength of Materials, fk

fk = fm - ks

frequency

depends on
reliability/quality
control
e.g. for concrete
fk = fm - 1.64s

5%

fk

fm

strength

k x s (std. dev.)
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Concrete

Normal structural
concrete
High strength
concrete
Ultra-high
strength concrete

fc (MPa)

W/C ratio

20 - 45

0.40 0.45

45 - 70

0.35 0.40

70 - 85

0.30 0.35

85 - 140

0.22 0.30

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Normal structural concrete

"

Compressive strength : fcu or fc( 0.8fcu)

(28-day characteristic)

"

Tensile strength: ft = 0.1~0.2 fc

"

Modulus of rupture: fr = 0.623fc> ft (ACI)

"

Modulus of elasticity: Ec= 4730 fc (MPa)

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

An in fc leads to:
in cu
in linear portion
in ductility
in Ec
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Stress-strain relation of concrete

fc
fc
0.4fc

Ec
o

cu

fc/fc = 2c/c - (c/c)2 (fc

45 MPa)

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

High strength concrete

"

Tensile strength:
ft = 0.615fc (fc85 MPa)

"

Modulus of rupture:
fr = (0.623~1)fc (MPa)

"

Modulus of elasticity:
Ec= (3323fc + 6895)(wk/2323) (MPa)
where wk: weight in kg/m3

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Reinforcement

fy (MPa)

Steel

Es=200,000 MPa
0.005

0.010

strain
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FRP Reinforcement

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Tensile strength (MPa)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CFRP

FRP

AFRP

2000
PC Strand

GFRP

1000
Rebar

6
Strain %

10
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Design stress-strain relations

stress (MPa)

0.67fcu/m
Concrete

5.5
(fcu/m) kN/mm2
2.4x10-4(fcu/m)

0.0035

strain

BS8110, EC2, JSCE, CEB-FIP

similar

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Steel

fy/m

tension
200 kN/mm2

strain
compression

fy/m

BS8110, ACI, JSCE, AS, CEB-FIP

similar
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Partial safety factors

Design strength = Characteristic strength / m

m
Steel

1.15 (BS 1985)

1.05 (BS 1997)

Concrete

1.5 (BS 1997)

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

frequency

Loads (Actions)
Characteristics
load Fk
5%

Fm

Fk

load

Dead loads
Earth loads
Imposed loads
Wind loads
Dynamic loads
Seismic loads
Accidental loads
Snow loads
Construction loads BS6399, ASCE7-98, AS1170
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Load Combinations

LC = kFk
"

Ultimate limit state:

e.g.

"

1.4Gk+1.6Qk
1.4Gk+1.7Qk

(BS8110)
(ACI318-99)

Serviceability limit state:

! short

term effects
! long term effects
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Load Combinations

Limit state

Ultimate
limit state

Load Comb.

BS8110

ACI318-99

Dead & Live

1.4DL+1.6LL or
DL+LL

1.4DL+1.7LL

Dead & Wind

1.4(DL+WL) or
DL + 1.4WL

0.75(1.4DL+
1.7WL)

Dead & wind &

live

1.2(DL+LL+WL)

0.75(1.4DL+1.7LL+
1.7WL) or
0.9DL+ 1.3WL

Serviceability

Dead & Live

short-term effects,

limit state

Dead & Wind

long-term effects, etc.

(Deflection,
Cracking, etc)

Dead & wind &

Iive

to be considered

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Summary
Design
objectives

numerical
analytical*
simplified*

Action
effects

Actions

PISPIR

Resistance
analytical*
formulae*
tests

Material
properties

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