Fluid Mechanics For GATE

GATE
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
NODIA AND COMPANY
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Multiple Choice Questions

GATE
Mechanical Engineering
Vol 2, 1e
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ISBN 9-788192-27629-8
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PREFACE
This book doesnt make promise but provide complete satisfaction to the readers.
The market scenario is confusing and readers dont find the optimum quality
books. This book provides complete set of problems appeared in competition
exam as well as fresh set of problems.
The book is categorized into units which are sub-divided into chapters.
The aim of the book is to avoid the unnecessary elaboration and highlights
only those concepts are techniques which are absolutely necessary. Again time
is crucial factor both from the point of view of preparation duration and time
taken for solving each problem in the book are those which take the least
distance to the solution.
But however to make a comment that the book is absolute for GATE
preparation will be an inappropriate one. The theory for the preparation of the
examination should be followed from the standard books.
Authors
SYLLABUS
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value
theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative,
Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives,
Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Greens theorems.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchys and Eulers equations, Initial and
boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave
equations and Laplace equation.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional
probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson,Normal
and Binomial distributions.
Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration
by trapezoidal and Simpsons rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
APPLIED MECHANICS AND DESIGN

Engineering Mechanics: Free body diagrams and equilibrium; trusses and frames; virtual work;
kinematics and dynamics of particles and of rigid bodies in plane motion, including impulse and
momentum (linear and angular) and energy formulations; impact.
Strength of Materials: Stress and strain, stress-strain relationship and elastic constants,
Mohrs circle for plane stress and plane strain, thin cylinders; shear force and bending moment
diagrams; bending and shear stresses; deflection of beams; torsion of circular shafts; Eulers
theory of columns; strain energy methods; thermal stresses.
Theory of Machines: Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of plane mechanisms;
dynamic analysis of slider-crank mechanism; gear trains; flywheels.
Vibrations: Free and forced vibration of single degree of freedom systems; effect of damping;
vibration isolation; resonance, critical speeds of shafts.
Design: Design for static and dynamic loading; failure theories; fatigue strength and the S-N
diagram; principles of the design of machine elements such as bolted, riveted and welded joints,
shafts, spur gears, rolling and sliding contact bearings, brakes and clutches.
FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL SCIENCES

Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis
of mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and
momentum; Bernoullis equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer;
elementary turbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc.
Heat-Transfer: Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept,
electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, fins; dimensionless parameters in free and forced
convective heat transfer, various correlations for heat transfer in flow over flat plates and
through pipes; thermal boundary layer; effect of turbulence; radiative heat transfer, black and
grey surfaces, shape factors, network analysis; heat exchanger performance, LMTD and NTU
methods.
Thermodynamics: Zeroth, First and Second laws of thermodynamics; thermodynamic system
and processes; Carnot cycle. irreversibility and availability; behaviour of ideal and real gases,
properties of pure substances, calculation of work and heat in ideal processes; analysis of
thermodynamic cycles related to energy conversion.
Applications: Power Engineering: Steam Tables, Rankine, Brayton cycles with regeneration
and reheat. I.C. Engines: air-standard Otto, Diesel cycles. Refrigeration and air-conditioning:
Vapour refrigeration cycle, heat pumps, gas refrigeration, Reverse Brayton cycle; moist air:
psychrometric chart, basic psychrometric processes. Turbomachinery: Pelton-wheel, Francis
and Kaplan turbines impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams.
MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Engineering Materials: Structure and properties of engineering materials, heat treatment,
stress-strain diagrams for engineering materials.
Metal Casting: Design of patterns, moulds and cores; solidification and cooling; riser and gating
design, design considerations.
Forming: Plastic deformation and yield criteria; fundamentals of hot and cold working processes;
load estimation for bulk (forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing) and sheet (shearing, deep drawing,
bending) metal forming processes; principles of powder metallurgy.
Joining: Physics of welding, brazing and soldering; adhesive bonding; design considerations in
welding.
Machining and Machine Tool Operations: Mechanics of machining, single and multi-point
cutting tools, tool geometry and materials, tool life and wear; economics of machining; principles
of non-traditional machining processes; principles of work holding, principles of design of jigs
and fixtures
Metrology and Inspection: Limits, fits and tolerances; linear and angular measurements;
comparators; gauge design; interferometry; form and finish measurement; alignment and testing
methods; tolerance analysis in manufacturing and assembly.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD/CAM and their integration tools.
Production Planning and Control: Forecasting models, aggregate production planning,
scheduling, materials requirement planning.
Inventory Control: Deterministic and probabilistic models; safety stock inventory control
systems.
Operations Research: Linear programming, simplex and duplex method, transportation,
assignment, network flow models, simple queuing models, PERT and CPM.
GENERAL APTITUDE
Verbal Ability: English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,
instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.
Numerical Ability: Numerical computation, numerical estimation, numerical reasoning and
data interpretation.
CONTENTS
FLUID MECHANICS
FM 1
Basic Concepts and Properties of Fluids
FM 3
FM 2
Pressure and Fluid Statics
FM 33
FM 3
Fluid Kinematics & Bernouli Equation
FM 80
FM 4
Flow Analysis Using Control Volumes
FM 124
FM 5
Flow Analysis Using Differential Method
FM 172
FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 211
FM 7
External Flow
FM 253
FM 8
Open Channel Flow
FM 289
FM 9
Turbo Machinery
FM 328
HEAT TRANSFER
HT 1
Basic Concepts & Modes of Heat-Transfer
HT 3
HT 2
Fundamentals of Conduction
HT 34
HT 3
Steady Heat Conduction
HT 63
HT 4
Transient Heat Conduction
HT 94
HT 5
Fundamentals of Convection
HT 114
HT 6
Free and Force Convection
HT 129
HT 7
Radiation Heat Transfer
HT 155
HT 8
Heat Exchangers
HT 181
THERMODYNAMICS
TD 1
Basic Concepts and Energy Analysis
TD 3
TD 2
Properties of Pure Substances
TD 28
TD 3
Energy Analysis of Closed System
TD 52
TD 4
Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volume
TD 76
TD 5
Second Law of Thermodynamics
TD 106
TD 6
Entropy
TD 136
TD 7
Gas Power Cycles
TD 166
TD 8
Vapor and Combined Power Cycles
TD 199
TD 9
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
TD 226
***********
FM 1
BASIC CONCEPTS AND PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Common Data For Q. 1 and 2

In an automobile tire the pressure is 245 kPa and the air temperature is 298 K.
The volume of tire is 0.050 m3 and gas constant of air is 0.287 kPa- m3 /kgK .
FM 1.1
The pressure in the tire at air temperature of 322 K when volume of tire is
constant, will be
(A) 336 kPa
(B) 26 kPa
(C) 310 kPa
(D) 1854.02 kPa
FM 1.2
What amount of air should be come out to obtain pressure to its original value
at same temperature ?
(A) 0.1812 kg
(B) 0.1672 kg
(C) 0.0140 kg
(D) 0.3484 kg
FM 1.3
Consider Carbon dioxide at 12 atm and 400cC . What will be the density of
Carbon dioxide and c p at this state and the new pressure when the gas is cooled
isentropically to 150cC ? (For Carbon dioxide k = . and R =
m2 s2 )
(A) = 0.797 kg/m3 , c p = 4 .
(B) = 1.3 # 10-4 kg/m3 , c p =
(C) = 7.97 kg/m3 , c p =
kg
kg
, p2 =
kg
, p2 =
kPa
, p2 =
5.5 kPa
5.5 kPa
, p2 = 5.5 Pa
kg
A Cane of beverage contains 455 ml of liquid. The mass of cane with liquid is
0.369 kg while an empty cane weighs 0.193 N . What will be the specific weight,
density and specific gravity of liquid respectively ?
(A) 0.977 kN/m3 , 99.6 kg/m3 , 0.0996
(B) 9.77 kN/m3 , 996 kg/m3 , 0.996
(C) 9.77 N/m3 , 996 kg/m3 , 9.96
(D) 97.7 kN/m3 , 996 kg/m3 , 0.996
(D) = 7.97 kg/m3 , c p =
FM 1.4
FM 1.5
The specific gravity of a gas contained in a tank at the temperature of 25cC is

2 # 103 . If the atmospheric pressure is 10.1 kPa, the gage pressure is
(A) 70 kPa
(B) 7 kPa
(C) 0.7 kPa
(D) 70 kPa
FM 1.6
Consider steam at state near the saturation line : (p1, T1)= (1.31 MPa, 250cC),
Rsteam = 4 m2 s2 and k = . ). If the steam expands isentropically to a new
pressure of 414 kPa, what will be the density 1 and the density 2 ?
(A) 1 = 5.44 kg/m3, 2 = 5.04 kg/m3
(B) 1 = 2.28 kg/m3, 2 = 5.44 kg/m3
(C) 1 = 5.44 kg/m3, 2 = 2.28 kg/m3
(D) 1 = 5.04 kg/m3, 2 = 5.44 kg/m3
FM 1.7
A 30 m3 cylinder contains Hydrogen at 25cC and 200 kPa What amount of
GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA

FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 4
FM 1
Hydrogen must be bled off to maintain the Hydrogen in cylinder at 20cC and
600 kPa ? (R = 0.2968 kPa.m3 /kg.K)
(A) 271.35 kg
(B) 206.99 kg
(C) 478.34 kg
(D) 64.36 kg
FM 1.8
Wet air with 100% relative humidity, is at 30cC and 1 atm. If Rair =
m s
2
2
, Rwater = 461 m /s K and vapor pressure of saturated water at 30cC is 4242 Pa,
what will be the density of this wet air using Daltons law of partial Pressures ?
(A) 1.12 kg/m3
(B) 1.09 kg/m3
(C) 0.03 kg/m3
(D) 1.147 kg/m3
FM 1.9
In a formula one race, at the start of the race the absolute pressure of a car tire is
362.5 kPa and at the end of the race the absolute pressure of car tire is measured
to be 387.5 kPa. If the volume of the tire remains constant at 0.022 m3 then
percentage increase in the absolute temperature of the air in the tire is
(A) 6.9%
(B) 69%
(C) 0.69%
(D) Not increased
FM 1.10
A compressed air tank contains 24 kg of air at a temperature of 80cC . If the

reading of gage mounted on the tank is 300 kPa, what will be the volume of tank
in m3 ?
(A) 404
(B) 4.04
(C) 0.404
(D) 40.4
FM 1.11
A small submersible moves in 30cC water ( pv = 4.242 kPa ) at 2-m depth, where
ambient pressure is 133 kPa. Its critical cavitation number is Ca . 0.2 . At what
velocity will cavitation bubbles form ?
(A) 22.72 m/s
(B) 32.66 m/s
(C) Zero
(D) 32.13 m/s
FM 1.12
What will be the speed of sound of steam at 150cC and 400 kpa? (k = 1.33, R =
461 m2 /s2K )
(A) 50.9 m/s
(B) 509 m/s
(C) 30.3 m/s
(D) 303 m/s
FM 1.13
A liquid has a weight density of 9268 N/m3 and dynamic viscosity of 131.5 N s/m2
. What will be the kinematic viscosity of the liquid in m2/sec ?
(A) 0.0139
(B) 1.39
(C) 0.139
(D) 13.9
FM 1.14
A 72 m long and 30 m diameter blimp is approximated by a prolate spheroid

whose volume is given by v = 2 pLR2 . The weight of 20cC gas within the blimp
3
for (a) helium at 1.1 atm and (b) air at 1.0 atm, is
( RHe = 2077m2 /s2 , Rair = 287 m2 /s2K )
(A) WHe = 60.97kN , Wair = 401.1kN
(B) WHe = 401.1kN , Wair = 6.97kN
(C) WHe = 6.2kN , Wair = 40.9kN
(D) WHe = 40.9kN , Wair = 6.2kN
FM 1.15
The oil having viscosity of 4.56 # 102 N s/m2 , is contained between two parallel
plates. The bottom plate is fixed and upper plate moves when a force F is
applied. If the distance between the stationary and moving plates is 2.54 mm and
the area of the upper plate is 0.129 m2 , what value of F is required to translate
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FM 1
Demo Ebook
Page 5
FM 5
the plate with velocity of 1 m/ sec ?

(A) 2.32 N
(C) 232 N
FM 1.16
FM 1.17
A thin moving plate is separated from two fixed plates by two fluids of different
viscosity as shown in figure below. If the contact area is A , the force required for
the flow to be steady laminar viscous flow, is
(B) F = :
(C) F = ; h2 h E VA
m2 m
(D) F = :
m
m
+ 2 D VA
h
h2
A large movable plate is located between two large fixed plates. Two fluids having
the different viscosities are contained between the plates. If the moving plate has
a velocity of 6 m/sec , what will be the magnitude of the shearing stresses on plate
1 and plate 2 respectively, that act on the fixed plates ?
(B) 20 N/m2 , 15 N/m2

(D) 15 N/m2 , 20 N/m2
A thin flat plate of area A is moved horizontally between two plates, one stationary
and one moving with a constant velocity Vm as shown in figure below. If velocity
of flat plate is Vp and dynamic viscosity of oil is , the force must be applied on
the plate to manage this motion is
V V - Vm
(A) A ; p + p
h1
h2 E
AVp
(C)
h1
FM 1.19
m2 m
VA
h2 h D
(A) F = ; h + h2 E VA
m
m2
(A) 10 N/m2 , 15 N/m2

(C) 15 N/m2 , 15 N/m2
FM 1.18
(B) 23.2 N
(D) 0.232 N
(B) A (Vp - Vm) h2

(V - Vm)
V
(D) A ; p - p
E
h1
h2
A Newtonian fluid having the specific gravity of 0.91 and Kinematic viscosity of
4 # 104 m2 / sec , flows over a fixed surface. The velocity profile near the surface
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FM 6
Demo Ebook
Page 6
FM 1
is given by the relation:

u = sin py
a 2d k
U
What will be the magnitude of the shearing stress developed on the plate in term
of U and ?
(B) 5.71 N/m2
(A) 0.571U N/m2
U
(C) 5.71U N/m2

(D) 0.571 N/m2
U
FM 1.20
A 50 cm # 30 cm # 20 cm block of 15 kg mass is to be moving at a constant

velocity of 0.8 m/s on an inclined plane. If a 0.8 mm thick oil film with a dynamic
viscosity of 0.006 Pa s is there between the block and inclined plane, what amount
of force is required in x -direction ? (g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 55 N
(C) 6.42 N
(B) 55.55 N
(D) 414.75 N
FM 1.21
A closed rectangular container is half filled with water at 45cC . If the air in
remaining half section of container is completely escaped. The absolute pressure
in the escaped space at same temperature (saturation pressure of water at 45cC
is9.593 kPa) is
(A) P > Psaturation
(B) P < Psaturation
(C) P = Psaturation
(D) Not determined
FM 1.22
Consider two parallel plates as shown in figure below. If the fluid is glycerin (
= 1264 kg/m3 , = 1.5 Ns/m2 ) and the distance between plates is 9 mm. What
will be the shear stress required to move the upper plate at V = m s and the
Reynolds number respectively ?
(A) 100 Pa, 460

(C) 10000 Pa, 4.6
FM 1.23
(B) 10 Pa, 4600

(D) 1000 Pa, 46
The velocity profile in a pipe flow is given by u = u ( rn Rn), where r is the

radial distance from the centre. If the viscosity of the fluid is then the drag
force applied by the fluid on the pipe wall in the direction of flow across length L


FM 1
Demo Ebook
Page 7
FM 7
of the pipe is (R = radius of circular pipe).
(A) nu L
(C) 2nu 0 L
(B) nu R
(D) 2nu 0
FM 1.24
Consider air at 20cC with = 1.8 # 10-5 Pa - s . Its viscosity at 400C by (a) The
Power-law (n=0.7) (b) the sutherland law (S = 110 K) respectively, are
- s, s = 1. # 10
-s
(A) p = . 1 # 10- s, s =
-s
(B) p = . 1 # 10.
# 10
- s, s =
-s
(C) p = .
. 1 # 10
# 10
- s, s =
-s
(D) p = 1. # 10. 1 # 10-
FM 1.25
Consider a block of mass m slides down on an inclined plane of a thin oil film
as shown in figure below. The film contact area is A and its thickness is h . The
terminal velocity V of the block is
mgh sin q
mA
mgA sin q
(C) V =
mh
(A) V =
FM 1.26
mgh cos q
mA
mgA cos q
(D) V =
mh
(B) V =
A thin layer of glycerin flows down on an inclined plate of unit width with the
velocity distribution:
u = y y
U
h
h
If the plate is inclined at an angle with the horizontal, the expression for the
surface velocity U will be

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FM 8
Demo Ebook
Page 8
FM 1
(A) U = h sin a
gm
(C) U =
gh
m sin a
(B) U =
gh sin a
m
(D)U =
gh
m sin a
FM 1.27
A shaft of 8.0 cm diameter and 30 cm length is pulled steadily at V =

m s
through a sleeve of 8.02 cm diameter. The clearance is filled with oil of = 0.003 m2 /s
and S.G. = . , the force required to pull the shaft is (w = 998 kg/m3)
(A) 793 N
(B) 795 N
(C) 79.3 N
(D) 7.95 N
FM 1.28
Match List I (Properties of fluids) with List II (Definition/ Result) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below :
List-I
List-II
a. Ideal fluid
1.
Viscosity does not vary with rate of deformation
b. Newtonian fluid
2.
Fluid of zero viscosity
3.
Dynamic viscosity
4.
Capillary depression
5.
Kinematic viscosity
6.
Capillary rise
c.
d. Mercury in glass
Codes
a
1
1
2
2
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
FM 1.29
b
2
2
1
1
c
4
3
3
5
d
6
4
6
4
Match List I (Fluid properties) with List II (Related terms) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below :
List-I
List-II
a. Capillarity
1.
Cavitation
b. Vapour pressure
2.
Density of water
c.
3.
Shear forces
4.
Surfaces Tension
Viscosity
d. Specific gravity
Codes
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
a
1
1
4
4
b
4
4
1
1
c
2
3
2
3
d
3
2
3
2
FM 1.30
The hydrogen bubbles have diameter D - . 1 mm . Assume an air-water

interface at 30cC and surface tension = 0.0712 N/m . What will be the excess
pressure within the bubble ?
(A) 1.42 kPa
(B) 2.85 kPa
(C) 28.5 kPa
(D) 14.2 kPa
FM 1.31
The surface tension in a rain drop of 3 mm diameter is 7.3 # 102 N/m . The


FM 1
Demo Ebook
Page 9
FM 9
excess pressure inside the rain drop is

(A) 973.3 Pa
(C) 9.73 Pa
(B) 97.33 Pa
(D) 97.33 kPa
FM 1.32
A shower head emits a cylindrical water jet of diameter 0.73 mm into air. The
pressure inside the jet is approximately 300 Pa greater than the air pressure.
What will be the surface tension of water ?
(A) 0.0365 N/m
(B) 0.73 N/m
(C) 0.365 N/m
(D) 0.073 N/m
FM 1.33
A thin wire ring of 6 cm diameter is lifted from a 20cC water surface. How much
lift force is required if = 0.0728 N/m ?
(A) 0.274 N
(B) 0.0274 N
(C) 0.137 N
(D) 0.0137 N
FM 1.34
A 4 mm diameter glass tube is immersed in water and mercury. The temperature

of the liquid is 20cC and the values of the surface tension of water and mercury
at 20cC in contact with air are 0.0734 N/m and 0.51 N/m, respectively. The
angle of contact for water is zero and that for mercury is 128c. What will be the
capillary effect for water and mercury in millimeters, respectively ?
(A) 4.60, 3.82
(B) 2.35, 7.48
(C) 3.82, 4.60
(D) 7.48, 2.35
FM 1.35
The system shown in figure below is used to estimate the pressure inside the
tank by measuring the height of liquid in the 1 mm diameter tube. The fluid is
at 60cC . What will be the capillary rise if the fluid is (a) water ( = 0.0662 N/m
, = 983 kg/m2 , , 0c) and (b) Mercury ( = 0.47 N/m , = 13500 kg/m3 ,
, 130c) ?
(A) hw = 0.0275m , hm = 0.0456 m

(C) hw = 0.0275 m , hm = 0.00 1 m
(B) hw = 0.0275 m , hm = 0.00 1m

(D) hw = 0.0137 m , hm = 0.00456 m
FM 1.36
A glass tube of 4.6 mm diameter is inserted into milk and milk rises upto 3.5
mm in the tube. If the density of milk is 960 kg/m3 and contact angle is 15c, the
surface tension of milk is
(A) 0.2315 N/m
(B) 0.025 N/m
(C) 0.0236 N/m
(D) 0.02315 N/m
FM 1.37
A liquid film suspended on a rectangle wire frame of one movable side of 12 cm.
What amount of surface tension is required if the movable side of frame is to be
moved with 0.018 N ?
(A) 0.075 N/m
(B) 0.00432 N/m
(C) 0.055 N/m
(D) 0.75 N/m

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FM 10
FM 1.38
Page 10
FM 1
In figure shown, a vertical concentric annulus with outer radius ro and inner
radius ri is lowered into the fluid of surface tension and contact angle < 45c
. If the gap is very narrow, what will be the expression for the capillary rise h in
the annulus gap ?
s cos q
rg (ro ri)
s cos q
(D) h =
rg (r o r i )
A solid cylindrical needle of diameter 1.6 mm and density 7824 kg/m3 may float
on a liquid surface. Neglect buoyancy and assume a contact angle of 0c. What
will be the surface tension ?
(A) 0.0772 N/m
(B) 0.154 N/m
(C) 0.772 N/m
(D) 0.0154 N/m
s cos q
rg (ro ri)
(C) h = s cos q
rg (ro ri)
(A) h =
FM 1.39
Demo Ebook
(B) h =
Common Data For Linked Answer Q. 40 and 41

A Frustum-shaped body is rotating at a uniform angular velocity = 200 rad/s
in a container. The gap of 1.2 mm on all sides between body and container is
filled with oil of viscosity 0.1 Pa s at 20cC .
FM 1.40
The power required at the top surface to maintain this motion is

2 D3
2 D 4
(B)
(A)
24h
32h
(C)
FM 1.41
2 D 4
4h
(D)
2 D 2
16h
The reduction in power required at the top surface when oil viscosity is 0.0078 Pa s
at 80cC , will be
(A) 5.29 W
(B) 67.824 W
(C) 62.533 W
(D) No reduction


FM 1
FM 1.42
Demo Ebook
Page 11
FM 11
A fluid of surface tension = 0.0728 N/m and contact angle = 0c is filled

between 0.75 mm apart two parallel plates as shown in figure. If the density of
fluid is = 998 kg/m3 , the capillary height h will be
(A) 2 mm
(C) 20 mm
(B) 10 mm
(D) 1 mm
FM 1.43
A 56 kg block slides down on a smooth inclined plate. A gap of 0.1 mm between

the block and plate contains oil having viscosity 0.4 N s/m2 . If the velocity
distribution in the gap is linear and the area of the block in contact with the oil
is 0.4 m2 , the terminal velocity of the block is
(A) 0.03125 m/s
(B) 0.3125 m/s
(C) 3.125 m/s
(D) 0.03125 mm/s
FM 1.44
Two 50 cm long concentric cylinders are mounted on a shaft. The inner cylinder is
completely submerged in fluid and is rotating at 200 rpm and the outer cylinder
is fixed. The fluid film thickness between two cylinders is 0.12 cm and outer
diameter of the inner cylinder is 20 cm. If the torque transmitted by the shaft to
rotate inner cylinder is 0.8 N, the viscosity of the fluid is
(A) 0.0173 N s/m2

(C) 0.173 N s/m2
FM 1.45
(B) 0.0231 N s/m2

(D) 0.0346 N s/m2
A layer of water having the viscosity of 1.2 # 103 N s/m2 flows down on inclined
fixed surface with the velocity distribution as given by:

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FM 12
Demo Ebook
Page 12
FM 1
u = y y
U
h
h
If the velocity of water U = m sec and h =
m , what will be the magnitude
of the shearing stress that the water exerts on the fixed surface in N/m2 ?
(A) 7.20
(C) 7.2 # 103
(B) 0.720
(D) 0.072
FM 1.46
A 2.5 mm diameter aluminum sphere ( = 2700 kg/m3 ) falls into an oil of density
875 kg/m3 . If the time to fall 75 cm is 48 s then the oil viscosity is
(A) 0.0589 kg/m s
(B) 0.589 kg/m s
(C) 0.397 kg/m s
(D) 0.0397 kg/m s
FM 1.47
Consider a concentric shaft fixed axially and rotates inside the sleeve. If the shaft
of radius ri rotates at rad/s inside the sleeve of radius r0 and length L and
the applied Torque is T, what will be the relation for the viscosity of the fluid
between shaft and sleeve ?
2T (ri - r0)
r i L
T( 0 - )
(C) =
2 3
(A) =
FM 1.48
T( 0 - )
2 03
T( 0 + )
(D) =
2 3
(B) =
The velocity profile for laminar one-dimensional flow through a circular pipe is
given as u (r) = u max ( r2 R2), where R is the radius of the pipe and r is the
radial distance from the centre of the pipe. If an oil at 40cC flows through a 15 m
long pipe with R = 0.0 m and maximum velocity of u max = m s , what will
be the friction drag force applied by the fluid on inner surface of the pipe when
= 0.0010 kg/m - s ?
(A) 0.0942 N
(C) 0.856 N
(B) 0.942 N
(D) 0.916 N


FM 1
Demo Ebook
Page 13
FM 13
FM 1.49
A 1 m diameter cylindrical tank has a length of 5 m long and weight 125 N. If it

is filled with a liquid having a specific weight of 10.9 kN/m3 , the vertical force
required to give the tank an upward acceleration of 2.75 m/ sec2 is
(A) 550 kN
(B) 55 N
(C) 5.5 N
(D) 55 kN
FM 1.50
A cylindrical rod of diameter D , length L and density s falls due to gravity

inside a tube of diameter Do . The clearance, (Do D) << D is filled with a film
of viscous fluid (, ).The expression for terminal fall velocity would be
D (Do D)
m
r g (Do D)
(C) V = s
m
(A) V = rs g
FM 1.51
rs gD (Do + D)
m
r gD (D Do)
(D) V = s
m
(B) V =
The belt as shown in figure below moves at steady velocity of 2.5 m/s and skims
the top of a tank of oil SAE 30 W ( = 0.29 kg/m -s) at 20cC with L = m ,
b = 0 cm and h = cm . What power P in watts is required to remain belt in
motion ?
(A) 11 Watts
(C) 109 Watts
(B) 44 Watts
(D) 1.1 Watts
FM 1.52
Two balls of Steel and Aluminum can float on water due to surface tension effect.
The density of steel and aluminium balls are to be 7800 kg/m3 and 2700 kg/m3 ,
respectively. Which metal ball would have maximum diameter to float on water
at 20cC and what will be the diameter of that ball when surface tension of water
at 20cC is 0.073 N/m ?
(A) steel, 4.1 mm
(B) Aluminium, 2.4 mm
(C) Aluminium, 4.1 mm
(D) Steel, 2.4 mm
FM 1.53
For a cone-plate viscometer of radius R = cm , the angle = 3c and the gap is

filled with liquid as shown in figure. If the viscous torque T = .
and rotation
rate is 94.2 rad/s, the liquid viscosity will be
(A) 0.0116 kg/m s

(B) 0.116 kg/m s
(C) 0.193 kg/m s
(D) 0.0193 kg/m s
FM 1.54
A solid cone of base r0 and initial angular velocity 0 is rotating inside a conical
seat as shown in figure below. If there is no applied torque and air drag is

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FM 14
Demo Ebook
Page 14
FM 1
neglected, the cones angular velocity is
(A) = 0 exp ;- 3mh sin

3
5r 0 t E
5r 04 t
(C) = 0 exp ;3mh sin E
FM 1.55
(B) = 0 exp ;-
5r 03 t
3mh sin E
(D) = 0 exp ;-
5r 02 t
3mh sin E
The rotating-cylinder viscometer as shown in figure below shears the fluid in a

narrow clearance R = (r - R) with a linear velocity distribution in the gap. If
the driving torque measured is T and the bottom friction is included then the
expression for is
T (r - R)
( - )
(B) =
2 3 ( + /4)
R (L + R )
( - )
( - )
(C) =
(D) =
2
2 ( + /4)
2 3 ( - /4)
For a 300 mm long sliding lubricated bearing, the viscosity of oil is 0.008 kg/m s
during steady operation at 80cC . The average oil film thickness between the shaft
and journal is 1.2 mm. If shaft of 80 mm diameter is rotated at 750 rpm, the
amount of torque needed to overcome bearing friction would be
(A) 0.0063 N m
(B) 0.063 Nm
(C) 0.63 N m
(D) 6.3 N m
(A) =
FM 1.56
FM 1.57
= 0.063 N m A disk of radius R = cm , rotates at 1200 r.p.m inside an oil

container of viscosity = 0.29 kg/m -s as shown in figure below. The oil film
thickness is h = mm . If the velocity profile is linear and neglecting shear on the
outer disk edges, the viscous torque on the disk is


FM 1
Demo Ebook
Page 15
FM 15
(A) 0.716 N m
(C) 0.0716 N m
(B) 6.83 N m
(D) 14.3 N m
FM 1.58
A soap bubble of diameter D coalesces with another bubble of diameter D to

form a single bubble D with the same amount of air. For an isothermal process,
D as a function of D , D , patm and surface tension is
(A) pa D + sD = (pa D + sD ) + (pa D + sD )
(B) pa D + sD = (pa D + sD ) (pa D + sD )
(C) pa D sD = (pa D sD ) + (pa D sD )
(D) pa D + sD = (pa D + sD ) + (pa D sD )
FM 1.59
A skater of mass m moving at constant speed Vo , suddenly stands stiff with skates
pointed directly forward and allows herself to coast to a stop. If blade length is L
, water film thickness h , water viscosity and blade width is b then how far will
she travel (on two blades) before she stops ?
mLb
(B) x =
(A) x = Vo mh
Vo mh
mLb
mLb
(C) x = Vo mh
(D)x =
Vo mh
mLb
FM 1.60
Two thin flat plates are tilted at an angle and placed in a tank of surface
tension and contact angle as shown in figure below. At the free surface of the
liquid in the tank, the distance between two plates are L and width is b into the
paper. What will be the expression for in terms of other variables ?
gbh (L - h tan )
2 cos ( - )
gh (L - h tan )
(C) =
2 cos ( - )
gh (L - h tan )
2 cos
gh (L + h tan )
(D) =
2 cos ( + )
(A) =
(B) =
***********

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FM 16
Demo Ebook
Page 16
FM 1
SOLUTIONS
FM 1.1
Option (A) is correct.

We have
a - m3 /kgK
p = 310 kPa, v = .
m R= .
T = 298 K and T =
Treating air as an Ideal gas, the final pressure in the tire from the ideal gas law,
pv
pv
=
T
T
p = T # p = 323 # 310 = 336 kPa
v = v (constant)
298
T
FM 1.2
Option (C) is correct.

Amount of air needs to be bled off to restore pressure (p2 = 310 kPa) is
m = m - m
pv
m =
= 310 # 0.050 = 0.1812 kg
0.287 # 298
RT
pv
and
m =
= 310 # 0.050 = 0.1672 kg
0.287 # 323
RT
m = 0.1812 0.1672 = 0.014 kg
Hence
FM 1.3

We have
p = 10 atm = 1013250 Pa
T = 400cC = 400 + 273 = 673 K
From ideal gas law
g
p
=
=
= .
RT
( )#( )
m
. #( )
c p = kR =
=
.
k
g
, the formula is
For gas cooled isentropically to T =
cC =
k k
p
= bT l
p
T
k k
p = p # bT l
=
T
FM 1.4
a #b
.
.
= 135.5 kPa
Option (B) is correct.

Specific weight
Density
Weight of fluid
mg W
= g =
=
v
v
Volume of fluid
Total weight weight of Cane
=
Volume of fluid
mg 0.153 0.369 # 9.81 0.153
=
=
355 # 106
355 # 106
3.47
=
= 9.77 kN/m3
355 # 106
g
=
= =
.
g m g m
g
.


FM 1
Demo Ebook
Page 17
FM 17
Specific gravity S.G =

FM 1.5
Option (D) is correct.

We have
)=
S .G . = # , T = c = ( +
Density of gas
= S.G. # Density of ater
= 2 # 103 # 1000 = 2 kg/m3
From gas equation
Also
FM 1.6
r
=
rwater
, patm. =
p = rRT
= 2 # 287 # 298 = 171 kPa (absolute pressure)
pabsolute = patmospheric + pgage
pgage = 171 101 = 70 kPa

6
p
1.31 # 106
=
= 1.31 # 10 = 5.44 kg/m3
RT
461 # (273 + 250) 461 # 543
For isentropic expansion
k
T = p k
b
l
p
T
For ideal gas
Now
FM 1.7
1 =
p k
#
T = T #b l k =
#c
m
p
. #
3
p
2 =
= 414 # 10 = 2.28 kg/m3
461 # 393
RT

We have
a, T = cC = +
v= m, p =
p =
a, T = cC = +
=
The initial mass of Hydrogen in cylinder
pv
m =
= 800 # 30 = 271.35 kg
0.2968 # 298
RT
Final mass of Hydrogen in cylinder
pv
m =
= 600 # 30 = 206.99 kg
0.2968 # 293
RT
Thus the amount of Hydrogen that must be bled off is
= 393 K
m = 271.35 206.99 = 64.36 kg

FM 1.8

Daltons law of Partial Pressure is
or
Since
Now
ptotal = pair + pwater = ma Ra T + mw Rw T

v
v
p v
p v
mtotal = ma + mw = a + w
Ra T Rw T
For an ideal gas
ptotal = pair + pwater = atm =

Pa
pair = 101325 pwater = 101325 4242 = 97083 Pa
p
p
= ma + mw = a + w
v
Ra T Rw T
97083
= 97083 + 4242
=
+ 4242
461
303
287 # 303 461 # 303
287 # (30 + 273)
#
= 1.147 kg/m3

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FM 18
FM 1.9
Demo Ebook
Page 18

We have
p =
.
From ideal gas law,
a p =
FM 1
a v =v =v= .
pv
pv
=
T
T
T =p
p
T
T =
v =v
p
T = 387.5 # T1 = 1.069T1
362.5
p #
Increase in temperature = T T
= 1.069T1 T1 = T1 (1.069 1)
= 0.069T1
or 6.9% of T1
FM 1.10
Option (B) is correct

We have
m=
g, T =
=
From gas equation
c =(
, pgage = 300 kPa
pabsolute
RT
)#
+
patm. + pgage (
=
RT
#
v = m = 16 = 4.04 m3
r
3.96
=
Thus, Volume of tank

FM 1.11
Option (D) is correct

By definition
FM 1.12
2 (pa pv)
rV 2
2 (133000 4242)
0.25 =
998 # V 2
2 (133000 4242)
V =
= 32.13 m/s
998 # 0.25
Cacritical = 0.25 =

The ideal gas formula Predicts:
+
#
#(
= 1.33 # 461 # 423 = 509 m/s
Speed of sound
FM 1.13
= 3.96 kg/m3
a,
kRT =

We have
= 9268 N/m3 , = 131.5 Ns/m2
Weight density
= rg
Kinematic viscosity
= 9268 = 944.75 kg/m3

9.81
m
= = 131.5
r
944.75
= 0.139 N sec.m/kg = 0.139 m2 / sec.
FM 1.14

The volume of blimp is
v = 2 pR2 L = 2 # p # (15) 2 # 72 = 33929 m3
3
3
From the ideal gas law, the respective densities of helium and air


FM 1
Demo Ebook
Page 19
FM 19
pHe
#(
=
RHe T
#
pair
(b)
=
air =
Rair # T
#
Then the respective gas weights are
(a)
He =
WHe = rHe gv =
Wair = rair gv =
FM 1.15
#
#
#
#
=
=
We have = 4.56 # 10-2 Ns/m2 , y = . # , V =

sec., A = .
When force F is applied on the plate, shear force comes in the action.
F = t # A = m #V # A
= V
y
y
1
= 4.56 # 102 #
# 0.129 = 2.32 N
2.54 # 103
FM 1.16

Assuming a linear velocity distribution on each side of the plate.
F = t1 A + t2 A = b m1 V l A + b m2 V l A
h1
h2
=;
FM 1.17

From Newtons law of viscosity
and
FM 1.18
mV mV
m
m
A = : + D VA
+
h
h E
h
h
= m du = mU
y
dy
1 = 0.02 # 6 = 15 N/m2
0.008
2 = 0.01 # 6 = 15 N/m2
0.004

The magnitudes of shear forces acting on the upper and lower surfaces of the
plate are
Fshear, upper = tw, upper A = mA du
dy
V
mAVp
= mA p
=
h
h
Fshear, lower = tw, lower A = mA du
dy
(V Vm)
= mA p
h
Both shear forces are acting in the opposite direction of motion of the plate,

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FM 20
Demo Ebook
Page 20
FM 1
therefore from force balancing

F = Fshear upper + Fshear lower
mAVp mA Vp Vm
+
h
h
V V Vm
= mA ; p + p
E
h
h
=
FM 1.19

We have
S.G. = . , = 4 # 10-4 m2 / sec.
From Newtons law of viscosity (at the surface of plate)
(y = 0) = m c du m
dy y =
y
du
= : p U cos a p kD
= pU
c dy m
2
2
2d
d
d
y=0
y=
From equation (i)
= nr # p U
2d
= n # (S.G. # 1000) # p # U
2
d
...(i)
= 4 # 104 # (0.91 # 1000) # 1.57 # U

d
= 0.571U N/m2
d
FM 1.20

We have
m=
g, V = 0.8 m/s, = 0.006 Pa - s
y = 0.8 mm = 8 # 104 m
The force balance from figure gives
Fx =
Fy =
F Fshear cos c FN sin c =

FN cos c Fshear sin c W =
W = m#g = # =
N
Fshear = ts As
.
= mA s V = ( . ) # ( . # . ) #
y
#
Fshear = 0.9 N
(F sin 20c + W)
Equation (ii) gives
FN = shear
cos 20c
= 0.9 # sin 20c + 150 = 159.95 N
cos 20c
By substituting the value of Fshear and FN in equation (i),we get
...(i)
...(ii)
Weight
and
F = Fshear cos c + FN sin c

= 0.9 # cos 20c + 159.95 # sin 20c = 55.55 N


FM 1
Demo Ebook
Page 21
FM 21
FM 1.21

We have
The saturation pressure of water at 45cC = 9.593 kPa
When air is fully escaped, the space is filled with vapor and the container have a
two-phase mixture of saturated water vapor.
Then vapor pressure Pv = Psaturation ( cC) = .
a
FM 1.22

Shear stress is given by
= mV = . # =
a
.
L
and the Reynolds Number is
rVL
# # .
Re =
=
b
m
.
FM 1.23

Velocity profile
u = u ( r n Rn )
We know that the wall shear stress in pipe flow
w = mdu
dr r = R
n
n
mu n
=
= mu d : r n D
= mu ; nrn E
R
dr
R r=R
R
r=R
Then the drag force applied by the fluid on the pipe wall becomes
nm u
( pR) # L = npmu L
F = tw Aw =
R #
FM 1.24

(a) From the Power-law for air
0.7
n
p = m0 b T l = 1.8 # 105 # b 673 l = 3.221 # 105 kg/m s
293
T0
(b) From the sutherland law
(T/T0) 1.5 (T0 + S)
s = m0 ;
E
T+S
(673/293) 1.5 # (293 + 110)
= 1.8 # 105 =
G
(673 + 110)
= 3.225 # 105 kg/m s
FM 1.25

Assume a linear viscous velocity distribution in the film below the block. Then a
force balance in x - direction gives:
or
FM 1.26
Fx = W sin q tA
= W sin q :mV D A = maX =
h
W sin = mV A
h
mgh sin q
V = hW sin q =
mA
mA
W = mg

Due to the flow of glycerin, shear force acting in the opposite direction to this

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FM 22
Demo Ebook
Page 22
FM 1
flow. The FBD is shown below.
In equilibrium condition
Fx =
W sin
mg sin
vg sin
vg sin
g
= t#l#
= t#l
= t#l
b=
m = rV
=
g
= t#l
# l # h # sin = t # l
= gh sin a
From the Newtons law of viscosity, shear stress at the plate ( = 0)
mU
Uy
=
= m c du m
= m; U
E
h
dy y =
h
h y=
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
U
= gh sin a
h
U =
FM 1.27
...(i)
...(ii)
g 2 sin a
2m

Assuming a linear velocity distribution in the clearance, the force is balanced by
resisting shear stress in the oil.
F = tAwall = b m V l # (pDi L)
DR
mVpDi L
...(i)
F =
R Ri
For the given oil
= rn = (
#r
)#n
= 0.87 # 998 # 0.003 = 2.63 kg/m s

Then by substituting in equation (i), we get
F = 2.63 # 0.4 # p # 0.08 # 0.3 = 792.79 b 793 N
(0.0401 0.0400)
FM 1.28

List-I
List-II
a. Ideal fluid
2.
Fluid of zero viscosity
b. Newtonian fluid
1.
Viscosity does not vary with rate of deformation
5.
Kinematic viscosity
4.
Capillary depression.
c.
d. Mercury in glass
So , correct pairs are a-2, b-1, c-5, d-4.


FM 1
FM 1.29
Demo Ebook
Page 23
FM 23

List-I
List-II
a. Capillarity
4.
Surface tension
b. Vapour pressure
1.
Cavitation
c.
3.
Shear forces
2.
Density of water
Viscosity
d. Specific gravity
So, correct pairs are a-4, b-2, c-3, d-2.

FM 1.30
Option (C) is correct

For a droplet or bubble with one spherical surface
p = 2s = 2 # 0.07123 = 2 # 0.0712
R
0.005 # 10
5 # 106
= 28480 Pa - 28.5 kPa
FM 1.31

We have
, = 7.3 # 10-2 N/m
d=3
We know that surface tension on liquid droplet is given by the relation,
2
p = 4s = 4 # 7.3 #10
d
3 # 10 3
= 97.33 Pa
FM 1.32

For a liquid cylinder, the internal excess pressure is
p = s
R
(0.00073)
= Dp # R = 200 #
2
= 200 # 0.000365 = 0.073 N/m
FM 1.33

There are two surface, inside and outside the ring. So the total force measured is
F = 2 (spD) = 2psD
= 2 # p # 0.0728 # (0.06) = 0.0274 N
FM 1.34

We have
d = 4 mm = 4 # 3 m
The capillary effect is given by the equation,
h = 4s cos q
r#g#d
where
= Surface tension in N/m

= Angle of contact
Capillary effect for water

= 0.0734 N/m , = 0c, = 1000 kg/m3
4 # 0.0734 cos 0c
1000 # 9.81 # 4 # 103
= 7.48 # 103 m = 7.48 mm
h =
Capillary effect for mercury

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FM 24
Demo Ebook
Page 24
FM 1
= 0.51 N/m , = 128c

=SG #
= 13.6 # 1000 = 13600 kg/m3
h = 4 # 0.51 # cos 128c 3
13600 # 9.81 # 4 # 10
= 2.35 # 103 m = 2.35 mm
Here the negative sign indicates the capillary depression.
In magnitude
h = 2.35 mm
FM 1.35

(a) For water, capillary rise
# cos c = 0.0275 m
hw = s cos q = # .
rgD
)
# . #( .
(b) For Mercury
c = 0.00912 m
hm = s cos q = # . # cos
rgD
# . # .
Here negative sign shows the capillary depression.
FM 1.36
We have
= 960 kg/m3, D = . mm = . #
3
R = D = 3.8 # 10 = 1.9 # 103 m
2
h = . mm = 0.0025 m, contact angle = 15c

The surface tension of milk
3
3
rgRh
= 960 # 9.81 # 1.9 # 10 # 2.5 # 10
milk =
2 cos f
2 # cos 15c
= 0.02315 N/m
FM 1.37
We have
b = cm , = 0.12 m, F = .
From the surface tension force relation,
s = F = 0.018
= 0.075 N/m
2b 2 # (0.12)


FM 1
FM 1.38
Demo Ebook
Page 25
FM 25

From the figure above, the force balance on the annular fluid is
Force in vertical direction = Weight of fluid film
cos # (2ro + 2ri) = rg # p (r o r i ) h
h = s cos q
rg (ro ri)
FM 1.39
The needle dents the surface downward and the surface tension forces are
upward as shown in figure. Then a vertical force balance gives:
Vertical forces = Weight of needle
2 cos # L = rg p D # L
2 cos = rg pD
2 = rg pD
= r g pD
#
= 0c " cos 0c = 1
7824 # 9.81 # 3.14 # (0.0016) 2
8
= 0.0772 N/m
FM 1.40

The wall shear stress anywhere on the surface of the frustum at a distance r from
the axis of rotation is
w = m du = mV = m wr
dr
h
h
The shear force on the area dA,
dF = tw dA = m wr dA
h
dT = rdF = m wr dA
h
mw
r dA
T =
h
A
The shaft power required at top surface is
mw
r dA
Pshaft, top = wT = w #
h A
Torque
=
For the top surface
Hence
mw
h
#r
dA
...(i)
dA = 2prdr
mw D
Pshaft, top =
r ( pr) dr
h r=

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FM 26
Demo Ebook
=
FM 1.41
Page 26
pmw
h
r=
r dr =
FM 1
2
4
pmw
r D = pmw D
#
:
D
h
32h
r=

By putting the value in expression of shaft power at top (20cC),
pmw 2 D 4 3.14 # (0.1) # (200) 2 # (0.12) 4
=
Pshaft, top =
32h
32 # (0.0012)
= 67.824 W
The power is proportional to viscosity. Thus the power required at 80cC is
m
Pshaft, top, cC = 80cC # Pshaft, top, 20cC
m20cC
= 0.0078 # 67.824 = 5.29 W
0.1
Therefore, the reduction in the required power input at 80cC is
Pshaft, top,
FM 1.42
cC
Pshaft, top,
= 67.824 5.29
= 62.533 W

With b the width of the plates into the paper, the capillary forces on each wall
together balance the weight of fluid held above the free surface.
Weight of fluid = Surface tension force
g # ( .
) # h # b = 2 # (sb cos q)
s cos q
)
rg # ( .
= 2 # 0.0728 # cos 0c , 0.020 m = 20 mm
998 # 9.81 # (0.00075)
h =
or
FM 1.43
cC

We have
m=
g , y = . mm , A = . m , = 30c, = 0.4Ns/m2
The FBD of the block shown below.
Fx = 0
W sin
mg sin
c = tA
c = m #V A
y
mgy sin c
V =
m#A
y = film thickness
W = mg
4
= 10 # 10 # 10 # 0.5 = 0.03125 m/ sec

0.4 # 0.4
FM 1.44

We have
L=
cm = m, N =
rpm, h = .
cm = .
D = cm, R =
= . cm = .
m, T = .
Torque transmitted by the shaft


FM 1
Demo Ebook
Page 27
FM 27
mw
pmwR L
R # pRL =
#
h
h
and
= 2pN = 2 # p # 200 = 20.94 rad/s
60
60
From equation (i),we get
0.8 # (0.0012)
= T # 3h =
2pwR L 2 # 3.14 # 20.94 # (0.075) 3 # 1
= 0.0173 N s/m2
T =
...(i)
FM 1.45

We have
= 1.2 # 10-3 Ns/m2 , U = m sec , h = . m
From Newtons law of viscosity
...(i)
= m du
dy
At the fixed surface (at y = )
du = U Uy
= U
;h
E
dy
h
h y=
From equation (i)
= m # U = 1.2 # 103 # 2 # 3 = 0.072 N/m2
0.1
h
FM 1.46

According to stokes law
= Wnet # t
3pDL
The net weight of the sphere in the fluid is
...(i)
Wnet = (rsphere rfluid ) g # v fluid = (rsphere rfluid ) # g # pD

6
= (2700 875) # 9.81 # p # (0.0025) 3 = 1.46 # 104 N
6
Then from equation (i),we get
^1.46 # 104h # 48
= 0.397 kg/m s
=
3 # p # (0.0025) # (0.75)
3
FM 1.47

Assuming a linear velocity distribution inside the annular clearance, the shear
stress is
...(i)
= m DV = m wri
r ri
Dr
This stress causes a force
dF = tdA = t (ri dq) L
The torque of this force about the shaft axis is
...(ii)
dT = ri dF
Put equation (i), (ii) and (iii) together
...(iii)
T =
ri dF =
# r t (r Ldq) = #
i
mwr i L
mwr i L
dq =
r ri
r ri
T (r0 ri)
=
2pwr i3 L
=
ri m # wri # ri Ldq
r ri
# dq =
pmwr i L
r ri

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FM 28
FM 1.48
Demo Ebook
Page 28
FM 1

The velocity profile is given by
u (r) = u max c r m
R
The shear stress at pipe surface is expressed as
mu max
=
s = mdu
= mu max # d ; r E
R
dr r = R
dr
R r=R
Then the friction drag force
mu max
( pRL)
As = pRL
FD = ts As =
R
FD = 4pmLu max
By substituting the given values in equation (i), we get
FD = 4 # 3.14 # (0.0010) # (15) # 5 = 0.942 N
FM 1.49
WT = Weight of tank = 125 N

WL = Weight of liquid = mg = rvg = gv
= specific weight of liquid = 10.9 kN/m3
WL = 10.9 # 103 # p # (1) 2 # 5 = 42.8 kN
4
In the figure
where
From the Newtons law of motion in vertical direction

Fy = may
FV WT WL = may
FV
= b 125 + 42800 l 2.75

9.81
FV
FM 1.50
= 12033
FV = 54958 N - 55 kN

At terminal velocity, the rod weight should equal the viscous drag.
W = Viscous Drag
V
s g # v = ;m
pDL
(Do D) /2 E #
mVpDL
s g # D # L =
(Do D) /2
r gD (Do D)
V = s
8m

...(i)

FM 1
FM 1.51
Demo Ebook
Page 29
FM 29

The power is the viscous resisting force times the belt velocity.
P = Viscous resisting force # Velocity
= toil # Abelt # Vbelt
= b mV l # ^b # L h # V = mV b L
h
h
By substituting the values, we get
P = 0.29 # (2.5) 2 # (0.9) # 4 = 108.75 W , 109 W
0.06
FM 1.52
We have
steel =
g m , aluminum =
g m , water = .
From surface tension force relation,
Fs = pDss and W = mg = rvg = rgpD
When the ball floats
Fs = W
Ds = rgpD
D =
For Steel
Dsteel =
ss
rg
ss =
rsteel g
)
#( .
= . #
)# .
= 2.4 mm
For Aluminum
Daluminum =
ss
raluminium # g
)
#( .
= . #
# .
= 4.1 mm
Hence
Daluminum > Dsteel
So aluminum ball would be larger in size.
FM 1.53

For any radius r # R , the liquid gap is h = r tan q . Then
dT = tdA w r
= am wr kb pr dr l .r
r tan q
cos q
2pwm
sin q 0
= 3 sin 3q
2pw
T =
L = dr
cos q
2pwm 3
3 sin q

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FM 30
Demo Ebook
Page 30
FM 1
Substituting the numerical values, we get

= 3 # 0.157 # sin 3c 3 = 0.193 kg/m s
2p # (94.2) # (0.06)
FM 1.54

At any radial position r < r on the cone surface and instantaneous rate
dT = r tdA w
mw
pr dr
= r 9m # rw C # : pr dr D =
h
sin q
h sin q #
r
mw
pmwr 04
pr dr =
h sin w
2h sin q
Since for cone
T = I dw = 3 mr 02 # dw
10
dt
dt
Then from equation (i),
pmr 04 w
3 mr 02 dw =
10
dt
2h sin q
Separating the variables and integrating both the sides,
t
d
10 # pmr 04
=
dt
2
3mr 0 # 2h sin q 0
5pmr 02 t
or
= w0 exp ;
3mh sin q E
T =
Torque
FM 1.55
....(i)
For cone I 0 = 3 mr 02
10

For the fluid in the annular region
TA =
=
Now
Tbottom =
=
RdF =
R # t # dA =
R # b m wR l RLdq
DR
pmwR L
DR
# r tdA = #
pwm
r am wr k prdr =
DR
DR
r dr
2pwmR 4
4DR
pwmR L
pwmR
+
DR
DR
T DR
=
2pwR3 (L + R/4)
T (r R)
=
2pwR3 (L + R/4)
Ttotal =
FM 1.56

We have
L=
mm = . m, = 0.008 kg/m.s, t film = . mm = .
D = mm = . m, N =
rpm
mw
Torque is given by
T =
R
Area
t film # #
T =
T =
T =
mwR
pmwR L
pRL =
t film #
t film
pm ( pN ) # R L
t film
As = pRL
= 2N
60
4p2 mNR3 L
60 # t film


FM 1
Demo Ebook
Page 31
FM 31
By substituting numerical values

4 p2 0.008 # 750 # (0.04) 3 # 0.3
T = # #
60 # 0.0012
FM 1.57

At any r # R , the viscous shear on both sides of the disk
mwr
total = 2 # t = 2 #
h
and viscous force
mwr
( prdr)
dF = ttotal # dA w =
h #
Then viscous torque
pmwr
pmwr
dr.r =
dr
dT = dF.r =
h
h
Integrating both the sides
pmw R
pmw
R = pmwR
r .dr =
T =
#
h r=
h
h
Substituting the numerical values
p 0.29 # 2p # N # (0.05) 4
T = #
= 2N
60
(0.001) # 60
2
4
2 p
0.29 # 1200 # (0.05)
= 0.716 Nm
= # #
(0.001) # 60
FM 1.58
Option (A) is correct

The masses remain the same for an isothermal process of an ideal gas
m +m = m
1 v1 + 2 v2 = r3 v 3
p
p
p
p
9RT C # 9 D C + 9RT C # 9 D C = 9RT C # 9 D C
p
,v = D
=
RT
or
pa + s r
pa + s r
pa + s r
p
p
p
E # 9 D C + ; RT E # 9 D C = ; RT E # 9 D C
RT
P Pa = s
R
The temperature cancels out, and we may clean up and rearrange as follows
pa D + sD = (pa D 23 + 8sD 22) + (pa D 13 + 8sD 12)
FM 1.59
The skate bottom and the melted ice are like two parallel plates.

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FM 32
Demo Ebook
Page 32
FM 1
= mV
h
mVLb
h
Using F = ma to find the stopping distance
mVLb
= max = m dV
Fx = F =
h
dt
Separate and integrate once to find the velocity
V
dV = t mLb dt
V
mh
V
2mLb
or
t
log e :V D =
Vo
mh
F = tA =
The 2 is for two blades
2mLb
or
V = Vo e mh t
Integrate once again to find distance
x =
# Vdt = #
3
Vo e
2mLb
t
mh
dt
= Vo mh
2mLb
FM 1.60
Consider the right side of the liquid column, the surface tension acts tangent to
the local surface that is along the dashed line at right. This force has magnitude
F = sb as shown. Its vertical component is F cos ( - ) as shown. There are two
plates, therefore the total vertical force on the liquid column is
Fvertical = 2sb cos (q f)
Then the vertical force holds up the entire weight of liquid column between
plates, which is
W = rgbh (L h tan f)
Set W equal to F, we get
2 cos ( - ) = rgbh (L h tan f)
or
( tan f)
2 cos (q f)
***********

FM 2
PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS
FM 2.1
The barometric reading for a wall is given as 511 mmHg at the top and
588.5 mmHg at the bottom. For average air density of 1.18 kg/m3 , the height of
wall is (Hg = 13600 kg/m3)
(A) 205 m
(B) 202 m
(C) 210 m
(D) 200 m
FM 2.2
A vertical clean glass Piezometer tube has an inside diameter of 4 mm. When
a pressure is applied, water at 26C ( = 9790 N/m3 , = 0.073 N/m , = 0c)
rises into the tube to a height of 23.5 cm. After correcting for surface tension the
applied pressure will be
(A) 147 Pa
(B) 2448 Pa
(C) 2300 Pa
(D) 2154 Pa
FM 2.3
Consider a frictionless piston-cylinder of a gas car as shown in figure. The mass

of piston is 4 kg and cross-sectional area is 35 cm2 . During the compression stroke
of car engine a force of 70 N is exerted on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure
is 105 kPa, the pressure inside the cylinder is
(A) 133.5 kPa

(C) 60 kPa
FM 2.4
(B) 13.35 kPa

(D) None of these
All fluids in figure shown below are at 20cC . What will be the p between points
A and B ?
Take the specific weights to be

Benzene : 8640 N/m3
Mercury : 133100 N/m3
Kerosene : 7885 N/m3
Water : 9790 N/m3

FM 34
(B) 13.35 kPa

(D) 26.17 kPa
1.34 m
0.134 m
1.134 m
0.1134 m
A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical dome and is
connected to a piping system shown in figure below. The top part of the piping
system has a liquid of specific gravity 0.7 and the remaining parts of the system
are filled with water. What will be the pressure at point A ?
(A) 33.35 kPa

(C) 3.93 kPa
FM 2.7
FM 2
A one-tone load on the hydraulic lift shown in figure is to be raised by pouring oil
into a thin tube. The density of oil is 780 kg/m3 and diameter of hydraulic lift is
1.2 m. The height h , in order to begin to raise the weight should be
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
FM 2.6
Page 34
air : 12 N/m3
(A) 16 kPa
(C) 29.35 kPa
FM 2.5
Demo Ebook
(B) 62.78 kPa

(D) 6.278 kPa
Water flows upward in a pipe inclined at 45c as shown in figure below and the
pressure difference between points (1) and (2) in the pipe is 34.4 kPa. What will
be the mercury manometer reading h ?


FM 2
(A) 20 cm
(C) 36 cm
FM 2.8
Page 35
FM 35
(B) 44 cm
(D) 12 cm
The gage pressure of the air in the water tank shown in figure below is 59Kpa.
The differential height hHg of the mercury column will be(S.G.mercury = 13.6)
(A) 30 cm
(C) 13.6 cm
FM 2.9
Demo Ebook
(B) 36 cm
(D) 51 cm
The right leg of the manometer is open to the atmosphere as shown in figure. The
gage pressure in the air gap in the tank is 25.68 kPa. What will be the specific
weight of the oil in N/m3 ?
(A) 7831
(C) 11355
(B) 10815
(D) 5678

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FM 36
FM 2.10
FM 2
An inverted U-tube manometer containing oil having specific gravity of 0.95,

is located between two reservoirs as shown in the figure. The reservoir on the
right, contains water and is open to the atmosphere and the reservoir on the left
contains glycerin is closed and pressurized to 45 kPa . What will be the depth of
water h in the figure ? ( glycerin = .
m)
(B) 6.21 m
(D) 0.0721 m
A water tank is divided into two compartments as shown in figure. An oil with
density oil = 5 .5 kg m is poured into one side and the water level rises a
certain amount on the other side to overcome this effect. The oil does not mix
with water. What will be the final differential height of water shown in figure ?
(A) 33.75 cm
(C) 45 cm
FM 2.12
Page 36
(A) 0.721 m
(C) 7.21 m
FM 2.11
Demo Ebook
(B) 60 cm
(D) 0.3375 cm
A tank contains water ( = 9790 N/m3 ) and immiscible oil at 20cC as shown in
figure below. If the specific weight of oil is 8809 N/m3 , what will be the h ?
(A) 26 cm
(C) 10 cm
(B) 20 cm
(D) 13 cm


FM 2
FM 2.13
Demo Ebook
Page 37
FM 37
A tank is constructed of a series of cylinders as shown in figure. A mercury

manometer is attached to the bottom of the tank. What will be the manometer
reading h ?
(A) 37.6 m
(C) 0.0376 m
FM 2.14
The U-tube at right has a 1 cm internal diameter and contains a liquid (S.G. =
1.6) as shown in figure below. If 20 cm3 of water ( = 9790 N/m3 ) is poured into
the right-hand leg, what will be the free surface height in each leg at equilibrium ?
(A) hR = . cm, hL =
(C) hR = . cm, hL =
FM 2.15
(B) 3.76 m
(D) 0.376 m
. cm
. 6 cm
(B) hR =
(D) hR =
. 6 cm, hL = . cm
. cm , hL = . cm
Two compartments A and B of the tank are closed and filled with air and a liquid
shown in figure below. The liquid having the specific gravity of 0.6. If the pressure
gage reads 3.5 kPa and weight of the air is negligible, the manometer reading h
will be
(A) 0.0424 m
(C) 2.12 m
(B) 0.212 m
(D) 1.912 m

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FM 38
FM 2.16
(B) 13.6
(D) 1.40
Consider the closed tank as shown in figure below. All fluids are at 20cC and air
space is pressurized. If the outward net hydrostatic force on the 30 cm by 30 cm
panel at the bottom is 3456 N, the pressure in the air space and the reading h on
the manometer respectively, are (Take oil = 8720 N m3 , gas = 6670N m3 )
(B) 71.8 kPa, 0.54 m

(D) 60.7 kPa, 0.46 m
A 15 cm diameter piston is located within a cylinder which is connected to 1.3 cm

diameter inclined tube manometer as shown in figure below. The fluid in the
cylinder and the manometer is SAE 30 oil (specific weight = 8.95 kN/m3 ). If a
weight W is placed on the cylinder, the fluid level in the manometer tube rises
from point (A) to point (B). What will be the weight ?
(A) 1.188 N
(C) 1.188 kN
FM 2.19
FM 2
In figure given below, both ends of the manometer are open to the atmosphere.
The specific gravity of fluid X is
(A) 58.6 kPa, 0.44 m

(C) 69.2 kPa, 0.52 m
FM 2.18
Page 38
(A) 0.72
(C) 6.8
FM 2.17
Demo Ebook
(B) 11.88 N
(D) 11.88 kN
Consider the figure given below. The pressure at A and B are the same as 100
kPa. The water is introduced at A to increase pA upto 230 kPa. If the connecting


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 39
FM 39
tube is uniform 1 cm in diameter and the liquid densities dose not change, what
will be the change in the mercury menisci ( h ) ?
(A) 16.2 cm
(C) 23.4 cm
FM 2.20
Consider the flow of water through a pipe as given in figure below. For the given
values, the pressure difference between the pipe pressure and pressure gage is
(A) 3.6 kPa

(C) 1.3 kPa
FM 2.21
(B) 4 kPa
(D) 7 kPa
The fuel gage for an automobile tank reads proportional to the bottom gage
pressure as shown in figure below. If the tank accidentally contains 3 cm of water
plus gasoline (S.G. = 0.68), how many centimeters h of air remain when the
gage reads full in error ?
(A) h = 1.4 cm
(C) h = 1.04 cm
FM 2.22
(B) 8.1 cm
(D) 11.7 cm
(B) h = 0.14 cm
(D) h = 14 cm
Consider the system shown in figure below. If a change of 0.7 kPa in the pressure
of air causes the glycerin-mercury interface in the right column to drop by 5 mm
in the glycerin (S.G. = 1.26) level in the right column while the pressure in the
glycerin pipe remains constant, the ratio of A2 A1 is

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FM 40
Demo Ebook
(A) 1.45
(C) 0.145
FM 2.23
FM 2
(B) 0.290
(D) 0.0145
The sensor A reads 1.5 kPa (gage) as shown in figure below. All fluids are at 20cC
. What will be the elevations Z in meters of liquid levels in the open piezometer
tubes B and C ?
(Take air = 12 m , oil = 20

(A) ZB = 2. m , ZC = 2.1 m
(C) ZB = 1. 5 m , ZC = 2.1 m
FM 2.24
Page 40
m , glycerin = 12 0 m )
(B) ZB = 2.1 m , ZC = 2. m
(D) ZB = 2.1 m , ZC = 1. 5 m
A inclined differential manometer shown in figure contains Carbon tetrachloride

(specific weight = 15.6 kN/m3 ). Initially the pressure difference between pipes
A and B is zero. It is measured that for a pressure difference of 0.7 kPa, the
manometer gives a differential reading of 30 cm (when measured along the inclined
tube). If pipe A and B contains water, what will be the angle of inclination in
degrees ?


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 41
FM 41
(A) 45
(C) 23.70
FM 2.25
(B) 11.85
(D) 47.40
The containers A and B are cylindrical and are such that pA = pB as shown in
figure below. If the oil-water interface on the right moves up a distance h < h
, the expression for the difference pA pB in terms of h , specific weight, d and
D will be
(A) h 6H O (1 + d 2
(B) h 6H O (1 + d 2
(C) h 6H O (1 - d 2
(D) h 6H O (1 - d 2
2
FM 2.26
D2) - oil (1 - d 2
D2) + oil (1 - d 2
D2) + oil (1 - d 2
D2) - oil (1 + d 2
Water initially fills the funnel and its connecting tube as shown in figure. Oil is
poured into the funnel until it reaches a level h > H2 . What will be the rise in the
water level ( 0) in the tube in terms of l with H = D = 0. m and d = 0.03 m ?
(A) h 0 = 0.03 (1 0.1l ) 1 3

(C) h 0 = 0.3 (0.1 l ) 1 3
FM 2.27
D2)@
D2)@
D2)@
D2)@
(B) h 0 = 0.027 (1 0.1l ) 1 3

(D) h 0 = 0.3 (1 0.1l ) 1 3
Consider a large cubic ice block floating in sea water. The densities of ice and
seawater are 920 kg/m3 and 1025 kg/m3 , respectively. If the height of ice block
below the surface is 87.5 cm then the height of ice block extends above the surface
of water is

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FM 42
FM 2
(B) 0.0973 cm
(D) 97.3 cm
A 5.5 cm diameter circular Pine rod (S.G. = . 5 ) is 2.2 m long. How much lead
(S.G. = . ) is needed at one end as shown in figure so that the rod will float
vertically with 30 cm out of the water ?
(A) 78 N
(C) 12 N
FM 2.29
Page 42
(A) 0.973 cm
(C) 9.73 cm
FM 2.28
Demo Ebook
(B) 85 N
(D) 20 N
A 61 cm thick block constructed of wood (S.G. = 0.65) is submerged in water

and has a 75 cm thick metal plate (specific weight = 26.4 kN/m3) attached to the
bottom as shown in figure. What amount of force is required to hold the block in
its original position ?
(A) 370 N
(C) 740 N
(B) 350 N
(D) 790 N
FM 2.30
A ball of mass 5.0 gm and diameter of 4 cm floats in water at 20cC at a depth

h . If water = 8 kg m3 and air = 1.225 kg m3 , what will be the h at which the
ball float in water ?
(A) 7.3 mm
(B) 20 mm
(C) 10 mm
(D) 0.73 mm
FM 2.31
The uniform rod (S.G. = 0.636 ) shown in the figure is hinged at B and in static
equilibrium when 2 kg of lead (S.G. = 11.4 ) are attached at its end. What is the
length of the rod ?
(A) 2.2 m
(C) 4 m
(B) 8 m
(D) 1.8 m


FM 2
FM 2.32
Demo Ebook
Page 43
FM 43
Consider the figure shown below. The cylindrical tank has a 35 cm high cylindrical
insert in the bottom. The pressure at point B is 160 kPa. If the air pressure
outside the tank is neglected, what will be the pressure in the air space and the
force on the top of the insert, respectively ?
(A) 166 kPa, 1230 N

(C) 154 kPa, 1284 N
FM 2.33
A uniform block of size L # h # b with b, h << L is shown in figure below. A

uniform heavy ball tied to the left corner causes the block to float exactly on its
diagonal. What will be the expression of diameter D of sphere ?
(A) D = ; pLhb E
(S.G. 1)
1 3
Lhb
(C) D = ;
E
p (S.G. 1)
1 3
FM 2.34
(B) 166 kPa, 1284 N

(D) 154 kPa, 1230 N
1 2
Lhb
E
p (S.G. 1)
1 3
Lhb
(D) D = ;
E
p (S.G. + 1)
(B) D = ;
Consider a cylinder (S.G. = 0.6 ) of 1 m in diameter and 0.8 long. If the cylinder
placed to float with its axis vertical in oil (S.G. = 0.85) as shown in figure, would
this cylinder be
(A) Unstable
(C) Not determined
(B) Stable
(D) None of these

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FM 44
FM 2.35
(B) 1910 Pa
(D) 3157 Pa
A 18 cm diameter cane has 18 cm of water, overlaid with 15 cm of oil ( = 891 kg/m3

). It is rotated about the centre in rigid-body motion at 150 rpm as shown in
figure below. What will be the h and maximum fluid pressure ?
(B) 5.1 cm, 4018 Pa

(D) 10.2 cm, 4964 Pa
An open tank with diameter D contains water at a depth of H meter when at

rest. As the tank is rotated about its vertical axis, the centre of the fluid surface
is depressed. If water is spilled from the tank, the relation between initial fluid
level and the angular velocity will be
(A) =
4gH
R
(B) =
(C) = 1 2gH
R
FM 2.38
FM 2
The tank of water in the figure below accelerates to the right with fluid in rigid
body motion. What will be the gage pressure at point A ?
(A) 5.1 cm, 3573 Pa

(C) 10.2 cm, 4072 Pa
FM 2.37
Page 44
(A) 2938 Pa
(C) 10010 Pa
FM 2.36
Demo Ebook
2gH
R2
(D) = 2 gH
R
Consider the U-tube fluid in figure below. If the fluid is water at 20cC , what will
be the uniform rotation rate about axis C for the position shown ?


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 45
FM 45
(A) 195 rpm

(C) 139 rpm
FM 2.39
An inverted hollow cone is pushed into the liquid as shown in figure. If the
temperature of air within the cone remains constant, what will be the expression
for the distance l that the water rises in the cone as a function of depth d and
height H ?
(A) d 10.3 H3 (H l) 3 1
(C) d 10.3 H 3 (H l) 3 1
FM 2.40
(B) d 10.3 H3 (H l) 3 1
(D) d 10.3 H 3 (H l) 3 1
A conical shape plug is situated at the bottom of a pressurized tank as shown in

figure. The air pressure is 45 kPa and the liquid in the tank has specific gravity
of 2.75. What will be the magnitude of the thrust exerted on the curved surface
of the cone within the tank due to the air pressure and the liquid ?
(A) 136.55 kN
(C) 47.12 kN
FM 2.41
(B) 107 rpm

(D) 151 rpm
(B) 89.43 kN
(D) 183.67 kN
A circular gate ABC is hinged at B as shown in figure below. For arbitrary depth
h and gate radius R, the force P just sufficient to keep the gate from opening is

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FM 46
FM 2.42
(A) P = p ghR
(B) P = p gR
(C) P = p gR
(D) P = p gR
FM 2
Gate AB as shown in figure is 1.2 m long and 0.8 m wide into the paper. If
atmospheric pressure effects are neglected, the force F on the gate and its center
of pressure position X are
, X = .1 1 m
, X = 0. 1 m
(B) F = 822 , X = 0.01 m

(D) F = 0 80 , X = 0. 8 m
A water tank with a quarter circle panel at the bottom is shown in figure below.
What will be the horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic forces on
the quarter circle panel ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
FM 2.44
Page 46
(A) F = 822
(C) F = 822
FM 2.43
Demo Ebook
FH =
k , FV = 10
FH = 2 k , FV = 10
FH = 10 k , FV = 2
FH = 10 k , FV =
k
k
k
k
A 122 cm wide gate pivots about the hinge point O as shown in figure. If the
water depth h is 1.6 m, the counter weight W is
(A) 9 kN
(B) 0.9 kN
(C) 9.32 kN
(D) 90 kN


FM 2
FM 2.45
FM 47
(B) h = 0 cm, Fbottom = 8

(D) h = 0 cm, Fbottom = 8
A 3 m long cylinder floats in water and rests against a wall as shown figure below.
What will be the horizontal force that cylinder exerts on the wall at the point of
contact ?
(B) 58.8 kN
(D) 28.14 kN
A water trough of semicircular cross section of radius 0.5 m consists of two

symmetric parts hinged to each other at bottom as shown in figure below. The
two parts are held together by a cable and turn buckle placed every 4.5 m along
the length of the trough. The tension in each cable when the trough is filled to
the rim, is
(A) 8663 N
(C) 5510 N
FM 2.48
cm, Fbottom = 8
cm, Fbottom = 8
(A) 14.7 kN
(C) 44.1 kN
FM 2.47
Page 47
A cylindrical tank is shown in figure. The pressure in the air gap is 8000 Pa gage.
If the net hydrostatic force on the annular plane BB is 853 N, the height h and
net hydrostatic force on the bottom of the tank are
(A) h =
(C) h =
FM 2.46
Demo Ebook
(B) 5519 N
(D) 10271 N
A water tank consists of two half cylinders, each weighing 1125 N, bolted together
as shown in figure below. If the end caps are neglected and the diameter of water
tank is 4 m, the force in each bolt is

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FM 48
(B) 46 kN
(D) 24 kN
(B) 6.9 cm
(D) 90.4 cm
A quarter circle gate BC as shown in figure, is 6 m long and hinged at C . If the

weight of the gate and friction at the hinge are negligible then the horizontal force
P required to hold the gate stationary, is
(A) 111.60 kN
(C) 111.60 N
FM 2.51
FM 2
The tank in figure shown below has a 4 cm diameter plug which will pop out if
the hydrostatic force on it reaches 25 N. For 20cC fluids, what will be the reading
h on the manometer when this happens ?
(A) 69 cm
(C) 0.69 cm
FM 2.50
Page 48
(A) 54 kN
(C) 23 kN
FM 2.49
Demo Ebook
(B) 11.16 kN
(D) 1116 kN
A semicircular gate AB is shown in figure. It is hinged at B and held by a

horizontal force of 366 kN at point A. What will be the height h of water above
the gate AB ?


FM 2
(A) 4 m
(C) 5 m
FM 2.52
FM 49
(B) 8.5 m
(D) 7.47 m
(B) 471 kN, 314 kN

(D) 471 kN, 497 kN
A 5 m high, 6 m wide rectangular gate is hinged at the top edge at A and is

restrained by a fixed ridge at B as shown in figure. What will be the hydrostatic
force exerted on the gate by the 5 m high water and the location of the pressure
centre ?
(A) 265 kN, 4.25 m

(C) 441 kN, 0.215 m
FM 2.54
Page 49
Two square cross-sectional gates hinged at one end to a conduit are used to close
two openings in it and the conduit is connected to an open tank of water as shown
in figure. When the water depth reaches 5 m, it is examine that both gates open
at the same time. If the weight of the vertical gate and friction in the hinges is
negligible, what will be the weight of the horizontal gate and the horizontal force
P , acting on the vertical gate to keep the gates closed until this depth is reached,
respectively ?
(A) 497 kN, 471 kN

(C) 314 kN, 497 kN
FM 2.53
Demo Ebook
(B) 605 kN, 3.5 m

(D) 618 kN, 3.71 m
A vertical lock gate is 5m wide and separates oil (S.G. = 0.82) levels of 5 m and
3 m, respectively as shown in figure. The moment about the bottom required to
keep the gate stationary is
(A) 190 kN m
(C) 271 kN m
(B) 234 kN m
(D) 127 kN m

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FM 50
FM 2.55
FM 2.57
Page 50
FM 2
A rectangular plate blocks the end of a freshwater channel as shown in figure

below. The plate is hinged about a horizontal axis along its upper edge through a
point A and is restrained from opening by a fixed ridge at point B . If the width
of the plate is b, the force exerted on the plate by the ridge is
30
(A) 11
gh2 b
3
(C) 11
30 gh b
FM 2.56
Demo Ebook
(B)
(D)
11
30
11
30
gh2 b2
gh2 b
A weightless gate AB has length L and width b into the paper, is hinged at B .
The liquid level h remains at the top of the gate for any angle as shown in figure
below. An analytic expression for the force P perpendicular to AB , required to
keep the gate in equilibrium is
(A) P = b
ghb
lbL
L sin q
h l
(B) P = b
ghb
lbL
L sin q
h l
(C) P = b
ghb
lbL +
L sin q
h l
(D) P = b
ghb
lbL +
L sin q
h l
The vertical cross section of a closed 6 m long storage tank is shown in the figure.
The tank contains gasoline and the air pressure is 30 kPa . The magnitude of the
resultant force acting on one end of the tank is
(A) 414 kN
(C) 613.5 kN
(B)818 kN
(D) 426.72 kN


FM 2
FM 2.58
FM 2.60
Page 51
FM 51
A rigid gate OAB is hinged at O and rests against a rigid support at B as shown
in figure. If the gate is 3 m into the paper, what minimum horizontal force R is
required to hold the gate closed when the weight of the gate and friction at the
hinge are neglected ?
(A) 393 N
(C) 393 kN
FM 2.59
Demo Ebook
(B) 39.3 kN
(D) 3930 kN
Uniform body A in the figure has width b into the paper and it is in static equilibrium
when pivoted about hinge O. What is the specific gravity of this body ?
(A) ; 3 +
2
(C) ; 3 +
2
(B) ; 2 +
3
(D) ; 2 +
3
A cylindrical Mass m , is connected to a 3 m wide rectangular gate as shown in

figure. The height of water level is H . If the friction at the gate hinge and at the
pulley are negligible. The expression for cylindrical Mass m will be
(A)
(
4 6
- 1) + @
(B)
+ ( - 1)E
;
4 2

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FM 52
H3
+ (H - 1)D
4g : 2
(D)
H3
+ (H - 1)E
4 ; 2g
(B) 289.8 kPa

(D) 30.6 kPa
What will be the height H (in terms of R) as shown in figure, for which the hydrostatic
force on the rectangular panel is equal to the force on the semicircular panel ?
(A) H = . R
(C) H = . R
FM 2.63
FM 2
An air container is placed on the Lake floor as shown in figure. A 5 m diameter

hatch is located on an inclined wall of container and hinged on one edge. The
water surface lies 4 m above the hinge point. Neglecting the weight of the hatch
and friction in the hinge. What will be the minimum air pressure within the
container to open the hatch ? ( = 10.1 kN/m3 )
(A) 28.98 kPa

(C) 2.898 kPa
FM 2.62
Page 52
(C)
FM 2.61
Demo Ebook
(B) H = R
(D) H = .
A closed tank is filled with liquid ( = 10.1 kN/m3) and has a hemispherical dome
as shown in the figure. A U-tube manometer is connected to the tank and filled
with the fluid having the S.G. of 3.0. If the differential manometer reading is
2.1 m, the vertical force of the water on the dome is
(A) 159.4 kN
(C) 225.45 kN
(B) 150.3 kN
(D) 77.5 kN
***********


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 53
FM 53
SOLUTIONS
FM 2.1

Atmospheric pressures at the top and at bottom of wall are
(r gh) top
ptop = Hg
= 13600 # 9.81 # 0.511 = 68.175 kPa
1000
1000
(r gh) bottom
pbottom = Hg
= 13600 # 9.81 # 0.5285 = 70.51 kPa
1000
1000
From balancing
(gh) air = pbottom ptop
1.18 # 9.81 # h = 70.51 68.175

1000
h = 2.335 # 1000 = 201.71
1.18 # 9.81
, 202 m, which is also the height of wall.
FM 2.2

The capillary rise in the tube
hcap = s cos q = 2 # 0.073 # cos 0c = 0.015 m
9790 # 0.001
gR
Then the rise due to applied pressure is
h press = 0.235 0.015 = 0.22 m
The applied pressure is
p = gh press = 9790 # 0.22 = 2154 Pa
FM 2.3
m piston =
patm =
From force balance
We have
A = cm =
a , Fcomp. =
pA = patm A + W + Fcomp.
W + Fcomp.
mg + Fcomp.
= patm. +
A
A
(4 # 9.81) + 60
= (105) +
= 133.5 kPa
(35 # 104) # 1000
p = patm +
Thus
FM 2.4

Applying hydrostatic relation between point A to B:
pA +
#( . )
#( .
#( .

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FM 54
FM 2
+ 9790 # (0.39) 12 # (0.135) = pB

pA pB = 2592 + 15972 + 3784.8 3818.1 + 1.62
p = 13348.32Pa - 13.35 kPa
Since
FM 2.6
Page 54
or
FM 2.5
Demo Ebook
mg
mg
pgage = W =
=
A
pD
pD
pgage = rgh
p
mg
h = gage =
rg
pD # r g
#
= m =
rpD
(
# . ) # .
= 1.134 m

By adding the pressure which are acting on the system (Manometer equation)
pA + (S.G. # rH O) g # + rH O g # = pB
pA = 103000 0.7 # 1000 # 9.81 # 3 1000 # 9.81 # 2
= 103000 20601 19620 = 62779Pa - 62.78 kPa
FM 2.7
FM 2.8

The vertical distance between points (1) and (2) is
= 2.0 # tan 45c = 2 m
Applying hydrostatic relation at point (1) and (2),
p1 +
#h1 1 h
# 2 = p2
p1 p2 = 133100h 9790h + 9790 # 2
or
34400 = 123310h + 19580
h = 34400 19580 = 0.12 m or 12 cm
123310
For given arrangement, manometer equation is
p1 + rw ghw rHg ghHg = patm.
p1 patm. = rHg ghHg rw ghw
pgage = rw g rHg rw # hHg hw
pgage
= S.G.Hg # hHg hw
w g
45 # 1000 = 13.6 h 0.3
# Hg
1000 # 9.81
pabs. = pgage + patm.)

Hg
= S.G.Hg
w
w = 1
g m
hHg = 0.36m or 36 cm
FM 2.9

The two 8 cm legs of air are negligible (only 2 Pa). Begin at the right mercury
interface and go to the air gap:
133100 # (0.12 + 0.09) goil # (0.09 + 0.12 + 0.08) = pair gap
or
27951 0.29 # goil = 25680
or
oil = 27951 25680
0.29
= 7831.03 - 7831 N/m3


FM 2
FM 2.10
Demo Ebook
Page 55
FM 55

Let pA be the air pressure in the left reservoir.
The manometer equation (sum of pressures) can be written as
pair + gglycerin ( . . . . ) + goil # .
gH O # (h 0.3 0.3) = 0
Left hand term takes to zero because water tank is open in atmosphere.
2
pair + gglycerin # . + goil # . g O h + g O # . = 0

p + gglycerin # . + goil # . + g O # .
h = air
gH O
3
3
= 62 # 10 + 12.4 # 10 # 0.1 + 0.8 # 1000 # 9.81 # 0.2 + 1000 # 9.81 # 0.6
1000 # 9.81
h = 7.21 m
Note - If Reservoir is open in the atmosphere then pressure at the surface of tank
takes equal to zero.
FM 2.11

Both fluids are open to the atmosphere. The pressure of water and oil is the same
at the contact surface.
pcontact = patm. + roil ghoil = patm. + rw ghw
oil ghoil = rw ghw
hw =
roil
h =
rw # oil
# .
= .
= 33.75 cm
FM 2.12

Apply the hydrostatic relation from oil surface to the water surface
patm + goil # (h + .
FM 2.13
) gwater # ( . + . ) = patm
oil (h + . ) = gwater # ( . )
8809 (h + 0.10) = 9790 # 0.18
8809h = (9790 # 0.18) (8809 # 0.10)
8809h = 881.3
h = 0.10 m = 10 cm
The manometer equation can be written as

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FM 56
Demo Ebook
Page 56
FM 2
+g #
+g l #
+
gHg # h p =
p + goil #
Here both the ends are open in the atmosphere. So p = p =
h = 9 # 0.1 + 9.8 # 0.1 + 15.6 # 0.2 = 0.0376 m
133
FM 2.14

Firstly from figure, the height of water added
v=
= p (1) 2 # h
4
h = 25.46 cm
Then at equilibrium, the new system must have 25.46 cm of water on the right
and a 45 cm of liquid is somewhat displaced, so that L is on the right, 0.15 m
on the bottom and 0.3 L on the left side. The bottom pressure is constant.
patm + (1.6 #
0) (0. L) = patm +
4699.2 15664L
31328L
L
0) # L
Right leg height = 7.04 + 25.46 = 32.5cm =

Left leg height = 30.0 7.04 = 22.96 cm =
Thus
FM 2.15
0 # (0.2546) + (1.6 #
= 2492.534 + 15664L
= 2206.67
= 0.0704 m = 7.04cm

Adding the pressures (manometer equation),
pair gH O # h + gliquid # h + gHg # # 102 = 0
h (liquid - H O) = pair gHg # # 102
+ g # 3 # 102
h =
gH O g
2
3
2
= 3.5 # 10 + 13.6 # 1000 # 9.81 # 3 # 10
9810 0.6 # 1000 # 9.81
= 3500 + 4002.48 = 1.912 m
3924
FM 2.16

The pressure at the bottom of the manometer must be same regardless of which
leg we approach through, left or right:
patm + (
5 # 0.1) + ( 0 # 0.0 ) + gX (0.04) left leg

= patm + ( 5 # 0.0 ) + ( 0 # 0.05) + gX (0.06) right leg
or
1473.8 + 0.04g = 1199.15 + 0.06g
or
0.02 = 1473.8 1199.15 = 274.65
X = 274.65 = 13732.5 N/m3
0.02
Then S.G. of fluid X is,
S.G. X = 13732.5 = 1.40
9790
FM 2.17

The force on the panel yields SAE 30 oil (gage) pressure at the centroid of the
panel:
F = 8450 =
# (0.3 # 0.4)


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 57
FM 57
pCG = 70416 Pa (gage)

This pressure works 15 cm above the bottom (at centroid of panel).
Now from hydrostatic relation from centroid to air space
pair space = 70417 8720 (0.80 0.15) 6670 # 0.60
= 60747 Pa - 60.7kPa
Neglecting the specific weight of air, we move out through the mercury to the
atmosphere:
60747 (133100) # h = patm = (gage)
h = 60747 = 0.46 m
133100
FM 2.18

First we have to consider that piston alone forcing the oil.
In this condition, the manometer equation can be written as
...(i)
p p goil h sin c = 0
where p p = pressure on the face of the piston.
When weight W placed on the piston head, the pressure p p increases to plp and
...(ii)
plp = p p + W & plp p p = W
A
A
where A = Area of the piston
Now in this condition, manometer equation becomes.
...(iii)
plp goil # (h + .15) sin c = 0
Subtracting the equation (i) from equation (iii), we get
plp p p = goil # .15 # sin c
W =g
From equation (ii)
oil # .15 # .5
A
W = 8.95 # 103 # 0.15 # 0.5 # p # (15 # 102) 2
4
= 671.25 # 0.0177 = 11.88 N
FM 2.19

Since the tube diameter is constant, the volume of mercury will displace a distance
h down the left side, equal to the volume increase on the right side: h = L
. Apply the hydrostatic relation to the pressure change, beginning at right (air/
mercury) interface.
pB + gHg (DL sin q + Dh) gW (Dh + DL sin q) = pA with L = h
100000 + 133100 (Dh sin 30c + Dh)
9790 # (Dh + Dh sin 30c) = 130000
133100 # h (1 + sin 30c) - 9790 # h (1 + sin 30c) = 30000
133100 # h # 1.5 - 9790 # h # 1.5 = 30000
184965 h = 30000
h b 0.162 m = 16.2 cm
The mercury in the left (vertical) leg will drop 16.2 cm, the mercury in the right
(slanted) leg will rise 16.2 cm along the slant and (16.2 # sin 30c = 8.1 cm ) in
vertical elevation.
FM 2.20

For given figure, the pressure equation can be written as

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FM 58
Demo Ebook
Page 58
Since
FM 2
pgage + rw ghw rgage ghgage rw ghw = p pipe

p pipe = pgage + rw g hw S G gage hgage hw
hw = 50 cm = 0.50 m
hgage = L sin q = . # .
hw = L sin q = . # .
Substituting the value in equation (i), we get
= .
= .
...(i)
sin =
8 = 0.6667
6+6
p pipe pgage = 1000 # 9.81 [0.5 2.4 # 0.04 0.04]

p = 3570.8 Pa , 3.6 kPa
FM 2.21

gasoline = . #
=
When the tank is full, the pressure is
p full = ggasoline # full height of tank

= 6657 # 0.45 = 2996 Pa
Set this pressure equal to 3 cm of water plus X centimeters of gasoline :
p full = 2996 = g
or
X =
Therefore the air gap
# 0.03 + 6657 # X
2996 (9790 # 0.03)

= 0.406 m = 40.6 cm
6657
h = 45 3 40.6 = 1.4 cm
FM 2.22

Starting with air pressure (point A) and moving along the tube by adding (as we
go down) or subtracting (as we go up) until we reach the Glycerin (point B ) and
setting the result equal before and after the pressure change of air give
pA + rbr ghbr + rHg ghHg, rgly ghgly, = pA + rbr ghbr + rHg ghHg, rgly ghgly,
pA pA = rHg g (hHg, hHg, ) rgly g (hgly, + hgly, )
p
= S.G. Hg DhHg S.G. gly Dhgly =
w g
...(i)
= S. G.
w
are changes in the differential mercury and glycerin column
where hHg and hgly

heights, respectively.
The volume of mercury is constant.


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 59
FM 59
A hHg left = A DhHg right

hHg left = A # DhHg right
A
...(ii)
hgly = 0.005 m and p = 0.7 kPa = 700 N/m2

hHg = DhHg right + DhHg left
= Dhgly + A # Dhgly = Dhgly c + A m
A
A
By substituting the values in equation (i), we get
700
= 13.56 # Dhgly c1 + A2 m 1.26 # 0.005
1000 # 9.81
A1
700
= 13.56 # 0.005 c1 + A2 m 1.26 # 0.005G
1000 # 9.81 =
A1
A = 0.145
A
We have
FM 2.23
Let piezometer tube B be an arbitrary distance H above the oil glycerin interface.
Apply the hydrostatic formula from point A to B:
1500 + g #
+ g (1.5 H)
goil (ZB H) = pB =
1500 + 12 # 2.0 + 8720 (1.5 H)
8720 ( B 1 H) = 0
1500 + 24 + (8720 # 1.5) 8720H
8720 B + (8720 # 1) + 8720H = 0
8720 B = 23324
ZB = 2.67 m
Let Piezometer tube C be an arbitrary distance Y above the bottom. Then
1500 + 12 # 2 + 8720 # 1.5 + 12360 (1.0 Y)
12360 ( C Y)
1500 + 24 + 13080 + (12360 # 1) 12360Y
12360 C + 12360Y
12360 C
ZC
FM 2.24
= pC = (gage)
=0
= 26964
= 2.18 m

When the pressure differential of 0.7 kPa occurs in the manometer, the pressure
pA pB is changed to pA pB . The left column falls the distance ( ) and the

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FM 60
Demo Ebook
Page 60
FM 2
right column rises by a distance (b) along the inclined differential manometer.
The manometer equation for final condition can be written as

pA + gwater h + a gCCl a + b sin q gwater h b sin q = pB
pA pB + agwater agCCl gCCl b sin q + gwater b sin q = 0
pA pB + gwater a + b sin q gCCl a + b sin q = 0
pA pB + a + b sin q gwater gCCl = 0
Now from the figure, the differential reading along the manometer is
h = a + b
sin q
h sin = a + b sin q
...(i)
...(ii)
Now from equation (i) and (ii), we get

pA pB + (Dh sin q) # (gwater gCCl ) = 0
(pA pB )
0.7 # 103
sin =
=
Dh (gwater gCCl )
30 # 102 (9810 15.6 # 103)
5
= 0.7 # 10 = 0.402
30 # ( 5790)
= sin1 (0.402) = 23.70c
FM 2.25

From the given condition
pA = pB
H O (L + h) = goil (H + h)
g
or
...(i)
H = H O # 6(L + h) h@
goil
For a rise h < h , a volume (/4) d 2 h of water leaves reservoir (A), decreasing
L by h (d D) and an identical volume of oil enters reservoir (B), increasing
H by the same amount h (d D) .
The hydrostatic relation between (A) and (B) becomes.
pA + gH O 6L Dh (d D) + h Dh@
goil H + Dh (d D) + h Dh = pB
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
...(ii)
pA + gH O L Dh (d D) + h Dh
g
goil : H O (L + h) h + Dh (d D) + h DhD = pB
goil


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 61
FM 61
pA pB = gH O ;L Dh b d l + h DhE
D
g
+ goil ; H O L + h + Dh b d l DhE
goil
D
= gH O L + Dh b d l gH O hgH O + DhgH O
D
+ gH O L + gH O h + Dh b d l goil Dhgoil
D
= ;DhgH O + Dh b d l gH OE ;Dhgoil Dh b d l goilE
D
D
= Dh ;gH O + b d l gH OE Dh ;goil b d l goilE
D
D
or
FM 2.26
pA pB = Dh =gH O c + d m goil c d mG
D
D

Since the volume of water must be conserved. So,
d 2 l = p Di 2 H p D 0 2 h
3b 2 l # 2
3b 2 l # 0
4
Also from the geometry of the cone
D = Di = D
H
h
H
Di = D and D = Dh
2
H
Substitute these values in equation (i),
Dh 0 2 h
d 2l = p
D2
H p
#
#
#
b
3
16
2
3
4
2H l # 0
2
2
3d 2 l = D H b D l # h 03
8
H
Put H = D = . m and d = . m in equation (ii), we have
3 # (0.03) 2 l =
2
(0.6) 2 # 0.6
b 0.6 l # h 03
8
0.6
3 # (0.03) 2 l =
(0.6) 3
h 03
8
...(i)
...(ii)
h = 0.027 0.0027l = 0.027 (1 0.1l )

h = 0.3 (1 0.1l ) 1/3
FM 2.27
In equilibrium, the weight of ice block floating in a fluid is equal to the buoyant

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FM 62
Demo Ebook
Page 62
FM 2
force acting on it. So

FB = Wice
sea ghsubmerged # Ac = rice # g # htotal Ac
hsubmerged
r
= ice
rsea
htotal
&
0.875 = 920 = 0.9

0.875 + h 1025
h = 0.0973 m = 9.73 cm
FM 2.28

The weight of Pine (wood) and lead must equal the buoyancy of immersed wood
and lead.
or
or
or
Wpine + Wlead = B pine + Blead

S.G. pine # H O # v pine + S.G. lead # H O # vlead
= gH O # v pine (immersed) + gH O # vlead
2
90.65 # 9790 # 4 # (0.055) # 2.2C + 611.4 # 9790 # vlead@
= 99790 # p # (0.055) 2 # (2.2 0.3) + 9790 # vleadC
4
33.26 + 111606vlead = 44.20 + 9790vlead
(111606 9790) vlead = 44.20 33.26
vlead = 10.94 = 0.000107 m3
101816
Wlead = 11.4 # 9790 # 0.000107 = 12 N
FM 2.29

The FBD of the block is shown below
Ww = Weight of wood
WB w = Buoyancy force on wood
Wm = Weight of metal plate
FB m = Buoyancy force on metal plate
F = holding force of block
FV = 0 : F + FB m + FB w Ww Wm
F = Ww + Wm FB w FB m
Now
Ww = S.G. # g O # vw
= 0.65 # 9.81 # 1 # 3 # 1.22 # 0.61 = 7.118 kN
2
where
=0
...(i)
Wm = 26.4 # (3 # 0.15 # 0.61) = 7.25 kN

FB w = gH O # vw = 9.8 # 1 # (3 # 1.22 # 0.61) = 10.94 kN
2
2


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 63
FM 63
FB m = gH O # vm = 9.8 # (3 # 0.15 # 0.61) = 2.69 kN

Hence from equation (i), force required to hold the block is
2
F = 7.118 + 7.25 10.94 2.69 = 0.74 kN = 740 N

FM 2.30
Option (A)is correct.

For ball to float on water
Wball = Wof water displaced by ball + Wof air displaced by ball
mball g = rwater g # vsegment + rair g # ( pR vsegment)
or
0.003 # 9.81 = 998 # 9.81 # ph (3R h)

3
2
+ 1.225 # 9.81 # : 4 pR3 ph (3R h)D

3
3
2
or
or
or
FM 2.31
0.02943 = 998 # 9.81 # p # h2 (3 # 0.02 h)

3
+ 1.225 # 9.81 : 4 p # (0.02) 3 p # h2 (3 # 0.02 h)D
3
3
0.02943 = 9790 # p # h2 (0.06 h) + 12 93.35 # 105 p h2 (0.06 h)C
3
3
0.02943 = 9790 # p h2 # (0.06 h) + 12 # 3.35 # 105
3
12 # p h2 (0.06 h)
3
0.02943 = 9790 # p h2 (0.06 h) + 4.02 # 104
3
0.02943 = 614.4h2 10239.5h3 + 4.02 # 104
10239.5h3 614.4h2 + 0.029028 = 0 gives h , 0.0073m b 7.3 mm

First compute buoyancies,
Brod = gwater # v = 9790 # p # (0.04) 2 # L = 12.3 L
4
Wlead = mg = 2 # 9.81 = 19.62 N
Blead = Wlead S.G. = 19.62/11.4 = 1.72 N
Wrod = S.G. # gwater # vrod
= 0.636 # 9790 # p (0.04) 2 # L = 7.9 L
4
Sum moments about B:
MB = 0 :
Brod # L cos c + Blead # L cos
or
or
or
c = Wlead # L cos
c + Wrod # L cos
12.3 L # L cos 30c + 1.72 # L cos 30c = 19.62 # L cos 30c + 7.9L # L cos 30c
2
2
5.3L 2 + 1.5L = 17L + 3.42L2
(5.3 3.42) L2 = (17 1.5) L
1.88L2 = 15.5L
1.88L = 15L
L = 15.5 = 8.2 , 8 m
1.88

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FM 64
FM 2.32
Demo Ebook
Page 64
FM 2

The pressure in the air space can be found by working upwards hydrostatically
from point B
160000 (9790) # (0.35 + 0.25) = pair
pair = 160000 9790 # 0.60
= 160000 5874 = 154126 Pa , 154 kPa
The force on top of the insert is simply the pressure on the insert times the insert
area.
Thus
ptop = 160000 9790 # 0.35 = 160000 3426.5
= 156573.5 Pa
Ftop = ptop # Atop = 156573.5 # p # (0.1) 2 = 1230 N
4
FM 2.33

The weight of blcok
W = gb Lhb
and it acts in the center, at L from the left corner, while the buoyancy being
a perfect triangle of displaced water.
B = 1 # gLhb
2
and acts at L from the left corner.
Sum moments about the left corner, point C:
gLhb L
MC = 0 = (gb Lhb) (L/2) b
2 lb 3 l
or
b = g/3
Then summing vertical forces gives the required string tension T on the left
corner.
gLhb
gb Lbh T
FZ = 0 =
2
g
g g
gLbh
or
b =
T = Lhb a gb k = Lbh a k =
But
or
or
FM 2.34
T = Wsphere Bsphere = (S.G.) g # v g # v

= 6S.G. @ g # v
Lhb
= (S.G. 1) # p D 3 # g
6
6
Lhb
D =
p (S.G. 1)
1/3
Lhb
D =;
E
p (S.G. 1)

A vertical force balance gives
(S.G.) oil # vdisplaced = (S.G.) cylinder # vcylinder
or
0.85 # R2 h = 0.6pR2 # 0.8

h = 0.565 m
The point B at h = 0.565 m = 0.282 m above the bottom and the point G at
2
2
2
= 0.8 = 0.4 m above the bottom.
2


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 65
FM 65
Meta center location

pR
p # (0.5) 4
(0.5) 2
I
=
MB =
=
=
vsub pR # h
4 # p # (0.5) 2 # (0.565) 4 # 0.565
= 0.111 m
Now
GB = 0.4 0.282 = 0.118 m
Hence
MB = MG + GB
MG = MB GB = 0.111 0.118 = 0.007 m
Since for stability of floating body, MG must be greater than zero (MG > )
Here MG < =
, so that cylinder is unstable.
FM 2.35

The slope of the liquid gives us the acceleration
tan = ax =
= .
g
ax = 0.15 # = 0.15 # 9.81 = 1.472 m/s2
Now, we can go straight down on left side using only gravity.
pA = rgDz = 998 # 9.81 # 0.3 , 2938 Pa (gage)
or we can start on the right side, go down 15 cm with g and across 100 cm with ax
p A = r g Dz + r a x Dx
= 998 # 9.81 # 0.15 + 998 # 1.472 # 1.00
= 1469 + 1469 = 2938 Pa
FM 2.36

we have
= 150 rpm = 2p # 150 = 15.7 rad/s

60
A deflection h up at wall and down in the center:

2 2
(15.7) 2 # (0.09) 2
=
= 0.051 m = 5.1 cm
h = w
4#
4 # 9.81
And the fluid pressure will be highest at point B in the bottom corner.
pB = roil gDzoil + rwater gDzwater
= 891 # 9.81 # (0.15) + 998 (9.81) # (0.051 + 0.18)
= 1311.1 + 2262 = 3573 pa (gage)
FM 2.37

The equation for surface of constant pressure is given by
2 2
z = w + Constant
2
For free surface with h = 0 and r = 0 {from equation (i), constant = 0 }
2 2
h =w
2
The initial volume of fluid in the tank is equal to
...(i)
...(ii)
...(iii)
v i = pR H
And the volume of fluid within rotating tank can be written as (from figure)
dv f = 2p
vf =
#
0
2
2p # w
2
from equation (ii)

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FM 66
Demo Ebook
Page 66
FM 2
2 4
R
= pw
r dr = pw # R = pw R
g
g
4g
Since the volume of the fluid in the tank must remain constant. So
vi = v f
2 4
R H = pw R
4g
gH
2 =
R
gH
=
gH
=
R
R
FM 2.38

Let h be the height of the free surface at the center line.
Then ZB = h + w R B ,
ZA = h + w R A
g
#g
Subtracting the above two equations, we get
2
2
2
2
ZA ZB = w R A + h 0 h 0 w R B
2g
2g
2
ZA ZB = w ^R A2 R B2 h
2g
0.18 0.10 =
w2
(0.1) 2 (0.05) 2@
2 # 9.81 6
RB = .
m, R A = . m
2
0.08 = w # 0.0075
19.62
2 = 0.08 # 19.62
0.0075
or
FM 2.39
209.28 = 14.5 rad/s

= 2pN = 14.5
60
N = 60 # 14.5 = 138.56 , 139 r.p.m
2#p
Correct option is (C).

When cone is pushed into the water, the air get compressed.
So, for constant temperature compression of air
pi vi = p f v f
where subscript i and f denotes the initial and final states.
Now
pi = patm
p f = patm + g # (d l )
vi = p R 2 H
3

...(i)

FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 67
FM 67
From similar triangle ABC and CED

AB = CF
ED
CO
R = H
K
Hl
K = R # Hl
H
and
OD = K = R (H l )
2
H
2
VCED = p R 2 (H l ) 2 # (H l )
3H
2
2
v f = p b H l l #R2#(H l ) = p b R l # (H l ) 3
3 H
3 H
patm # R H = 6patm + g (d l )@ p b R l (H l )
H
Thus
patm # H = 6patm + g (d l )@ (H l )
H
patm = 6patm + g (d l )@ # b H l l
H
patm # b H l patm = g (d l )
Hl
p
d l = atm ;b H l E
g Hl
p
l = d atm ;b H l E
g Hl
Substitute
patm = 101 kPa and = 9.8 kN/m3

H
l = d
;b H l l E
= d
FM 2.40
6H (H l ) @

The FBD of the system is given below.
From figure
d
tan 30c = 2
1
d = 2 tan 30c = 1.155 m
In equilibrium condition.
FV = 0
FC = pair A + W
...(i)

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FM 68
Demo Ebook
Page 68
FM 2
where
W = Weight of the water

FC = force exerted by the cone on the fluid
pair A = pressure force.
Thus
pair A = 45 # p # (1.155) 2 = 47.12 kN
4
2
and
W = g ; p d 2 # 3 p b d l # 1E
3
2
4
W = 2.75 # 1000 # 9.81 # : p # (1.155) 2 # 3 p # 1 # (1.155) 2D
3
4
4
= 26977.5 # p # (1.555) 2 # b 3 1 l = 136.55 kN
3
4
Hence total thrust exerted on the curved surface of the cone is [from eq (i)]
FC = 47.12 + 136.55 = 183.67 kN
FM 2.41

The force F and its line of action are given by
F = ghCG A = gh # (pR )
p R sin c
I
c
XX sin
=
= R
yCP =
h
hCG A
h # pR
Summing moments about the hinge line Q gives
MQ = 0
or
FM 2.42
0 = ^ghpR h R P (R)
h
P = pg 3
4

The centroidal depth of the gate is
hCG = 4 + (1.0 + 0.6) sin 45c = 5.1313 m
So that
FAB = gwater # hCG # Agate
= 9790 # 5.1313 # (1.2 # 0.8) = 48226 N
The line of action of F is slightly below the centroid by the amount
12 # sin 45c
yCP = IXX # sin q =
hCG A
5.1313 # (1.2 # 0.8)
1
(0.8) # (1.2) 3 # sin 45c
= 12 #
= 0.0165 m
5.1313 # 1.2 # 0.8
Thus the position of the center of pressure is at
3
X = 0.6 + 0.0165 , 0.617 m

FM 2.43

The horizontal component is
FH = ghCG Avert = 9790 # (5 + 1) # 9 # 2
= 1057320 N b 1057 kN
The vertical component is the weight of the fluid above the quarter circle panel.
FV = W ( by rectangle) W ( uarter circle)
= 9790 # (2 # 7 # 9) 9790 a p k # (2) 2 # 9
4
= 956874.6 , 957 kN


FM 2
FM 2.44
Demo Ebook
Page 69
FM 69
Correct option is (A).
The resultant force on the plate is

FR = gH O # hC # A
yC = hC = h = 1.6 = 0.8 m
2
2
2
where
Thus
The location of FR is
A = h#b = . # . = .
FR = 1000 # 9.81 # 0.8 # 1.952 - 15.3 kN
yR = IXC + yC
yC:A
1
3
# (1.22) # (1.6)
12
=
+ 0.8 = 1.067 m
0.8 # 1.952
In equilibrium condition, taking the moment about point O , MO = .
FR # ( . .
FM 2.45
) = W# .
W = 15.3 # 0.533 - 9 kN
0.9

The force on annular region BB is
FBB = pBB # ABB
= (pair + gwater # h) # < p # {]0.36g2 (0.36 (0.10 + 0.10)) 2}F
4
= (8000 + 9790 # h) # p # 7]0.36g2 (0.36 0.2) 2A
4
853 = (8000 + 9790 # h) (0.08168)
= 653.45 + 799.65h
h = 853 653.45 = 0.25 m = 25 cm
799.65
Now the net hydrostatic force on bottom of tank is
Thus
FM 2.46
Fbottom = pbottom # Abottom

pbottom = pair + gwater (h + . )
= 8000 + 9790 (0.25 + 0.12) = 11622 Pa gage
Fbottom = 11622 # p (0.36) 2 = 1183 N
4

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FM 70
Demo Ebook
Page 70
FM 2
The FBD of the cylinder is shown below.
From FBD, in equilibrium condition

FP = FR FR
...(i)
where FP is force exerts on the wall at the point of contact.
Now
FR = ghC A = 9.8 # 2 # (2 # 3) = 58.8 kN
2
and
FR = ghC A = 9.8 # b1 + 1 l # 1 # 3 = 44.1 kN
2
From equation (i), we get
FP = 58.8 44.1 = 14.7 kN
FM 2.47
Consider half of the trough whose cross-section is quarter-circle.

Horizontal force on vertical surface
FH = = pavg. A = rg b R l # A
= 1000 # 9.81 # b 0.5 l # (0.5 # 4.5)
2
= 5518.125 N
Vertical force on horizontal surface
FV = W = rgv = rg bL # pR l
= 1000 # 9.81 # ;
4.5 # 3.14 # (0.5) 2

E
4
= 8663.45 N
Then resultant force acting on the surface of the 4.5 m long section of the trough.
FR = F H + FV =
= 10271.5 N
) +(
and Direction of FR ,
tan = FV =
FH
.
.
= .
= 57.5c downwards from horizontal

By taking moment about A,
MA = 0


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 71
FM 71
T # R = FR R
T = FR
c = 10271.5 # sin (32.5c)

= 5518.9 N , 5519 N
FM 2.48

Consider a 50 cm width of upper cylinder, the water pressure in the bolt plane is
p = gh = 9790 # (D) = 9790 # 4 = 39160 Pa
Then summation of vertical forces on this 50 cm wide free body gives

FZ = 0 = p1 A1 Wwater Wtank 2Fbolt
0 = 39160 # (4 # 0.5) 9790 # p # (2) 2 # 0.5 1125 2Fbolt
2
2Fbolt = 78320 30741 1125 = 46454
Fone, bolt = 46454 = 23227 N , 23 kN
2
FM 2.49

The water depth when the plug pops out is
F = ghCG A = 5
or
But
= 9790 # hCG # p # (0.06) 2 = 25

4
25 # 4
hCG =
= 0.904 m
p # (0.06) 2 # 9790
H = hCG + 0.0 sin 0c = 0. 0 + 0.0 sin 0c
= 0.919 m
Thus at mercury-water interface
patm + (
or
0) # (H + 0.0 )
00 # h = patm
9790 # (0.919 + 0.02) = 133100h
h = 9790 # 0.939
133100
= 0.069 m = 6.9 cm
FM 2.50

The FBD of the curved surface is shown below.

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FM 72
Demo Ebook
Page 72
FM 2
In equilibrium condition in horizontal direction.

Fx = 0
F = FH = ghC A
= 1000 # 9.81 # 2 # (2 # 6) = 117.72 kN

2
Similarly in vertical direction
Fy = 0
FV = gH O # v
= 9810 # p # (2) 2 # 6 = 184.82 kN
4
2
For Hemisphere
y = 4R = 4 # 2 = 8 m
3p
3p
3p
x =R=2m
3
3
Now taking the moment about the hinged point C , we get
MC = 0 :
FV # x + FH # y = P #
184.82 # 2 + 117.72 # 8
3
3p = 1231.21 + 100 = 111.60 kN
P =
2
2
FM 2.51

The centroid of a semi-circle is at
4R = 4 # 3 , 1.273 m of the bottom, as shown in the sketch
3
3p
below.
Thus it is 3.0 1.273 = 1.727 m down from the force.

The water force F is
F = ghCG A = 9790 # (h + 1.727) # p # ]3g2
2
= 138333 (h + 1.727) N
The line of action of F lies below the CG.
yCP = IXX sin q
hCG A
(0.10976) # (3) 4 # sin 90c
IXX = .
( + 1.727) (p/2) # ]3g2
= 0.629
( + 1.727)
Then summing moments about B yields the proper support force.
=
MB = 0

#R

FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 73
FM 73
= 6138333 # (h + 1.727)@ # ;1.273
or
FM 2.52
0.629
3 # 366 # 103
(h + 1.727)E
0 = 1.273 # 138333 # (h + 1.727) 138333 # 0.629 3 # 366 # 103

0 = 176098h + 304121 87011.5 1098000
176098h = 880890.5 & h = 5.00 m

The FBD of the horizontal gate is shown below.
For horizontal gate taking moment about hinged point.

MH = 0
where
W # = pA #
W = pA
p = water pressure on the bottom surface of the gate
A = Area of the gate
W = rg # ( ) # ( # )
= 1000 # 9.81 # 3 # 16 = 471 kN
For vertical gate
FR = gH O # hC # A = 9810 # (5 + 2) # (4 # 4) - 1098 kN
1
3
# 4 # (4)
I
XC
12
The location of FR is
yR =
+ 7 = 7.190 m
+ yC =
yC # A
7 # (4 # 4)
For equilibrium condition about hinged point
2
MH = 0
P#
= FR # ( + .
P = 1098 # 1.81 = 496.84 - 497 kN

4
FM 2.53

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FM 74
Demo Ebook
Page 74
FM 2
Resultant hydrostatic force on the gate

FR = pavg A = rghc A
=
1000 # 9.81 # 3.5 # (3 # 6)

1000
hc = +
= 618 kN
Pressure centre is determined as
yP = yC + IXC
yC A
yC = 2 + 3 = 3.5 m
2
For rectangular section
IXC = lb =
12
3
...(i)
6 # ]3g 3
= 13.5 m from X -axis
12
And
A = 6 # 3 = 18 m2
Therefore, from equation (i),
yP = 3.5 + 13.5
3.5 # 18
= 3.71 m downwards from the free surface of water
FM 2.54

The force diagram of the plate is shown below
F and F work at the centre of pressure.

F = goil hC A
where hC = vertical distance from the fluid surface to the centroid of the area.
hC = 3 + 2 = 5 m
Thus
F = 0.9 # 1000 # 9.81 # 5 # (4 # 3) = 5.3 # 105 N
Force on horizontal part of the gate is
F = goil hC A
where
hC = 4 + 3 = 7 m
So
F = 0.9 # 1000 # 9.81 # 7 # (2 # 3) = 3.7 # 105 N
Now location of force F ,
1 (3) (4) 3
#
I
XC
12
yR =
+5
+ yC =
yC # A
5 # (4 # 3)
= 0.27 + 5 = 5.27 m


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 75
FM 75
Now taking the moment about the hinged point, MO = .

F . +F # R# = 0
5
5
5
R = F1 # 2.27 + F2 = 5.3 # 10 # 2.27 + 3.7 # 10 = 15.731 # 10
4
4
4
= 3.9327 # 105 - 393 kN
FM 2.55
On the side of the gate where the water measures 3 m, F acts and has an hCG of
1.5 m on the opposite side, F acts with an hCG of 1 m.
F1 = goil # hCG # A1 = 0.82 # 9790 # 1.5 # 3 # 5 = 180625.5N
F = goil # hCG # A = 0.82 # 9790 # 1 # 2 # 5 = 80278 N
1
3
: 1 # L # b 1D
1 # 5 # ]3g 3
yCP =
=
= .5 m
1 # 1.5 # 5 # 3
hCG # A1
So F1 acts at 1.5 0.5 = 1.0 m above B.
1 # L # b3
1 5 ] g3
yCP = 1
= # #
= .333 m
1 #1# #5
hCG # A
So F acts at 1.0 0.33 = 0.67 m above the B.
Taking moments about B, we get
1
or
FM 2.56
Mbottom = 180625.5 # 1 80278 # 0.667 = 127080 N m

Mbottom = 127 kN m
The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the centroid of the surface.
gh
p =p
= rgh
= rg h = r
avg
center
center
Then the resultant hydrostatic force on the wall is,

rgh
rgh2 b
FR = pavg A =
(h # b) =
#
2
2

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FM 76
Demo Ebook
Page 76
FM 2
The line of action of the force passes through pressure center

yP = 2h
3
By taking moment about point A,
MA = 0
FR b h + yP l = Fridge # b h + h l
Fridge =
FM 2.57
h
4
+ yP
5h
4
# FR =
4 ^ h4 + 23h h
4 ^ 1112h h
rgh2 b
rgh2 b 11
=
= rgh2 b
#
#
2
2
30
5h
5h

The centroid of the gate remains at distance L
the surface. For any , the hydrostatic force is
F = b h l # L # b
2
The moment of inertia of the gate is
3
IXX = bL
12
from A and depth h
below
bL sin q
yCP = h 12
2 #b#L
and the center of pressure is,
= L yCP from point B
2
Summing moments about hinge B yields
P # L = F # b L yCP l
3
or
P =
F b L yCP l
L
g # h # Lb L bL # sin q
h
f
# Lb p
L
2
2
ghb # :L bL sin q # 2D ghb # :L L sin q D
2 12 # h # b
2
6h
=
=
2
2
2
ghb # 1 bL L sin q l
2
2
3h
ghb
L L sin q D
=
=
#
:
2
4
3h
FM 2.58

For resultant fluid force, this cross-section is divided into three parts as shown
below.
For Area 1:
For Area 2:
FR1 = Pressure force = pair A1 =

FR2 = pair A2 + ghC 2 A2
#( # ) = 1


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 77
FM 77
= 40 # 2 # 4 + 6.67 # 4 # 2 # 4
2
FM 2.59
= 320 + 106.72 = 426.72 kN

= pair # A 3 + ghC 3 A 3
= 40 # 1 # 2 # 4 + 6.67 # 2 # 4 # 1 # 2 # 4
2
3
2
For Area 3:
FR3
Total force
= 160 + 71.15 = 231.15 kN

FR = FR + FR + FR3
= 160 + 426.72 + 231.15 = 817.87 kN - 818 kN

The water causes a horizontal and a vertical force on the body as shown:
FH = g R Rb at R above O,
2
3
FV = g p 2 at 4 to the left of O
3
4
These must balance the moment of the body weight W about O.
2
g 2
gp 2
4 gp
4 g
MO =
+
2 #b 3 l
4 # b 3p l
4 b 3p l
3
g
S.G. body = s = = pR b b R l + R b G = pR b # b R l + R hb G
3p
3p
g
b2l=0
3
3p
4
1
;1 + 6 # 4 # p 2 E
:1 + 2D
s
=
=
2
3p
4
1+ 3 D
1
+
:
#
#
;
E
2
2
2
4
p
1 = 2 + 1
:3
D
2+
3
The FBD of the gate and the cylindrical block is shown below.
or
FM 2.60
S. G. =
.
where
T = Tension in the string.

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FM 78
Demo Ebook
Page 78
FM 2
W = Wight of cylindrical block.

FB = Buoyancy force
Hydrostatic force on the gate,
FR = g # hC A = g # H # H # = gH
...(i)
Taking the moment about the hinged point O ,

MO = 0 :
FR # H = 4T
gH 3
T = 3 gH 2 # H =
2
8
3#4
From equation (i),
...(ii)
Again from the FBD of cylindrical block

FV = 0
W = T + FB
mg = T + FB =
=
FM 2.61
gH 3
+ gv
8
From eq. (ii)
3
g
gH 3
+ g # p (1) 2 (H 1) = :H + p (H 1)D
8
4g 2
4
The forces on the hatch are shown above.

where
Thus
The location of the FR is
FR = gsea water # hC # A
hC = 2 + 1 # 2 # sin 45c = 2 + 0.707 = 2.707 m
2
FR = 10.1 # 103 # 2.707 # p # (2) 2 = 85.85 # 103 N
4
IXC + y
C
yC # A
where
yC = 2 + 1 = 3.83 m
sin 45c
p (1) 4
4
Thus
+ 3.83
yR =
IXC = p R
3.83 # p (1) 2
= 3.89 m
In equilibrium condition, taking the moment about the hinge point MO =
yR =
FR # byR
sin
cl
= p#p#( ) #
85.85 # 103 # (3.89 2.83) = p # p

3
p = 85.85 # 10 # 1.06 = 28.98 kPa
3.14
FM 2.62

Force on rectangular panel is


FM 2
Demo Ebook
Page 79
FM 79
Frect = ghCG # Arect

= g (H/2) # (H # 2R) = g # H 2 R
Force on semicircular panel is
Fsemi = ghCG # Asemi = g bH + R l # p R
p
From the given condition, set them equal.
# H R = g bH + R l # p R
p
3
RH = p R2 H + 2R
2
3
2
H = p RH + 2R
2
3
or
H p RH R = 0
The root of this quadratic equation is

pR!
2
2R2
pR 2
b 2 l +4#1# 3
H =
2
pR+R
p 2
2
a2k +4# 3
2
= R ;a p k + &a p k + 0 E , .
=
2
FM 2.63

The FBD of the dome is shown below.
In the equilibrium condition, the vertical force of the water on the dome is equal
to the force which dome exerts on the water.
FV = 0
FD + W = pA
FD = pA W
where
FD = force that dome exerts on the fluid and
pA = pressure force at the base of the dome.
Now manometer equation (from the figure) can be written as
and
...(i)
pA + ggf # ( . + . ) g O # ( . + . ) p = 0
p = 87 # 103 + 3 # 1000 # 9.81 # 2.1 9810 # 1.2
- 137 kPa
W = gliquid # ; p b d l E = gliquid # : pd D
= 10.1 # 103 # p (1.2) 3 = 4.57 kN

12
FD = 137 # p # (1.2) 2 4.57 = 150.3 kN
4
***********

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FM 3
FLUID KINEMATICS & BERNOULI EQUATION
FM 3.1
Consider steady flow of water through an axisymmetric nozzle as shown in figure.

Along the centre line, water speed increases parabolically through nozzle from
uin to uout . What will be the expression for center line speed u x from x = to
x=L ?
(uout uin)
(u uout)
(B) u (x) = uin + in
x
x
L
L
(u uin)
(u + uout)
(C) u (x) = uin out
(D) u (x) = uin in
x
x
L
L
An idealized incompressible flow has the proposed three-dimensional velocity
distribution V = xy i + f (y) j zy k . What will be the appropriate form of the
function f (y) which satisfies the continuity relation ?
(A) f (y) = y + constant
(B) f (y) = y + constant
y
(C) f (y) = y + constant
(D) f (y) = + constant
(A) u (x) = uin +
FM 3.2
FM 3.3
A two-dimensional velocity field is given by V = (x y + x) i ( xy + y) j in

arbitrary units. At (x, y) = (2, 4), the maximum acceleration and its direction
respectively, are
(A) 142 units, 58.57
(B) 211 units , 58.57
(C) 211 units, 31.43
(D) 142 units, 31.43

The expression V = (u, v) = (1 + 3.5x + y) i + ( 0.8 1.5x 2.5y) j is said to
represent the velocity for a steady two dimensional incompressible flow.
FM 3.4
How many stagnation points are there in this flow field ?

(A) One
(B) Three
(C) Two
(D) No stagnation point
FM 3.5
The material acceleration at point (x = 2 m, y = 3 m) is

(A) ax = 14 m s2, ay = 11.5 m s2
(B) ax = 11.5 m s2, ay = 14 m s2
(C) ax = 11.5 m s2, ay = 14 m s2
(D) ax = 14 m s2, ay = 11.5 m s2

FM 3
FM 3.6
FM 3.7
Demo Ebook
Page 81
FM 81
Polar coordinate of a flow is given by Vr = k cos q b b l, V =- k sin b + b l.

r
r
The flow field will be
(A) Unsteady, incompressible
(B) Steady, compressible
(C) Unsteady, compressible
(D) Steady, incompressible
The linear couette flow between plates as shown in figure below has velocity
Vy
component as u =
, v = . This flow has a stream function but no velocity
h
potential, because
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
It
It
It
It
satisfy continuity but not satisfy irrotationality

satisfy continuity and irrotationality
does not satisfy continuity but satisfy irrotationality
does not satisfy both continuity and irrotationality
FM 3.8
The velocity potential for a certain inviscid, incompressible flow field is given by
the relation
= 2x2 y b 2 l y3
3
2
where has the units of m /s when x and y are in meters.
If the pressure at (x, y) = (1 m, 1 m) is 200 kPa, elevation changes are neglected
and the fluid is water, the pressure at the point (x, y) = (2 m, 2 m) is
(A) 40.1 kPa
(B) 60.1 kPa
(C) 100.1 kPa
(D) 80.1 kPa
FM 3.9
A two-dimensional incompressible flow field is defined by the velocity potential

= xy + x - y . The equation of the streamline is
(B) = 1 (y2 - x2) + 2xy + C
(A) = 1 (y2 - x2) - 2xy + C
2
2
(C) = 1 (x2 - y2) + 2xy + C
(D) = 1 ^y2 + x2h + 2xy + C
2
2
FM 3.10
Consider the following two-dimensional incompressible flow with V = yi + xj ,

which clearly satisfies continuity. What will be the stream function (r, ) of this
flow using polar coordinates ?
(B) = 3 r2 sin2 + r2 cos2 + C
(A) = 3 r2 cos2 + r2 sin2 + C
2
2
(C) = 3 r2 sin2 - r2 cos2 + C
(D) = 3 r2 cos2 - r2 sin2 + C
2
2

The inviscid, incompressible and steady flow of water along the variable area
horizontal pipe is shown in figure. The velocity is given by V = ( + x) i m sec.

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FM 82
Demo Ebook
Page 82
FM 3
and viscous effects are neglected. ( H O = 1000 kg/m3 )

2
FM 3.11
2p
What will be the pressure gradient
in N/m3 ?
2x
(A) 9000 (1 x)
(B) 9000 (1 + x)
(C) 9000x
(D) 900 (1 + x)
FM 3.12
If the pressure at section (1) is 345 kPa, the pressure at section (2) will be
(A) 159 kPa
(B) 3315 kPa
(C) 33.15 kPa
(D) 331.5 kPa
FM 3.13
The air speed at a given location is 25 m/s and the pressure gradient along the
streamline is 125 N/m3 . If the effect of gravity is negligible and air = 1.2 g m ,
what will be the air speed at a point 0.5 m far along the streamline ?
(A) 22 m/sec.
(B) 2.03 m/sec.
(C) 20 m/sec.
(D) 23 m/sec.
FM 3.14
A frictionless, incompressible, steady-flow field is given by V = xyi y j in

arbitrary units. If the density 0 = constant and gravity is neglected, an expression
for the pressure gradient in the x - direction will be
2p
2p
(B)
(A)
= r 6 xy2 (y )@
= r 6 xy2 (y )@
2x
2x
2p
2p
(C)
(D)
= r 6 xy2 (y + )@
= r 6 xy2 (y + )@
2x
2x
An inviscid, incompressible, steady flow fluid has a constant bulk modulus. By
integrate F = ma along a streamline, what will be the equivalent Bernoulli
equation for this flow ?
2
2
gz
(B) EV + V + gz = C
(A) EV + V +
=C
2
r
r
2
2
2
gz
(C) - EV + V +
(D) EV + V + gz = C
=C
2
2r
FM 3.15
FM 3.16
A constant thickness film of viscous liquid flows in laminar motion down a plate
at angle = 30c as shown in figure below. The velocity profile is u = Cy (2h y)
, v = w = . What will be the volume flux per unit width in terms of the specific
weight and viscosity ?


FM 3
FM 3.17
FM 3.18
Demo Ebook
Page 83
FM 83
gh
(A) vo =
m
gh
(B) vo =
m
gh
(C) vo =
m
gh
(D) vo =
m
Consider a steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid

with the velocity components u = xy , v = y x . What will be the pressure
field p (x, y) when the pressure at point (x = 0, y = 0) is equal to pa ?
(A) p = pa + r ( x y + x + y )
(B) p = pa + r ( x y + x + y )
(C) p = pa r ( x y + x + y )
(D) p = pa r ( x y + x + y )
Air blows along an object as shown in figure. It has two entrances a flat door and
a mounted back door. The wind blows with velocity V across the front door. The
average velocity across the back door is greater than V because of the mound
and it becomes 1.08V0 . If the wind velocity is 6 m/s, what will be the pressure
difference between gate 1 and 2 ?
(A) 7.4 N/m2

(C) 0.37 N/m2
(B) 3.70 N/m2

(D) 74.0 N/m2
FM 3.19
The height of the water columns in a piezometer and a pitot tube are measured
to be 45 cm and 50 cm respectively (Both measured from the top surface of the
pipe). Both are tapped into a horizontal water pipe. What will be the velocity at
the center of pipe ?
(A) 17.2 m/s
(B) 1.72 m/s
(C) 0.172 m/s
(D) 15.6 m/s
FM 3.20
A fire hose nozzle has a diameter of 3 cm. The nozzle must be capable of delivering
at least 0.016 m3 /s . If the nozzle is attached to a 2.5 cm diameter hose, what
pressure must be maintained just upstream of the nozzle to deliver this flow rate ?
(A) 500 kPa
(B) 125 Pa
(C) 250 kPa
(D) 2.50 kPa
FM 3.21
A large water reservoir of 10 m diameter is filled with water which is open to the
atmosphere. The reservoir has a smooth entrance orifice 2 m below the water
level where the water leaves the reservoir through a 25 m long horizontal pipe
attached to the orifice as shown in figure. If the diameter of orifice is 3 cm, the
maximum discharge rate of water through pipe is
(A) 0.00443 m3 /s
(B) 0.443 m2/s
(C) 0.0443 m3/s
(D) 4.43 m3/s
FM 3.22
A wind blowing past over a home at 18 m/s. It speeds up as it flows up and over
the roof. If elevation effects are neglected, what will be the pressure difference
between over the roof and inside the home when the speed at the point on the
roof is 26.5 m/s ?

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FM 84
Demo Ebook
(A) 23.26 Pa
(C) 23.26 Pa
FM 3.23
Page 84
FM 3
(B) 232.6 Pa
(D) 232.6 Pa
The water height in an airtight pressurized tank is 20 m. A hose pointing straight

up is connected to the bottom of tank. The gage pressure above the water surface
is 304 kPa . What will be the maximum height to which the water stream could
rise. [The system is at sea level]
(A) 20.8 m
(C) 20.02 m
(B) 40.8 m
(D) 31.6 m

An inviscid, incompressible water flows steadily from a large tank and exits
through a vertical, constant diameter pipe as shown in figure. The air in the
tank is pressurized to 60 kN/m2 .
FM 3.24
What will be the height h to which the water rises up ?

(A) 5.12 m
(B) 8.12 m
(C) 4.12 m
(D) 6.12 m
FM 3.25
The water velocity in the pipe will be

(A) 8 m/s
(C) 10 m/s
FM 3.26
(B) 9 m/s
(D) 15 m/s
A high pressure liquid jet as shown in figure, can be used to cut various materials.
If the viscous effects are negligible, what will be the pressure and flow rate,
respectively to produce a 104 m diameter water jet with a speed of 700 m/s ?


FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 85
FM 85
(A) 2.45 MPa, 55 # 106 m3 /s

(C) 5.5 # 106 m3 /s , 4.9 MPa
FM 3.27
What will be the velocity at the downstream of the hose as shown in figure when
all the viscous effects are neglected ?
(A) 3.5 m/s

(C) 2.5 m/s
FM 3.28
(B) 245 MPa, 5.5 # 106 m3 /s

(D) 24.5 MPa, 5.5 # 106 m3 /s
(B) 0.767 m/s

(D) Imaginary value
Water flows through the pipe contraction as shown in figure. If the difference in
manometer level is 0.2 m, the flow rate vo will be
(A) 38.9 # 103 m3 /s

(C) 17.5 # 103 m3 /s
(B) 7.18 # 103 m3 /s

(D) 3.89 # 103 m3 /s
FM 3.29
An oil at 20cC ( = 870 kg/m3 and = 0.104 kg/m - s ) flows through a 2 m long
straight horizontal pipe. The pressure drop is constant = 800 Pa/m . If Reynolds
number Re D of the flow is to be exactly 1000, the flow rate vo is
(A) 34 m3 /h
(B) 3.4 m3 /h
(C) 17 m3 /h
(D) 340 m3 /h
FM 3.30
A 0.20 m diameter pipe discharges into a 0.15 m diameter pipe. If they are carrying
0.20 m3/s of water, what will be the difference between their velocity heads ?
(A) 6.37 m
(B) 4.47 m
(C) 5.47 m
(D) 4.87 m
FM 3.31
Two streams of water from two tanks strikes upon each other as shown in figure.
The point A is the striking point and all the viscous effects are negligible. What

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FM 86
Demo Ebook
Page 86
FM 3
will be the height h ?
(A) 6.05 m
(C) 8.05 m
FM 3.32
(B) 7.05 m
(D) 5.05 m
A liquid ( = 0.002 N - s/m2 , = 1000 kg/m3 ) is forced through the circular tube
of 9 mm diameter as shown in figure. A differential manometer is connected to
the tube to measure the pressure drop along the tube. If the differential reading
h is 6 mm and the flow is laminar, what will be the mean velocity in the tube ?
(A) 85.9 # 103 m/s

(C) 8.59 # 103 m/s
FM 3.33
(B) 85.9 # 106 m/s

(D) 8.59 # 104 m/s
o in , which is
Water enters a tank of diameter D , steadily at a mass flow rate of m
open to the atmosphere. An orifice of diameter Do with a smooth entrance (i.e. no
losses) is open at the bottom allows water to escape. If the tank is initially empty,
the maximum height that the water will reach in the tank is


FM 3
(A) h
(C) h
Demo Ebook
Page 87
FM 87
o in
m
=
p g rDo G
o
= = min G
g rpDo
(B) h
(D) h
o
= = min G
g rpDo
o
= ; min E
g rpDo
FM 3.34
A liquid ( = 789 kg/m3 , = 1.19 # 10-3 N-s/m2 ) flows through a 10 mm

diameter horizontal tube. If the mean velocity is 0.15 m/s, what will be the
pressure drop per unit length of the tube and the velocity at a distance of 2 mm
from the tube axis, respectively ?
(A) 28.55 N/m2 , 0.126 m/s
(B) 71.32 N/m2 , 0.315 m/s
(C) 42.8 N/m2 , 0.189 m/s
(D) 57.1 N/m2 , 0.252 m/s
FM 3.35
Water flows through a variable area pipe with a constant flow rate vo as shown in
figure. The viscous effects are negligible and the pressure remains constant throughout
the pipe. If D is the three fourth of the D, what will be the diameter D ?
(A) 0.65 vo /z1/4

(C) 0.65z1/4 / vo
(B) 0.65 vo z1/4

o
(D) 0.65 v
z
FM 3.36
310 straight microtubes of 25 cm length each, are bundled together into a

honeycomb whose total cross-sectional area is 0.0006 m2 . The volume flow rate
of water at 22cC is 1 m3 /h . If the pressure drop from entrance to exit is 1.5 kPa,
the appropriate microtube diameter and flow velocity are
(A) D = 1.5 # 103 m,V = 0. 63 m s (B) D = 1.5 # 10 m,V = 0.0 63 m s
(C) D = 1.5 # 102 m,V = .63 m s
(D) D = 1.5 # 103 m,V = 6.3 m s
FM 3.37
A circular stream of water from a spigot is observed to taper from a diameter of

D1 to D2 in a distance of z1 . The expression for flow rate is

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FM 88
Demo Ebook
Page 88
(A) 5.53A2 z14

1 b D2 l
D1
FM 3
(B) 4.43A2 z4
1 b D2 l
D1
4.43A2 z1
(D) 4.43A2 z14
4
D
1 b 2l
1 b D2 l
D1
D1
A 1 mm diameter strings are knotted into 2 2 cm squares to make a fishnet. If
the net plane is normal to flow direction, the horsepower required to tow 28 m2 of
this netting at 1.54 m/s in seawater at 20C ( = 1025 kg/m3, = 0.00107 kg/m -s
) is
(A) 7.5 hp
(B) 7.0 hp
(C) 3.75 hp
(D) 3.5 hp
(C)
FM 3.38
FM 3.39
The vent on the tank as shown in figure is closed and the tank is pressurized to
increase the flow rate. What will be the pressure p1 needed to produce twice the
flow rate of that when the vent is open ?
(A) 132.3 kPa

(C) 105.70 kPa
(B) 88.2 kPa

(D) 44.1 kPa

The water flows through the horizontal branching pipe as shown in figure at a
rate of 0.28 m3/s . The viscous effects are negligible.
FM 3.40
FM 3.41
The water speed at section (2) is

(A) 6.52 m/s
(C) 8.83 m/s
(B) 4.42 m/s

(D) 7.23 m/s
What will be the flow rate at section (4) in m3/s ?


FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 89
FM 89
(A) 0.11
(C) 0.35
FM 3.42
Oil with specific gravity 0.85 flows in the variable area pipe as shown in figure. If
the viscous effects are negligible, the flow rate of oil in m3 /s will be
(A) 5.5 # 102

(C) 4.63 # 102
FM 3.43
(B) 0.055
(D) 0.23
m = gH O
2
(B) 4.63 # 103

(D) 5.5 # 103
The water is siphoned from the tank as shown in figure. A water barometer
inserted into the tank and it gives a reading of 9.2 m. If the pressure of the vapor
in the closed end of the barometer equals to the vapor pressure, what will be the
maximum value of h allowed without cavitation occurring ?
(A) 0.075 m
(C) 0.95 m
(B) 0.095 m
(D) 0.85 m

Air flows through the device as shown in figure. When the flow rate is large
enough, the pressure within the constriction will be low enough to draw the oil
up into the tube. Neglect compressibility and viscous effects. ( air = 2 N m3,
oil = 8. 5 kN m3 )

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FM 90
Demo Ebook
Page 90
FM 3
FM 3.44
What will be the flow rate vo in m3 /s ?

(A) 0.335
(B) 3.35
(C) 0.00335
(D) 0.0335
FM 3.45
What will be the pressure needed at section (1) to draw the water into section
(2) ?
(A) 0
(B) 2 kPa
(C) 0.02 kPa
(D) 0.2 kPa
FM 3.46
The water flows steadily from a large open tank and discharges into the atmosphere
through a 7.6 cm diameter pipe as shown in figure. If the pressure gages at A and
B indicates the same pressure then the diameter of the narrowed section of the
pipe at A, is
(B) 0.0583 m
(C) 0.0633 m
FM 3.47
(B) 0.03165 m
(D) 0.1266 m
The oil flows steadily from the two tanks as shown in figure. What will be the
water depth hA for tank A ?


FM 3
(A) 24 m
(C) 23 m
FM 3.48
FM 91
(B) 21 m
(D) 22 m
(B) 2.096 m
(D) 2.3 m
The water flows into the sink at a rate of 1.26 # 104 m3/s as shown in figure.
When the drain is closed, the water will eventually flow through the overflow
drain holes rather than over the edge of the sink. Neglect the viscous effects.
What will be the number of drain holes of 1 cm diameter that are needed to
ensure that the water does not overflow the sink ? (Cc = 0.61)
(A) 2
(C) 3
FM 3.50
Page 91
Ethyl alcohol flows through the Venturi meter as shown in figure with a velocity
of 4.5 m/s in the 27.25 cm diameter pipe. If the viscous effects are negligible,
what will be the elevation h of the alcohol in the open tube, connected to the
throat of the Venturi meter ?
(A) 2.4 m
(C) 2.5 m
FM 3.49
Demo Ebook
(B) 5
(D) 4
The water flows into a large tank at a rate of 0.010 m3/s as shown in figure. The
water leaves the tank through 5 holes in the bottom of the tank, each of which
produces a stream of 20 mm diameter. For steady state operation, the equilibrium
height h will be

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FM 92
(B) 1.63 m
(D) 1.97 m
(B) 9.36 m3 /s
(D) 11.26 m3 /s
In ideal conditions, the flow rate of seawater through the orifice meter as shown
in figure is to be 19 # 104 m3/s with pressure difference p p = k a . If the
contraction coefficient is 0.63, the diameter of the orifice hole d will be
(A) 3 cm
(C) 1.3 cm
FM 3.53
FM 3
Air at standard conditions ( = 12.0 N/m3) flows through the cylindrical drying
stack as shown in figure. The inclined water filled manometer reading is 20 mm
and viscous effects are neglected. What will be the flow rate ?
(A) 10.26 m3 /s
(C) 8.35 m3 /s
FM 3.52
Page 92
(A) 2.50 m
(C) 2.07 m
FM 3.51
Demo Ebook
(B) 3.6 cm
(D) 2.6 cm
A weir of trapezoidal cross section is used to measure the flow rate in a channel
as shown in figure. The flow rate is vo0 , when H = l . What will be the flow rate
when H = 3 l ?


FM 3
(A) vo =
(C) vo =
FM 3.54
vo
vo
FM 93
(B) vo =
(D) vo =
vo
vo
(B) 0.205
(D) 0.102
(B) 0.163 m
(D) 0.093 m
Water flows under the inclined sluice gate as shown in figure. If the gate is 2.4 m
wide into the paper, the flow rate will be
(A) 3.97 m3/s

(C) 3.27 m3/s
FM 3.57
The water flows down uniformly through the slopping ramp as shown in figure
with negligible viscous effects. What will be the depth h2 at the downstream ?
(A) 1.347 m
(C) 0.186 m
FM 3.56
Page 93
The water flows in a 2 m wide rectangular channel as shown in figure, with

up-stream depth of 80 mm. The water surface rises 20 mm as it passes over
the portion where the channel bottom rises 10 mm. If the viscous effects are
negligible, what will be the flow rate through the channel in m3/s ?
(A) 1.53
(C) 0.0064
FM 3.55
Demo Ebook
(B) 4.96 m3/s

(D) 2.97 m3/s
A conical plug regulate the air flow from the pipe of diameter 0.33 m as shown in
the figure. The air leaves the edge of the cone with a uniform thickness of 0.02 m.
If viscous effect are negligible and the flow rate is 1 m3/s , the pressure within the

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FM 94
Demo Ebook
Page 94
FM 3
pipe is (air = 12 N/m2)
(A) 580 Pa
(C) 512 Pa
FM 3.58
Water flows from a nozzle of equilateral triangular cross-section as shown in

figure. After it has fallen a distance of 82 cm, its cross-section becomes circular
with a diameter of 3.3 cm. What will be the flow rate in m3/s ?
(A) 0.0086
(C) 0.086
FM 3.59
(B) 490 Pa
(D) 540 Pa
(B) 0.0043
(D) 0.043
The water flows over the unit width spillway as shown in figure. If the velocity is
uniform at upstream and downstream and viscous effects are negligible, what will
be the velocity at the downstream ?
(A) 7.64 m/s

(C) 5.50 m/s
(B) 6.21 m/s

(D) 53.95 m/s
***********


FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 95
FM 95
SOLUTIONS
FM 3.1

A general equation for parabola in x -direction
u = a + b (x c)
From boundary conditions
At x =
u = uin
...(i)
At x = L
By setting c =
u = uout
and from equation (i) at x =
a = uin
and at x = L ,
b = uout uin
L
By substituting these values in equation (i), we get
(u uin)
u (x) = uin + out
x
L
FM 3.2

The velocity components are
u = 2xy2 , v = f (y), w = zy
The incompressible continuity equation
2u + 2v + 2w = 0
2x 2y 2z
2 ( xy ) + 2 f (y) + 2 ( zy ) = 0
or
2x
2y
2z
df
2y2 +
y2 = 0
dy
df
= 3y2
dy
Integrating the above equation,we get
f (y) =
FM 3.3
# (3y ) dy
2
= y + constant

The velocity components are
u = x y + x,
Each component of acceleration :
du = u2u + v2u
dt
2x
2y
v = (2xy + y)
ax = (x2 y2 + x) (2x + 1) + ( 2xy y) ( 2y)

dv = u2v + v2v
dt
2x
2y
ay = (x2 y2 + x) ( 2y) + ( 2xy y) ( 2x 1)
At (x, y) = (2, 4)
ax = (22 42 + 2) (2 # 2 + 1) + ( 2 # 2 # 4 4) ( 2 # 4) = 110
ay = (22 42 + 2) ( 2 # 4) + ( 2 # 2 # 4 4) ( 2 # 2 1) = 180

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FM 96
Demo Ebook
Page 96
The maximum acceleration is

a max =
ax + ay =
g +]
FM 3
g = 210.95 units
and its direction

= tan1 b 180 l = 58.57c
110
FM 3.4

For stagnation point, all components of V must equal zero in order for V itself
to be zero. So
...(i)
u = 1 + 1.25x + y = 0
...(ii)
v = 0.5 1.5x 2.5y = 0
By solving equation (i) and (ii), we get
and y = .
x = .
Since for given velocity field only one value of x and y is obtained. Therefore,
only one stagnation point is there.
FM 3.5

At any point (x, y) in the flow field velocity components are
u = + . x + y , v = . . x . y
Material acceleration at any point (x, y)
ax = 2u + u2u + v2u + w2u
2t
2x
2y
2z
ay = 2v + u2v + v2v + w2v
2t
2x
2y
2z
For steady two dimensional flow field
2u = 2v = and w =
2t
2t
Then
ax = u2u + v2u
2x
2y
= (1 + 2.5x + y) # (2.5) + ( 0.5 1.5x 2.5y) # 1
= 2 + 4.75x
ay = u2v + v2v
2x
2y
= (1 + 2.5x + y) # ( 1.5) + ( 0.5 1.5x 2.5y) # ( 2.5)
= 0.25 + 4.75y
Material Acceleration at point (x = 2 m, y = 3 m) is
ax = 2 + 4.75 # 2 = 11.5 m/s2
ay = 0.25 + 4.75 # 3 = 14 m/s2
FM 3.6

Incompressible continuity relation in polar coordinates :
2 (rV ) + 2Vq = 0
r
r 2r
r 2q
or
2 r k cos - b + 2 - k sin + b = 0
b
b
r 2r ;
r lE r 2 ;
r lE
2 k cos r - b + 2 - k sin + b = 0
b
b
r 2r ;
r lE r 2 ;
r lE
k cos b + b lE + # ;- k cos b + b lE = 0
r;
r
r
r


FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 97
FM 97
k
r;
b + b lE - ;k
r
r
b + b lE = 0
r
or
0=0
Incompressible continuity equation is satisfied. Hence the flow field will be steady
incompressible.
FM 3.7

Check continuity
2u + 2v = 0 or 0 + 0 = 0 (satisfied therefore exists)
2x 2y
Now check irrotationality :
z = 2v - 2u = 0 - V ! 0 (Not satisfied, flow is rotational, does not exist)
h
2x 2y
FM 3.8

Applying the Bernoullis equation at both the points with subscript 1 & 2,
2
p
p1 V 12
...(i)
+
= 2 + V2
g
2g
2g
With V 2 = u2 + v2 . For the velocity potential given
2f
2f
= 2x2 2y2
u=
= 4xy and v =
2y
2x
At point 1, x = 1 m and y = 1 m
u1 = 4 # 1 # 1 = 4 m/s
v1 = 2 ^1 h2 2 ^1 h2 = 0
and
V 12 = ^4h2 = 16 m2 /s2
At point 2, x = 2 m and y = 2 m
So that
u2 = 4 # 2 # 2 = 16 m/s
v2 = 2 ^2 h2 2 ^2 h2 = 0
and
V 22 = ^16h2 = 256 m2 /s2
Thus, from equation (i),
^9.80 # 103h
g
p2 = p1 + ^V 12 V 22h = 200 # 103 +
16 256h
2g
2 # 9.81 ^
= 80.1 kPa
FM 3.9

First check that 4 2 = 0 , which means that incompressible continuity is satisfied,
22 f 22 f
42 =
+
2x 2 2y 2
2
22
= y + 2x ,
=2
2x
2x2
2
22
and
= x 2y ,
=- 2
2y
2y 2
22 22
Hence
+
= 2 - 2 = 0 , exists
2x2 2y2
Now use to find u and v and then integrate to find
2f
2y
= y + 2x =
u =
2x
2y
Hence
+2 + ( )
2
2f
2y
2f
= x 2y =
= 2y
v =
2y
2x
2x
...(i)
from eq. (i)

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FM 98
Demo Ebook
Page 98
FM 3
f x = x + C
2
The final stream function is thus
= 1 (y2 x2) + 2xy + C
2
2
So
FM 3.10

In Cartesian coordinates the stream function is
2y
= y
u =
2y
2y
= x
v =
2x
By integrating equation (ii), we get
...(i)
...(ii)
# 2 = # 2x dx
= 2x + f (x) = x2 + f (x)
2
2
...(iii)
differentiate equation (iii) w.r.t. y,

( )
2
= 0+
y
2y
f (x)
= 3y
dy
Integrating the above equation,
# f (x) = # 3y
from eq. (i)
y or f (x) = y + C
Substitute this in equation (iii),

= 3 y2 2 + C
2
But in polar coordinates
y = r sin q and x = r cos q
Therefore the desired result is
( , ) = 3 ( sin q) 2 ( cos q) 2 + C = 3 2 sin2 q
2
2
FM 3.11
cos2 q + C

Since the flow is steady and inviscid. So equation of motion along the stream line
direction is
2
= rV2V
g sin q
2
2x
Here pipe is horizontal i.e. = 0c & V = ( + ) i
2p
Hence
= 3r (1 + ) 2 [3 (1 + )]
sin 0c = 0
2x
2
= 9r (1 + ) = 9000 (1 + ) N/m3
FM 3.12

From previous part of the question
2p
= 9000 (1 + )
2x
2p = 9000 (1 + ) 2
Substitute limits of p between 345 kPa to p and for x between 0 to 1 m and


FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 99
FM 99
integrate the equation,
2p
= 9000
# (1 + x) dx
x=0
= 9000 :x + x D
2 0
2 1
p = 345 # 103 9000 b1 + 1 l = 345 # 103 9000 # 3

2
2
= 103 # :345 27 D = 331.5 kPa
2
FM 3.13

2p
=
2x
The equation of motion along the stream line direction is
2p
= rV2V
g sin q
2x
2x
If neglect the effect of gravity, then
We have
So
Also
Substitute
V=
sec ,
= rg =
2p
= rV2V
2x
2x
2V = 125
= 4.06 sec1
25
1
.
23
2x
#
V = 2V d x
2x
2V = 4.06 sec1 and x = . m
2x
V = 4.06 # 0.5 = 2.03 m/s

So the net air speed will be
V + dV = 25 2.03 = 22.97 - 23 m/s
FM 3.14

For this (gravity-free) velocity, the momentum equation is
cu2V + v2V m =4 p
2x
2y
0 ;(3xy) 2 (3xyi - y3 j) + (- y3) 2 (3xyi - y3 j)E =4 p
2x
2y
0 6(3xy) # (3yi) + (- y3) (3xi - 3y2 j)@ =4 p
0 69xy2 i - 3xy3 i + 3y5 j @ =4 p
0 6(3xy3 - 9xy2) i - 3y5 j @ = 4 p
4 p = r0 63xy2 (y 3) i 3y5 j @
2p
= r0 63xy2 (y 3)@
2x
FM 3.15

Along a streamline, the equation of motion is
dp + rd (V ) + gdz = 0
where
= g , dp = EV
...(i)
dr
and EV = bul modulus = constant
r
Substitute in equation (i),

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FM 100
Demo Ebook
Page 100
FM 3
d
+ d V + g dz = 0
d
+ d b V l + gdz = 0
EV
Now integrate this equation between point (1) & (2), we get
V
d
z
EV
d b 1 V 2 l + gdz = 0
2 +
2
V
z
EV : 1 1 D + 1 (V 22 V 12) + g (z2 z1) = 0

r2 r1
2
EV
2
EV + V + gz = Constant along a streamline
r
2
It means
FM 3.16

2p
There is atmospheric pressure all along the surface at y = h, hence
= . The
2x
x -momentum equation can be
2p
+ rgx + m 42 u
;u2u + v2u E =
2x
2x
2y
or
;u # + # 2u E = 0 + r x + m 42
2y
0 = 0 + r sin q + m ( 2 )
r sin q
r
C =
=
2m
4m
or
sin 30c = 1/2
The flow rate per unit width is found by

vo =
# udy = # Cy (2h y) dy
0
#2
0
hy y
y2 y
Cy
= 7Chy A ; E = Ch Ch = 2 h3
3
0
h
2 h
0
gh 3
r
r
h3
=
vo = 2 #
h3 = 1 # #
#
3
6m
m
6
4m
FM 3.17
= g

The pressure gradients from the Navier-stokes x and y relations :
2
2
2p
cu2u + v2u m =
+ m e2 u2 + 2 u2 o
2x
2y
2x
2x
2y
2p
or
+ m (0 + 0)
6- 2xy (- 2y) + (y2 - x2) (- 2x)@ =
2x
2p
= 2r (xy2 + x3)
2x
and similarly for the y-momentum relation
2
2
2
2p
cu2v + v2v m =
+ m =2 v2 + 2 v2 + 2 v2 G
2x
2y
2y
2x
2y
2z
2p
or
6- 2xy (- 2x) + (y2 - x2) (2y)@ =
+ m 6 2 + 2 + 0@
2y
2p
= 2r (x2 y + y3)
2y
2p
2p
and
may be integrated to find p (x, y)
The two gradients
2x
2y
x2 y2 x 4
2p
p =
dx y = cons tant = 2r c
+ m + (y)
2
4
2x
then differentiate w.r.t. y,

...(i)
...(ii)

FM 3
or
or
Demo Ebook
Page 101
FM 101
df
2p
= 2r (x2 y) +
dy
2y
df
2r (x2 y + y3) = 2r (x2 y) +
dy
df
= 2r (x2 y + y3) + 2r (x2 y) = 2ry3
dy
r
f (y) = y 4 + C
2
from eq. (i)
...(iii)
From equation (ii) and (iii),we get

r
p =
(2x2 y2 + x 4 + y 4) + C = pa
2
At (x, y) = (0, 0)
C = pa
Finally, the pressure field for this flow is given by
p = pa r ( x y + x + y )
FM 3.18
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) and (2),

p1 + 1 rV 12 + gz1 = p2 + 1 rV 22 + gz2
2
2
Neglecting the gravitational effects. So, z1 = z2
Thus
p1 + 1 rV 12 = p2 + 1 rV 22
2
2
p1 p2 = 1 r (V 22 V 12)
2
Substitute = air = 1.2 g m , V2 = 1. V , V1 = V and V = m s
p1 p2 = 1 # 1.23 # [(1.08 # 6) 2 (6) 2]
2
0.615 # 6(6.48) 2 (6) 2@
= 3.68 - 3.7 N/m2
FM 3.19
The application of the Bernoullis equation between points (1) and (2) gives
2
p1 V12
p
At center line z2 = z1
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g 2g
rg 2g
p2 - p1 V 12 V 22
=
2g
g

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FM 102
Demo Ebook
Page 102
FM 3
Since point 2 is a stagnation point and thus V2 =

V 12 = p2 p = rg h pitot + R rg h piezo + R
rg
2g
rg
= h pitot h piezo
V = 2g (h pitot h piezo) =
= 1.715 , 1.72 m/s
FM 3.20
2 # 9.81 # (0.50 0.35)
We have
D = . cm , D2 = cm , vo = .
m s
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) & (2),
2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
For horizontal pipe z1 = z2 & at downstream p2 =
p1 V 12 V 22
So
=
+
2g
2g
g
p1 =
[V 2 V 12]
2g 2
...(i)
Now, from continuity equation

vo = A1 V1 = A2 V2
o
. 1
V1 = v = p
= . 2m s
A1
( . # 1 2) 2
o
. 1
V2 = v = p
= 22. m s
A2
( # 1 2) 2
Substitute these values in equation (i), we get
r
p1 = [V 22 V 12] = 1000 [(22.65) 2 (3.62) 2]
2
2
= 249959 - 250 kPa

FM 3.21
Consider water level at point (1) and pipe exit at point (2) and applying Bernoulli
equation between (1) and (2)
2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g 2g
rg 2g
z1 = V 2 & V2 =
2g
2
2gz1
p1 = p2 = patm, z2 = , V1 =


FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 103
FM 103
For maximum discharge rate, z will be maximum i.e. z = m

V , max = 2gz max = 2 # 9.81 # 2 = 6.26 m/s
Then maximum discharge rate
p (0.03) 2
3
vo = A pipe # V , max = pD o # V , max = #
# (6.26) = 0.00443 m /s
4
FM 3.22
Applying the Bernoullis equation at section (1) & (2),

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Elevation effects are negligible z1 = z2 = 0
and
V1 = 18 m/s , V2 = 2 . m s , air = 1.23 kg/m3
So
g
(V 2 V 12)
2g 2
= 1.23 [(26.5) 2 (18) 2] = 232.6 Pa
2
p1 p 2 =
=
g
p2 p1 = 232.6 Pa
This negative pressure tends to lift the roof.
FM 3.23

Consider point (1) at the free end of water in tank and point (2) at top of the
water trajectory. The Bernoulli equation between these two points.
2
p1 V 12
p
V2 = V1 =
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g 2g
rg 2g
p
p p2
p patm
+ z1 = 1
+ z1 = 1, gage + z1
z2 = 1
rg
rg
rg
= 204 # 1000 + 20 = 40.8 m
1000 # 9.81
FM 3.24

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FM 104
Demo Ebook
Page 104
FM 3
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) & (3), we get

p
p1 V 1
+
+ z1 = 3 + V 3 + z 3
g
g
g
Here p1 =
m , V1 = , z1 = m , p 3 = (gage), V3 = , z 3 = h
3
p
Hence
h = 1 + z1 = 60 # 10 3 + 2
g
9.8 # 10
= 6.12 + 2 = 8.12 m
FM 3.25

Applying continuity equation at section (2) & (4),
A2 V2 = A 4 V4
V2 = V4
A2 = A 4 (same cross section)
Now applying bernoullis equation at section (3) & (4),
2
p
p 3 V 32
+
+ z3 = 4 + V 4 + z 4
g
2g
2g
Here p 3 = p 4 = (gage), V3 = , z 3 = h = .12 m , z 4 = 4 m
V 42 = z z
Hence
3
4
2g
V 42 = (8.12 4) # 2 # 9.81 = 80.83
V4 = 9 m/s = V2
FM 3.26

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here V1 - , z1 - z2 and p2 =
2
So
=
p1 = V 2 # g = 1 rV 22
2g
2
g
= 1 # 1000 # (700) 2 = 2.45 # 105 kN/m2 = 245 MPa
2
p
4 2
6
3
Flow rate
vo = V2 A2 =
# 4 (1 ) - 5.50 # 10 m /s
FM 3.27


FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 105
FM 105
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) & (2), we get

2
p
p1 V 12
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
, z2 =
Here p1 = p2 = (gage pressure), V1 = , z1 =
2
Hence
0.3 = V 2 0.33
2g
V 22 = 0.63 # 2 # 9.81 = 12.36
V2 - 3.5 m/s
FM 3.28

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here
V1 =
So,
and z1 = z2
2
p1
p
= 2 + V2
g
2g
V2 =
Now
Hence
Flow rate
2g (p1 p2)
g
...(i)
p 1 = g h 1 & p 2 = gh 2
p1 p2 = g (h1 h2) = 0.2g
0.2g
= 1.98 m/s
V2 = 2g #
g
vo = A2 V2
= p (0.05) 2 # 1.98 = 0.00389 m3 /s
4
= 3.89 # 103 m3 /s
FM 3.29

Re D =
rVD
=1
m
Since
Vavg =
Dp
R2
#
m
L
Thus
1000 =
r Dp
R2 D =
#
;
m L
mE
.1
(D 2) 2
ED
#; 2 #
# .1
D3
1000 = 870 # 400 #
0.104
8 # 4 # 0.104
or
1000 = 1.005 # 106 D3

D = 0.00099457
D = 0.0998 , 0.1000 m

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FM 106
Demo Ebook
Page 106
Now
Then
FM 3
Dp D
]0.1g2
= 800 #
= 1.20 m/s
2
4 # 8 # 0.104
L# m
vo = AV = p # (0.1) 2 # 1.20
4
V =
= 0.009425 m3 /s = 0.009425 # 3600 = 34 m3 /h

FM 3.30

We have
D = . m , D = . m , vo = . m s
Flow rate
vo = A V = A V
o
.
V = v = p
= 6.37 m/s
A
#( . )
o
.
V = v = p
= 11.32 m/s
A
#( . )
Now the difference between velocity head is
2
2
d = V 2 V 1 = 1 (V 22 V 12)
2g 2g
2g
1
=
[(11.32) 2 (6.37) 2] = 4.47 m
2 # 9.8
FM 3.31
The water jets strikes at point A as shown in figure. We have to take three
sections (1), A and (2).
Now applying Bernoullis equation at section (2) and A, we get
2
p2 V 22
p
+
+ z2 = A + V A + zA
g
2g
2g
Here p2 = (Gage), V2 = , VA = , z2 = 1 + h , zA = h
p
Thus
z2 = A + zA
g
p
14 + h = A + h
g
pA = 14g
Again applying Bernoullis equation at section (A) & (1), we have
2
pA V A2
p
+
+ z A = 1 + V 1 + z1
g
2g
2g
Here VA = , V1 = , p1 = 1 2 k a , pA = 1 g , zA = h , z1 = 2. m
Hence
14
+ 0 + h = 172 + 0 + 2.5 m
g

...(i)

FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 107
FM 107
h = 172 + 2.5 14
9.8
= 17.55 + 2.5 14 = 6.05 m
FM 3.32
The flow is laminar flow, so that mean velocity

2
Dp
V =R
8m l
From manometer equation (see figure)
or
Thus
FM 3.33
p + gf Dh ggf Dh = p
p p = Dp = Dh ^ggf gf h = Dh ^g h^rgf rf h
= 0.007 # 9.81 # ^2000 1000h = 68.7 N/m2

2
b 0.004
l
# 68.7
2
V =
= 8.59 # 103 m/s
8 # 0.002 # 2

The Bernoulli equation between water entrance and exit of tank.
pin V in
p
+
+ zin = out + V out + zout
g
g
rg
g
Since
Then
pin = pout = patm , Vin =

2
V out
= zin
2g
and zout =
Vout = 2gzin
So that the mass flow rate through the orifice
oout = rvoout = rA Vout = r pD #
m
gzin
o 2
zin = 1 # = 4mout2 G
2g
rpD 0
oout = m
o in gives the relation for maximum height the water
Setting zin = h max and m
will reach in the tank.
o 2
h max = 1 = 4min2 G
2g rpD 0
FM 3.34

First check Reynolds number to determine if flow is laminar or turbulent.
rVD
# . # .
<
=
=
Re =
m
. #
Thus, flow is laminar and mean velocity is given by

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FM 108
Demo Ebook
Page 108
FM 3
2
Dp
V =R
8m l
8 # ^1.19 # 103h # 0.15

mV
p
=
=
= 57.1 N/m2 per m
l
0.010 2
R
b 2 l
Since velocity distribution in terms of v max is
r
vz = v max : a R k D
So that
and v max = V , where V is the mean velocity.

r 2
It follows that
vz = 2V :1 a R k D
2 2
vz = 2 # 0.15 ;1 b 5 l E = 0.252 m/s
For r = mm ,
FM 3.35
We have
p = constant , D =
Applying Bernoullis equation

p V
p
+
+ z = +V + z
g
g
g
Here
p=p, z =
V 12 V 2 = z
2g
So
Flow rate
V V = 2gz
vo = AV = A V
o
o
o
V = v = v = v
pD
A
pD
o
o
vo
vo
=
V = v = pv =
A
D
pD
p # ^ Dh
Substitute the V & V in equation (i)
o 2
o 2
vo m c .
vo m = 2gz
c 64v 2 m - c 4v 2 m = c .
D
D
9D
D
2
D # gz = 3.51vo
3.51 vo2 = 0.179 vo2
2 # 9. 8 z
z
2 1/4
o
o
D = 0.65 b v l = 0.65 1v/4
z
z
D =

...(i)

FM 3
FM 3.36
Page 109
FM 109

For water at 20cC : = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/m - s
Since
vo = N # votube = 310 # votube
4
1 = 310 pD Dp = 310
pD 4 # 1500
or
#
#
3600
128 # 0.001 # 0.25
128mL
or
D = 128 # 0.001 # 0.25 = 6.085 # 1012
1500 # p # 310 # 3600
D = 0.00157 m
vo = V # A
o
V = v =
= 1666.67 m/h
.
A
= 1666.67 m/s = 0.463 m/s
3600
Also
or
FM 3.37
Demo Ebook

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here p1 = p2 = (Gage pressure), z2 =
V 12 + z = V 22
So,
1
2g
2g
V 22 V 12 = 2gz1
From continuity equation
vo = A1 V1 = A2 V2
...(i)
o
o
V1 = v , V2 = v
A1
A2
From equation (i)
1
1
vo2 vo2 = vo2
# c 2 2 m = 2gz1
A 2 A1
A 22 A 12
A 22 = 2gz
vo2
1
#
1
c
A 22
A 12 m
A 2 2gz
A 2 2gz
vo2 = 2 # 21 = 2 # 41
1 c A2 m
1 c D2 m
D1
A1
A2 = D2 2
c m
D1
A1
A
2gz1
vo = 2 #
= 4.43A2 z14
4
1 c D2 m
1 c D2 m
D1
D1

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FM 110
FM 3.38
Demo Ebook
Page 110
FM 3

Considering the string as Cylinders in cross flow, the Reynolds Number is
rVD
# . # .
Re =
=
m
.
For cylinder CD - .
Now drag on one 2 cm strand:
F
r
= CD V 2 DL = . # 2 # ( . ) 2 # .
# . 2- . 2 N
2
2
Now 1 m2 of net contains 5000 of these 2 cm strands and 28 m2 of net contents
5000 28 = 140000 strands total.
Now the total force on net
F = 140000 # 0.0243 , 3400 N
Then the horsepower required to tow the net is
P = FV = 400 # 1.54 = 5236 W
P = 5236 = 7.0 hp
746
FM 3.39
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) & (2), when the vent is open.
2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here p1 = p2 = 0 (gage pressure), V1 = 0 , z2 = 0 , z1 = m
Thus,
V 22 = 2gz1 = 2 # 9.8 # 3 = 58.8
V2 = 7.67 m/s
To have double the flow rate with the vent closed.
p1 =
Y 0 and V2 = 2 # . = 15. 4 m s . From Bernoullis equation,
2
p1
+ z1 = V 2
2g
(15.34) 2
p1
=
3 = 9
2 # 9.8
p1 = 9 # 9.8 = 88.2 kPa

FM 3.40

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g


FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 111
FM 111

o
V = v =
A
and
Thus
= m
z = z (horizontal pipe)
2
69 + 3
= 34.5 + V 2
9.8 2 # 9.8
9.8
2g
2
V 22 = 7.04 + 0.46 3.52 = 3.98

2g
V = 3.98 # 2 # 9.8 = 78
V = 8.83 m/s
FM 3.41

From continuity equation, the flow rate entering the pipe must be equal to the
sum of the flow rates leaving the pipe. So,
vo = vo + vo + vo
vo = vo vo vo = vo A V A V
= 0.28 0.0065 # 8.83 0.0185 # 6.1 - 0.11 m3/s
FM 3.42

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
oil 2g
goil 2g
Here z1 = z2 (horizontal pipe), V1 =
V 22 = p1 p2
So,
2g
goil
From the figure, by applying manometer equation,we get
...(i)
p1 = p + goil l = p + goil l
p =p
and
p2 = goil (l + h) gH O h + p
Thus
p1 p2 = gH O h goil h = h (gH O goil )
Substitute this value of p1 p2 in equation (i),
H O
V 22 = h (gH O goil ) = h
1 1
= 1
b
l
2g
goil
S.G.H O S.G.
S.G. oil
V 22 = 0.1 # 2 # 9.81 # : 1 1D = 0.346
0.85
2
Hence, flow rate
V2 = 0.59 m/s
vo = A V = p
2
2
# ( .1) # .
= 0.00463 m3/ s
= 4.63 # 103 m3/s

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FM 112
FM 3.43
Demo Ebook
Page 112
FM 3
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (2) and (3), we have

2
p
p2 V 22
+
+ z2 = 3 + V 3 + z 3
g
2g
2g
Here p2 = (gage), z2 = , z 3 = . m , p 3 = pvapor , V2 =
2
p
So,
0 = vapor + V 3 + .
g
2g
p + g # .2
p
pvapor
pvapor
From equation (i) and (ii)

2
9.2 + V 3 + 1.8
2g
Also
Given
...(i)
= p2
= pvapor and p2 = 0
= 9.2g
= 9.2
=0
V 32 = 7.4
2g
V 32 = 7.4 # 2 # 9.8 = 145.04
V3 = 12.04 m/s
Again applying continuity equation at section (3) and (4),
A 3 V3 = A 4 V4
(7.6 # 10-2) 2 # 12.04 = p # (12.7 # 102) 2 # V4

4#
4
V4 = 4.32 m/s
Now applying Bernoullis equation at section (2) & (4),
2
p
p2 V 22
+
+ z2 = 4 + V 4 + z 4
g
2g
2g
Here p2 = 0 (gage), V2 = 0 , z2 = h , p 4 = 0 (gage), z 4 = 0
2
Hence
h = V4
2g
=
(4.32) 2
= 0.95 m
2 # 9.81

...(ii)

FM 3
FM 3.44
Demo Ebook
Page 113
FM 113

2
p
p2 V 22
+
+ z2 = 3 + V 3 + z 3
gair 2g
air 2g
Here p 3 = (gage pressure), z2 = z 3 (horizontal pipe)
2
2
p2
So
= V3 V2
2g 2g
air
From continuity equation at section (2) & (3),
...(i)
A2 V2 = A 3 V3
D 2V = p D 2V
4 2 2
4 3 3
D 22 V2 = D 32 V3
2
2
V2 = b D 3 l V3 = b l V3 = V3
2
D2
From figure
...(ii)
p2 = goil # h
...(iii)
= 8.95 # 103 # 0.3 = 2.68 # 103 Pa
Substitute the values of V2 & p2 from equation (ii) and (iii) into equation (i),
2
2.68 # 103 = V 32 (4V3) = 15V 32
2g
2g
2g
12
3
V 32 = 2.68 # 10 # 2 # 9.8 = 291.82
12 # 15
Hence, flow rate
V3 = 17.08 m/s
vo = A 3 V3 = p ( .
)2 #
= . 33 m3 s
Note : Same result is obtained from A2 V2 .

FM 3.45

2
p
p1 V 12
+
+ z1 = 3 + V 3 + z 3
g
2g
2g
Here z1 = z 3 (horizontal pipe)
p 3 = (gage pressure)
V1 = V3 (because A1 = A 3 )
p1
Hence
= 0 & p1 = 0
FM 3.46

We have
D= .
m , pA = pB & p = p 3
2
p 4 V 42
p
+
+ z 4 = 2 + V 2 + z2
2g
g
2g

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FM 114
Demo Ebook
Page 114
FM 3
& p = (Gage pressure), p = p (given)

2
p V
So
...(i)
+
+ z = V2
2g
g
Again applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) & (2),
2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here p1 = p2 = (gage pressure), V1 = , z2 = , z1 = . m
Thus
V 22 = 2gz1 = 2 # 9.81 # 4.8 = 94.176
...(ii)
V2 = 9.7 m
For section (3) & (2), we have
2
p 3 V 32
p
+
+ z 3 = 2 + V 2 + z2
2g
g
2g
Here V2 = V3 (because of A2 = A 3 ), p2 = (gage pressure), z2 =
So
...(iii)
p 3 = gz 3 = . # ( . + 2. ) = 74.48 kPa
Substituting values from equation (ii) and (iii) into equation (i), we have
2
74.48 + V 42 + (4.8 2.4) = (9.7)
9.8
2g
2 # 9.8
V 42 = 4.8 + 7.6 2.4 = 10
2g
Here
z =
V 2 = 10 # 2 # 9.8 = 196
V = 14 m/s
Now from continuity equation at section (2) & (4),
A 4 V4 = A2 V2
D 2V = p D 2V
4 4 4
4 2 2
D 42 = V2 # D 22 = . # ( .
14
V4
) 2 = 0.0040
D 4 = 0.0633 m
FM 3.47

For steady flow, flow rate remains constant.
vo2 = vo4
Now applying Bernoullis equation at section (3) and (4),
2
p 3 V 32
p
+
+ z3 = 4 + V 4 + z 4
g
2g
2g
Here p 3 = p 4 = 0 (Gage pressure), z 4 = , V3 = 0 , z 3 = hB = 3 m
So
V4 =
2gz 3 =
2 # 9.8 # 3 = 7.67 m/s

...(i)

FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 115
FM 115
Flow rate from the section (4) is

vo4 = A 4 V4 = p # (0.05) 2 # 7.67 = 0.0150 m3/s
4
Also applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) and (2),
2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here p1 = p2 = (Gage pressure), V1 = , z2 = 0 , z1 = hA
Thus
V2 = 2ghA
(0.03) 2 # 2ghA = 0.0150

4#
2ghA = 21.23
2ghA = 450.71
hA = 22.995 - 23 m
FM 3.48

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
2
Here z1 = , z2 = 2 .4 # 1 m , V2 = 4. m s
And from continuity equation
...(i)

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FM 116
Demo Ebook
Page 116
FM 3
AV =A V
2
V = A V = b D l V = b 15.25 l # 4.5 = 10.06 m/s
10.2
D
A
and
p = g # 1.83 = 1.83g
(
)
1.83g (4.5) 2
p
+
=
+
+ 0.204
g
2g
g
p
= 1.83 + 1.03 + 0.204 5.16 = 2.096
p = gh
p
= h
On comparing equation (ii) & (iii), we get
...(ii)
From figure
...(iii)
h = 2.096 m
FM 3.49

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here p1 = p2 = (Gauge pressure), V1 = , z2 = and
z1 = b 2.5 + 1 l # 102 = 3 # 102 m
2
Thus
Now
2 # 9.8 # 3 # 102 = 0.77 m/s

vo = nA2 V2 = nCc p d 22 #V2
V2 =
2gz1 =
where
n = Number of holes required

Cc = Contraction coefficient
vo = Flow rate = 1.26 # 104 m/s
vo
4 # 1.26 # 104
n =
=
= 5.04 = 3.42
2 2
2
pCc d 2 V2
3.14 # 0.61 # (10 ) # 0.77 1.475
Hence, 4 holes are needed
FM 3.50

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g

...(i)

FM 3
Here
p =p =
Demo Ebook
Page 117
FM 117
(Gage pressure), V = , z = h , z =
Now equation (i) becomes

z = V2
2g
V = 2gh & V = 2gh

It is a steady state operation. So, flow rate remains constant.
vo = vo
where
vo = 0.01 m3/s
vo = 5A2 V2 = 5 # p D 22 V2
4
From equation (ii) and (iii),
0.01 = 5 # p D 22 # 2gh
4
4 # 0.01
2gh =
= 6.37
5 # 3.14 # (0.02) 2
2gh = (6.37) 2 = 40.57
h = 40.57 = 2.07 m
2 # 9.8
FM 3.51
...(ii)
...(iii)

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here z1 = , z2 = h and from continuity equation
...(i)
A1 V1 = A2 V2
2
V1 = A2 # V2 = b 1 l # V2 = V2
2
4
A1

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FM 118
Demo Ebook
Page 118
FM 3
V = 4V1
( V)
p V
p
+
= +
+h
g
g
g
15V 12 = p p h
...(ii)
2g
g
The manometer equation can be written as
p + gl + gm # . sin c + g (h l . sin c) = p
p p = 0.02 sin 30c (gm g) + gh = 0.01 (gm g) + gh
g
p -p
...(iii)
= 0.01 b m 1l + h
g
p -p
Substitute value of
from equation (iii) into equation (ii),
2
g
g
15V 1 = 0.01 b m 1l + h h = 0.01 b m 1l
2g
g
g
0.02g gm
1l
V =
15 b g
Substitute m = .
m and = 12.0 N/m3
V =
0.0131 # b 9.8 # 10 1l = 10.68

12
= 3.268 m/s
vo = A V = p D # V = p # (2) 2 # 3.268
4
Hence, flow rate
= 10.26 m3 /s
FM 3.52
We have
a , Cc = .
vo = # m s , p p =
2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
z1 = z 2
p1 - p2 V 22 V 12
=
2g

o
V1 = v
A1
19 # 104
= 19 # 4 = 0.97 m/s
p
25 # 3.14
2 2
(5 10 )
4# #
2
2
16 # 103 = V 2 (0.97)
2 # 9.8
9.8 # 103
=
V 22 .
1 = 16 # 2 = 32

...(i)

FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 119
FM 119
V = 32 + 0.941 = 32.941
V = 5.74 m/s
vo = A V = Cc # p d # V
Hence
d =
vo
=
p # Cc V
#
#
#
#
d = 6.69 # 10
d = 2.59 # 102 m = 2.59 cm - 2.6 cm
FM 3.53
The flow rate is given by

vo = AV
V =
where
From the figure
...(i)
2gH
Area f trapezidal = 1 # sum of parallel sides # distance between these sides

2
A = 1 # (l + l + 2H tan 45c) H = H (l + H tan c)
2
From equation (i),
vo = AV = H (l + H tan
c) #
gH
...(ii)
= 2g H (l + H tan 45c)
Now
vo = flow rate at H = 2l
and
vo = flow rate at H = 34l
From equation (ii), we get
3/2
2g b l l bl + l l
2
2
vo =
3/2
vo
2g b 3l l bl + 3l l
4
4
1 3/2
3l
b l #b 2 l
vo = 2
= 0.466
vo
3 3/2
7l
b4l #b 4 l
vo = 2.15vo0
3/2
FM 3.54

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FM 120
Demo Ebook
Page 120
FM 3

2
p
p1 V 12
...(i)
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here p1 = p2 = (gage pressure), z1 = . m , z2 = ( . 1 + .1 ) = .11 m
A1 V1 = A2 V2
V2 = A1 V1 = h1 V1 = . V1 = . V1
.1
h2
A2
2
V12 + 0.08 = (0.8V1) + 0.11
2g
2g
V 12 [1 0.64] = 0.11 0.08 = 0.03
2 # 9.8
Hence, flow rate
V 12 = 1.63
V1 = 1.28 m/s
vo = A1 V1 = ( .
# 2) # 1.2
= 0.2048 m /s - 0.205 m3/s
3
FM 3.55

2
p1 V 12
p
...(i)
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here p1 = p2 = (Gage pressure), z1 = . 1 + . = . 1 m , z2 = h2 , V1 = m s
A1 V1 = A2 V2
V2 = A1 V1 = h1 V1 = . # = .
h2
h2
h2
A2
0.9 2
b
2
]3g + 0.91 = 0 + h2 l + h
0+
2
2 # 9.8
2 # 9.8
1.37 = . 2 1 + h2
h2
2
h 2 1. h 2 + . 1 = 0
After solving this equation, we get h2 = 1.
m , 0.186 m, 0.163 m
From these roots h2 = 0.163 is not possible physically
h2 = 1.347 m is also not possible because it is greater them h1 = . m .
So the possible value of h2 is
h2 = 0.186 m
FM 3.56



FM 3
Demo Ebook
Page 121
FM 121
p V
p
+
+ z = +V + z
g
g
g
Here
p = p = (Gage pressure), z = .
...(i)
,z = .
AV =A V
V =AV =hV = . V = V
.
h
A
2
V 12 + 1.8 = (6V1) + 0.3
2g
2g
35V 12 = 1.5
2g
V = 1.5 # 2 # 9.8 = 0.84
35
V - 0.92 m/s
Hence, the flow rate
FM 3.57
vo = A V = ( . # . ) # .
- 3.97 m3/s

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here
p2 = (Gage pressure), z1 = , z2 = .2 m
o
1
V1 = v = p
2 = 11. m s
A1
(
# . )
o
1
V2 = v = 1 =
= 31.85 m/s
2 # p # .2 # . 2
A2 2pRh
...(i)

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FM 122
Demo Ebook
Page 122
FM 3
(31.85) 2
p1 (11.7) 2
+
+0 = 0+
+ 0.25
2 # 9. 8
12 2 # 9.8
p1
= 51.75 + 0.25 6.98 = 45.02
12
p = 45.02 # 12 = 540.24 Pa , 540 Pa
FM 3.58

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here p1 = p2 = (Gage pressure), z2 = , z1 = . 2 m
o
o
V1 = v , V2 = v
A1
A2
...(i)
A1 = Area of equilateral triangular

=
3 a2
4
where a = side of triangle
3
(0.058) 2 = 1.45 # 103 m2
4 #
A2 = p # (0.033) 2 = 8.55 # 104 m2
4
vo 2
vo 2
c A1 m + 2gz1 = c A2 m
vo2 ; 12 12 E = 2gz1
A 2 A1
2gz1
vo2 =
1 1
A 22 A 12
Substitute the numerical values
vo2 = 2 1# 9.8 # 0.82
(1.45 #1 10 )
(8.55 # 10 )
16.072
16.072
=
4
4 =
136.8 # 10 47.5 # 10
89.3 # 10 4
vo2 = 0.18 # 104
or
vo = 0.43 # 102 = 0.0043 m3/s
=
4 2
3 2


FM 3
FM 3.59
Demo Ebook
Page 123
FM 123

2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g
2g
2g
Here p1 = p2 = (Gage pressure), z1 = .
, z2 = 1.
...(i)
A1 V1 = A2 V2
Considering the unit width.
V1 = z2 # V2 = 1. # V2 = .2 V2
z1
.
Thus equation (i) becomes
2
(0.276V2) 2
0+
+ 3.8 = V 2 + 1.05
2g
2g
V 22 1 0.076 = 3.8 1.05 = 2.75
h
2g ^
V 22 = 2.75 # 2 # 9.8 = 58.33
0.924
V2 = 7.64 m/s
***********

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FM 4
FLOW ANALYSIS USING CONTROL VOLUMES
FM 4.1
A 1.5 m3 rigid tank contains air whose density is 1.18 kg/m3 . A high-pressure air
is allowed to enter the tank until the density in the tank rises to 7.20 kg/m3 . The
mass of air that entered the tank is
(B) 9.03 kg
(A) 10.8 kg
(C) 1.77 kg
(D) 12.57 kg
FM 4.2
The wind blows through a 2.2 m # 3 m garage door with a speed of 1.5 m/s as
shown in figure. What will be the average speed V of the air through the two
0.91 m # 1.22 m windows ?
(A) 1.125 m/s

(C) 3.50 m/s
(B) 2.23 m/s

(D) 4.50 m/s
FM 4.3
Water is being pumped into a bathtub whose cross-section 3 m # 4 m . The

bathtub has a 5 cm diameter orifice and water is discharged through orifice at a
constant velocity of 5 m/s. If the water level in the tub rises at a rate of 2 cm/min
, the rate at which water supplied to the pool in m3/s , is
(A) 0.0139
(B) 0.0269
(C) 0.0058
(D) 0.139
FM 4.4
Three pipes steadily delivers water at 20cC to a large exit pipe as shown in figure
below. The velocity V = m s and the exit flow rate vo = . m s . If increase
in vo by 20% would increase vo by 10%, the velocities V1, V and V are
(A) V1 = 12 m s,V = .
m s,V = .
m s

FM 4
(B) V =
(C) V =
(D) V =
FM 4.5
FM 125
V =
V =
V =
V =
V =
V =
(B) 605 m/s

(D) 60.5 m/s
An oil having a specific gravity of 0.85 is pumped with a water jet pump as shown
in figure. The water and oil mixture has an average specific gravity of 0.90 and
water flow rate is 0.5 m3/s . What will be the flow rate in m3/s at which the pump
moves oil ?
(A) 1.5
(C) 2
FM 4.7
Page 125
Water at 20cC flows through the piping junction, enters at section 1 with flow
rate of 1.26 # 103 m3 /s as shown in figure below. A portion of the flow is diverted
through the shower-head, which contains 50 holes of 1 mm diameter at section 3.
The average velocity at section 2 is 2.5 m/s. If flow through the shower is uniform
, the exit velocity from the shower head jet is
(A) 121 m/s

(C) 12.1 m/s
FM 4.6
Demo Ebook
(B) 0.5
(D) 1
Water flowing through an 8 cm diameter pipe enters a porous section as shown in

figure below, which allows a uniform radial velocity Vw through the wall surfaces
for a distance of 1.2 m. If the entrance average velocity is 12 m/s and the exit
velocity is 9 m/s, what will be the Vw in cm/s ?
(A) 0.5
(C) 35
(B) 5
(D) 0.05

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FM 126
Demo Ebook
Page 126
FM 4
FM 4.8
Air at the steady rate of 25 m3/min is drawn into a compressor at standard

atmospheric conditions. The compressor pressure ratio, pexit pinlet is 10 to 1 and
through the compressor p n remains constant with n = 1. . If the average
velocity in the compressor discharge pipe is not to exceed 25 m/s, what will be
the minimum discharge pipe diameter ?
(A) 6.4 m
(B) 0.0064 m
(C) 0.064 m
(D) 0.64 m
FM 4.9
Consider the river flowing towards a sea at mean velocity of 3 m/s with a rate
of 250 m3/s at a location 90 m above the sea surface. The power generation
potential of the entire river at that location is
(A) 230 MW
(C) 220 MW
(B) 225 MW
(D) 221.75 MW

A pump motor unit is used to supply water to a storage tank from a lake at a
elevation of 20 m. The pump can supply water at a rate of 0.070 m3/s with a
expanse of 20.4 kW electric power. Any frictional losses in pipes and any changes
in kinetic energy is neglected.
FM 4.10
The overall efficiency of the pump-motor unit is

(A) 67%
(B) 50%
(C) 65%
(D) 70%
FM 4.11
The pressure difference between the inlet and the exit of the pump is
(A) 201 kPa
(B) 192 kPa
(C) 199 kPa
(D) 196 kPa
Common Data For Linked Answer Q. 12 and 13.

Air at standard atmospheric condition enters the compressor at a rate of 0.28 m3/s
. It comes out to the tank through a 3 cm diameter pipe with a density of
1.8 kg/m3 and a uniform speed of 214 m/s. (Take air = 1. kg m )
FM 4.12
What is the mass flow rate in kg/s at which the mass of air in the tank is
increasing ?
(A) 0.65
(B) 0.073
(C) 0.065
(D) 0.73


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 127
FM 127
FM 4.13
What is the average time rate of change of air density in kg/m3 s within the tank
?
(A) 1.56
(B) 1.30
(C) 0.0130
(D) 0.130
FM 4.14
The pipe flow in shown figure below, fills a cylindrical tank. At time t = 0 , the
water depth in the tank is 65 cm. What will be the time required to fill the
remainder of the tank ?
(A) 41.5 s
(C) 32 s
FM 4.15
Water is being pumped from a lake to a reservoir of 15 m height by a 7 hp (shaft

power) pump. If the mechanical efficiency of the pump is 82% , what will be the
maximum volume flow rate of water ?
(A) 35.5 L/s

(C) 3.9 L/s
FM 4.16
(B) 23 s
(D) 16 s
(B) 29 L/s
(D) 0.039 L/s
Water enters the bottom of the cone as shown in figure at a uniformly increasing
average velocity V = at . If d is very small and h = 0 at t = 0 , the expression for
the water surface rise is

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FM 128
FM 4.17
Page 128
FM 4
(A) h (t) = : at d cot qD
(B) h (t) = : at d cot qD
(C) h (t) = : a t d cot qD
(D) h (t) = : at d cot qD
The velocity distribution is uniform at the entrance of a 0.9 m wide channel with
a velocity V as shown in figure. Further at the downstream the velocity profile
is given by u = y y , where u is in m/s and y is in meter. What will be the
value of V in m/s ?
(A) 0.70
(C) 0.525
FM 4.18
Demo Ebook
(B) 0.35
(D) 0.065
A fluid flowing past incompressibly over a flat plate as shown in figure below,
with a uniform inlet profile u = Uo and a exit profile u , U <3 - F , where = Y . What
2
will be the expression for volume flow rate vo across the top surface of the control
volume ?
3
(A) vo = Uo bd
(C) vo = 3 U bd
o
FM 4.19
(B) vo = 5 Uo bd
(D) vo = 3 U bd
o
A syringe plunger is moved forward at the steady rate of 10 mm/s and the vaccine
leaks pass the plunger at 0.1 of the volume flow rate, out the needle opening.
The inside diameters of the syringe and the needle are 15 mm and 0.525 mm,
respectively. What will be the average velocity of the needle exit flow ?
(A) 5.56 m/s

(C) 13.42 m/s
(B) 7.42 m/s

(D) 6.8 m/s
FM 4.20
Water flows through a horizontal pipe at a rate of 35 L/s. The pipe diameter is
reduced from 15 cm to 8 cm by a reducer. The pressure difference at the centre
line, between the two sections of pipe is measured to be 30 kPa. If the kinetic
energy correction factors to be 1.05, the irreversible head loss in the reducer is
(A) 5.44 m
(B) 6.75 m
(C) 2.379 m
(D) 0.675 m
FM 4.21
Consider an incompressible steady flow between two parallel plates as shown in


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 129
FM 129
figure below. The uniform upstream velocity is, u = Uo = m s , while downstream

velocity profile is u = az zo z , where a is a constant. If zo = cm and the fluid
is gasoline at 20cC , what is the value of u ma ?
(A) 3 cm/s
(C) 9 cm/s
(B) 12 cm/s
(D) 6 cm/s
FM 4.22
A fire hose nozzle is to deliver water that will rise 40 m vertically. What is the
stagnation pressure required at the nozzle inlet if (a) no loss is there (b) a loss of
30 N m/kg is there, respectively ?
(A) 392 kPa, 422 kPa
(B) 316 kPa, 294 kPa
(C) 294 kPa, 316 kPa
(D) 422 kPa, 392 kPa
FM 4.23
The water level in a tank is 16 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the
bottom of the tank and the Nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up.
The tank is at sea level and water surface is open to the atmosphere. There is a
pump in the line leading from the tank to the Nozzle, which increases the pressure
of water. If the water jet rises to a height of 30 m from the ground, the minimum
pressure rise supplied by the pump to the water line is
(A) 139.4 kPa

(C) 137.34 kPa
FM 4.24
(B) 135 kPa

(D) 140 kPa
The test section wall in figure shown below contains 12064 holes of 5 mm diameter
each. The suction velocity through each hole is Vr = 4 0 m min and the entrance
velocity V0 = 215 m min . For incompressible steady flow of air at 20cC , what will
be the final velocity Vf ?
(A) 4.63 m/s

(C) 35 m/s
(B) 4.13 m/s

(D) 31.25 m/s

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FM 130
FM 4.25
Demo Ebook
Page 130
FM 4
The velocity distribution in an open channel flow is characterise by the relation

V=U y h im s
where U = free-surface velocity, y = perpendicular distance from the channel
bottom in meter and h = depth of the channel in meter.
What is the average velocity of the channel stream as a function of U ?
(A) 0.833
(C) 0.625
FM 4.26
(B) 0.0625
(D) 0.0833
Consider a water jet that is deflected by a stationary cone such as shown in figure
below. If the jet velocity and diameter are 30 m/s and 5 cm, respectively and the
jet is deflected by 45c, what amount of force is required to hold the cone against
the water stream ?
(A) FRx = 5 8 , FRy = 0

(C) FRx = 0, FRy = 5 8
FM 4.27
(B) FRx = 5 8 , FRy = 0

(D) FRx = 5 8 , FRy = 5 8
The vane turns water jet completely around as shown in figure below. If the water
has pressure p and temperature T cC , the maximum jet velocity is
2
2
F
(B) V = ; F 2 E
2E
2rpD
2rpD
2
2
(C) V = ; F 2 E
(D) V = ; 2F 2 E
rpD
rpD
A jet of water with velocity V is directed in the positive x direction and it is
deflected by a flat plate. The plate is moving towards the on coming water jet
with velocity 0.5 V. If the jet cross-sectional area is A and a force F is required
to maintain the plate stationary then the magnitude of force required to move the
plate towards the jet, as shown in figure below, is
(A) V = ;
FM 4.28


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 131
FM 131
(A) AV
(C) 2.25AV 2
FM 4.29
(B) 0.25AV 2
(D) 2AV 2
Air enters in a jet engine at 20cC and 1 atm, where A1 =

m and V1 =
m s
and leaves at 1 atm, where A =
m and V = 1
m s as shown in figure
below. If the air-fuel ratio is 30: 1, the test stand support reaction Rx will be
(A) 281 kN
(C) 205 kN
(B) 356 kN
(D) 76 kN

The water flows steadily from a tank mounted on a cart as shown in figure.
After the water jet leaves the nozzle of the tank, it falls and strikes a vane
attached to another cart. Consider the carts wheels are frictionless and the
fluid is inviscid.
FM 4.30
FM 4.31
FM 4.32
What is the tension in rope A ?

(A) 592 N
(C) 848 N
(B) 320 N
(D) 490 N
What is the tension in rope B ?

(A) 490 N
(C) 536 N
(B) 636 N
(D) 848 N
Water at 20cC flows steadily through a reducing pipe bend as shown in figure
below. Known conditions are p1 =
k a gage, A1 = 1 cm , p = k a gage,

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FM 132
Demo Ebook
Page 132
FM 4
o=
g s . Neglecting bend and water weight, the total force
A = cm and m
which must be resisted by the flange bolts will be
(A) 9.8 kN
(C) 12 kN
FM 4.33
A 300 mm diameter circular plate is held perpendicular to an axisymmetric

horizontal jet of air having a velocity of 30 m/s and a diameter of 85 mm as
shown in figure. A hole at the centre of the plate is provided which results in a
discharge jet of air having a velocity of 40 m/s and a diameter of 35 mm. What
will be the horizontal component of force required to hold the plate stationary ?
(A) 9.90 N
(C) 6.95 N
FM 4.34
(B) 14.5 kN
(D) 15 kN
(B) 8.53 N
(D) 10.1 N
Water flows through a reducing section of pipe as shown in figure below. All
fluids are at 20cC . If D1 = 8 cm , D2 = 5 cm , p2 = 1 atm , V2 = 1 m s , and the
manometer reading is h = 58 cm . What will be the horizontal force resisted by
each bolt when number of bolts is 4 ?( Hg = 1 28 N m )
(A) 167 N
(C) 140 N
(B) 200 N
(D) 40 N


FM 4
FM 4.35
FM 133
ho
g
gho
(B) t = Ab #
Ao
(D) t = Ao #
Ab
ho
g
gho
Water is pumped from a reservoir as shown in figure. The head loss is known
to be 1.2V 2/2g , where V is the average velocity in the pipe. The relationship
between the pump head and the flow rate is h p =
vo , where h p is in the
3
3
meters and vo is in m /s . What will be the flow rate vo in m /s ?
(A) 0.052
(C) 5.2
FM 4.37
Page 133
A water tank is drained through a hole of area Ao with fluid velocity V =

gh
as shown in figure below, where h is the depth of water above the hole and the
cylindrical tank have bottom area Ab . Expression for the time to drain the tank
from an initial depth of ho is
(A) t = Ao #
Ab
(C) t = Ab #
Ao
FM 4.36
Demo Ebook
(B) 0.52
(D) 0.0052
Water exists to the standard sea-level atmosphere through the split nozzle as
shown in figure below. The weight flow rate at section 2 and 3 is equals to 748
N/s. If D = cm , D2 = D 3 = 0 cm and p = 35 k a (absolute), the force on
the flange bolts at section 1 is
(A) 802 N
(C) 550 N
(B) 1768 N
(D) 3120 N

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FM 134
Demo Ebook
Page 134
FM 4
FM 4.38
Water enters a pump impeller radially and leaves the impeller with a tangential
component of absolute velocity of 10 m/s. The impeller exit diameter is 60 mm
and the impeller speed is 1800 rpm. If the stagnation pressure rise across the
impeller is 45 kPa, the loss of available energy across the impeller and the
hydraulic efficiency of the pump respectively, are
(A) 8.7 Nm/kg , 0.597
(B) 11.6 N m/kg , 0.796
(C) 14.5 N m/kg , 0.995
(D) 5.8 N m/kg , 0.398
FM 4.39
The water enters a horizontal, circular cross-sectional, sudden contraction nozzle

at section (1) with a uniformly distributed velocity of 7.5 m/s and a pressure of
517 kPa as shown in figure. The water exits from the nozzle into the atmosphere
at section (2) with the velocity of 30.5 m/s. What will be the axial component of
the anchoring force required to hold the contraction in place ?
(A) 1521 N
(C) 690 N
FM 4.40
(B) 759 N
(D) 1010 N
Water is flowing through a U-section pipe as shown in figure below. At flange

(1), flange (2) and Location (3) the pressures are 100 kPa, 50 kPa and 100 kPa,
respectively. If the momentum flux correction factor to be 1.03, the total x and
z forces at the two flanges connecting the pipe are
(A) FRx = 3.11 , FRz = 112

(C) FRx = 112 , FRz = 3.11
FM 4.41
(B) FRx = 3.11 , FRz = 112

(D) FRx = 112 , FRz = 3.11
A nozzle is connected to a vertical pipe and discharges water into the atmosphere
at a rate of 0.01 m3/s as shown in figure. The gage pressure at the flange is
40 kPaand the nozzle has a weight of 200 N. If the volume of water in the nozzle
is 0.012 m3 , what will be the vertical component of the anchoring force required
to hold the nozzle in place ?


FM 4
(A) 1140 N
(C) 1281 N
FM 4.42
Demo Ebook
Page 135
FM 135
(B) 1072 N
(D) 954 N
Water at 20cC flows through a 5 cm diameter pipe as shown in figure, which

turns the water flow direction completely around. The pressure at flange 1 is
p1 = 1 5 a (abs), at flange 2 is p2 = 1
a (abs) and mass flow rate is 23.45
kg/s. What will be the total force which flanges must withstand ?
(A) Fx = 53
(C) Fx = 24
(B) Fx = 115
(D) Fx = 1 1

The water flows through a horizontal bend and discharges into the atmosphere
as shown in figure. When the pressure gage reads 69 kPa, the resultant x
-direction anchoring force, FAx , in the horizontal plane required to hold the
bend in place is shown in figure and the flow is not frictionless.

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FM 136
FM 4.43
Demo Ebook
Page 136
The flow rate through the bend is

(A) 0.20 m3/s
(C) 0.002 m3/s
FM 4
(B) 0.02 m3/s

(D) 2 m3/s
FM 4.44
What is the anchoring force FAy in y -direction, required to hold the bend in place ?
(A) 3251 N
(B) 3041 N
(C) 3401 N
(D) 341 N
FM 4.45
A liquid jet of velocity Vj and area A j strikes a single 180c bucket on a turbine
wheel rotating at angular velocity as shown in figure below. What will be the
expression for maximum power in terms of , A j and Vj ?
FM 4.46
(A) Pmax = rAjV j
(B) Pmax =
rA j V j
(C) Pmax =
(D) Pmax =
rA j V j
rA j V j
Consider a free jet of fluid which strikes a wedge as shown in figure. A portion
of the total flow is deflected by 30c and the remainder is not deflected. The
horizontal and vertical components of force needed to hold the wedge stationary
are FH and FV , respectively. If the effect of gravity is neglecting and the fluid
speed remains constant, the force ratio FH FV is
(B) 2.7
(D) 0.27
(A) 2.7
(C) 0.27
FM 4.47
A liquid jet of velocity Vj and diameter D j strikes a fixed cone of = 60c and
deflects back as a conical sheet at the same velocity. What will be the restraining
force F ?
(A) F = rA j V j
(B) F = . rA j V j


FM 4
(C) F = rA j V j
FM 4.48
FM 137
(D) F =
rA j V j
(B) 1.08 kg
(D) 0.0108 kg
The box in figure shown below has three 1.27 cm holes on the right side. The
volume flows of 20cC water from top and bottom hole is votop = vobottom = 2 2 cm s
and from middle is vomiddle =
cm s . What will be the force, which this water
flow causes on the box ?
(A) 316 N
(C) 189 N
FM 4.50
Page 137
A vertical circular cross section jet of air strikes a conical deflector as shown in
figure. A vertical anchoring force of 0.1 N is required to hold the deflector in the
place. If the magnitude of velocity of the air remains constant and air = . kg m
, what will be the mass of the deflector ?
(A) 0.108 kg
(C) 10.8 kg
FM 4.49
Demo Ebook
(B) 126 N
(D) 379 N
Water flows through the horizontal tee connection as shown in figure. The flow of
water is considered frictionless, incompressible and one-dimensional. If each pipe
has an inside diameter of 1 m, the x and y components of the force exerted by
the tee on the water respectively, are

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FM 138
(B) 185 kN , 45.8 kN

(D) 185 kN, 45.8 kN
(B) 8800 N
(D) 2955 N
Water is flowing in a 0.1 m diameter uniform pipe as shown in figure. The pipe
puts the force on the fluid in the 6 m section. What will be the axial and normal
components of the force, respectively ?
(A) 19 N, 327 N
(C) 47 N, 109 N
FM 4.53
FM 4
The tank in figure given below has a mass of 51 kg when it is empty and contains
600 L of water at 20cC . Pipes 1 and 2 have area A = 2. # 10 m2 and
vo = 0.0
m s . What should be the scale reading W ?
(A) 6374 N
(C) 8300 N
FM 4.52
Page 138
(A) 185 kN , 45.8 kN

(C) 185 kN, 45.8 kN
FM 4.51
Demo Ebook
(B) 27 N, 218 N
(D) 38 N, 436 N
Water enters in a elbow at diameter D1 = 10 cm , p1 = 233 kPa (gage) and exits

to atmosphere at D2 = 3 cm as shown in figure below. At a weight flow rate of
150 N/s the force on the flange bolts at section 1 is (Neglect the weight of water
and elbow)
(A) 2094 N
(C) 1566 N
(B) 264 N
(D) 2192 N


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 139
FM 139

Two water jets collide and form one homogeneous jet as shown in figure below.
Neglect the effect of gravity.
.
FM 4.54
The speed V at the exit and direction of the combined jet respectively, are
(A) 5.36 m/s, 21.5c
(B) 2.15 m/s, 8.6c
(C) 4.29 m/s, 17.2c
(D) 3.22 m/s, 12.9c
FM 4.55
What is the head loss for a fluid particle flowing from (1) to (3) and from (2) to
(3) ?
(A) 558 N m/s
(B) 419 N m/s
(C) 837 N m/s
(D) 697 N m/s
Common Data For Q. 56 and 57.

Water enters the rotor at a rate of 0.005 m3 /s along the axis of rotation as shown
in figure. The cross section area of each of the three nozzle exits normal to the
relative velocity is 18 mm2 and = 30c.
FM 4.56
What will be the resisting torque required to hold the rotor stationary ?
(A) 225 N m
(B) 150 N m
(C) 200 N m
(D) 175 N m
FM 4.57
How fast will be the rotor spin steadily if the resisting torque is reduced to zero ?

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FM 140
FM 4
(B) 120 rad/s

(D) 160 rad/s
In a pipe flow of water, the distribution of axial direction velocity u is linear from
zero at the wall to maximum of uc at the centerline. What will be the average
velocity u and the kinetic energy coefficient , respectively ?
, 5.4
uc
(C) uc , 2.7
3
(B) uc , 1.1
(A)
FM 4.59
Page 140
(A) 200 rad/s

(C) 100 rad/s
FM 4.58
Demo Ebook
(D) 3uc , 8.1
Consider inward flow radial turbine which involves a nozzle angle 1 = 60c and
an inlet rotor tip speed U1 = m s . The absolute velocity leaving the rotor at
section (2) is radial with a magnitude of 12 m/s and the ratio of rotor inlet to
outlet diameters is 1.8. If the fluid is water, what will be the energy transfer per
unit mass of fluid flowing through this turbine ?
(A) 77.7 N m/kg

(C) 38.8 N m/kg
(B) 58.3 N m/kg

(D) 97.1 N m/kg
FM 4.60
The velocity profile in a turbulent pipe flow may be approximated with the
expression
u = 1 r 1 n
uc a
Rk
where u = local velocity in the axial direction, uc = centerline velocity in the axial
direction, R = pipe inner radius from pipe axis, r = local radius from pipe axis
and n = constant.
What will be the kinetic energy coefficient for n = ?
(A) 111.1
(B) 11.1
(C) 0.111
(D) 1.11
FM 4.61
Water flows vertically upward in a circular cross-sectional pipe as shown in figure.

The velocity profile over the cross-sectional area at section (1) is uniform and at
section (2) the velocity profile is characterise by the relation:
V = wc a1 r k k
R
where V = local velocity vector, wc = centerline velocity in the axial direction,
R = pipe radius and r = radius from pipe axis.
What will be the expression for the fluid pressure drop between sections (1) and
(2) ?


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 141
FM 141
(A) p p = Rz rgh rw
pR
(C) p p = Rz + rgh + rw
pR
(B) p p = Rz + rgh + rw
pR
(D) p p = Rz rgh + rw
pR

A hydraulic jump forms near the downstream end of a river spillway as shown
in figure. The velocity of the channel flow is reduced abruptly across the jump.
Consider the conservation of mass and linear momentum principles and the width
of flow is unity.
FM 4.62
What will be the expression for h , shown in figure above ?

(B) h = h + b h l + h
(A) h = h + b h l + V h
g
V g
(C) h = h c h m + V h
(D) h = h c h m V h
g
g
FM 4.63
If energy conservation is considered, the expression for the loss of available energy
across the jump will be
g
g
(B)
(A)
(h h2) 3
(h h )
hh
4h2 h1 1
g
(C) h h (h h )
(D)
(h h1) 3
g
4h2 h1 2
***********

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FM 142
Demo Ebook
Page 142
FM 4
SOLUTIONS
FM 4.1

From mass balance
Mass of air entered = Final mass of tank Initial mass of tank
ma = m f mi
= rf v ri v = (rf ri) v
v = constant for tan
= ]7.30 1.18g # ]1.5g = 9.03 kg
FM 4.2

Consider steady incompressible flow of wind, then
vogarage door = vowindow + vowindow
Agarage door Vgarage door = Awindow V + Awindow V = Awindow V
where
Vgarage door = Normal velocity to the garage door
= 1.5 sin 30c
Thus 2.2 # 3 # 1.5 sin 30c = 2 # 0.91 # 1.22 # V
V = 4.95 = 2.23 m/s
2.22
FM 4.3

From mass conservation to the bathtub.
The rate of increase in the amount of water
= The difference between water supply rate and water
discharge rate
o pool = m
o supply m
odischarge
m
o = rgvo
vopool = vosupply vodischarge
m
...(i)
vosupply = vopool + vodischarge
Then
vodischarge = Vdischarge # Aorifice
=
5 # p # (0.05) 2
= 0.00982 m3/s
4
vopool = Vlevel rise # A pool = .
# #
= 0.24 m /min = 0.004 m3/s
Substituting in equation (i), we get
vosupply = 0.004 + 0.00982
3
= 0.01382 , 0.0139 m3/s

FM 4.4

For steady flow, we have
vo + vo + vo = vo
or
V A +V A +V A = V A
since
vo = V A

...(i)

FM 4
or
and
or
or
Demo Ebook
Page 143
FM 143
0.05 = V # p #
V = 0.05 # 4 2 = 7.86 m/s
p # (0.09)
0.2 vo3 = 0.1 vo4
vo = 2vo3
vo = 0.05 = 0.025 m3 /s
2
vo = V A
o
0.025
V = v = 0.025 =
p
p
2
A
(d )
(0.06) 2
4# 3
4#
= 8.84 m/s
from equation (i)

V # (
) + # (
V#
) +(
+
)# (
+
) = 0.05
= 0.05
V = 0.05 0.00982 0.025
0.00125
= 12.14 , 12 m/s
FM 4.5

A control volume around sections (1, 2, 3) yields
vo1 = vo2 + vo3
And with V2 = 2. m s , flow rate
vo2 = A2 V2 = 2. # p # ( . 2) 2 = 0.000785 m3 /s
...(i)
Thus from equation (i),

vo3 = vo1 vo2
= 1.26 # 103 0.785 # 103 = 0.475 # 103 m3 /s
vo3 = 0.000475 = 9.5 106 m3 /s
Each hole carries
#
50
50
or
9.5 # 106 = p # (0.001) 2 # Vjet
4
FM 4.6
6
Vjet = 4 # 9.5 # 102 = 12.10 m/s
p # (0.001)

For steady flow process
ooutlet
o inlet = m
m
o1 + m
o2 = m
o3
m
...(i)
1 vo1 + 2 vo2 = r3 vo3
Consider both the water and oil are incompressible. So, 1 = 2 = 3
Thus
...(ii)
vo1 + vo2 = vo3
On combining equation (i) and (ii), we have
1 vo1 + 2 vo2 = r3 (vo1 + vo2)
liquid S.G.H O
r
r
vo1 + 2 vo2 = 3 (vo1 + vo2)
=
= S.G.
r1
r1
H O
H O
vo1 + S.G. 2 vo2 = S.G. 3 (vo1 + vo2)
2

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FM 144
Demo Ebook
Page 144
vo S G S G
FM 4
= vo S G
vo S G
vo S G
vo =
=
S G S G
S G S G
0.5 (1 0.90)
= 0.05 = 1 m3/s
=
0.90 0.85
0.05
FM 4.7

For a suction velocity of Vw , the cylindrical suction surface area
Aw = 2pR # L
= 2 # p # 0.04 # 1.2 = 0.3016 m2
Since for steady flow
vo = vow + vo
or
V A = Vw Aw + V A
or 12 # # (0.08) 2 = Vw #
+ # p #(
)
4
or
Vw = p # (0.08) 2 (12 9) /0.3016
4
3 p (0.08) 2
= # #
= 0.05 m/s = 5 cm/s
4 # 0.3016
FM 4.8
We have
vo =
m min =
m s, V =
m s, n = . ,
pexit
=
pinlet
It is steady flow process, so mass flow remains constant.

o
o =m
m
2 A2 V2 = r1 vo1
2 # d 22 V2 = r1 vo1
4
4 r1 vo1
d =
p r2 V2
p
Also
= Constant
n
r n
p
= b 1l
r2
p
1
p n
=b l
2
p
Here p & p denotes the inlet an exit pressures respectively.
p1 1/n
vo1
4
d =
#
#
b
l
p2
p
V2

...(i)
...(ii)

FM 4
FM 4.9
Demo Ebook
Page 145
FM 145
4
1 1/1.4
25
#
b
p
10 l # 60 # 25
4.099 # 103 = 0.064 m

The total mechanical energy of the river water per unit mass becomes
emech = P.E. + K.E.
= gh + V
= (9.81 # 90) +
(3) 2
2
= 887.4 J/kg , 0.887 kJ/kg

The power generation potential of the river water is
o mech
Pma = me
o = rvo = 1000 # 250 = 250000 kg/s
m
Thus
FM 4.10
Pma = 250000 # 0.887

= 221750 kW = 221.75 MW

The mass flow rate of water
o = rvo = 1000 # 0.07 = 70 kg/s
m
Then the Energy output of the pump
# . #
o#g#h =
Eoout = m
= 13.7 kW
The overall efficiency of pump-motor unit

o
pump-motor = DEout = . = .
.
DEin
= 67.2% , 67%
FM 4.11

The change in pressure at inlet to exit must be equal to the useful mechanical
energy supplied by the pump
o p p = voDp
Eoout = m
r
o
. = 196 kPa
p = DEoout =
.
v
FM 4.12
From the principle of conservation of mass

dmsystem
o in m
oout
=m
dt
= rin voin rout Aout Vout
= 1.23 # 0.28 1.8 # p # (0.03) 2 # 213
4
= 0.344 0.271 = 0.073 kg/s

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FM 146
Demo Ebook
Page 146
FM 4
FM 4.13

dmsystem
dr
We know
= d (rVsystem) = Vsystem
dt
dt
dt
From previous part of the question
dmsystem
= 0.073 m/s
dt
d
Hence
= .
= .
- .
kg m s
.
Vsystem
dt
FM 4.14

For a control volume enclosing the tank and the portion of the pipe below the
tank,
oout - m
o in = 0
dv + m
dt
or
or
FM 4.15
D
4
2
D # dh
4
dt
2
D # dh
4
dt
dh
dt
dh
# dt + (AV) out - (AV) in = 0
= (rAV) in (rAV) out
= 998 # p # (0.12) 2 # 2.5 998 # p # (0.12) 2 # (1.9)

4
4
= 998 # p # (0.12) 2 ]2.5 1.9g # 4 2
4
rpD
p
4
2
= 998 # # (0.12) # ]2.5 1.9g #
4
998 # p # (0.75) 2
(0.12) 2 # ]0.6g
=
= 0.0154 m/s
(0.75) 2
(1.0 0.65)
t =
= 0.35 = 22.73 s - 23 s
0.0154
0.0154

Since
Also
pump =
Ppump, useful
Ppump, shaft
Ppump, useful = hpump # Ppump, shaft

= 0.82 # 7 = 5.74 hp
o
Puseful = mgz = rvgz
P
. #
.
vo = useful =
.
rgz
#
#
no head loss is there

1 hp = 745.7 W
= 0.0291 m3/s = 29.1 L/s - 29L/s

FM 4.16

For a control volume around the cone, the mass relation becomes
d b dv l - m
o in = 0
dt
d (h tan ) h - d t = 0
or
C
dt 9
Integrate:
h3 tan2 = r p d 2 # at 2
8
3
3rpd 2 at 2 3
at 2 d 2 = 3 at 2 d 2 cot2 q
=
#
8
8rp tan2 q 8
tan2 q
1/3
h (t) = : 3 at 2 d 2 cot2 qD
8
h (t) =


FM 4
FM 4.17
Demo Ebook
Page 147
FM 147
By using the control volume indicated in the figure.

From the conservation of mass principle
vo = vo
VA =
# udA = #
( y y ) b # dy
b = width of the channel
Where
V#( .
) b = b;
V =V
0.23V = 2 # (0.3) 2 2 (0.3) 3

3
0.23V = 0.18 0.018 = 0.162
V = 0.162 = 0.70 m/s
0.23
FM 4.18

For the given control volume and incompressible flow,
voin = votop + voexit
or
votop = voin voexit = Vin Ain Vexit Aexit
= Uo
# b dy U #
o
hh
E b dy
y
y
; d d E bdy
d y
d y
= Uo bd Uo b = #
dy #
dyG
d
d
= Uo bd Uo
= U bd U b c
y
y d
d
d m
= Uo bd Uo b b d d l
votop = 3 Uo bd
8
FM 4.19
The control volume selected for solving this problem is the deforming control
volume. From the principle of conservation of mass,
rA VP + rvo + rvoleak = 0

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FM 148
Demo Ebook
Page 148
FM 4
= constant , voleak =
vo
A VP + A V + A V = 0
1.1A2 V2 = A VP
2
V = 1 c A1 m VP = 1 d 12 # VP
1. 1 A 2
1.1 d 2
2
= 1 # b 15 l # 10 # 103 = 7.42 m/s
1.1
0.525
Let b be the plate width into the paper. Let the control volume enclose the inlet
and outlet. The walls are solid, so no flow through the wall. For incompressible
flow
voout = voin
Here
FM 4.20
# ubdz
zo
or
az (zo z) bdz
or
Now at z = zo
or
FM 4.21
# U bdz
= # U bdz
=
zo
zo
u = az (zo z)
abz o3 = U bz
o
o
6
a = Uo
zo
, u = u max
= a zo 9zo zo C = az o
u max = Uo # z o = Uo
zo
3
= # 6 = 9 cm/s
2
a = Uo
zo
The energy equation between sections (1) and (2) gives

2
2
p1
p
+ 1 V 1 + z1 = 2 + a2 V 2 + z2 + hL
g
2g
rg
2g
Since z1 = z2 and 1 = 2 = 1.05
(V 2 V 22)
p p2
Thus
hL = 1
+a 1
2g
rg
o
0.035
Also
V1 = v =
= 1.98 m/s
p
A1
(0.15) 2
#
4
o
v
0.035
V2 =
= 6.96 m/s
=
p
A2
(0.08) 2
#
4
By substituting in equation (i), we get
1.07 [(1.98) 2 (6.96) 2]
hL = 30 # 1000 +
1000 # 9.81
2 # 9.81
= 3.058 2.382 = 0.675 m

...(i)

FM 4
FM 4.22
Demo Ebook
Page 149
FM 149

To evaluate the stagnation pressure at the nozzle inlet, assume that the stagnation
pressure at the nozzle exit is the same as the stagnation pressure at the nozzle
inlet and applying the energy equation to the flow from the nozzle exit to the
maximum elevation of the water flow.
...(i)
p = gDz + r (loss)
(a) For no loss, equation (i) gives
p = (9.80) (40) = 392 kPa
(b) For loss = 30 N m/kg , equation (i) gives
p = (9.80 # 40) + (999 # 30 ) = 422 kPa
1000
FM 4.23
Applying energy equation between (1) and (2)

2
2
p1
p
+ 1 V 1 + z1 + h pump = 2 + a2 V 2 + z2
g
2g
rg
2g
Since V1 = V2 = and p1 = p2 = patm
Therefore
h pump = z2 z1 = 1 = 1 m
A pressure rise corresponds to h pump = 1 m is
p = rgh pump = 1
# . 1#1
= 137340 N/m = 137.34 kPa
2
FM 4.24

The total suction flow leaving is
vosuction = Number of holes # vohole
= 12064 # Ahole # Vr
= 12064 # p # (0.005) 2 # 480 = 1.895 m3 /s
60
4
o
o
Now
v = v1
or
A V = A1 V1
(2.5) 2 # 215 = p # (0.8) 2 # V1

60
4#
4
(2.5) 2 # 215
V1 =
= 34.99 . 35 m/s
60 # (0.8) 2
And
vo2 = vo1 vosuction
A2 V2 = A1 V1 1.
2
or
(0.8) # V2 = p # (0.8) 2 # 35 1.895
4#
4
(0.8) 2 # V2 = 15.7
4#

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FM 150
Demo Ebook
Page 150
FM 4
V = 15.7 # 4 2 = 31.25 m/s

p # (0.8)
Since
vo = vof
or
A V = A f Vf
2
(0.8) # 31.25 = p # (2.2) 2 # Vf
4#
4
(0.8) 2 # 31.25
Vf =
= 4.13 m/s
(2.2) 2
FM 4.25
For any flow cross section,

o = rAu =
m
# rV:n dA
A
y
V :n = V :i = U a k
h
Thus for uniformly distributed density, over area A,
Also
u =
u =
U
and
FM 4.26
#
#
y
U a k l dy
h
lh
y
y
a h k da h k =
= .
The mass flow rate of water jet is

o = rAV =
m
#( .
) #
g s
By momentum equation for steady flow

o cos q mV
o
FRx = mV
o (cos q )
= mV
Then
FRy = 0 (Due to symmetry about x -axis)

FRx = 58.9 # 30 # (cos 45c 1) = 518 N


FM 4
FM 4.27
FM 4.28
Demo Ebook
Page 151
FM 151

For a control volume enclosing the vane and the inlet and outlet jets, applying
Momentum relation
oout uout min uin = m
o jet ( V) m
o jet (+ V)
Fx = F = m
o jet V
F = 2m
F = 2rAV # V = 2rAV 2
F
F =
F
=
V =
p
2
2rA
rp
D
2r # D
4
From the momentum equation for steady one dimensional flow in x direction.
o bmV
o
F = bmV
out
in
o r = rAVr # Vr = rAV r
F = mV
Since jet and plate moves in opposite direction, therefore relative velocity
Vr = V ( . V ) = . V
F = rA ( . V ) = . rAV
Hence
FM 4.29

The density of air
1 =
p
=
RT
#( +
= 1.205 kg/m3
For a control volume enclosing the engine
o = r1 A1 V1
m
and
1atm = 101325 Pa
= (1.205) # (0.25) # (500) = 150.62 , 151 kg/s

o +m
of
o =m
m
o
m
o 1 = 151 + 151 = 151 + 5
=
= 151 + 1 # m
30
30
mf
= 156 kg/s
Now from momentum relation (direction of Rx and flow is same)
o u m
o u m
o f uf
Fx = Rx = m
o f << m
o and m
o
m
= 156 # (1800) 151 # (500) 0
and ssuming u f =
= 205300 N , 205 kN
FM 4.30

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FM 152
Demo Ebook
Page 152
FM 4
For a control volume that is fixed and non-deforming, the linear momentum
equation is
2 VdV + VV:n dA = F
CV
2t CV
CS
2 VdV = 0
For steady process
2t CV
# VV:n dA = / F
Thus
CV
CS
Where TA = Tension in rope A .

V =
V V A = TA
2gh1 =
...(i)
2 # 9.8 # 2.5 = 7 m/s
Hence from equation (i),

TA = 7 # 1000 # 7 # 0.01 = 490 N
FM 4.31

For control volume CV , the linear momentum equation can be written as
2 V dV + VV:n dA = F
CV
2t CV
CS
/
#
# VV:n dA = / F
CV
CS
For steady process
V V A = TB
V =
Here
2g (h1 + h2) =
...(i)
2 # 9.8 # (2.5 + 5)
= 12.12 m/s
From principle of conservation of mass
vo = vo
VA =VA
...(ii)
V V A = TB
TB = 12.12 # 1000 # 7 # 0.01 - 848 N
FM 4.32

The inlet and exit velocities are
o
m s
V = m =
= .
rA
#
#
o
and
V = m =
. m s
=
rA
# #
The control volume surrounds the bend and cuts through the flanges.
The force balance is
o u m
ou
Fx = Fbolts + p gage # A + p gage # A = m
or
FM 4.33
Fbolts
u = V and u = V
o 2 mV
o 1
= (250000 # 491 # 10 ) + (20000 # 50 # 104) = mV
o (V2 + V1)
= 12275 + 100 + m
= 12275 + 100 + 108 (21.6 + 2.2) = 14945 , 15 kN
4

The control volume contains the plate and flowing air as shown in figure above.
Applying the linear momentum equation in x -direction.


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 153
FM 153
V rV A + V rV A = FAx
FAx = V rV A V rV A
= V r# pD V r# pD
= p r # [V12 D12 V22 D22]
4
= p r # [(40) 2 # (0.085) 2 (30) 2 # (0.035) 2]
4
= p # 1.23 [11.56 1.1025]
air =
4
FAx
FM 4.34
= 0.965 # 10.4575
= 10.09 N - 10.1 N

Let the control volume cut through the bolts and through section 2. For the given
manometer reading, we may compute the upstream pressure:
p p2 = (gHg gwater ) h
= (132800 9790) # (0.58) = 71346 Pa (gage)
Now apply conservation of mass to find inlet velocity,
vo = vo2
or
D 2 V = p # D 22 # V2
4 # 1# 1
4
(0.08) 2 # V1 = p # (0.05) 2 # 13
4#
4
(0.05) 2 # 13
= 5.07 , 5 m/s
(0.08) 2
Finally the balance of horizontal forces gives
o (V2 V )
Fx = F bolts + p gage A = m
o (V2 V )
or
F bolts = p gage A m
o = rA V
m
= 71346 # p # (0.08) 2 rA1 V1 # (V2 V1)
4
= 71346 # p # (0.08) 2 998 # p (0.08) 2 (5.0) (13 5)
4
4
V =
= 158 N
Now force on each bolt
Fbolt = 158 = 39.5 N - 40 N
4

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FM 154
FM 4.35
Demo Ebook
Page 154
FM 4

We know that
actual total pressure rise across impeller
r
( .
)(
) ( p)
Also
U =rw=
= . m s
= 2N
60
Thus
loss = 5.66 # 10 (45 # 103) # 1 = 11.6 N m/kg
999
and efficiency is given by
actual total pressure rise across impeller
r
=
U Vq
loss = U Vq
# 10 E
; 45 999
3
=
FM 4.36
5.66 # 10
= 0.796

For a control volume around the tank
d
oout = 0
dvD + m
dt :
oout = rAo V = rAo
Ab dh = m
dt
dh = t Ao g dt
Integrate:
Ab
h
h
A
g
[ h ] h0 = o
tt
Ab #
A
g
2 h 0 = o
t
Ab #
gh
t = Ab
Ao
FM 4.37
ho = Ab
Ao #
g
ho
g
For the control volume shown, the energy equation gives

p V
p
+
+ z = + V + z + hs hl
g
g
g
Since p = p = patm and V =
V 22 + z = z + h h
2
s
l
2g
2
However
hl = 1.2V 2
2g
and
hs = h p =
vo

...(i)
...(ii)
...(iii)

FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 155
FM 155
Since vo = V A , from equation (ii) we have

o 2
...(iv)
hl = 1.2 c v m
2g A2
and combining equation (i), (iii) and (iv), we get
o
1 vo 2 + z = z +
...(v)
vo . c v m
2
2g c A2 m
g A
or vo c
+ . +
m = z z +
gA
gA
V
R
z1 z2 + 20
Hence
vo = S
W
1
1.2
2000
+
+
W
S
2 2
2 2
p
d
2
W
S 2g # b pd 2 l
2g # b
W
S
4
4 l
X
V
RT
6 + 20
=S
W
1
1. 2
W
S
+
+
2000
2 2
p (0.07) 2 2
W
S 2 (9.81) p (0.07)
;
E 2 (9.81) ;
E
W
S
4
4
X
T
1/2
26
=:
D
3441.35 + 4129.62 + 2000
vo = 0.052 m3/s
1
2
1
2
FM 4.38
The volume flow rate
since
weight flow rate

vo = vo =
=
specific weight
vo = vo + vo
or
vo = 0.0764 + 0.0764 = 0.1528 m /s

vo = A V = p # ( . ) # V = .
= .
3
m s
from mass conservation

vo = vo (given)
V = 0.1528 # 42 = 7.6 m/s

p # (0.16)
o
o
.
V =V = v = v =
p
A
A
#( . )
V = 9.73 m/s = V2
The control volume incloses the split nozzle and cuts through the flange. The
balance of forces is
or
Fx = Fbolts + p , gage A
= rvo ( V cos
Fbolts
c) + rvo ( V cos
c) rvo (+ V )

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FM 156
Page 156
= rvo V cos
FM 4
c + rvo V cos
Fbolts
Fbolts
Fbolts
FM 4.39
Demo Ebook
c rvo + V p gage A
V x = V cos c and V x = V cos c
= 2rvo2 (V2 cos 30c) rvo1 V1 p1, gage A1 vo = vo and V = V
= 2 # 998 # 0.0764 # (9.73 cos 30c) 998 # 0.1528 # 7.6
(135000 101350) # p # (0.16) 2
4
= 1285 1159 676 = 3120 N
= 3120 N
In this problem we include the nozzle as well as the water at an instant between
sections (1) & (2) in the control volume.
The atmospheric pressure at section (1) & (2) are same and cancelled out.
For steady process, the linear momentum equation in the horizontal direction (
x -direction)
# VV:n dA = / F
CS
V1 rV1 A1 + V2 rV2 A2 = p1 A1 FA pA A2
From the principle of mass conservation
o1 = m
o2
m
V1 A1 = rV2 A2
From equation (i) and (ii), we have
o 1 V1 + m
o 1 V2 = p1 A1 FA p2 A2
m
o 1 (V2 V1) = p1 A1 FA p2 A2
m
o 1 (V2 V1)
FA = p1 A1 p2 A2 m
FA = p1 # p D 12 p2 # p D 22 rV1 # p D 12 (V2 V1)
...(i)
...(ii)
= 517 # 103 # p (7.5 # 102) 2 0

4
1000 # 7.5 # p # (7.5 # 102) 2 # (30.5 7.5)
4
= 2282.88 761.7 = 1521.18 N - 1521 N
FM 4.40

We take the entire U-section as the control volume. The x and z components of
the anchoring force be FRx and FRz . Then the momentum equations along the x
and z axis becomes.
o 2 ( V2) bm
o 1 V1
FRx + p1 A1 + p2 A2 = bm
o 2 V2 + m
o 1 V1)
...(i)
FRx = p1 A1 p2 A2 b (m


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 157
FM 157
Since
and
o 3 V3 0
FRz + 0 = bm
o V
FRz = bm
o
o
m
V = m =
=
rA
r # p # (D )
...(ii)
#
#p#( .
= 15.3 m/s
o
V = m =
rA
r
o
m
=
p
# # (D )
#
#p#( . )
= 2.80 m/s
o
V = m =
rA
r
o
m
=
p
# # (D )
#
#p#( .
= 11.3 m/s
Substituting in equation (i) and (ii),
FRx = 100 # p # (0.05) 2 50 # p # (0.1) 2
4
4
1.03 :22 # 2.80 + 30 # 15.3D
1000
1000
and
FM 4.41
FRz
= 0.1962 0.3925 0.5362

= 1.125 kN , 1125 N
o V = . # . # = 93.11 N
= bm
The nozzle and the water in the nozzle are included in the control volume at an
instant.
From the linear momentum equation in the vertical direction (y -direction),
o (V sin c V ) = p A Fy Wnozzle Wwater p A sin c
m
p = 0 (Gage pressure)
o (V sin
Fy = p A Wnozzle Wwater m
...(i)
From the continuity equation
vo = vo
cV)

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FM 158
Demo Ebook
Page 158
FM 4
o
o
V = v , V = v
A
A
o
Fy = p A Wnozzle (v g) water rvo c v sin
A
o
c v m
A
= 40 # 103 # 0.05 200 0.012 # 9810 1000 # 0.01

0.01
0.01
b 0.02 # 0.707 0.04 l
= 1600 200 117.72 1.035
= 1281.45 - 1281 N
FM 4.42

The volume flow rate
o
vo = m = . = .
m s
r
Let the CV cut through the flanges and surround the pipe bend then the pipe
inlet and exit velocities are the same magnitude.
o
.
V =V =V= v =
, m s
p
A
#( . )
Now subtract patm everywhere, so only p and p are non-zero. The horizontal
force balance is
oout u m
ou
Fx = Fx, flange + (p patm) A + (p patm) A = m
or Fx, flange + (
)# p( . )
or
+ (134000 101000) p # (0.05) 2 = 23.45 # ( V) 23.45 (+ V)

4
patm =
a)
p
Fx, flange +
# #( . )
+ 33000 # p # (0.05) 2 = 23.45 ( 12 12)
4
Fx, flange +
. + . = 562.8
Fx = 125.6 + 64.76 + 562.8 = 753 N
FM 4.43
Considering a control volume that contains the bend and the water within the
bend between section (1) & (2).
Applying the linear momentum equation in x -direction,


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 159
FM 159
V rvo V
crvo = p A FAx + p A
...(i)
o
o
Substitute
p = (Gage pressure), V = v , V = v
A
A
vo r vo r
cos c = p A FAx
A
A
vo : +
cos cD = FAx p A
A
A
FAx p A
vo =
cos
c+
rc
A
A m
6400 69000 # 0.0186 =
1000 : 0.707 + 1 D
0.0093 0.0186
- 0.20 m3/s
=
FM 4.44

Applying the linear momentum equation in y -direction.
o
o
FAy = ^V sin ch rvo = v sin rvo = v r sin
A
A
From previous part of question
vo = 0.20 m3/s
Hence
FM 4.45
FAy
5116.6
129785
(0.20) 2
=
0.707 # 1000 - 3041 N
0.0093 #

Let the control volume enclose the bucket and jet and let it move to the right at
bucket velocity V = wR , so that the jet enters the control volume at relative speed
(Vj wR). Then
o out mu
o in
Fx = Fbucket = mu
o 6 (Vj wR)@ m
o 7Vj wRA
=m
o (Vj wR) = 2rA j (Vj wR) # (Vj wR) m
o = rA j (Vj wR)
Fbucket = 2m
= 2rA j (Vj wR) 2
and the power is
P = wRFbucket = rA j wR (Vj wR)

Maximum power is found by differentiating this expression and equating to zero
(Maxima-Minima principle).
dP = 0
d
d A R (V - R) = 0
j
j
d
2A j d 6R (Vj - R) 2@ = 0
d
d R (V - R) = 0
j
@
d 6
R # (Vj - R) # (- R) + (Vj- R) # R
R (Vj wR) 6 wR + (Vj wR)@
2wR + Vj wR
3wR + Vj
=0
=0
=0
=0
..(i)

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FM 160
Demo Ebook
Page 160
FM 4
V
or
R = j
3
Again from equation (i),
d P = 3R (-ve, maxima)
d
V
It means, power will be maximum when R = j . Substituting this in the
expression of power.
V
V 2
V
4V j2
Hence
Pmax = 2rA j # j # bVj j l = 2rA j # j #
3
3
3
9
= 8 rA j V j3
27
FM 4.46
Applying the horizontal and vertical components of the linear momentum

equation to the contents of the control volume.
2 u dV + uV:n dA = F
x
2t CV
CS
Taking V:n is + ve for flow out of CV and ve for flow into the CV.
...(i)
V rV A + V rV A + V cos crV A = FH
and
...(ii)
V sin crV A = FV
However V = V = V = V . So equation (i) and (ii) becomes
V (A + A cos c - A ) = FH
V A sin c = FV
and by dividing these two equations, we get
FH = A + A cos c A
FV
A sin c
From conservation of mass principle
vo = vo + vo
(iii)
A V = A V +A V
...(iv)
A = A +A
Combining equation (iii) and (iv), we get
FH = A + A cos c A A
FV
A sin c
A (cos c )
= 0.27
=
A sin c
The negative sign indicates that FV is down rather than up as shown in the sketch.
or
FM 4.47

Let the control volume enclose the cone, jet and the sheet. Then
oout uout m
o in uin = m
o ( Vj cos q) mV
o j
Fx = F = m
o ( Vj cos q Vj )
=m


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 161
FM 161
o Vj
c Vj
F = m
o bVj Vj l = 3 mV
o j
=m
2
F = 3 rA j Vj # Vj
2
= 3 rA j V j2 = 1.5rA j V j2
2
FM 4.48
= 60c
o = rA j Vj
m
Using the stationary, non-deforming control volume shown in the figure above to
find the mass of the conical deflector. Applying the linear momentum equation
in the vertical direction,
o ( V + V cos c) = FA Wcone
m
o (V V cos c) FA
or
Wcone = m
mcone g = rA V (V V cos
However
c) FA
...(i)
V = V and A = pD
Thus equation (i) can be expressed as

2
mcone = r # pD 1 V1 (V1 V1 cos 30c) FA
g
4g
p (0.1) 2 # 30 # 630 (30) cos 30c@

= ]1.23g #
0.1
(4) (9.81)
(9.81)
= 0.108 kg
FM 4.49

First we need to compute the velocities through the various holes:
Vtop = Vbottom =
#
p
#( .
o
Vmiddle = vmiddle =
p
Amiddle
#
#( .
m s
m s
Then make a force balance for a control volume enclosing the box:
o in uin + m
o top utop
Fx = Fbox = m
uin = Vmiddle and utop = Vtop
or
Fbox = rvomiddle # ( Vmiddle) + rvotop Vtop
= 998 # 5663 # 106 # 44.70 + 2 # 998 # 2832 # 106 # 22.35
= 252.63 + 126.34 - 379 N

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FM 162
FM 4.50
Demo Ebook
Page 162
FM 4
We can use the x and y components of the linear momentum equation to evaluate
the x and y components of the reaction force exerted by the water on the tee. For
the control volume containing water in the tee gives,
Rx = p A + V rvo = p # pD + V rvo
...(i)
and
Ry = p # pD p # pD + V rvo V rvo
...(ii)
The reaction forces in equation (i) and (ii) are actually exerted by the tee on
the water in the control volume. The reaction of the water on the tee is equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction. From conservation of mass principle,
vo + vo = vo
vo = vo vo = vo V # pD =
Also
# p( ) = .
vo = V # pD = ( ) # p ( ) = .
m s
m s
(5.288)
o
V = v2 2 =
= 6.733 m/s
pD 2
p (1) 2
4
4
o
(10)
and
V = v3 =
= 12.73 m/s
p D2
p (1) 2
3
4
4
Because the flow is incompressible and frictionless, we assume that Bernoullis
equation is valid throughout the control volume. Thus
r
p = p + (V V )
Further
= 200 +
Also
(999)
(6) 2 (12.73) 2@ # 1 = 137 kPa
2 #6
1000
r
p = p + (V V )
= 200 kPa + b 999 l6(6) 2 (6.733) 2@ # 1 = 195.3 kPa

2
1000
Rx = (200000) # p (1) 2 + (6 # 999 # 4.712)
4
= 185000 N = 185 kN
And the x -direction component of force exerted by the water on the tee is 185 kN


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 163
FM 163
.
From equation (ii), we have
Ry = 195300 # p (1) 2 (137000) # p (1) 2
4
4
+ (6.733 # 999 # 5.288) 12.73 # 999 # 10
= 1.534 # 105 1.076 # 105 + 0.356 # 105 1.272 # 105
- 45800 = 45.8 kN
and the y -direction component of force exerted by the water on the tee is + 45.8 kN
.
FM 4.51

Let the control volume surround the tank, cut through the two jets and slip just
under the tank bottom. The relevant jet velocities are
o
.
V =V = v =
= . , . m s
A
. #
The scale reads force P on the bottom. Then the vertical force balance is
o V m
o V =m
o ( V )
Fz = P Wtank Wwater = m
o
= P mtank # g gwater # vwater = mV
o + mtank # g + gwater vwater
or
P = mV
= rvo # V + mtank # g + gwater vwater
= (998 # 0.0834 # 29.5) + (51 # 9.81) + 9790 # 600
1000
= 2455 + 500 + 5874 = 8829 - 8800 N
FM 4.52
Using the control volume shown by broken lines and applying the axial and
normal components of the linear momentum equation.
So
Now
FN = 0 since there is no momentum flow in the normal direction.

FA = 0 since the flow is assumed fully developed and the net amount
of axial direction momentum flow out of the CV is zero.
RN W cos q = 0 or RN = W cos q
W = gv = gAl = g # pd l
= (9.8 # 103) #
and
p (0.1) 2 # 6
= 462 N
4
= sin1 2 = 19.5c
6
from figure
Then
RN = 462 # cos 19.5c = 436 N
For the axial direction

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FM 164
Demo Ebook
Page 164
p A + RA + W sin q p A = 0
or
RA = p A p A W sin q
= (p1 p2) A W sin q
From the manometer readings
p = gh and p = gh
Thus
p p = g (h1 h2)
and from equation (i), we get
FM 4
A =A
...(i)
RA = g (h1 h2) A (W sin 19.5c)

p (0.1) 2
= (9.8 # 103) (3.0 0.5) #
(462 # sin 19.5c)
4
= 192.4 154.2 - 38 N
FM 4.53
Volume flow rate

weight flow rate
vo =
= 150 = 0.0153 m3 /s
9790
specific weight
Then the velocities at (1) and (2),
o
. 1
V1 = v =
= 1. m s
p
2
A1
# ( .1)
o
. 1
V2 = v =
= 21. m s
p
2
A2
(
.
)
#
weight
flow
rate
o =
Mass flow rate
m
= 1 = 1 .2 g s
g
. 1
Then the balance of forces in the x-direction gives:
o 2 mu
o 1
Fx = Fbolts + p1 A1 = mu
o (u2 u1)
Fbolts = p1 A1 m
V2x = V2 cos c
o ^ V2 cos c V1h
= p1 A1 m
= 233000 # p # (0.1) 2 15.29 # ( 21.7 cos 45c 1.95)
4
= 1829.05 + 264.43 - 2094 N
FM 4.54

For the water flowing through the control volume shown above, the x and y
direction components of the linear momentum equation are (Take + ve for flow
out of CV and ve for flow into the CV.)
...(i)
V2 rV2 A2 + V cos q # rV A = 0
and
...(ii)
V1 rV1 A1 + V sin q # rV A = 0


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 165
FM 165
From the conservation of mass principle, we get

rV A rV A + rV A = 0
Dividing equation (ii) by (i), we obtain
p( . )
( ) #
V # pd
V
A
=
=
= .
tan =
p
p
V A
(
.
)
d
V #
( ) #
...(iii)
or
= tan1 (0.3086) = 17.2c
Substitute the values of A V from equation (iii) into equation (i), we get
or
FM 4.55
V rA + V cos q # (rV A + rV A ) = 0
V 22 A2
V 22 d 22
V =
=
cos q (V1 A1 + V2 A2)
cos q (V1 d 12 + V2 d 22)
(6) 2 # (0.12) 2
=
(cos 17.2c) # [(4) # (0.1) 2 + (6) # (0.12) 2]
= 4.29 m/s
A=pd

To evaluate the loss of available energy associated with the flow through this
control volume, applying the energy equation,
o bu + V l m
o + bu + V l m
o =0
...(i)
bu + V l m
Also the conservation of mass equation gives
o m
o +m
o =0
m
o from equation (ii) into (i), we obtain
Substitute m
o bu + V l m
o + bu + V l (m
o +m
o)=0
bu + V l m
...(ii)
o (u u ) + m
o (u u ) = m
o bV V l + m
o bV V l ...(iii)
m
The left hand side of equation (iii) represents the rate of available energy loss in
this fluid flow. Thus rate of available energy loss is
rate of loss = rV A # bV V l + rV A # bV V l
or
Thus
(V 2 V 32)
(V 2 V 32)
= r p ;d 12 V1 # 1
+ d 22 V2 # 2
E
2
2
4
(999 # 3.14)
(4) 2 (4.29) 2
(0.10) 2 # 4 # ;
=
)
E
2
4
2
2
(6) (4.29)
+ (0.12) 2 # 6 # ;
E
2
= 784.215 # 6 0.0481 + 0.760@

rate of loss - 558 N m/s

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FM 166
FM 4.56
Demo Ebook
Page 166
FM 4
To find the torque required to hold the rotor stationary, we use the moment of
momentum torque equation
o in) (! rin Vq in) + m
oout (! rout Vq out)
Tshaft = ( m
o out Vout cos q
Tshaft = mr
o = rvo
We note that
m
vo
and
Vout =
3Anozzle exit
Combining equation (i),(ii) and (iii), we get
rvo2 rout cos q
Tshaft =
3Anozzle exit
For = 30c, using equation (iv) to get
999 # (0.005) 2 # 0.5 # cos 30c
Tshaft =
3 # (18 # 106)
= 200 N m
FM 4.57
...(iii)
...(iv)

To determine the rotor angular velocity associated with zero shaft torque, we
again use the moment of momentum torque equation to obtain, this time with
rotation,
o out (Wout cos q Uout)
...(i)
Tshaft = mr
Uout = rout w
vo
and
Wout =
3Anozzle exit
Combining equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
vo
o out c
Tshaft = rvr
cos q rout w m
Anozzle exit
From equation (iv), we obtain for Tshaft =
30c = 160 rad/s
= 0.005 # cos
6
3 # 18 # 10 # 0.5
We note that
FM 4.58
...(i)
...(ii)

For this flow, the velocity distribution is linear and thus

...(ii)
...(iii)
...(iv)

FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 167
FM 167
u = uc a r k
R
For the average velocity u , we can written as
R
# u#
pr dr
= uc a r ka r k d a r k
R R
R
pR
1
2
3
= 2uc :1 a r k 1 a r k D = 2uc b 1 1 l
2 R
3 R 0
2 3
or
u = uc
3
For the kinetic energy coefficient , we can written as
R
u ru
u # a r kda r k
# pr dr
R
R
=
=
u
u
r # pR # u b l
or from the equation (i), put the value of u ,
1
3
= 54 a u k # a r k d a r k
u
R
R
c
0
1
3
= 54 a1 r k a r k d a r k
R R
R
0
1
3
2
= 54 :1 a r k 3r + 3 a r k D r d a r k
R
R
R
R R
0
1
4
2
3
= 54 : r a r k 3 a r k + 3 a r k D d a r k
R
R
R
R
R
0
2
5
3
4 1
= 54 :1 a r k 1 a r k 3 a r k + 3 a r k D
2 R
5 R
3 R
4 R 0
= 54 :1 1 1 + 3 D = 54 = 2.7
2 5
20
4
u =
...(i)
#
#
#
#
FM 4.59

Using the moment of momentum energy equation to evaluate the energy transfer
per unit mass.
...(i)
wshaft net out = U Vq,
The value of V, can be ascertained with the help of the section (1). Velocity
triangle sketched below.
From the velocity triangle we note that

V,1 = VR, 1 tan c
By principle of conservation of mass, we obtain
VR, 1 = VR, A = VR, r = (1 ) b 1 l = . m s
r1
1.
A1
Thus with equation (ii),
...(ii)
V,1 = 6.7 # tan 60c = 11.6 m/s

and with equation (i), we get
wshaft net out = (6.7) (11.6) = 77.7 N m/kg

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FM 168
FM 4.60
Demo Ebook
Page 168
FM 4

For flow through surface area A of the control volume, the kinetic energy coefficient
V rV :n dA
=
o #V
m
# ru # pr dr
r u # pR # u
uc
r
a Rk
u
u a r kda r k
R
R
u
r
r
# a R kda R k
...(i)
For the average velocity, u ,

R
# ru #
pr dr
ua r kda r k
R
R
1
1/n
= 2uc a1 r k a r k d a r k
R
R
R
0
To facilitate the integrations we make the substitution
= 1 r
R
Thus
d = d a r k
R
r
r
When
= , =0
= , = 1 or when
R
R
And equation (ii) becomes
u =
r # pR
u = 2uc
= 2uc
b n (1 b) db
_b n b n + 1i db
..(ii)
..(iii)
..(iv)
1 +1
1+
n
bn
= 2uc b
>1
H
+1 1 +1+1
n
n
1
n
n
= 2uc 9a
1 + n 1 + 2n kC
2
2
= 2uc = 2n + n n n G
(n + 1) (2n + 1)
2n2
u =
u
(n + 1) (2n + 1) c
Combining equation (i), (iii), (iv) and (v), we obtain
2u c3
..(v)
b n # (1 b) db
3
2n 2
=(n + 1) (2n + 1) ucG
#
1
b (1 b) db
3
n
3
2n2
=(n + 1) (2n + 1)G
(n + 1) (2n + 1) 3
2n2
==
E
(3 + n) (3 + 2n)G;
2n2
For n = , equation (vi) gives

..(vi)

FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 169
FM 169
=)
FM 4.61
2 (5) 2
(5 + 1) [(2) (5) + 1] 3
3)
3 = 1.11
(3 + 5) [3 + 2 (5)]
2 (5) 2
For the control volume shown in the figure, the z -component of the momentum
equation is
# wV:n dA = F
CS
# w rw
# prdr = p A p A Rz WW
where dA = pr dr
With A = A / A , this equation becomes
pr R
r
p p = Rz + WW rw +
9wc a R kC r dr
A
A
A
...(i)
w rw A +
or
r=
But with x / r
R
w c a r k r dr = w c
R
r=
= wc R
r
r
c R + R m r dr
x=
(x x + x ) dx
x=
= w c R :x x + x D =
R wc
Thus A = pR , equation (i) becomes

pr
p p = Rz + WW rw +
# b R lwc
pR
pR
pR
We can determine wc in terms of w by using the continuity equation
CS
V :n dA = 0 or since = constant
Aw =
# w dA = #
= 2pwc R2
or
...(ii)
r=
x=0
wc 9 r C # pr dr
R
(x x2) dx
R w = 2pwc R2 b 1 l
6

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FM 170
Demo Ebook
Page 170
FM 4
Thus wc = w
or with
FM 4.62
and equation (ii) becomes

p p = Rz + WW rw + r b l # ( w )
pR
pR
W
= R z + W + rw
pR
pR
WW = gAh = rgpR h
p p = Rz + rgh + rw
pR
For unit width of flow, application of the horizontal component of the linear
momentum equation to the water in the control volume from section (1) to
section (2) gives,
2
gh 2
...(i)
Rx + 1 g h 2 = V1 rh1 V1 + V2 rh2 V2
2
2
2
h
where
is the hydrostatic force, when width equal to unity.
2
Since the jump occurs over a short distance, we neglect Rx from equation (i). Also
from conservation of mass principle
...(ii)
V2 = V1 h1
h2
Combining equation (i) and (ii), we get
2
2
2
h 1 ;1 - b h2 l E = rV 12 h1 ;bV2 l h2 1E
2
V1 h1
h1
2rV 12 h1 h1 2 h2
h2 2
;1 b h1 l E = rgh 2 ;b h2 l h1 1E
1
2
2
1 b h2 l = 2V 1 1 1
gh1 > h2
h1
H
b h1 l
h2
b1 h1 l
2
h2
h2
2V 1
or
b1 h1 lb1 + h1 l = gh1 #
h2
b h1 l
h2 2
h2
2V 12
b h1 l + b h1 l gh1 = 0
From equation (iii), we obtain
2
1 ! 1 + 8V 1
gh1
h2 =
2
h1
= g
...(iii)
h2 = h1 + b h1 l + 2V 1 h1
2
2
g
The other quadratic root is not meaningful.
or
FM 4.63

Application of the energy equation to the flow from point A to point B shown in


FM 4
Demo Ebook
Page 171
FM 171
the figure above gives

p
pB V B
+
+ gzB = A + V A + gzA + wshaft net in oss
r
Here pA = pB = gage ressure , wshaft net in =
Thus
jump loss = V A V B + g (zA zB)

2
2
2
2
...(iv)
= V 1 V 2 + g (h1 h2)
2
Combining equation (ii), (iii) and (iv), we obtain (from previous part of question)
2
V 12 V 12 b h1 l
h2
Jump loss =
+ g (h1 h2)
2
= V 1 ;1 b h1 l E + g (h1 h2)
2
h2
2
2
gh
from eq. (iii)
= 1 ;b h2 l + h2 E;1 b h1 l E + g (h1 h2)
4 h1
h1
h2
2
2
2
2
gh
= 1 ;b h2 l b h2 l # b h1 l + h2 h2 # b h1 l + g (h h2)E
4 h1
h1
h2
h1 h1
h2
2
gh
= 1 ;b h2 l 1 + h2 h1 E + g (h1 h2)
4 h1
h1 h 2
3
2
gh
h1 h 22 h 13 + g (h h )
= 1 ;h 2 h 1 h2 +
1
2
E
4
h12 h2
g
=
h 3 h 12 h2 + h1 h 22 h13 + 4h1 h2 (h1 h2)@
4h1 h2 6 2
g
=
h 3 h12 h2 + h1 h22 h13 + 4h12 h2 4h1 h22@
4h1 h2 6 2
g
h 3 h13 + 3h12 h2 3h1 h22@
=
4h1 h2 6 2
g
Jump loss =
(h h1) 3
4h1 h2 2
2
***********

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FM 5
FLOW ANALYSIS USING DIFFERENTIAL METHOD
FM 5.1
The velocity field of a flow is given by V = x t i + y t + x t j + xz k

s
, where x, y and z are in meters and t is in seconds. For fluid particles on the x
-axis, the speed and direction of flow respectively, are
(A) 2 2 x2 t m/s , 45c
(B) 2 2 x2 t m/s , 30c
(C)
FM 5.2
2 x2 t m/s , 45c
(D) 2 2 xt2 m/s , 45c
Consider the following steady, three-dimensional velocity field in Cartesian

coordinates:
V = (u, v, w) = (axy2 1.5) i + (cy3 3.0) j + (dxy 4.5) k
where a, c and d are constants. The flow field is incompressible at
(A) a = c
(B) d = a
(C) 3a = c
(D) 2a = d
FM 5.3
y
x
i
j m s,
(x + y )
(x + y )
where x and y are in meters. The fluid speed along the y -axis and the angle
between velocity vector and x -axis at points (x, y) = (5, 5) respectively, are
(A) 10 m/s, 45c
(B) 10 m/s, 45c
(C) 20 m/s, 45c
(D) 15 m/s, 45c
The velocity field of a flow is given by V =
FM 5.4
Consider the following statements regarding the creeping flow :

(a) Unsteady term of Navier stokes equation is ignored.
(b) Inertial term of Navier stokes equation is ignored.
(c) Pressure term of Navier stokes equation is ignored.
(d) Viscous term of Navier stokes equation is ignored.
Which of the statements given above is correct ?
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) 1, 2 and 4
(C) 1 and 2
(D) 3 and 4
FM 5.5
The velocity field of a flow is given by V = (x y) i + (xy3 1 ) k m s , where x, y

are in meters. What will be the location of any stagnation point in the flow field ?
(A) (2, 1)
(B) (1, 2)
(C) (2, 2)
(D) (1, 1)
FM 5.6
The velocity component of a steady, two dimensional, incompressible flow field

is u = 2x2 4xy . What will be the expression for v as a component of x and y ?
(A) v = 2xy 4y2 + f (x)
(B) v = 4xy 2y2 + f (x)
(C) v = 4xy + 2y2 + f (x)
(D) v = 2xy + 4y2 + f (x)
FM 5.7
For incompressible fluids the volumetric dilatation rate must be zero. For what
combination of constants a , b, c and e can the velocity components
u = ax + by

FM 5
Demo Ebook
Page 173
FM 173
v = cx + ey
w =0
be used to describe an incompressible flow field ?
(A) a + e =
(B) a + b + e =
(C) b + e =
(D) a e =
FM 5.8
A fluid field is given by V = x yi + y zj yz k m s , where x, y and z are in

meters. What will be the acceleration at the point (2, 1, 3) ?
(A) 38 m/s2
(B) 40 m/s2
(C) 20 m/s2
(D) 42 m/s2
FM 5.9
The viscosity of a body lotion as a function of temperature is listed in table below.

The specific gravity of the body lotion is about 1.5 and is not a strong function
of temperature. The body lotion is squeezed through a small hole of diameter
D = mm in the lid of an inverted jar. The room and the lotion are at T = cC
. Assume that Re must be less than 0.1 for the creeping flow approximation,
the maximum speed of the lotion through the hole such that the flow can be
approximated as creeping flow is
Viscosity of Body lotion at
16 percent moisture content
T , cC
, Poise (g/cm-s)
14
600
20
190
30
65
40
20
50
10
70
(A) 1.09 m/s

(C) 10.9 m/s
FM 5.10
(B) 0.109 m/s

(D) 0.0109 m/s
Two velocity components of a steady incompressible flow field are known as:
u = ax + bxy
v = axz byz2
where a and b are constants, the velocity component w as a function of x, y and
z is
3
3
(A) w = az byz + bz + f (x, y)
(B) w = az + byz + bz + f (x, y)
3
3
3
(C) w = az byz + bz + f (x, y)

3
FM 5.11
(D) w = az byz bz + f (x, y)

3
Consider a certain region of steady flow with the velocity field

V = (u, v) = (ax + b) i + ( ay + cx) j
The flow field is
(A) incompressible only
(B) inviscid only
(C) incompressible and inviscid
(D) neither incompressible nor inviscid

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FM 174
FM 5.12
Demo Ebook
Page 174
FM 5
The velocity in a certain two-dimensional flow field is given by the equation

V = 2xti 2ytj
where the velocity is in m/s when x , y and t are in meter and seconds, respectively.
What will be the magnitude of the velocity and the acceleration respectively at
the point x = y = m at the time t = ?
(A) 8.2 m/s, 0
(B) 0, 5.66 m/s
(C) 8.2 m/s, 4.2 m/s
(D) 0, 4.2 m/s
FM 5.13
Consider the following steady, two dimensional, incompressible velocity field

V = (u, v) = (2x + 3) i + ( 2y + 4x2) j
The pressure as a function of x and y is
(A) cannot be found
(B) p = r ( x
(C) p = r ( x )
(D) p = r ( x
FM 5.14
)
x y) + m
Consider the following statements regarding a laminar boundary layer on a flat

plate as shown in figure below
(a) At a given x -location, if the Reynolds number were to increase, the

boundary layer thickness would also increase.
(b) As outer flow velocity increase, so does the boundary layer thickness.
(c) As the fluid viscosity increases, so does the boundary layer thickness.
(d) As the fluid density increase, so does the boundary layer thickness
Which one of these is true ?
(A) only (a)
(B) Only (c)
(C) Both (a) and (c)
(D) Both (b) and (d)
FM 5.15
Consider a steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow of fluid into a converging

duct with straight walls as shown in figure below. The volume flow rate is vo and
the velocity is in the radial direction only with ur a function of r only. If b be
the width into the paper and at the inlet r = R and ur = ur (R), for inviscid flow
everywhere, an expression for ur as a function of r, R and ur (R) is
(A) ur = R ur (R)
r
C) ur (R) = R ur
r
(B) ur = r ur (R)
R
(D) ur (R) = R:rur


FM 5
Demo Ebook
Page 175
FM 175
FM 5.16
Air flows parallel to a speed limit sign along the high-way at a speed of V =
m s
-5
. The temperature of the air is 25cC ( = 1.849 # 10 kg/m s) and the width
w of the sign parallel to the flow direction is 0.45 m . What will be the boundary
layer on the sign ?
(A) laminar
(B) Transitional
(C) Turbulent
(D) Laminar for a while and then becomes transitional
FM 5.17
The water flows through the curved hose as shown in figure with an increasing
speed of V = t m s , where t is in seconds. If t = sec , what will be the resultant
acceleration and its direction, respectively ?
(A) 6.71 m/s2 , 63.4c

(C) 7.61 m/s2 , 45.4c
FM 5.18
Air flows into the region between two parallel circular disks from a pipe as shown in
figure. The fluid velocity in the gap between the disks is given by V = V R r , where
R is the radius of the disk, r is the radial coordinate and V is the fluid velocity at
the edge of the disk. If V = . m s , the acceleration at r = . m will be
(A) 7.63 m/s2

(C) 8.62 m/s2
FM 5.19
(B) 6 m/s2 , 52.4c

(D) 6.71 m/s2 , 72.2c
(B) 8.62 m/s2

(D) 7.63 m/s2
A hydraulic jump is a rather sudden change in depth of a liquid layer as it flows

in an open channel as shown in figure. The liquid depth changes from z to z in a
relatively short distance with a corresponding changes in velocity from V = m s
to V = m s and l = . m . What will be the average acceleration of the liquid
as it flows across the hydraulic jump ?

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FM 176
Demo Ebook
Page 176
(A) 60 m/s2
(C) 80 m/s2
FM 5
(B) 120 m/s2

(D) 60 m/s2
FM 5.20
A nozzle is used to accelerate the fluid from V to V in a linear fashion. If the flow
is constant with V = m s at x = and V = m s at x = m , what will be
the local and the convective acceleration, respectively ?
(A) 128 (2x + 1) i , 0
(B) 0, 96 (2x 1) i
(C) 96 (2x 1) i , 0
(D) 0, 128 (2x + 1) i
FM 5.21
Oil flows past a sphere with an upstream velocity of 24 m/s as shown in figure.
The speed of the fluid along the front part of the sphere is V =
V0 sin q . If
the radius of the sphere is 0.20 m, the streamwise and normal components of
acceleration at point A in m/s2 respectively, are
(A) 8863, 7437

(C) 7437, 8863
FM 5.22
(B) 7350, 8950

(D) 8950, 7350
The fluid velocity changes from 7 m/s at point A to 19 m/s at point B along the
x -axis as shown in figure. The velocity is a linear function of distance along the
streamline. If the flow is steady, what will be the acceleration at point C ?
(A) 1440i m/s2

(C) 1560i m/s2
(B) 1360i m/s2

(D) 1560j m/s2
FM 5.23
The temperature of the exhaust in an pipe is given by the relation :

T = T0 ( + aebx ) + c cos (wt)
where T0 = 80cC , a = 5 , b = 0.03 m , c = 0.05 , = 125 rad/s and the exhaust
speed is constant at 1.5 m/s. What will be the time rate of change of temperature
of the fluid particles at x = 4 m when t = 0 ?
(A) 15.8cC/s
(B) 16.8cC/s
(C) 16.8cC/s
(D) 17.5cC/s
FM 5.24
A fluid flows steadily along the stream line as shown in figure. What is the angle
between the acceleration and the stream line at point A ?


FM 5
(A) 18.5c
(C) 90c
Demo Ebook
Page 177
FM 177
(B) 0c
(D) 37c
FM 5.25
The velocity field for a steady two-dimensional incompressible flow in the xy

-plane is given by V = (u, v) = V hy i + 0j . The flow is
(A) Clockwise, Rotational
(B) Counter clockwise, Rotational
(C) Irrotational
(D) Not determined
FM 5.26
What is the expression for the vorticity of the flow field described by
(A) (x2 + y2) k
(C) (x2 y2) j
FM 5.27
V = x yi xy j
(B) (x2 + y2) i
(D) (x2 + y2) k
The three components of velocity in a flow field are given by

u = 3.0 + 2.0x y
v = 2.0x 2.0y
w = 0.5xy
The vorticity vector as a function of space (x, y, z) is
(A) (0.5y) i (0.5x) j + (3.0) k
(B) (0.5x) i + (0.5y) j (3.0) k
(C) (0.5x) i (0.5y) j + (3.0) k
(D) (0.5x) i + (0.5y) j + (3.0) k
FM 5.28
A velocity field of a flow is given by V = (y ) i + (y ) j , where V is in m/s

and x and y are in meters. What will be the equation of stream line passing
through the point (5, 3) ?
(A) y = x + ln (y ) +
(B) y = x + ln (y + ) +
(C) x = y + ln (y )
(D) x = y + ln (y ) +
FM 5.29
The velocity field of a flow is given by

V = y (x + y ) i + x (x + y ) j m s
where x and y are in meters. The equation of streamline will be
(A) x + y = constant
(B) x + y = constant
(C) x + y = constant
(D) x y = constant
FM 5.30
Consider a uniform flow in the positive x direction combined with a free vortex
located at the origin of the coordinate system. If the streamline = 0 passes
through the point x = and y = , what will be the equation of this streamline ?
(B) sin = ln (4r)
(A) sin = ln 4
2U
2rU

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FM 178
Page 178
(C) sin =
FM 5.31
Demo Ebook
ln r
2rU ^ 4 h
FM 5
(D) sin = ln _ 14 i
2 U
A two-dimensional flow field given by the relation
V = ^2x2 y + x h i + ^2xy2 + y + 1h j
where the velocity is in m/s when x and y are in meters. What is the angular
rotation of a fluid element located at (x, y) = (0.5 m, 1.0 m) ?
(A) 0.56j rad/s
(B) 0.75j rad/s
(C) 0.75k rad/s
(D) 0.75i rad/s
FM 5.32
The three components of velocity in a flow field are given by

u = x +y +z
v = xy + yz + z
w = 3xz z2 /2 + 4
The volumetric dilatation rate and an expression for the rotation vector
respectively, are
y
y
y
y
(A) a + z k i + 5z j k , 0
(B) 0, a + z k i + 5z j + k
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
y
y
y
(C) 0, 5z i a + z k j k
(D) 0, a + z k i + 5z j k
2
2
2
2
2
2
FM 5.33
For a certain two-dimensional steady flow field it is suggested that the x -component
of velocity is given by
u = a + b (x c)
where a, b and c are constants with appropriate dimensions. What will be the
expression for v as a function of x, y and the constants of the given equation such
that the flow is incompressible ?
(A) v = b (x c) y + f (x)
(B) v = b (x c) y + f (x)
(C) v = b (x c) y f (x)
(D) v = b (x c) y f (x)
FM 5.34
The radial velocity component in an incompressible, two-dimensional flow field is

vr = 2r + 3r2 sin q , vz = 0
What will be the corresponding tangential velocity component v , required to
satisfy conservation of mass ?
(A) v = r - r cos + f (r)
(B) v =- r - r cos + f (r)
(C) v = r - r cos + f (r)
(D) v =- r + r cos + f (r)
FM 5.35
The streamlines in a two dimensional flow field are all concentric circles as shown
in figure below. The velocity is given by the equation v = r where is the
angular velocity of the rotating mass of fluid. What will be the circulation around
the path ABCD ?


FM 5
Demo Ebook
Page 179
FM 179
(A) (a2 - b2) 1

(C) (b2 - a2) 2
FM 5.36
(B) (b2 - a2)

(D) (a2 - b2)
A steady, two-dimensional flow field in the xy -plane has the following stream
function
= 2x2 + 5xy + 3y2
The flow field is
(A) continuous
(C) incompressible
FM 5.37
(B) compressible
(D) not determined
The stream function corresponding to the velocity potential = x - xy which

passes through the origin is
(A) = 3x2 - y3
(B) = 3x2 y - y3
(C) = 3x2 y + y3
(D) = 3y - x2 y3

Consider a steady two dimensional, incompressible flow field called a uniform
stream as shown in figure below. The fluid speed is V everywhere. The Cartesian
velocity components are
u = V and v =
FM 5.38
The expression for the stream function for this flow is

(A) = Vy + C
(B) = Vx + C
(C) = Vy - C
(D) = Vx - C
FM 5.39
The 2 is a horizontal line at y = . m and the value of along the x -axis

is zero. If V = m s , the volume flow rate per unit width between these two
streamlines is
(A) 5 m3 /s
(B) 10 m3/s
(C) 10 m2/s
(D) 5 m2/s
FM 5.40
A uniform stream of speed V = . m s is inclined at angle from the x -axis as

shown in figure below. The cartesian velocity components are
u = 2.5 cos a
v = 2.5 sin a
If the flow is steady, two dimensional and incompressible, the stream function for
this flow is

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FM 180
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(A) = 2.5 (y sin + x cos ) + C

(C) = 2.5 (y cos - x sin ) + C
FM 5
(B) = 2.5 (y cos + x sin ) + C

(D) = 2.5 (y sin - x cos ) + C
FM 5.41
The velocity distribution for two dimensional flow of a viscous fluid between wide
parallel plates is parabolic and it is given by
y
u = Uc : a k D
h
The corresponding stream function and velocity potential respectively, are
y
(A) = Uc y : - a k D + C , Not possible
h
y
(B) = Uc y :x - a k D + C , = y - xy
h
y
(C) Not possible, = Uc y : - a k D + C
h
y
(D) = y - xy , = Uc y :x - a k D + C
h
FM 5.42
Consider fully developed Couette flow as shown in figure, with top plate moving
and bottom plate stationary. The velocity field for above steady, incompressible
and two dimensional flow in the xy -plane is given by
y
V = (u, v) = aV k i + 0j
h
If stream function = 0 along the bottom wall of the channel, the value of
stream function along the top wall is
(A) zero
(C) = Vh
2
FM 5.43
(B) =-Vh
2
(D) = V
2h
The stream function for an incompressible flow field is described by

= 3x2 y y3
where the stream function has the units of m2 /s with x and y in meters.
The rate of flow across the straight path AB as shown in figure below is


FM 5
Demo Ebook
Page 181
FM 181
(A) 1.5 m3 /s
(C) 1 m3 /s
FM 5.44
(B) 2 m3 /s
(D) 0.5 m3 /s
The velocity components for an incompressible, plane flow are

vr = Ar + Br cos q
v = Br sin q
where A and B are constants. What is the corresponding stream function ?
(A) = Ar- + B sin + C
(B) = A + Br- sin + C
(C) = A + Br sin + C
(D) = Ar- sin + Br- + C

Consider a steady, two-dimensional, incompressible, irrotational velocity field
specified by its velocity potential function as :
= 4.5 (x2 y2) + 2x 4y
FM 5.45
The velocity components u and v respectively, are

(A) 9x + 2, 9y 4
(B) 9y 4, 9x + 2
(C) 9y 4, 9x + 2
(D) 9x + 2, 9y 4
FM 5.46
The stream function in this region is

(A) =- 9xy - 2y - 4x + C
(C) =- 9xy + 2y + 4x + C
FM 5.47
(B) = 9xy + 2y + 4x + C
(D) = 9xy - 2y - 4x + C
Consider the following steady, two-dimensional, incompressible velocity field

V = (u, v) = (2x + 1) i + ( 2y + 3) j
What will be the velocity potential function and the flow type ?
(A) Rotational, =- x + x + f (y)
(B) Rotational, = x + x + f (y)
(C) Irrotational, = x + x + f (y)
(D) Irrotational, =- x + x + f (y)
FM 5.48
A reverse flow region may develop by water in the region just downstream of a
sluice gate as shown in figure. The velocity profile is to be consist of two uniform
regions, one with velocity 3 m/s and the other with velocity 0.9 m/s. If the
channel is 6.1 m wide, what will be the net flow rate of water across the portion
of the control surface at section (2) ?

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FM 182
Demo Ebook
(A) 4.50 m3 /s
(C) 3.75 m3 /s
FM 5.49
Page 182
FM 5
(B) 7.50 m3 /s
(D) 2.95 m3 /s
A fluid having a viscosity of 0.003 Ns/m2 flowing with an average velocity of

100 mm/s in a 2 mm diameter tube. What will be the magnitude of the wall
shearing stress ( rz ) ?
(A) 1.5 Pa
(B) 1.20 Pa
(C) 0.8 Pa
(D) 1.0 Pa

A layer of SAE 30 oil flows down a vertical plate as shown in figure with a
velocity profile of
V = V0 bhx x l j
h
where V0 and h are constants. The width of the plate is b.
FM 5.50
The shear stress at the edge of the layer (x = h) is

V0
(B)
(A) 2V0 h
h
(C) 0
(D) None of these
FM 5.51
The flow rate across the surface AB is

(A) 3 V0 bh
2
(C) 2 V0 bh
3
(B) 1.5V0 h
(D) 2 V0 b
3h


FM 5
Demo Ebook
Page 183
FM 183

SAE 30 oil at 15.6cC ( = 0.38 N-s/m2 ) flows steadily between fixed, horizontal,
parallel plates. The pressure drop per unit length along the channel is 30 kPa/m
and the distance between the plates is 4 mm. Consider the flow is laminar.
FM 5.52
The volume rate (per meter of width) of the flow is

(A) 42.1 # 104 m2 /s
(B) 4.21 # 104 m2 /s
(C) 4.21 # 102 m3 /s
(D) 4.21 # 104 m3 /s
FM 5.53
The magnitude of the shearing stress acting on the bottom plate is

(A) 50 N/m2
(B) 75 N/m2
(C) 60 N/m2
(D) 45 N/m2
FM 5.54
Consider the following statements regarding the DAlemberts paradox with the
irrotational flow approximation:
(a) The pressure drag force on any non-lifting body of any shape immersed in a
uniform stream is zero.
(b) The aerodynamic drag force on any lifting body on any shape immersed in
a uniform stream is zero.
(c) The aerodynamic drag force on any non-lifting body of any shape immersed
in a uniform stream is zero.
(d) The aerodynamic drag force on any non-lifting body of any shape immersed
in a non-uniform stream is zero.
Which of the statement given above is correct.
(A) only c
(B) b and c
(C) a and d
(D) only a
FM 5.55
The two dimensional velocity field for an incompressible, Newtonian fluid is

described by the relation V = ^12xy2 6x3h i + ^18x2 y 4y3h j where the velocity
has units of m/s when x and y are in meters. If pressure at point x = 0. m
, y = .0 m is 6 kPa and the fluid is glycerin at 20c C ( = 1.50 N-s/m2 ), the
stresses xx , yy and xy at this point respectively, are
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
FM 5.56
6.02 kPa , 5.98 kPa , 45.0 kPa

45 kPa, 6.02 kPa , 5.98 kPa
5.98 kPa, 6.02 kPa , 45 kPa
5.98 kPa , 6.02 kPa , 45 Pa
The stream function for the flow of a non-viscous, incompressible fluid in the
vicinity of a corner as shown in figure is given by the equation
= 2r 4/3 sin 4 q
3

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FM 184
FM 5.57
FM 5.58
Page 184
FM 5
What will be the expression for the pressure gradient along the boundary = 3/4
?
r
2p
2p
(B)
(A)
=
rr
=
2r
2r
r
r
2p
2p
(C)
(D)
= r
=
r
2r
2r
r
A wire of diameter d is stretched along the centerline of a pipe of diameter D .
For a given pressure drop per unit length of pipe and d = . , by how much the
D
pressure of the wire does reduce the flow rate ?
(A) 31.95%
(B) 42.6%
(C) 53.25%
(D) 63.9%
An object having the general shape of a half-body is placed in a stream of fluid
and at a great distance upstream the velocity is U as shown in figure below. If the
body forces are neglected and the fluid is nonviscous and incompressible, What
will be the pressure difference between the stagnation point and point A in terms
of U and fluid density ?
(A) 0.879U 2
(C) 0.351U 2
FM 5.59
Demo Ebook
(B) 0.703U 2
(D) 0.527U 2
A viscous fluid is contained between two long concentric cylinders. Assuming

that the flow between the cylinders is approximately the same as the laminar
flow between two infinite parallel plates. The inner cylinder is fixed. What is the
expression for the torque required to rotate the outer cylinder with an angular
velocity in terms of the geometry of the system, viscosity of the fluid, and
angular velocity ?
r o4 wl
(A) T = 2p
r
r 1
3
(C) T = 2pr o wl
ri ro
o
(B) T =
2pr o3 mwl
ro ri
(D) T = 2pro wr l
1r
i


FM 5
FM 5.60
Demo Ebook
Page 185
FM 185
A bearing is lubricated with an oil having a viscosity of 0.2 N s/m2 through

which a vertical shaft passes as shown in figure below. If the flow characteristics
in the gap between the shaft and bearing are the same as those for laminar flow
between infinite parallel plates with zero pressure gradient in the direction of
flow. What will be the torque required to overcome viscous resistance when the
shaft is turning at 80 rev/ min ?
(A) 0.355 Nm
(C) 0.710 N m
(B) 0.266 N m
(D) 0.444 N m
FM 5.61
A drop of water in a rain cloud has a diameter of 45 m . The air temperature is

25cC and its pressure is standard atmospheric pressure. How fast does the air
have to move vertically so that the drop will remain suspended in air ?
( air = .
g m - s)
#
(A) 0.00596 m/s
(B) 0.0596 m/s
(C) 0.596 m/s
(D) 5.96 m/s
FM 5.62
A viscous, incompressible fluid flows between the two infinite, vertical, parallel
plates as shown in figure. If the flow is laminar, steady and uniform, what will be
the expression for the pressure gradient in the direction of flow in terms of mean
velocity by using the Navier Stokes equations ?
mV
mV
2p
2p
(B)
=
rg
=
+ rg
2y
2y
h
h
mV
mV
2p
2p
(C)
(D)
=
+ rg
=
rg
2y
2y
h
h
The velocity distribution for free vortex flow in a horizontal, two-dimensional
bend through which an ideal fluid flows can be approximated is shown in figure.
What will be the discharge (per unit width normal to plane of paper) through
the channel ?
(A)
FM 5.63

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FM 186
Demo Ebook
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(A) q = C
(C) q = C
Dp
r
FM 5
(B) q = C rDp
Dp
r
(D) q = C
r
Dp
***********


FM 5
Demo Ebook
Page 187
FM 187
SOLUTIONS
FM 5.1

We have
V = 2x2 t i + [4y (t 1) + 2x2 t] j + xz2 k m/s
For particle on the x -axis, y = z =
So
V = 2x2 t i + 2x2 tj
Thus on the x -axis the velocity is
V =
Direction of flow
FM 5.2
u + v + w = ( x t) + ( x t) +
tan = v = x t =
u
xt
= 45c
= 2 2 x2 t m/s

From continuity equation, condition for incompressibility
2u + 2v + 2w = 0
2x 2y 2z
2u = 2 (axy . ) = ay
2x 2x
2v = 2 (cy . ) = cy
2y 2y
2w = 2 (dxy . ) =
2z
2z
Thus equation (i) becomes
...(i)
ay + cy = 0
ay = 3cy2
a = 3c
Hence at a = c, the given velocity field will be incompressible.
FM 5.3

10y2
10x2
i
j m/s
(x 4 + y 4) 1/2
(x 4 + y 4) 1/2
Comparing with velocity field, we get
10y2
x
u = 4
4 1/2 , v =
(x + y )
(x + y )
The resultant velocity
We have
V =
y +
x
=
x +y
The resultant velocity does not depends on the coordinates.
So, velocity remains constant in all directions.
Now
tan = v = x
u
y
At (5, 5)
tan = 1
= 45c
V =
u +v =
m s

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FM 188
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FM 5
FM 5.4

When the creeping flow approximation is made, only pressure and viscous terms
remain. The other three terms (i.e. unsteady term, Inertial term and gravity
term) are very small compared to these two and can be ignored.
FM 5.5

We have
V = (x y) i + (xy 3 16) k
On comparing with velocity field, we get
u = x y , v = xy
At the stagnation point, V = i.e., u = v =
From equation (i)
xy = 0
x =y
And
=0
xy
y#y
=0
y = 16
...(i)
x = y
&y =2
Since x = y it follows that

x =2
Hence stagnation point (x, y) = (2, 2)
FM 5.6

From continuity equation for two-dimensional incompressible flow
2u + 2v = 0
2x 2y
2u =2v
2x
2y
2u = 2 ( x xy) = ( x y)
Since
2x
2x
Substituting in equation (i),
2v = 4x + 4y
2y
Integrating this equation
4y 2
v = ( 4x + 4y) 2y = 4xy +
+ f (x)
2
...(i)
= 4xy + 2y2 + f (x)

FM 5.7

The volumetric dilation rate for incompressible fluid is
:V = 0
2u + 2v + 2w = 0
2x 2y 2z
With the velocity distribution given
2u = a ,
2v = e ,
2w =
2x
2y
2z
Thus, from equation (i), we get
a+e = 0
FM 5.8

For the given fluid flow field
u = x y , 2u = xy , 2u = x , 2u = , 2u =
2y
2x
2z
2t

...(i)

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FM 189
v = y z , 2v = , 2v = yz , 2v = y , 2v =
2z
2x
2y
2t
w = yz , 2w = , 2w = z , 2w = yz , 2w =
2y
2x
2z
2t
The acceleration components ax , ay and az are
ax = 2u + u2u + v2u + w2u
2t
2x
2y
2z
At (2, 1, 3)
= 0 + x2 y # 2xy + y2 z # x2 + ( yz2) # 0
= 2x3 y2 + x2 y2 z
ax = 2 # 23 # 12 + 12 # 3 # 22 = 16 + 12 = 28
ay = 2v + u2v + v2v + w2v
2t
2x
2y
2z
= 0 + x2 y # 0 + y2 z # 2yz + ( yz2) # y2
= 2y3 z2 y3 z2 = y3 z2
At (2, 1, 3)
ay = 1 3 # 3 2 = 9
az = 2w + u2w + v2w + w2w
2t
2x
2y
2z
= 0 + x2 y # 0 + y2 z # ( z2) + ( yz2) ( 2yz)
= y z + y z = y z
At (2, 1, 3)
az = 12 # 33 = 27
So, acceleration vector becomes
a = ax i + ay j + az k = 28i + 9j + 27k
Resultant acceleration
a =
(28) 2 + (9) 2 + (27) 2
= 1594 = 39.92 - 40 m/s2

FM 5.9

Density of body lotion
lotion = S.G. lotion # rwater = 1.5 # 1000 = 1500 kg/m3
Viscosity of lotion at 30cC
lotion = 65 g/cm s = 6.5 kg/m s
Now from Reynolds number definition
r
V
D
Re max = lotion # ma #
mlotion
0.1 = 1500 # Vmax # 0.004
6.5
Vma = 6.5 # 0.1 = 0.109 m/s
1500 # 0.004
FM 5.10

Continuity equation for three-dimensional, incompressible flow field is
2u + 2v + 2w = 0
2x 2y 2z
2w = 2u 2v
2z
2x
2y
2u = 2 (ax + bxy) = a + by
Since
2z
2x
...(i)

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2v = 2 axz byz = bz
2y 2y
2w = a by + bz
2z
Integrate the above equation, we get
w = az byz + bz + f (x, y)
FM 5.11

First check for Incompressibility :
2u + 2v = 0
2x 2y
2u = 2 (ax + b) = a
2x 2x
2v = 2 ( ay + cx) = a
2y 2y
2u + 2v = a a =
Hence
2x 2y
Therefore flow is incompressible
Second check for Inviscid Flow :
For flow to be inviscid, the viscous term of Navier stokes equation be zero.
Therefore Navier stokes equation, for x -momentum viscous terms
2u = a , 2 u = and 2u = , 2 u =
2y
2x
2x
2y
So
=2 u + 2 u G = 0
2x
2y
Therefore, x -momentum viscous term is zero.
Now for y -momentum viscous terms
2v = c, 2 v = 0 and 2v = a, 2 v =
2y
2x
2x
2y
Hence
=2 v + 2 v G = m [0 + 0] = 0
2x 2y
Since the viscous terms are identically zero in both components of Navier-stokes
equation, this region of flow can indeed be considered inviscid.
FM 5.12

From expression for velocity, the components are
u = xt , v = yt and w =
Since
ax = 2u + u2u + v2u + w2u

2t
2x
2y
2z
ax = 2x + (2xt # 2t) + ( 2yt # 0) + 0 = 2x + 4xt2
Similarly
At
and
ay = 2v + u2v + v2v + w2v

2t
2x
2y
2z
ay = 2y + 2xt # 0 + ^ 2yt h # ^ 2t h + 0 = 2y + 4yt2

x = y = m and t = ,
ax = 2 # 2 + 4 # 2 # 0 = 4 m/s2
ay = 2 # 2 + 4 # 2 # 0 = 4 m/s2


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Also
u
v
V
a
So that
and
= 2#2#0 = 0
= 2 # 2 # 0 = 0
=0
= (4i 4j) m/s2
a =
FM 5.13
^4h2 + ^ 4h2 = 5.66 m/s2

From Navier-stokes equation, x -component of
2p
;u du + v du E =
+ m =2 u + 2 u G
dx
dy
2x
2x 2y
Since
u du = (2x + 3) # 2 = 4x + 6 ,
dx
steady-two dimensional flow

...(i)
v du = ( 2y + 4x2) # 0 = 0
dy
2u = 0 and 2 u =
2x
2y
Hence, the x -momentum is
2p
[4x + 6] =
2x
2p
= r ( 4x 6)
2x
Now y -component of Navier stokes equation for this flow
2p
;u dv + v dv E =
+ m =2 v + 2 v G
dx
dy
2y
2x 2y
u dv = (2x + 3) # 8x = (16x2 + 24x)
dx
v dv = ( 2y + 4x2) # ( 2) = 4y 8x2
dy
2 v = 8 and 2 v =
2x
2y
Hence, y -momentum is
[16x2 + 24x + 4y - 8x2 ] =
2p
+ m] g
2y
2p
= r [ 8x2 24x 4y] + 8m
2y
2p
2p
and
Now we calculate cross-differentiation
2x2y
2y2x
2p
2p
= 2 c m = 2 r ( x ) =
2y
2y2x 2y 2x
2p
2p
and
= 2 ; E = 2 r ( x x y) + m
2x
2x2y 2x 2y
= r [ 16x 24]
2p
2p
!
2y2x
2x2y
Hence these are not equal, the given velocity distribution is not an exact solution of
Navier-stokes equation. Thus we are unable to calculate a steady, incompressible,
two-dimensional pressure field with the given velocity field.
Since
FM 5.14

(a) False : If the Reynolds number at a given x location were to increase, all else
being equal, viscous forces would decrease in magnitude relative to inertial forces,

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rendering the boundary layer thinner.

(b) False : Actually as V increases, so does Re and the boundary layer thickness
decrease with increasing Reynolds number.
(c) True : Since appears in the denominator of the Reynolds Number, Re
decreases as increases, causing the boundary layer thickness to increase.
(d) False : Since appears in the numerator of the Reynolds number (Re) increases
as increases, causing the boundary layer thickness to decrease.
FM 5.15

If the flow is inviscid, we could not enforce the no-slip condition at the walls.
Thus at any r location, the volume flow rate must be the same.
vo = Area # velocity = rbDq # ur
o
...(i)
ur = v
rbDq
o
At radius r = R
...(ii)
ur (R) = v
RbDq
Substituting equation (ii) into equation (i)
ur = R ur (R)
r
FM 5.16

Since the air flow is parallel to the sign, this flow is that of a flat plate boundary
layer and Reynolds number for this flow
rVL
Re x =
m
p
.
At 25cC
kg m
= .
air = atm =
.
RT
#
Hence
Re x = 1.184 # 4 # 0.545 = 1.15 # 105
1.849 # 10
5
For Re # 1 # 10 , the flow is laminar (for smooth flat plate).
1 # 105 # Re # 3 # 106 , the flow is transitional.
Re $ 3 # 106 , the flow is turbulent.
Since Re x is greater than 1 # 105 but just barely so and less than 3 # 106 . Thus
the boundary layer is laminar for a while and then becomes transition by the
trailing edge of fin.
FM 5.17

We have
V = t , t = sec , R = m
The component of the acceleration along the stream line is
as = 2V + V2V
2t
2s
2V = ,2V =
as = 3 + 0 = 3 m/s2
2t
2s
And the component of acceleration normal to the stream line is
( t)
an = V =
= t
R
At t = sec
an = 9 # 4 = 6 m/s2
6
Now the net acceleration
a = as s + a n n = s + n


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FM 193
where s and n are unit vectors.

The Resultant acceleration
a =
Direction of acceleration,
(3) 2 + (6) 2 =
tan = an =
as
45 = 6.71 m/s2
= tan1 (2) = 63.4c

FM 5.18

The acceleration is given by
a = as s + a n n
where s and n are the unit vectors. From the figure it is clearly see that stream
lines are straight i.e. R = 3. Normal acceleration an = V = .
R
and stream wise acceleration is
as = V2V = V2V
2s
2r
where V = V R
as = V R # bV R l =V R
r
r
r
r
Substitute
r = . m, V = . m s, R = . m
(1.5) 2 # (0.91) 2
as =
= 8.62 m/s2
(0.6) 3
FM 5.19

The flow is only in x -direction and acceleration is given by
a = 2V + V :(4:V )
2t
a = ax i = u2u i
2x
Without knowing the actual velocity distribution, the acceleration can be
approximated as
ax = u2u
2x
= bV1 + V2 l # bV2 V1 l = b 4 + 2 l # b 2 4 l
2
2
0.1
l
= 3 # ( 20) = 60 m/s2
FM 5.20

In the form of linear fashion, the velocity is given by
u = ax + b
where a and b are constants
At x = , V = m s and from equation (i),
b =8
Also at x = m , V = m s and from equation (i),
...(i)
24 = a # +
a = 24 8 = 16
V = 16x + 8

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a = 2V + V : 4:V
2t
and acceleration
The local acceleration
2V = 0
2t
The velocity is only in x -direction (linear).
a = ax i = u2u i
2x
So, convective acceleration
u2u i = (16x + 8) # 2 (16x + 8) i
2x
2x
= (16x + 8) i # 16 = 128 (2x + 1) i
FM 5.21

We have
V =
m s, R = . m
V = 5 V0 sin q = 5 # 24 sin q = 60 sin q m/s
2
2
The normal acceleration is given by
( sin c)
an = V =
=
m s
.
R
...(i)
And the streamwise acceleration is
Now
From equation (i)
as = V2V = sin q # 2V
2s
2s
2V = 2V 2q
#
2s
2q 2s
2V = 60 cos q
2
...(ii)
...(iii)
Also from the given figure

= Arc = s
radius 0.20
From equation (iii)
Let s = Arc
s = 0.2 q
2s = 0.2 & 2 = 1
0.2
2s
2
2V = 60 cos q
0.2
2s
Hence from equation (ii), we get

as = 60 sin 40 # 60 cos 40 = 8863 m/s2
0.2
FM 5.22

The acceleration field is given by
a = 2V + V :(4V )
2t
From the figure, flow is only in x -direction.
i.e.
u = u (x), v = , w =
a = b2u + u2u l i
2t
2x
2u =
= u2u i
2x
2t
Since u is a linear function of x . Let

...(i)

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FM 195
...(ii)
u = C x+C
Now applying the boundary conditions on equation (ii) to find out the values of
the constants C and C .
At x = , u =
s , which gives
At x = .
,u=
C =7
s , which gives
19 = C1 # .1 +
C1 = 12 = 120
0.1
Now equation (ii) becomes

u = (120x + 7) m/s
2u = 120 sec1
2x
and from equation (i)
At point C , x = . m
Hence
FM 5.23
a = (120x + 7) # 120i m/s

a = (120 # 0.05 + 7) # 120i = 1560i m/s2

We have
T = cC , a = , b = . m1 , c = .
u = 1. m s , v = , = 0
So
, = 125 rad/s ,
dT = 2T + V:(4:T) = 2T + u2T
dt
2t
2t
2x
...(i)
Also
..(ii)
T = T (1 + aebx ) 1 + c cos (wt)
Differentiate equation (ii) w.r.t. t ,
2T = T (1 + aebx ) cw sin (wt)
2t
Again differentiate equation (i) w.r.t. x ,
2T = T 1 + cos (wt) ( abebx )
2x
2
T
Substitute
and 2T in equation (i), we have
2t
2x
dT = T (1 + aebx ) cw sin (wt) + uT 1 + c cos (wt) ( abebx )
dt
At t = ,
dT = 0 + uT (1 + c) ( abebx ) = abuT (1 + c) ebx
0
0
dt
Now substitute the values and x = m , we get
dT = 5 0.03 1.5 80 (1 + 0.05) e0.03 # 4
#
#
#
dt
dT = 18 1.05 0.887 - 16.8cC/s
#
#
dt
FM 5.24

The resultant acceleration is given by
where
a = a n n + as s
an = Normal acceleration
as = Streamwise acceleration
a = V n + V2V s
R
2s

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a =
(3) 2
n + 3 # 3s = 3n + 9s m/s2
3
FM 5
...(i)
Now in terms of unit vector i and j

n = sin 30ci + cos 30cj
s = cos 30ci + sin 30cj
a = 3 ( 0.5i + 0.866j) + 9 (0.866i + 0.5j)
= 6.3i + 7.1j
a
tan = y = . = .
ax
.
Hence
= tan1 (1.127) - 48.5c

So, angle between the acceleration and stream line is
= q 30c = 48.5c 30c = 18.5c
FM 5.25

y
....(i)
V = (u, v) = V i + 0j
h
Since the flow is in xy -plane. Therefore z -component of vorticity
z = c2v 2u m = V =V
h
h
2x 2y
Since vorticity is non-zero, this flow is rotational.
The vorticity is negative, implying that particles rotate in the clockwise direction.
Velocity field
FM 5.26

The vorticity is twice the rotation vector.
= 2w = d # V
From expression for velocity, u = x y , v = xy and w = and with
x = 1 c2w 2v m, y = 1 b2u 2w l, z = 1 c2v 2u m
2 2y 2z
2 2z 2x
2 2x 2y
It follows that
x = , y =
Thus
and z = ^- y - x h
= 2 ^wx i + wy j + wz k h
1
2
2
= 2 :^0 h i + ^0 h j + 2 ^ y x h kD =^x + y h k
Since is not zero everywhere, the flow is not irrotational.


FM 5
FM 5.27
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FM 197

In Certesian coordinates, the vorticity vector is
= c2w 2v m i + b2u 2w l j + c2v 2u m k
2y 2z
2z 2x
2x 2y
By differentiating u with respect to x, y and z
2u = 2 ( . + . x y) = .
2x 2x
2u = 1, 2u =
2y
2z
2v = 2.0, 2v = . , 2v =
Same for v
2x
2y
2z
2w = 0.5y, 2w = . x, 2w =
And for w
2x
2y
2z
....(i)
Therefore from equation (i), Vorticity vector as a function of space (x, y, z) is

= (0.5x 0) i + (0 0.5y) j + {2.0 ( 1)} k
= (0.5x) i (0.5y) j + (3.0) k
FM 5.28

We have
V = (y 1) i + (y 2) j
From equation (i), the velocity components are
u = y , v = y , w =
From the equation of stream line
dx = dy = dz
u
v
w
dx = dy
y
y
...(i)
y
y
m dy = dx
dy = c
y
y
y
On integrating, we get
y
dy
y
# y
dy =
(y 2) + 2 ln (y 2) ln (y 2)
(y 2) + ln (y 2)
At (5, 3)
1 + ln (1)
C
Hence equation of stream line becomes
# dx
= x+C
= x+C
= 5+C
= 1 5 = 4
let (y 2 = t) & solve
y + ln (y ) = x
x = y + ln (y ) +
FM 5.29

We have
V = 20y2 (x 4 + y 4) 1/2 i + 20x2 (x 4 + y 4) 1/2 j m/s
where
u = 20y2 (x 4 + y 4) 1/2 and v = 20x2 (x 4 + y 4) 1/2
The equation of stream line is
dx = dy
v
u
dy
dx
=
20x2 (x 4 + y 4) 1/2
20y2 (x 4 + y 4) 1/2

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dx = dy
x
y
x dx = y dy
Integrating both the sides, we get
3
x3 = y + C
3
3
x +y = C
FM 5.30

The resulting stream function is
= yuniform flow + yfree vortex + C
= Ur sin q G ln r + C
p
At (x, y) = (4, 0)
= 0 r = and = 0
0 = 0 G ln 4 + C
2p
and
C = G ln 4
2p
So that
= Ur sin q G ^ln r ln h
p
or
= Ur sin q G ln r
p
...(i)
The equation for the streamline( = 0 ) is therefore

0 = Ur sin q G ln r
p
or
sin = G ln r
2prU 4
FM 5.31

For velocity distribution given,
u = 2x2 y + x , v = xy + y + , w = 0
z = 1 c2v 2u m
2 2x 2y
2v = 2y2 and 2u = x
2y
2x
So that
z = 1 ^2y2 2x2h = y2 x2
2
At
x = 0. m and y = .0 m
z = ^1.0h2 ^0.5h2 = 0.75 rad/s
Thus
= 0.75k rad/s
(Since for a two-dimensional flow field x = y = 0 )
Since
FM 5.32

= 2u + 2v + 2w
2x 2y 2z
Thus, for velocity components given
Volumetric dilatation rate = 2x + ^x + z h + ^ 3x z h = 0
This result indicates that there is no change in the volume of a fluid element as
Volumetric dilatation rate


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FM 199
it moves from one location to another.

The rotation vectors about the x , y and z axis are given by
y
x = 1 c2w 2v m = 1 60 ^y + 2z h@ =a + z k
2 2y 2z
2
2
y = 1 b2u 2w l = 1 62z ^ 3z h@ = 5z
2 2z 2x
2
2
y
And
z = 1 c2v 2u m = 1 ^y 2y h =
2 2x 2y
2
2
Thus,
FM 5.33
= wx i + wy j + wz k
y
y
=a + z k i + 5z j k
2
2
2

The x -component of velocity is
...(i)
u = a + b (x c)
For incompressible flow, Volumetric strain rate
DV = 2u + 2v + 2w =
V Dt
2x 2y 2z
2w = 0
For two dimensional flow field
2z
2u + 2v = 0
Then
...(ii)
& 2v =2u
2x 2y
2y
2x
By substituting equation (i) into equation (ii), we get
2v = 2 a + b (x c) = b (x c)
2x
2y
Integrate to solve for v
v = 2v dy
2y
#
= # [ 2b (x c)] dy + f (x)
An arbitrary function of x is added rather than a simple constant of integration.

Since this is a partial integration with respect to y, v is a function of both x and
y.
Therefore
v = 2b (x c) y + f (x)
FM 5.34

In cylindrical polar coordinates, the continuity equation for incompressible fluid
is
2^rvr h
+ 2v q + 2vz = 0
r 2r
r 2q 2z
2v =2^rvr h
Since vz = ,
...(i)
2
2r
2^rvr h
With
rvr = 2r2 + 3r3 sin q ,
= 4r + 9r2 sin q
2r
Thus, equation (i) becomes
2v = 4r + 9r2 sin q
^
h
2
...(ii)
Equation (ii) can be integrated with respect to to obtain
# dv
# ^4r + 9r sin qhdq + f ^r h

2
or
v = 4rq 9r2 cos q + f ^r h
Where f ^r h is an undetermined function of r .

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#
= # v bdq + # v dr + # v adq + # v dr
= n V : ds
Circulation
ABCD
q
Since vr =
AB
BC
CD
...(i)
DA
and v = r , equation (i) becomes

=
#
q
w b dq + +
wa dq +
= wb ^q q h + wa ^q q h
= w ^q2 q1h^b2 a2h = wTq ^b2 a2h
or
FM 5.36
FM 5

We have
= 2x2 + 5xy + 3y2
From the definition of stream function, the velocity components are
2y
= 2 ( x + xy + y )
u =
2y 2y
and
u = 5x + 6y
2y
= 2 ( x + xy + y )
v =
2x
2x
= 4x 5y
For two dimensional flow, the continuity equation is
2u + 2v = 0
2x 2y
2u = 2 ( x + y) =
2x 2x
2v = 2 ( x y) =
2y 2y
2u + 2v = 5 5 = 0
Hence
2x 2y
Therefore the given flow field is incompressible.
FM 5.37

We have
u =
2y 2f
=
= x y
2y 2x
Integrate with respect to y to obtain
# d = # ^3x
or
3y2h dy
y3
= 3 c x2 y m + f1 ^x h
3

...(i)

FM 5
Similarly
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FM 201
2y 2f
=
= xy
v =
2x 2y
and integrate with respect to x to obtain
# d = # 6xydx
or
= 3x2 y + f2 ^y h
To satisfy both equation (i) and (ii), we get
...(ii)
= 3x2 y y3 + C
Where C is an arbitrary constant. Since the streamline = 0 passes through
the origin (x = , y = ), it follows that C = and
= 3x2 y y3
FM 5.38

From the definition of stream function.
2y
=V
u =
2y
Integrating with respect to y ,
= Vy + g (x)
And
v =
...(i)
...(ii)
2y
= 2 Vy + g (x) = 2 g (x)
2x
2x
2x
Here v = , for given velocity field.

2 g (x) = 0
Thus
2x
Integrate with respect to x , we get
g (x) = C
Hence equation (ii) becomes
= Vy + C
FM 5.39

From answer of previous part
= Vy + C
At y = , = 0 gives (along x -axis)
C =0
= Vy
Then at y =
0 = Vy =
Now at y = .
2 = 10 # 0.5 = 5 m2/s
Hence Volume flow rate per unit width between 2 and 0 is
vo = y y = 5 0 = 5 m2/s
2
0
w
FM 5.40

From the definition of stream function,
2y
= . cos a
u =
2y
By integrating with respect to y
= 2.5y cos a + g (x)
Now differentiate with respect to x
...(i)

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FM 202
Demo Ebook
Page 202
FM 5
2
=2 g x
2x
2x
v = 2.5 sin a = 2 [g (x)]
2x
Now integrate above equation with respect to x ,
And
g x = 2.5x sin a + C
By substituting the value of g x in equation (i)
= 2.5y cos a 2.5x sin a + C
= 2.5 [y cos a x sin a] + C
FM 5.41

From the definition of the stream function
2y
y
= Uc : a k D
u =
h
2y
and integrate with respect to y to obtain
y
d = Uc : a k D dy
h
= Uc ;y
or
y
E + f ^x h
h
2y
= , is not a function of x
v =
2x
y
= Uc y : a k D + C
h
Since
So that
Where C is an arbitrary constant.

To evaluate the velocity potential, let
2f
y
= Uc : a k D
u =
h
2x
and integrate with respect to x to obtain
y
d = Uc : a k D dx
h
y
or
= Uc :x a k x D + f ^y h
h
2f
U xy 2f ^y h
However
v =
= = c +
2y
2y
h
and this relationship cannot be satisfied for all values of x and y . Thus, there
is not a velocity potential that describes this flow (The flow is not irrotational).
FM 5.42

From the definition of stream function ()
2y V
= y
u =
h
2y
Integrating with respect to y ,
y
= V + g (x) = V y2 + g (x)
h
2h
2y
And
= 2 : V y + g (x)D
v =
2x
2x h
v = 2 g (x)
2x
Since v = 0 for given velocity field. Then

...(i)
...(ii)

FM 5
Demo Ebook
Page 203
FM 203
v = 0 = 2 [g (x)]
2x
Integrate with respect to x
g x =C
Substituting in equation (ii), stream function becomes
= V y2 + C
2h
Now by limiting conditions on , = 0 at y = (the bottom wall)
0 = 0+C
C =0
Thus
= V y2
2h
Now stream function along the top wall, y = h is
top = V # h2 = Vh
2
2h
FM 5.43
We have
= 3x 2 y y 3
Thus
vo = yB yA
At B
x = and y = m
So that
B = 3 ^0 h2 # 1 ^1 h3 = 1 m3 /s (per unit width)
At A
x = m and y =
So that
A = 3 ^1 h2 # 0 ^0 h3 = 0
Hence
vo = yB = m s (per unit width)
The negative sign indicates that the flow is from right to left as we look from A
to B .
vo = 1 m3 /s (In magnitude)
FM 5.44

From the definition of the stream function, for cylindrical polar coordinates,
2
2y
and v =vr =
r 2q
2r
So that for the velocity distribution given
d
= Ar + Br cos q
r d
2
And
= Br sin q
2r
...(i)
...(ii)

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FM 204
Demo Ebook
Page 204
FM 5
Integrate equation (i) with respect to to obtain
# d = # ^A + Br
cos qh dq + f ^r h
or
= Aq + Br sin q + f ^r h
Similarly integrate equation (ii) with respect to r to obtain
# d = # Br
...(iii)
sin qdr + f ^q h
or
= Br sin q + f ^q h
Thus, to satisfy both equation (iii) and (iv), the stream function is
...(iv)
= Aq + Br sin q + C
Where C is an arbitrary constant.
FM 5.45
FM 5.46

From the definitions of potential function
2f
= 2 . (x y ) + x y = x +
u =
2x 2x
2f
= 2 . (x y ) + x y = y
v =
2y 2y
By the definition of stream function.
2y
2y
, v =
u =
2x
2y
2y
= x+
u =
2y
Stream function is found by integration of the velocity component.
= 9xy + 2y + f (x)
Now differentiate with respect to x
2
= 9y + 2 [f (x)]
2x
2x
2
Since
= v
2x
v = 9y f l(x)
9y 4 = 9y f l(x)
f l(x) = 4
Integrating with respect to x
f (x) = 4x + constant
Then stream function
= 9xy + 2y + 4x + constant
FM 5.47

For the flow to be irrotational, the vorticity must be zero.
Since the flow is in xy -plane, the only z -component of vorticity is there.
z -component of vorticity z = 2v - 2u
2x 2y
2v = 2 ( y + ) =
2x 2x
2u = 2 ( x + ) =
2y 2y
Hence
z = 0 0 = 0


FM 5
Demo Ebook
Page 205
FM 205
Since voriticity is zero, therefore flow is irrotational.

Now from the definition of potential function
2f
2f
,v=
u =
2y
2x
2f
= x+
u =
2x
Integrate with respect to x
2
= 2 # x + x + f (y) = x + x + f y
2
FM 5.48

By the principle of control volume.
vonet = voa vob = Va Aa Vb Ab
= 3 # (0.37 # 6.1) 0.9 # (0.55 # 6.1) = 3.75 m3/s
FM 5.49

rz = m b2vr + 2vz l
2z 2r
Shearing stress
For Poiseuille flow in a tube vr = .

Therefore
rz = m2vz
2r
vz = v ma : a r k D
R
Since
And v ma = V , where V is the mean velocity.

2vz = Vr
It follows that
2r
R
Thus, at the wall (r = R ),
mV
^rz hwall = R
^rz hwall = mV = 4 # 0.003 # 0.100 = 1.20 Pa
Hence
R
^0.002/2h
FM 5.50

We have, velocity component
v = V bhx x l
h
From newtons law of viscosity
= m dv
dx
...(i)
...(ii)
Differentiate equation (i) w.r.t. x

dv = V (h x)
dx
h
Hence from equation (ii) at x = h ,
FM 5.51

The flow rate is given by
voAB =
= m # V (h h) =
h
V hx x
b
l # b dx
h
h
V b hx x h
x
bhx l =
:
D
h
# vdA = #
= Vb
h
x=
v # b # dx =

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FM 206
Demo Ebook
Page 206
FM 5
= V b b h h l = V b # h = 2 V0 bh
3
h
h
FM 5.52

The volume flow rate per unit width between two parallel plates is given by
3
Tp
q = 2h
3m l
Tp
For h = = # m , = 0.38 N-s/m2 and
m
= #
l
q =
FM 5.53
2 # ^2 # 103h3 # ^30 # 103h

= 4.21 # 104 m2 /s
3 # 0.38

The shearing stress acting on the bottom plate is
yx = m c2u + 2v m
2y 2x
...(i)
Since velocity profile between two fixed, parallel plates is parabolic in nature
and it is given by
2p 2
u = 1
y h2h and v =
2m2x ^
2v =
2u = 1 2p 2y ,
It follow that
2m2x ^ h
2x
2y
2p
and from (i),
yx =
y
2x ^ h
2p
Tp
At the bottom plate y = h and since
=
l
2x
Tp
Hence
yx =
h =
h#^ # h
l ^ h ^ #
= 60 N/m2
acting in the direction of flow
FM 5.54

DAlemberts paradox states that with the irrotational flow approximation, the
aerodynamic drag force on any non-lifting body of any shape immersed in a
uniform stream is zero.
FM 5.55

For incompressible, Newtonian fluid the stress in cartesian coordinates are
expressed by
xx = p + m2u , yy = p + m2v , xy = m c2u + 2v m
2x
2y
2y 2x
For the given velocity distribution
u = 12xy 2 6x 3 and v = x y y
with x = . m and y = . m :
2u = 12y2 18x2 = 12 1.0 2 18 0.5 2 = 7.50 s1
^ h
^ h
2x
2u = 24xy = 24 0.5 1.0 = 12.0 s1
#
#
2y
2v = 36xy = 36 0.5 1.0 = 18.0 s1
#
#
2x
2v = 18x2 12y2 = 18 0.5 2 12 1.0 2 = 7.50 s1
^ h
^ h
2y
Thus for p = #
N m and = 1.50 N-s/m2


FM 5
Demo Ebook
Page 207
FM 207
xx = 6 # 103 + 2 # 1.50 # 7.50 = 5.98 kPa

yy = 6 # 103 + 2 ^1.50h^ 7.50h = 6.02 kPa
xy = 1.50 # ^12.0 + 18.0h = 45.0 Pa
FM 5.56

Along the = 3/4 boundary, which is a streamline (i.e. = 0 on = 3/4).
p V
= Constant
+
2p
...(i)
or
= rV2V
2r
2r
For the stream function given,
vr =
2y
= r cos q
r 2q
and along the = 3/4 boundary, v = .

So that
Since
V = vr b q = p l = r
2V = 8 r2/3
9
2r
It follows from equation (i) that

64r
2p
= r b 8 r1/3 lb 8 r2/3 l =
3
9
2r
27r1/3
FM 5.57

The volume flow rate for axial flow in the annular space between two fixed
concentric pipes is given by
(r 2 r i2) 2
pDp 4
vo =
r 0 r i4 0
8ml >
ln a r0 k H
ri
which can be written as
Z
2 2_
1 a ri k D b
]
:
4
r0
4
pr Dp
...(i)
vo = 0
1 a ri k +
`
[
r
8m l
o
ln a ri k b
]
r0
a
\
Since ri = d , equation (i) can also be written as
r
D
Z
_
d l2 2 b
]
1
b
;
E
b
4
D
pr 4 Dp ]
...(ii)
1 b d l +
vo = 0
[
`
D
d
8m l ]
ln
b
b
l
]
b
D
\
a
For d = . , equation (ii) gives
D
2 2
61 (0.1) @
pr 04 Dp
4
o
v =
*1 (0.1) +
4 = 0.574
8ml
ln (0.1)
Thus, for the same p the flow rate is reduced by
% reduction in vo = (1 0.574) # 100 = 42.6%
FM 5.58

Write Bernoulli equation between stagnation point and point A to obtain
pstag = pA + rV A
For half body
V A = U c + b cos q + b m
rA
rA
...(i)
...(ii)

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FM 208
Demo Ebook
Page 208
b ^p qh
sin q
=p
2
bap p k
2
rA =
= pb or
p
2
sin
2
FM 5
r =
and
At point A,
So that
b =2
p
rA
...(iii)
Substitution of equation (iii) into equation (ii) yields

=
2
VA = U b + + l
p
and therefore from equation (i), we get
Thus
FM 5.59
pstag = pA + rU b + l = pA + .
p
2
pstag pA = 0.703rU
rU

The torque which must be applied to outer cylinder to overcome the force due to
the shearing stress is (see figure)
dT = ro dF = ro ^tro ldqh = r o tldq
dF = tdA
So that
T = r o tl
dq = pr o tl
In the gap
u =U
Since
mU
and b = ro ri , U = ro w (see figure)
= m du =
dy
b
...(i)
y
b
It follows from equation (i) that

T = 2pr o2 b
FM 5.60
mro w
2pr o3 mwl
l=
l
ro ri
ro ri

The torque due to force dF acting on a differential area dA = ri ldq is (see figure)
dT = ri dF = r i tldq Where is the shearing stress.
T = r i tl
Thus
In the gap
u =U
y
b
dq = pr i tl
Where U = ri w and b is the gap width.
mU
= m du =
dy
b
Also
T = 2pr i2 b mU l l = 2pr i3 mw l
b
b
3
0.160
= 2p b 0.075 l ^0.2h # 2p # 80 #
= 0.355 N m
2
60
^0.25 # 103h

...(i)

FM 5
FM 5.61
Demo Ebook
Page 209
FM 209

Downward force on the drop is the weight of the drop.
Fdown = rdrop # g # o
= rdrop # g # p D
e of drop
...(i)
The upward force on the drop is the aerodynamic drag force and the buoyancy
force.
3
...(ii)
Fup = 3pmVD + p D # rair # g
6
For the drop to be remain suspended, equation (i) must be equal to equation (ii).
3
Then
drop # g # D = 3pmVD + pD rair # g
6
D3 - g = 3pmVD
air h
6 ^ drop
2
V = D [rdrop rair ] # g
18m
drop = rwater =
where
air =
At 25cC
p
=
.
RT
g m
.
#
= .
g m
air = 1.849 # 105 kg/m s

(45 # 106)
# [1000 1.184] # 9.81
18 (1.849 # 105)
= 0.0596 m/s
V =
Hence
FM 5.62

With the coordinate system shown u = , w = and from the continuity equation
2v 2y = . Thus, from the y -component of the Navier-stokes equations with
gy = g ,
2p
0 =
...(i)
rg + m2v
2y
2x
Since the pressure is not a function of x , equation (i) can be written as
d v = pl Where pl = 2p + rg and integrated to obtain
m
2y
dx
dv = pl x + C
...(ii)
m
dx
From symmetry dv = 0 at x = 0 . So that C = 0 . Integration of equation (ii)
dx
yields
pl x
+C
m
pl
Since at x = ! h , v = 0 it follows that C = ^h h and therefore
m
pl 2
2
v =
x h h
2m ^
v =
The flow rate per unit width in the z -direction can be expressed as
h
h pl
plh
q = vdx =
^x h h dx = m
m
h
h
Thus, with V (mean velocity) given by the equation

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FM 210
Demo Ebook
Page 210
FM 5
q
plh2
= 1
3 m
2h
mV
2p
=
rg
2y
h
V =
It follows that
FM 5.63

For free vortex
So that
v = K where K = constant
r
v A = K and v B = K
a
b
From the Bernoulli equation at section A and B ,

pA v A
p
For horizontal pipe z = z
+
= B + v qB
g
g
g
g
...(i)
or
Tp = pB pA = 1 ^v q2A v q2B h = 1 rK 2 b 12 12 l
2g
2
a
b
Since
or
Thus from (i),
or
Therefore
q =
K =
v q dr = K
#
a
dr = K ln b
r
a
ln b
a
q2
1
1
2b 2 2 l
b
a
b
b ln a l
1/2
q = 2 ln b # b 12 12 l
a
a
b
Tp
Where C =
q =C
r
Tp = 1 r
2
Tp
r
ln b # b l
a
a
b
***********

FM 6
INTERNAL FLOW
FM 6.1
Consider a fully developed laminar pipe flow. If the pipe diameter is reduced by
half while the flow rate and pipe length are held constant, the head loss will be
(A) Increase by a factor of 2
(B) Increase by a factor of 4
(C) Increase by a factor of 16
(D) Remains same.
FM 6.2
Consider a flow through a 15 m long horizontal pipe at the laminar transition

point. The fluid is oil with = 890 kg/m3 and = 0.07 kg/m -s . If the power
delivered to the flow is 1 hp, the flow rate will be
(A) 2420 cm3 /s
(B) 4840 cm3 /s
(C) 3630 cm3 /s
(D) 484 cm3 /s
FM 6.3
Glycerin at 40cC with = 1252 kg/m3 and = 0.27 kg/m -s is flowing through a
5 cm diameter horizontal smooth pipe with an average velocity of 3.5 m/s. What
will be the pressure drop per unit length of the pipe ?
(A) 121 kPa
(B) 1.21 kPa
(C) 12.1 kPa
(D) 0.121 kPa

Water at 15cC ( = 999.1 kg/m3 ) is flowing steadily in a 45 m long and 4 cm
diameter horizontal pipe made of stainless steel at a rate of 8 # 103 m3/s . The
friction factor f = . 1
.
FM 6.4
FM 6.5
What will be the head loss ?

(A) 36.6 m
(C) 366.0 m
(B) 3.66 m
(D) 0.366 m
The pumping power requirement to overcome pressure drop is

(A) 1.5 kW
(B) 4.5 kW
(C) 3 kW
(D) 6.0 kW

A light liquid ^ = 950 kg/m3h flows through a horizontal smooth tube of
diameter 5 cm at an average velocity of 10 m/s. The fluid pressure measured at
2 m intervals along the pipe is as given below:
x (m)
p(
FM 6.6
a)
304
255
226
200
The wall shear stress in the fully developed section of the pipe is
(A) 163 Pa
(B) 325 Pa
(C) 650 Pa
(D) 81.5 Pa
Demo Ebook
Page 212
FM 212
Internal Flow
FM 6
FM 6.7
What will be the overall friction factor ?

(A) 0.000183
(B) 0.183
(C) 0.00183
(D) 0.0183
FM 6.8
The piston shown in figure below is pushed steadily by a force F , which causes
flow rate of vo =
cm s through the needle. If fluid has = 900 kg/m3 and
= 0.002 kg/m -s , the force F will be
(A) 2.0 N
(C) 1.35 N
FM 6.9
(B) 3.6 N
(D) 4.0 N
A compressor that draws in air ( = 1.149 kg/m3, = 1.802 # 10-5 kg/m - s) from
the outside, through an 12 m long, 20 cm diameter duct. The compressor takes in
air at a rate of 0.27 m3/s . If the friction factor is to be 0.0211, the useful power
used by the compressor to overcome the frictional losses in the duct is
(Disregarding any minor losses)
(A) 14.5 W
(C) 51.4 W
(B) 15.4 W
(D) 41.5 W
FM 6.10
In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at 0.5

between the wall surface and the center-line) is
(B) 0.5 max
(A) 2 max
(C) 0.75 max
(D) Not changed
(where u max is the maximum velocity)
FM 6.11
The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe of inner
radius R = cm in m/s is given by
u (r) = 4 c1
2
2
(midway
The maximum velocity in the pipe and the volume flow rate respectively, are
(A) 4 m/s, 0.01005 m3 /s
(B) 0.01005 m/s, 4 m3 /s
(C) 0.01005 m3/s, 4 m/s
(D) 4 m3/s, 0.01005 m/s

Demo Ebook
Page 213
FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 213
FM 6.12
Consider a flow between two smooth parallel horizontal plates of 3 cm apart. If

the fluid is SAE 10 oil and V = m s ^ = 870 kg/m3 and = 0.104 kg/msh, the
head loss per meter is
(A) 0.430 m/m
(B) 0.487 m/m
(C) 0.325 m/m
(D) 0.163 m/m
FM 6.13
Consider laminar flow of a fluid through a rectangular concrete channel with the
smooth surfaces of friction factor (f = 58/ Re). If the average velocity of the fluid
is doubled, the change in the head loss of fluid in percentage is (Assume the flow
regime remains same)
(A) Decrease by 50%
(B) Increase by 50%
(C) Increase by 100%
(D) Decrease by 100%
FM 6.14
Water at 20c C flows from a tank by the pressurized air at a rate of 60 m3 /h as

shown in figure below. If coefficient of friction f = 0.01 , what gage pressure p1
is needed to drive the pipe flow ?
(A) 2.38 MPa

(C) 0.238 MPa
FM 6.15
A single 6 cm diameter tube consists of seven 2 cm diameter smooth thin

tubes packed tightly as shown in figure below. Air at about 20c C and 1 atm (
= 1.2 kg/m3 , = 1.8 # 10-5 kg/m-s ), flows through this system at 150 m3 /h .
What will be the pressure drop per meter length of the pipe ? (Take f = 0.0 50 )
(A) 202.5 Pa
(C) 270 Pa
FM 6.16
(B) 1.2 MPa

(D) 0.12 MPa
(B) 90 Pa
(D) 27.0 Pa
Oil with a density of 850 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity of 6 # 104 m2/s flows in
a 5 mm diameter and 40 m long horizontal pipe, from a storage tank open to the
atmosphere. If the height of the liquid level above the center of the pipe is 3 m
and the flow is fully developed laminar, the flow rate of oil through the pipe is
(A) 1.88 # 106 m3/s
(B) 1.88 # 104 m3/s
(C) 1.88 # 107 m3/s
(D) 1.88 # 108 m3/s

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Demo Ebook
Page 214
FM 214
Internal Flow
FM 6
FM 6.17
A fluid flows through two horizontal pipes of equal length which are connected
together to form a pipe of length 2l . The flow is fully developed laminar and the
pressure drop for the first pipe is 1.44 times greater than for the second pipe. If
the diameter of the first pipe is D , the diameter D of the second pipe is
(A) 1.64D
(B) 1.37D
(C) 1.095D
(D) 1.92D
FM 6.18
A capillary viscometer measures the time of t = seconds required for a 8 cm3

of water at 20c C to flow through a D diameter glass tube as shown in figure
below. If L = 1 cm , l = cm and flow is laminar with no entrance and exit
losses, the capillary diameter D will be (Take = 0.001 kg/m -s )
(A) 1.5 mm
(C) 0.15 mm
FM 6.19
FM 6.20
Oil with = 894 kg/m3 and = 2.33 kg/m -s , flows at 0.5 m/s through 300 m
long and 40 cm diameter cast iron pipe. Neglect minor losses. The pumping
power required to overcome the pressure losses, is
(A) 0.45 kW
(B) 5.0 kW
(C) 45 kW
(D) 4.5 kW
SAE 30 oil at 20c C ^ = 0.29 kg/m-s , = 891 kg/m3h flows upward in a 3 cm
diameter pipe through a pump from A to B at a rate of 3 kg/s as shown in figure
below. At 100% efficiency, what pump power is required ?
(A) 4.8 kW
(C) 0.63 kW
FM 6.21
(B) 15 mm
(D) 0.015 mm
(B) 4 kW
(D) 3.5 kW
Oil with = 910 kg/m3 and = 0.01 kg/m -s flows through a 1.2 m- diameter
pipe at a rate of 3 m3 /s . The pressure drop along the pipe and friction factor are

Demo Ebook
Page 215
FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 215
7.6 MPa and 0.0157 respectively. If the pump is 88% efficient, the power required
and the length of the pipe respectively, are
(A) 26 MW, 136.5 km
(B) 19.5 MW, 182 km
(C) 19.5 MW, 136.5 km
(D) 26 MW, 182 km
FM 6.22
The pump adds 25 kW to the water as shown in figure and causes a flow rate of
and neglect minor losses. What will be the
0.04 m3/s . For either case f = .
flow rate expected when the pump is removed from the system ?
(A) 0.0289 m3/s

(C) 0.289 m3/s
FM 6.23
Consider the pitot-static pressure arrangement as shown in figure below. Air at

20c C is flowing through the pitot tube ^ = 1.2 kg/m3 , = 1.8 # 10-5 kg/m -sh and
the manometer fluid is colored water at 20c C ^ = 998 kg/m3 , = 0.001 kg/m -sh
. If the friction factor of the flow is f = .
and Vavg = . VCL , the pipe volume
flow rate and the wall shear stress respectively, are
(A) 0.109 m3 /s , 1.7 Pa

(C) 0.128 m3 /s , 1.233 Pa
FM 6.24
(B) 2.89 m3/s

(D) 0.00289 m3/s
(B) 0.109 m3 /s , 1.233 Pa

(D) 0.128 m3 /s , 1.7 Pa
Glycerin at 20cC ( = 1260 kg/m3 , = 1.50 N - s/m2 ) flows upward in a vertical

75 mm diameter pipe with a centerline velocity of 1.0 m/s. The head loss and
pressure drop in a 10 m length of the pipe respectively, are
(A) 8.2 m, 225 kPa
(B) 0.11 m, 125 kPa
(C) 6.75 m, 207 kPa
(D) 3.43 m, 166 kPa

Oil ( = 876 kg/m3 and = 0.24 kg/m -s ) is flowing through a 1.5 cm diameter
pipe that discharges into the atmosphere at 98 kPa. The absolute pressure 15 m
before the exit is measured to be 145 kPa.

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FM 6
FM 6.25
If the pipe is horizontal, the flow rate of oil through pipe is

(A) 1.62 # 105 m3 /s
(B) 162 # 105 m3 /s
(C) 16.2 # 105 m3 /s
(D) 162 # 104 m3 /s
FM 6.26
The flow rate of oil through the pipe, if the pipe is inclined at 8c upward from
the horizontal, is
(A) 100 # 105 m3/s
(B) 1.00 # 105 m3/s
(C) 0.10 # 105 m3/s
(D) 10.0 # 105 m3/s
FM 6.27
Consider two types of drinking straws, one with a square cross-sectional shape
and the other type the typical round shape. The amount of material in each
straw and the length of the perimeter of the cross section of each shape are same
. Assume the drink is viscous enough to ensure laminar flow and neglect gravity.
What is the ratio of the flow rates _ vvoo i through the straws for a given pressure
drop ? (For square cross section f e h = . and for round shape f e h = ).
(A) 0.183
(B) 0.55
(C) 5.5
(D) 1.83
round
square
FM 6.28
Water flows from tank A to tank B with the valve closed as shown in figure. If
the friction factor is 0.02 for all pipes and all minor losses are neglected, what
will be the flow rate into tank B when the valve is opened to allow water to flow
into tank C also ?
(A) 0.180 m3/s

(C) 0.0180 m3 /s
FM 6.29
(B) 0.00180 m3/s

(D) 1.80 m3/s
Water at 20c C flows through a multiple parallel-plate passages heat exchanger

as shown in figure below. The available pressure drop is 2 kPa and plate walls are
hydraulically smooth. If the desired total flow rate is 0.25 m3 /s , the appropriate
number of passages are ^ f = 0.0 8h
(A) N = 50 passages
(C) N = passages
(B) N = 30 passages
(D) N = passages

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FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 217
FM 6.30
Oil at 20cC ( = 888.1 kg/m3, = 0.8374 kg/m -s) is flowing through a vertical
glass funnel as shown in figure. The funnel consists of 20 cm high cylindrical
reservoir and a 1 cm diameter, 20 cm high pipe. The funnel is always maintained
full by the addition of oil from the tank. Neglect entrance losses. What will be
the ratio of the actual flow rate through the funnel to the maximum flow rate for
the Frictionless case ?
(A) 43.91
(C) 2.32
FM 6.31
Water at 20c C flows upward through an inclined 6 cm diameter pipe at 4 m/s is

shown in figure. A mercury manometer has a reading of h = 13 mm . The pipe
length between points (1) and (2) is 5 m and point (2) is 3 m higher than point
(1). What will be the friction factor of the flow ?
(A) 0.114
(C) 0.025
FM 6.32
(B) 0.0232
(D) 0.232
(B) 0.07
(D) 0.044
Viscous oil (S.G. = 0. , = 0.10 Pa - s ) flows from tank A to tank B through the
six rectangular slots as shown in figure below. If minor losses are negligible and
the total flow rate is 30 mm3 /s , the pressure in tank A will be (Take f = 32 0 )

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FM 6
(A) 1.54 kPa

(C) 2.31 kPa
(B) 1.15 kPa

(D) 1.92 kPa
FM 6.33
A 2 mm diameter and 20 cm long straw delivers the water at 10c C with a rate
of 3 cm3 /s . If the flow is vertically up, what will be the axial pressure gradient
2p 2x ?(Take = 1.307 # 10-3 kg/m -s , = 1000 kg/m3 )
(A) 2 kPa/m
(B) 10 kPa/m
(C) 4 kPa/m
(D) 20 kPa/m
FM 6.34
A tank of water has a 1.5 cm diameter hole at the bottom, where water discharges
to the atmosphere. The water level is 3 m above the outlet. Disregarding the
effect of the kinetic energy correction factor. If the entrance of the hole is sharp
edged, the flow rate of water through the hole is (loss coefficient KL for sharpedged = 0.5 )
(A) 1.11 # 103 m3/s
(B) 111 # 103 m3/s
(C) 11.1 # 103 m3/s
(D) 0.111 # 103 m3/s
FM 6.35
Water at a rate of 0.04 m3/s , flows in a 0.12 m diameter pipe that contains a
sudden contraction to a 0.06 m diameter pipe. If the loss coefficient KL = . ,
the pressure drop across the contraction section is
(A) 99.75 kPa
(B) 33 kPa
(C) 166.25 kPa
(D) 133 kPa
FM 6.36
The water pipe system shown in figure below consists of 1200 m long cast-iron
^f = .
h pipe of 5 cm diameter, two 45c and four 90 c flanged long-radius
elbows, a fully open flanged globe valve and a sharp exit into a reservoir. The
minor losses coefficient for the pipe system is as follows
45c long-radius elbow :

K, .
90c long-radius elbow :
K, .
Open flanged globe valve :
K, .
Sharp exit valve :
K, .
If the elevation at point 1 is 400 m, what gage pressure is required at point 1 to
deliver 0.005 m3 /s of water at 20c C ( = 0.001 kg/m-s ) into the reservoir ?
(A) 4.54 MPa
(B) 3.46 MPa
(C) 1.43 MPa
(D) 6.4 MPa
FM 6.37
Kerosine is to be withdrawn from a 15 cm high kerosine tank by drilling a well

rounded 3 cm diameter hole with negligible loss at the bottom surface and
attaching a horizontal 90c bend of negligible length. The kinetic energy correction
factor is 1.05. What will be the flow rate of water through the bend, respectively

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FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 219
if (a) the bend is a flanged smooth bend and (b) the bend is miter bend without
vanes ?
(A) 8.08 L/s, 4.78 L/s

(C) 6.03 L/s, 4.78 L/s
FM 6.38
A horizontal pipe has an sudden expansion from D = m to D =

m . The
water is flowing at 10 m/s and p =
a in the small section and the flow
is turbulent. If the kinetic energy correction factor to be 1.06 at both inlet and
outlet, the downstream pressure is
(A) 300 kPa

(C) 377 kPa
FM 6.39
(B) 4.78 L/s, 6.03 L/s

(D) 8.08 L/s, 6.03 L/s
(B) 278 kPa

(D) 322 kPa
A 4.5 m diameter tank is initially filled with water 2 m above the centre of
a sharp edged 15 cm diameter orifice. The tank water surface is open to the
atmosphere and the orifice drains to the atmosphere. Neglecting the effect of the
kinetic energy correction factor. The time required to empty the tank is (loss
coefficient for sharp edge KL = 0. )
(A) 19.6 min

(C) 0.264 min
(B) 26.4 min

(D) 2.64 min

Water at 20c C flows through a 10 cm diameter smooth pipe which contains an
orifice plate with 5 cm-diameter. The measured orifice pressure drop is 75 kPa.
Discharge coefficient Cd = 0.605 and non- recoverable head loss coefficient K = 1. .

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FM 6
FM 6.40
FM 6.41
What will be the flow rate in m3 /hr ?

(A) 54
(C) 60
(B) 50
(D) 209
What will be the non recoverable head loss ?

(A) 33.4 kPa
(B) 6.9 kPa
(C) 52.4 kPa
(D) 26.4 kPa

Water at 20cC ( = 998 kg/m3, = 1.002 # 10-3 kg/m - s) flows through a 50 cm
diameter pipe. The flow rate of water is measured with an orifice meter to be
0.25 m3/s . The diameter ratio and discharge coefficient Cd are 0.60 and 0.61
respectively.
FM 6.42
The pressure difference indicated by orifice meter is

(A) 1.9 kPa
(B) 19.0 kPa
(C) 146 kPa
(D) 14.6 kPa
FM 6.43
What will be the head loss ?

(A) 2.207 m
(C) 0.7734 m
FM 6.44
A 5 cm diameter smooth pipe contains an orifice plate of = 0.6 and it is

monitored by a mercury manometer ^ = 13550 kg/m3h as shown in figure below.
)
What will be the h when the flow rate is 0.334 m3 / min ?(Take Cd = .
(A) 75.75 cm
(C) 57 cm
FM 6.45
(B) 2.0421 m
(D) 0.940 m
(B) 7.52 cm
(D) 1.72 cm
Air at 20cC ( = 1.204 kg/m3) flows at high speed through a venturi-meter

monitored by a water manometer as shown in figure below. If h = cm , what
will be the maximum mass flow rate of air that venturi can measure ? (Take
discharge coefficient Cd = . )

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FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 221
(A) 2.73 kg/s

(C) 27.3 kg/s
FM 6.46
Consider the flow of air at high speed through a venturi monitored by a mercury
manometer ^Hg =
g m h as shown in figure below. Discharge coefficient
Cd and Expansion factor Y for this flow are 0.985 and 0.76 respectively. The
upstream conditions are 150 kPa and 353 K. If h =
cm , the mass flow rate for
flow to be compressible is
(A) 0.40 kg/s

(C) 7.27 kg/s
FM 6.47
(B) h = .
(D) h = .
m, h = .
m, h = .
m
m
Consider the parallel-pipe system as shown in figure below. The SAE 10 oil at
20c C ^ = 870 kg/m3 and = 0.104 kg/m -sh is flowing laminarly through the
pipe system with pressure drop p p =
a . What will be the total flow rate
between 1 and 2 ?
(A) 0.0005 m3 /s
(C) 0.0027 m3 /s
FM 6.49
(B) 3.23 kg/s

(D) 0.90 kg/s
Ethanol at 20c C ^ = 789 kg/m3 , = 0.0012 kg/m -sh flows through a 5 cm

diameter smooth pipe at a rate of 7 m3 /hr . Three piezometer tubes are installed
as shown in figure below. If the pipe contains a thin plate orifice of diameter
d = cm , the piezometer levels h and h will be ^Take K = 1.5 and f = . h
(A) h = . m , h = . m
(C) h = . m , h = . m
FM 6.48
(B) 0.273 kg/s

(D) 0.0273 kg/s
(B) 0.0022 m3 /s
(D) 0.0032 m3 /s
Consider the parallel-pipe system of two identical length and material pipe as
shown in figure below. The diameter of pipe A is half of the diameter of pipe B

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. If the friction factor to be same in both case and disregarding minor losses, the
flow rates in pipes A and B would be
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Remains same
Flow rate of A increased by a factor of 0.177.
Flow rate of B increased by a factor of 0.177.
Flow rate of A decreased by a factor of 0.177.

Three pipes of same material ^ f = 0.0 7 h are laid in parallel with these dimensions:
Pipe 1 :
L1 = 00 m
d1 = 10 cm
Pipe 2 :
L2 = 00 m
d2 = 12 cm
Pipe 3 :
L 3 = 00 m
d 3 = cm
3
The total flow rate is 0.056 m /s of water at 20c C .
FM 6.50
The flow rate in each pipe is

(A) vo1 = 0.01 m3 s , vo2 = 0.0277 m3
(B) vo1 = 0.01 m3 s , vo2 = 0.011 m3
(C) vo1 = 0.0277 m3 s , vo2 = 0.01 m3
(D) vo1 = 0.011 m3 s , vo2 = 0.01 m3
s , vo3 = 0.011 m3
s , vo3 = 0.0277 m3
s , vo3 = 0.011 m3
s , vo3 = 0.0277 m3
s
s
s
s
FM 6.51
The pressure drop across the system will be

(A) 56 kPa
(B) 55 kPa
(C) 550 kPa
(D) 137.5 kPa
FM 6.52
For the Series -Parallel system of pipes shown in figure below, each pipe is 8 cm
diameter cast iron ( f , 0.0022 ) and the pressure drop p1 p2 = 7 0 Pa . If the
minor losses are neglected, what will be the resulting flow rate for water at 20c C
?
(A) 101 m3 /hr

(C) 62 m3 /hr
(B) 23 m3 /hr
(D) 39 m3 /hr

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Internal Flow
FM 223
FM 6.53
Water at 80cC ( = 3.65 # 10-7 m2 /s ) flows with an average velocity of 2 m/s

through a 120 mm diameter pipe. If the pipe wall roughness is small enough so
that it does not protrude through the laminar sublayer and the pipe is to be
considered as smooth ( f = .
), what will be the largest roughness allowed to
classify this pipe as smooth ?
(A) 23.1 mm
(B) 0.0231 mm
(C) 0.00231 mm
(D) 0.231 mm
FM 6.54
The three water-filled tanks are connected by pipes as shown in figure. If minor
losses are neglected, the flow rate in m3 /s in each pipe is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
FM 6.55
vo = .
vo = .
vo = .
vo = .
, vo = .
, vo = .
, vo = .
, vo = .
, vo = .
, vo = .
, vo = .
, vo = .
A highly viscous liquid flows under the action of gravity from a large container
through a small diameter pipe in laminar flow as shown in figure below.
Disregarding entrance effects and velocity heads, the variation of fluid depth in
the tank with time, is
(A) 32k ln b H l
h
(C) 128k ln b H l
h
(B) 64k ln b H l
h
(D) k ln b H l
h
where k = n LD
gd
FM 6.56
A triangular passages (f = 52.9/ Re) of heat exchanger with L = cm and an

isosceles triangle cross section of side length a = cm and included angle = 80c
is shown in figure below. If the oil ^ = 870 kg/m3, = 0.104 kg/msh at 20c C
flows at 2 m/s, the pressure drop will be

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(A) 11.5 kPa

(C) 2.3 kPa
FM 6.57
(B) 23 kPa
(D) 1.15 kPa
An oil (S G =
and = 2.2 # 10-4 m2/s ) flows at a rate of 4 # 104 m3/s
through a vertical pipe as shown in figure. The manometer reading h will be
(A) 18.5 m
(C) 13.87 m
FM 6.58
(B) 13.87 m
(D) 18.5 m
The water velocity at several locations along a cross section of 5 cm radius pipe
is
given in table below.
r cm
Vm s
6.4
6.1
5.2
4.4
2.0
0.0
What will be the flow rate of water ?

(A) 0.297 m3/s
(C) 2.97 m3/s
FM 6.59
(B) 0.0297 m3/s

(D) 29.7 m3/s
Oil ( = 8900 N/m3 , = 0.10 N - s/m2 ) flows through a 23 mm diameter horizontal

tube as shown in figure. A differential U-tube manometer is used to measure the

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Internal Flow
FM 225
pressure drop along the tube. What will be the range of h for laminar flow ?
(B) 0.51 m # h # 0.51 m

(D) h $ . m
(A) h # . m
(C) 0 # h # 0.51 m
FM 6.60
The water at 20cC flows from the tank as shown figure below, through the 3 cm
long horizontal plastic pipe attached to the bottom of the tank. What time it
will take to empty the tank completely, assuming the entrance to the pipe is wellrounded with negligible loss ? (Take the friction factor of the pipe to be 0.022.)
(A) 8.66 hours

(C) 86.6 hours
(B) 82 hours
(D) 8.2 hours
***********

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FM 6
SOLUTIONS
FM 6.1

In a fully developed laminar pipe flow, head loss is given by
LV
LV =
e D g VD n D g
o
= nLV = n L v
g
D D g
>
pD H
D
hL = f L V =
D g
V=
vo
pD
nLvo
g pD
where
= Kinematic viscosity
L = Pipe Length
D = Diameter of pipe
vo = Volume flow rate
If diameter of pipe is reduced by half, then D = D
2
nLvo =
nLvo = 16h
So that
hL =
#
L
D
g
D
p
gp b l
=
Hence Reducing the pipe diameter by half increase the head loss by a factor of
16.
FM 6.2

For laminar flow at transition point
rVd
= 2300
Re =
m
890 # Vd = 2300
or
Power
or
& Vd =
# .
= 0.181 m2 /s ...(i)
1 hp = 745.7 W = vo # Dp laminar
745.7 = AV # Dp = a p # d # V k # c
mLV
m
d
2
745.7 = 8p # mLV 2 = 8p # 0.07 # 15 # b 0.181 l
d
&d = . 6
745.7 = . 6
.
d
d = 0.034 m
From eq. (i)

Hence
V = .1 1 = .1 1 = . m s
.
d
vo = p # d 2 # V = p # ]0.034g2 # ]5.32g
4
4
= 0.00484 m3 /s = 4840 cm3 /s
FM 6.3

Reynolds number for this flow

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FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 227
Re =
rVD
= 1252 # 3.5 # 0.05 = 811.5
m
0.27
Re = 811.5 < 2300

Hence the flow is laminar and friction factor for this Re is
f = 64 = 64 = 0.07887
Re 811.5
Then the pressure drop per unit length (L = 1 m)
p L = f L #
D
rV
1252 # (3.5)
1
= 0.0788 # 1 #
# 1000
0.05
2
= 12.1 kPa
FM 6.4

Head loss
hL = f L # V
g
D
o
vo = f L
vo
=fL #
V= v
#
#
;
E
g
pD
D
D
pD
g#p #D
Lvo
= f#
p gD
0.01573 # 16 # 45 # (8 # 103) 2
hL =
= 36.59 m , 36.6 m
2 # p2 # 9.81 # (0.04) 5
FM 6.5

Pressure drop is given by
o
r
= f # L # #; v E
D
pD
o
r
Lrvo
= f# L # # v = f#
D
pD
pD
16 45 999.1 # (8 # 103) 2
p = 0.01573 # # #
2 # p2 # (0.04) 5 # 1000
= 358.3 kPa - 359 kPa
Hence the power requirements to overcome this pressure drop is
Ppump = voDp = # #
rV
p = f # L #
D
= 2.87 kW , 3 kW
FM 6.6
FM 6.7

The Wall shear stress in the fully-developed region is defined as
p
p p 6 26000 4tw
= 4
=
=
2
2
d
L fully developed
or
w = 26000 # d = 26000 # 0.05 = 162.5 Pa , 163 Pa
8
4#2
The overall head loss for z =
Dp
hf =
=
= . m
rg
# .
The overall friction factor is defined as
g
foverall = h f overall # d #
= 11.2 # b 0.05 lb 2 # 92.81 l
6
L V
10
= 0.0183

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FM 6.8

The velocity of exit from the needle is
o
0.15
= 306 cm/s
V = v =
p
A
2
0
.
025
g
4 #]
The energy equation gives
p
p
...(i)
+V + z =
+ V + z + hf + hf
g
rg
g
g
mLV
(laminar flow), equation (i)
With z = z , V - , h f , and h f =
rgD
becomes
# m # L # V +V
g
rgD
p
]3.06g2
= 32 # 0.002 # 0.015 # 3.06
+
g
2 # 9.81
900 # 9.81 # ]0.00025g2
p -p
= hf + V =
g
g
or
= 5.32 + 0.48 = 5.8 m

Then
F = Dp # A piston = r # g # . # p ] . g
= 9.81 # 900 # 5.8 # p ]0.01g2 , 4.0 N
4
FM 6.9

The average velocity for this flow
o
o
V = v = v#
Ac
pD
. # = .
p#( . )
m s
The pressure drop in the duct

p = Dp L = f L #
D
rV
Substitute f = 0.0211, r = 1.149 kg/m3, L = 12 m, V = 8.594 m/s and D = 0.2 m

1.149 # (8.594) 2
So
pL = 0.0211 # 12 #
= 53.72 Pa
0.20
2
Then the required pumping power becomes
Ppump = voDp = . #
= 14.5 W
FM 6.10

The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe is given by
u (r) = u max ; r E
R
(R )
At r = R
u (R ) = u max ;
E = u max : D
R
= 3 u max = 0.75u max
4
FM 6.11

The general velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow is
u (r) = u max ; r E
R
We have
u (r) = u ; r E
R
By comparing these two, we get

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Internal Flow
FM 229
u
Now the volume flow rate
vo = Vavg Ac = Vavg # pR
Vavg = u max = 4 = 2.00 m/s
2
2
vo = 2 # p # (0.04) 2 = 0.010048 m3 /s b 0.01005 m3 /s
Since
Hence
FM 6.12
= 4 m/s

The half-distance between plates is called h, then Hydraulic diameter
4A
= 4h = 4 # 1.5 = 6 cm
Dh =
perimeter
rVDh
# . # . =
(Laminar flow)
=
Re D =
m
.
For laminar flow between two parallel horizontal plates, the head loss and Pressure
drop per meter flow is given by
mVL
] . g# . #
p =
= #
] . g
h
h
Hence
FM 6.13
= 2773.33 Pa/m - 2770 Pa/m

Dp
=
= .
m m
hf =
rg
. #

The friction factor of given channel
rVDH
f = 58 where Re =
m
Re
Then Head loss
DH = Hydraulic diameter
L
V
hL = f L # V =
g
DH
e # DH # g
L
V = 29 mLV
#m
=
#
#
g
rVDH
DH
rgDH2
If the average velocity is doubled, then

V = 2V
mL # V
mLV
Hence
= =
= 2hL
hL =
rgD H
rgD H G
Therefore percentage change in Head loss is
h hL
Increase
h ( ) = L
=
#
hL
1
FM 6.14

For water at 20c C , take = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/m -s
o
vo
vo =
V = v =
=
p
A
p#d
#d
h
#^
= .
p #] . g
m s
The energy equation between points (1) (the tank) and (2) (the open jet) :
2
V2
p1
+
+ 1 = 0 + pipe + 80 + h f
2g
2g
g 2g
or
where
V2
p1
= pipe + 80 + h f 10
2g
g
2
L V pipe
h f = f D # 2g = . 1
...(i)
#
+
.
#2
. 2
# . 1

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FM 6
, 170 m
then from equation (i),
p
]8.49g2
=
+ 80 + 170 10
g
2 # 9.81
p = rg ;
or
]
g
+
#
= 998 # 9.81 # ;
]8.49g2
+ 80 + 170 10E
2 # 9.81
= 2385659 , 2.38 MPa

FM 6.15

Assume all the flow goes through the seven 2 cm tubes. Thus each tube takes
one - seventh of the flow rate :
o
, . m s
V = v =
A ,tubes
# p #] . g
rVd
. =
(Turbulent flow)
= . # . #
Re =
m
. #
r
.
Hence
p = f L # V = .
# . #
#] . g
d
= 269.32 , 270 Pa
FM 6.16

The pressure at the bottom of the tank is
p
,gage
= rgh = 850 # 9.81 # 3 = 25.02 kN/m2

1000
The pressure loss across the pipe, disregarding minor losses is

p = p p = p patm = p
Pressure loss for fully developed laminar flow
mLV
mLvo
=
p =
D
pD
# r # n # L # vo
=
pD
Dp pD 4
Then
vo =
128 # r # n # L
,gage
m
vo = V # p D
^25.02 # 103h # p # (0.005) 4

=
= 1.88 # 108 m3/s
4
128 # 850 # ^6 # 10 h # 40
FM 6.17
Correct option is (C)
p D 4 Dp
vo =
128ml
For laminar flow

where vo = vo and p
Thus
or
= .
p D 4 Dp 1 2
pD 34 Dp2 3
vo =
= vo3 =
128ml
128ml
Dp
D = Dc
= D( . ) = .
Dp m
D =D

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FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 231
FM 6.18

Assume no pressure drop and neglect velocity heads. The energy equation reduces
to
p
p
+V + z =
+ V + z + hf
g
rg
g
g
or
0 + 0 + ^L + l h = 0 + 0 + 0 + h f
hf = L + l
mLvo
and for uniform draining vo = v
Dt
prgD
128m # Lv
v
t = vo =
4 =
v
prgD 4 h f
h f # prgD
128mL
mLv
t =
prgD (L + l)
128 # 0.001 # 0.12 # 8 # 106
6=
= .
p # 998 # 9.81 # D 4 # (0.12 + 0.02)
D = 4.75 # 1012
D - 0.00148 , 0.0015 m = 1.5 mm
For laminar flow h f =

or
or
or
FM 6.19
h f = (L + l)
#
D

Reynolds number for this flow
Re =
rVD
=
m
# . # . =
.
Since Re = 76.7 < 2300 . Hence the flow is laminar.

The pressure loss for laminar flow is given by
rV
p = f L
D
Since
f = 64 = 64 = 0.834
Re 76.7
p = 0.834 # 300 #
0.4
Then
894 # (0.5) 2
1
# 1000 = 69.9 kPa
2
Therefore pumping power required to overcome this pressure drop

Ppump = voDp = V # pD # Dp
=
FM 6.20
0.5 # p # (0.4) 2
# 69.9 = 4.39 , 4.5 kW
4

The pipe velocity
Check
o
V = m =
rA
rVD
Re d =
=
m
# p #] . g
# . # .
.
= .
=
m s
(Laminar flow)
Apply the steady flow energy equation between A and B

p
pA V A
+
+ zA = B + V B + zB + h f h p
rg
g
g
g
500000 = 180000 + 15 + h h
or
VA = VB = V and zA = 0
f
p
891 # 9.81
891 # 9.81

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h f hp =
or
500000 180000 15
891 # 9.81 891 # 9.81
h f h p = 21.61 m
mLV
#
# ] g +] g #
=
g
rgd
#
#]
Now
hp = h f
= 140.4 21.16 = 119.2 m
The pump power is then given by
o p = mgh
o p = 3 # 9.81 # 119.2
P = rgvh
Where
hf =
= 140.4 m
= 3508 - 3500 Watts or 3.5 kW

FM 6.21

The flow rate gives the velocity and Reynolds number
o
V = v =
= . m
p
s
A
#] . g
rVd
=
m
r
p = f L V
d
Re d =
Since
or
Hence
FM 6.22
# .
.
# . =
(turbulent flow)
7600000 = 0.0157 # L # b 910 l # ]2.65g2

1.2
2
L = 181800 m - 182 km
voDp
= #
= . #
P =
h
.
Watts = 26 MW
Correct option is (A).
Applying the Bernoullis equation at section (1) and (2)

2
2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 + h p = 2 + V 2 + z 2 + f l # V
g
2g
2g
2g
D
Where p1 = p2 = , z1 = h , z2 =
and V1 =
vo
.
V2 = c A m =
2
p( .
)2
.
#( .
)2
o
V = v =
p
A
Also
Hence
= 1. m s
= 1 .1 m s
(31.8) 2
(14.15) 2
30
h + hp =
+ 0.016 # b
= 133.2 m
2 # 9.81
0.06 l # 2 # 9.81
2 #1
h p = Po =
= . m
gv ( . # 1 ) # .
h = 133.2 63.7 = 69.5 m

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FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 233
and z = V + f l # V
g
g
D
Without the pump h p =
h= . m=z
V = AV = b D l V or V = b
D
A
Where
and
...(i)
lV= .
Thus from equation (i)

(2.25V ) 2 + 0.016 # b 30 l V 2
0.06
or V =
69.5 =
2 # 9.81
vo = AV = p ( . ) # . = .
m s
So that
FM 6.23
m s

The manometer reads
p p = ^rwater rair h gh = ]998 1.2g 9.81 # ]0.040g = 391 Pa

Therefore, velocity at centre line
2D p
VCL =
= 2 # 391 = 25.5 m/s
r
1.2
Now average velocity
Vavg = 0.85VCL = 0.85 # 25.5 = 21.675 m/s
Thus the flow rate
p
vo = V # A = .
# #] . g = .
and wall shear stress
f
w = # rVavg2
8
= 0.0175 # 1.2 # ]21.675g2 = 1.233 Pa
8
FM 6.24
m s
For laminar flow in a pipe

Vaverage = 1 Vmax = 1 # 1 = 0.5 m/s
2
2

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Re =
Thus
rVD
=
m
<
The flow is laminar.

(Dp gl sin q) D 2
Where = 90c
32ml
mlV
+ gl
p =
D
# 0.5 + 9.81 # 1260 # 10
= 32 # 1.50 # 10
(0.075) 2
- 1.66 # 105 Pa = 166 kPa
Also, applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) and (2),
2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2 + h L
g
2g
2g
With p1 = p2 + Dp , V1 = V2 , z2 z1 = l
Dp
hL =
l = 1. # 1 1 = 3.43 m
g
. 1 # 12
Flow rate can be determined from
Dp pD 4
vo =
128mL
V =
So that
FM 6.25
sin 90c = 1
= g
p = p1 - p2 = 145 98 = 47 kPa
47000 # p # (0.015) 4
Hence
vo =
= 1.62 # 105 m3/s
128 # 0.24 # 15
For uphill flow with an inclination of 8c,
(Dp rgL sin q) pD 4
vouphill =
128mL
Since
FM 6.26
[47000 (876 # 9.81 # 15 # sin 8c)] # p (0.015) 4

128 # 0.24 # 15
= 1.00 # 105 m3/s

FM 6.27
p 1 = Dp 2
hL = hL
2
2
f1 l1 # V 1 = f2 l2 # V 2
2g
2g
Dh
Dh
So
where l1 = l2 , Dh = D and Dh =
1
Thus
p = h L
2
A2
= a =a
perimeter 2
a
f1 V 12
f V2
= 2 2
a
D
...(i)
Since the perimeters are equal

D = 4a
Therefore a = p D

...(ii)
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FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 235
V Dh V D
=
n
n
V Dh V a
=
= pV D
Re h =
n
n
n
Re h =
and
from equation (ii)
Thus, from equation (i)

56.9 V 2
2
b pV2 D l
bV D l
4n
or V =
=
pD
D
4
vo = A V = p D # V
V
Also
and
vo = A V = a V = p D V
So that
vo =
vo
voround
FM 6.28
p
4
p2
16
D2 V1
= 4 V1 = 4 # 1.441 = 1.83
2
D V2 p V2 p
= 1.83vosquare

vo = vo + vo
Since
D = D = D , it follows that
V = V +V
Also for fluid flowing from A to B ,
pA V A
p
+
+ zA = B + V B + zB + f l # V + f l # V
g
g
g
g
g
D
D
Where
Thus
or
pA = pB = , VA = VB = , zA = m and zB =
zA = f l V + f l V
D g
D g
0.02
15 =
[80V 12 + 40V 22]
0.1 # 2 # 9.81
or
18.4 = V + . V ,
Similarly, for fluid flowing from A to C ,
p
pA V A
+
+ zA = C + VC + zC + f l V + f l V
g
g
g
D g
D g
where
pA = pC = , VA = VC = , zA = m and zC =
Thus
zA = f l V + f l V
D g
D g
...(i)
...(ii)
...(iii)
...(iv)

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Comparing equation (ii) and (iv), we get

f l V =f l V
D g
D g
Since f = f and D = D
lV
40V 22
V
Solve equation (i), (iii) and
=l V
= 75V 32
...(v)
= 1.369V3
(v) for V , V and V . From equation (i) and (v)
V = 1.369V3 + V3 = 2.369V3
18.4 = (2.369V3) 2 + 0.5 (1.369V3) 2
V = 1.676 m/s
from eq (iii)
V = 1.369 # 1.676 = 2.29 m/s

vo = A V = p # ( .1) # . - 0.0180 m3/s
4
from eq (v)
Hence
FM 6.29

If there are N passages, then b = cm for all N and the passage thickness is
H = . N . The hydraulic diameter is Dh = H . The velocity in each passage is
related to the Pressure drop.
r
p = f # L # # V where f = fsmooth = . 8
Dh
or
2000 = 0.028 # 2.0 # 998 # 2
2
2 # 0. 5
N
o
.
Where
V = v =
= 1m s
Ac ^ . # . h
Thus
2000 = 0.028 # 2.0 N # 998 # ]1g2
2 # 0.5
2
N = 2000 # 2 # 0.5 # 2 = 71.57 , 72 passages
0.028 # 2.0 # 998
FM 6.30
The flow velocity for the frictionless case.

V ,max = 2
Then maximum volume flow rate
2 # 9.81 # 0.40 = 2.801 m/s

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FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 237
vo = V
#A = V
pD =
p#
= 2.20 # 104 m3/s

Now the actual flow rate can be determined by
(Dp rgL sin q) pD 4
voactual =
128mL
Since the flow is vertically downwards, so =- 90c and
p = pinlet - poutlet = (patm + rghcylinder ) patm = rghcylinder
(because at inlet total pressure becomes patm and pressure due to oil in cylinder
ghcylinder and at exit atmospheric pressure patm is there)
(rghcylinder rgL sin q) pD 4
Therefore
voactual =
128mL
=
rg (hcylinder + L) pD 4
128mL
888.1 # 9.81 # (0.20 + 0.20) # p # (0.01) 4

128 # 0.8374 # 0.20
sin ( 90c) = 1
= 5.1 # 106 m3 /s
So, the ratio of actual flow rate through the funnel to the maximum flow rate is
voactual = 5.1 # 106 = 0.0232
vomax
2.20 # 104
FM 6.31

By moving through the manometer, we obtain the pressure change between
points (1) and (2).
or
p1 + rw gh rm gh rw gDz = p2
p1 p2 = rm gh rw gh + rw gDz
= gh ^rm rw h + rw gDz
Since
The friction factor
FM 6.32
= 9.81 # 0.135 ^13568 998h + 998 # 9.81 # 3

= 16647 + 29371 = 46018 - 46000 Pa
Dp
hf =
Dz =
rw g
# . 1
= 4.7 3 = 1.7m
2g
f = hf # d # 2
L V
= 1.7 # 0.06 # 2 # 92 .81 = 0.0250
5
4

For each slot, flow rate becomes
vo = 1 # 30 # 109 = 5 # 109 m3 /s
6
o
#1
So that
V = v =
= 1. # 1 m s
A ( # 1) # 1
Also
= S . G. # r O = . # 1
=
g m
4 (3 1)
4A
and
= # # = 1.5 mm
Dh =
perimeter
(6 + 2)
2
The energy equation gives

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pA V A
p
+
+ zA = B + V B + zB + f l # V
g
g
g
g
Dh
with zA = zB , pB = , VA = VB =
pA = f b l lb l rV
Dh
= 3250 # 0.6 # 1 # 850 # (1.67 # 103) 2
0.0015
2
- 1540 N/m2 = 1.54 kPa
FM 6.33

For water at 10c C : = 1000 kg/m3 = 1.307 # 10-3 kg/ms
o
o
vorD
rVD
rD
vo =
=
V= v = v
m
m # A m # pD
A pD
rvo
#
# #
Re =
=
= 1462 (Laminar flow)
mpD
.
#
#p# .
mLvo
# .
#
# . # #
Thus
hf =
=
p#
prgD
# . #] . g
, 0.204 m
The axial pressure gradient if the flow is vertically up
rg ^h f + Dz h
1000 # 9.81 # ^0.204 + 0.2h
p
=
z = L
=
0.2
L
L
Re =
= 19816 Pa/m , 20 kPa/m

FM 6.34
The energy equation for a control volume between two points

p
p
+ V + z + h pump =
+ a V + z + hturbine + hL
g
g
rg
g
Since p = p = patm, z = , V = and h pump = hturbine =
2
2
2
z = a2 V 2 + hL = a2 V 2 + KL V2 hL = KL # V
2g
2g
2g
g
2gz1
V =
a2 + KL
Since 2 = 1, then volume flow rate becomes
2
2gz1
vo = V Ac = pD hole #
4
1 + KL
p (0.015) 2
2 # 9.81 # 3 = 1.11 103 m3/s
vo = #
#
#
1 + 0.5
4

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Internal Flow
FM 239
FM 6.35
Applying the bernoullis equation at section (1) and (2),

2
2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2 + K L V 2
g
2g
2g
2g
o
.
Where
V1 = v =
= .
p
2
A1
# ( .12)
o
V2 = v =
p
A2
.
#( .
)2
= 1 .1
...(i)
s
s and z1 = z2
Hence equation (i) becomes,

p1 p2 = 1 r [KL V 22 + V 22 V 12 ]
2
= 1 # 999 # [0.40 (14.1)2 + (14.1)2 (3.54)2 ]
2
p1 p2 = 499.5 # 265.80 - 133 kPa
or
FM 6.36

For water, take = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/m -s . With the flow rate known,
we can compute
o
.
V = v =
= 2. m s
A
p
2
d n .
The energy equation is written from point 1 to the reservoir surface

2
2
p1 V 12
p
+
+ z1 = 2 + V 2 + z2 + h f + 6Kvalve + Kelbow, c + Kelbow, c + Kexit@V
g 2g
rg rg
2g
2
p1 V 12
+
+ z1 = 0 + 0 + z2 + h f + 6Kvalve + Kelbow, 45c + Kelbow, 90c + Kexit@V
2g
g 2g
or
2
2
p1
= z 2 z1 V 1 + c f # L # V m
g
2g
2g
D
+6Kvalve + Kelbow,
= 500 400
+ Kelbow,
2
+ Kexit@V
2g
]2.55g2 + 0.0315 1200

]2.55g2
# 0.05 # 2 9.81 m
2 # 9.81 c
#
+68.5 + 2 # ]0.2g + 4 # ]0.3g + 1@ #
]2.55g2
2 # 9.81
p1
= 500 400 0.331 + 250.56 + 3.68 = 353.9 , 354
g
p 1 = rg #
=
# . 1#
= 3465794 Pa , 3.46 MPa
FM 6.37

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The energy equation for a control volume between two points

p
p
+ V +z =
+ a V + z + hL
g
g
rg
g
Here V = z = and p = p = patm
2
2
2
z = a2 V 2 + hL = a2 V 2 + KL V 2
2g
2g
2g
2gz1
V =
a2 + KL
So
hL = KL V
g
Then the flow rate becomes.

2
vo = A pipe # V = pD
4
(a) For Flanged smooth bend (KL = 0.3)

p (0.03) 2
vo = #
#
4
2gz1
a2 + KL
2 # 9.81 # 5
1.05 + 0.3
= 0.00603 m3/s = 6.03 L/s

(b) For Miter bend without vanes (KL = 1.1)
p (0.03) 2
2 # 9.81 # 5
vo = #
#
1.05 + 1.1
4
= 0.00478 m3/s = 4.78 L/s
FM 6.38
From continuity equation for incompressible flow.

AV =A V
pD
V = ;D E # V
V = A #V ==
#
G
A
pD
D
2
(0.06)
=
# 10 = 2.5 m/s
(0.12) 2
The loss coefficient for sudden expansion
2 2
2
(0.06) 2 2
A
D
small
1
KL = ;1
= ;1 2 E = =1
G = 0.5625
Al arg e E
D2
(0.12) 2

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FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 241
hL = KL # V =
g
and Head loss
The energy equation for the expansion section

p
p
+ V +z =
+ a V + z + hL
g
rg
g
g
Since z = z , then
p
+ V = P + a V + hL
g
rg
g
g
p = p + r : a V a V ghLD
1.06 # (10) 2 1.06 # (2.5) 2
= 300 + 1000 # ;
2
9.81 # 2.87@ # 1
1000
= 321.53 kPa , 322 kPa
FM 6.39
The average discharge velocity through the orifice at any given time at any
2gz
time, in general
V =
1 + KL
We denote the diameter of the orifice by Do and the diameter of tank by D .
The amount of water flows through the orifice during a time interval dt is
2
2gz
o = pD o
...(i)
dvo = vdt
dt
4
1 + KL
and the decrease in the volume of water in the tank
2
dv = Area ( dz) = pD dz
4
...(ii)
From mass conservation, equation (i) must be equal to equation (ii)

2
2gz
D o2
( ve sign shows decrease in volume)
dt = pD dz
4
4
1 + KL
+ KL (z) dz
dt = D
g
Do
Then the draining time is
t
+ KL
dt = D
(z) dz
g
Do
t=
z=
t f = D
Do
=D #
Do
+ KL
z
g 6 # @
+ KL
g #
= D #
Do
= D #
Do
+ KL
(
g #
+ KL
g

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= 2#
FM 6.40
(4.5) 2
#
(0.1) 2
1 + 0.5 = 1584 sec = 26.4 min

9.81

Since flow rate
vo = Cd At #
Dp
r_ b i
= 0.605 # p # ]0.05g2 #
4
where = d =
D
2 # 75000
998 61 ]0.5g 4@
= 0.0150 m3 /s - 54 m3 /h
FM 6.41

o
.
Vt = v =
= . m s
p
At
#] . g
Since head loss due to pressure difference is known as non recoverable head loss.
So
r
ploss = K # # V t = 1.8 # 998 # ]7.64g2
2
The velocity
= 52427 - 52400 Pa = 52.4 kPa

FM 6.42

For a pressure drop of p across the orifice plate, the flow rate is expressed as
Dp
...(i)
vo = Ao Cd
r( b )
Since
=d = . = d
D
d = 30 cm
Then
2
p (0.3) 2
= 0.07069 m2
Ao = p # d = #
4
4
Therefore from equation (i)

2Dp
(998) # 61 ]0.6g4@
p = 14600 kg m/s2 = 14.6 kPa
0.25 = (0.07069) # (0.61) #
FM 6.43

The head loss between two measurement section is estimated by energy equation.
Dp V V
p p V V
...(i)
z =z
hL =
rw g
rw g
g
g
Since for constant volume flow rate,
V # D = V pd
V = bD l # V
d
o
V = v = . # = . m s
Ac
p#( . )
Substituting in equation (i)
D
D
;b d l # V E V
;b d l E V
Dp
Dp
hL =
rw g
rw g
g
g

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Page 243
FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 243
hL =
14600
998 # 9.81
50 4
2
;b 30 l 1E # 1.27
2 # 9.81
= 1.49 0.5521 = 0.9379 , 0.940 m

FM 6.44

Since
= 0.6 = d = d or d = . # = c
5
D
Now
vo = 0.334 = Cd # A #
60
= Cd # p d #
0.334 = 0.613 p 0.03 2

g #
# 4]
60
0.334 = 0.00044 16.84 h
#
60
or
or
FM 6.45
2D p
r _1 b 4 i
^rHg rwater h gh
rwater _ b i
where p = ^Hg - w h # gh
2 ^13550 998h # 9.81 # h
998 61 ]0.6g 4@
0.00557 = 0.0074 h
2
h = b 0.00557 l = 0.57 m = 57 cm
0.0074

The pressure drop across the venturi-meter is
p = p p = rw gh rair gh
r
= (rw rair ) gh = rair b w 1l gh
rair
Then flow rate
where
and
Thus
(p p )
= Ao Cd
rair ( b )
r
gh b w l
rair
= Ao Cd
( b )
2
p # (0.06) 2
d
p
=
= 0.002827 m2
Ao =
4
4
=d =
= .
D
vo = Ao Cd
vo = 0.002827 # 0.98 #
rw
l # rair
rair
rair ( b )
gh b
2 # 9.81 # 0.4 b 1000 1l

1.204
61 ]0.40g4@
= 0.2265 m3/s
Then the maximum mass flow rate that venturi-meter can measure is
o = rvo = 1.204 # 0.2265 = 0.273 kg/s
m
FM 6.46

The upstream density is
p
m
=
= .
RT
#
and
=d = =
D
The pressure difference measured by the mercury manometer
1 =

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p p = ^rHg rair h gh = ]
g
p = 49200 Pa
Now the compressive venturi formula thus predicts :
r ^p p h
o = Cd YAt #
m
b
= 0.985 # 0.76 # 9 p # 0.042C #
4
2 # 1.48 ]49200g
4
1 b2l
3
= 0.40 kg/s
FM 6.47

The flow velocity
o
# = .
V = v =
= .
pD
A
p #] . g
Also
For = d =
D
o
# , .
Vt = v = .
At
p #] . g
m s
m s
= . and K = . , the head loss across the office is
] . g
h = h h = K # V t = . # ;
= .
g
# . E
Hence
h = 0.58 + h1 = 0.58 + 1 = 1.58 m
Then the piezometer change between (2) and (3) is due to friction loss
2
]0.99g2 = 0.115 m
h 3 h2 = h f = f # L # V = 0.023 # 5 #
2g
0.05
2 # 9.81
D
or
FM 6.48
h 3 = 0.115 + h2 = 1.58 + 0.115 = 1.695 , 1.7 m
From the pressure drop relation, the flow rates are

2 mLa voa
pa =
=2 #
pd a
21 # 103 # p # ]0.08g 4
or
voa =
= 0.0027 m3 /s
128 # 0.104 # 76
2 mLb vob
and
pb =
=2
pd b
21000 # p # ]0.05g 4
or
vob =
= 0.0005 m3 /s
128 # 0.104 # 61
For parallel pipe system
vo = voa + vob
= 0.0027 + 0.0005 = 0.0032 m3 /s
FM 6.49

For parallel system of pipe, head loss for each pipe must be same.
When the minor losses are disregarded, head loss is

Demo Ebook
Page 245
FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 245
vo
hL = f L cV m = f # L #
g # > pD H
D
D g
o2
o
= 8f # L 2# v5
= f# L # v #
D
p gD
pD # g
2
p hL # g
2.5
vo =
#D
8fL
Thus
When the pipe length, friction factor and head loss is constant, the flow rate
becomes proportional to the D in parallel connection.
k = constant of proportionality
vo = kD .
Let diameter of pipe B = DB and diameter of pipe A = DA .
Therefore
voB = k DB .
voA = k DA . = k . DB .
DA = DB gi en
voA = 0.177 # k (DB) 2.5 = 0.177 # voB
Hence the flow rate of pipe A is decreased by a factor of 0.177.
FM 6.50

For parallel pipe system the head losses are the same for each pipe
8fL vo2 8fL vo2 8fL vo2
h f = 2 1 51 = 2 2 52 = 2 3 53
p gd 1
p gd 2
p gd 1
3
vo1 + vo + vo = 0.056 m /s
...(i)
o2
o2
h f = 8 # 20.0275 # 900 #5 v 1 = 8 #2 0.0275 # 800 #5v 2
p # 9.81 # ]0.1g
p # 9.81 # ]0.12g
2
o
= 8 #2 0.0275 # 600 #5v 3
p # 9.81 # ]0.08g
h f = 204501 vo12 = 73053 vo22 = 416059 vo32
vo = 204501 vo12 = 2.8vo12 or vo = 1. 7 vo1
73053
vo = 204501 vo12 = 0.492 vo12 or vo = 0.701 vo1
416059
or
or
Now from equation (i),

vo1 + 1. 7 vo1 + 0.701 vo1 = 0.056
or
3.374vo1 = ]0.056g
vo1 = 0.056 or vo1 = 0.01 m s
3.374
vo =1.673 = 1.673 vo1 # 0.0186 = 0.0277 m3 /s
vo = 0.7014 vo1 = 0.7014 # 0.0166 = 0.0116 m3 /s
and
FM 6.51

Since
8 # f1 # L1 # vo12 8 # 0.0275 # 900 # ]0.0166g2

=
p2 # 9.81 # ]0.1g5
p 2 # g # d 15
= 56.35 m
hf =
Then pressure drop

p = gh f = 998 # 9.81 # 56.35
= 551687.9 , 550 kPa

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FM 246
Internal Flow
FM 6
FM 6.52

The head loss is the same through pipes AC and BC (parallel system)
p
= h fA + h fC = h fB + h fC
g
= c f L # V A m + c f L # V B m = c f L # V B m + c f L # VC m
g A
g C
g B
g C
d
d
d
d
2
2
250
750000 = 0.022
+ b 0.022 # 150 #
#
#
b
l
0.08
2
0.08
2 l
998
...(i)
2
2
100
750000 = 0.022
+ b 0.022 # 150 #
#
#
b
l
0.08
2
0.08
2 l
998
From equation (i) and (ii),
...(ii)
and
751.50 = 34.375 2 + 20.625

751.50 = 13.75 2 + 20.625
From equation (iii) and (iv),
V A = 751.50 20.625 #
34.375
and
...(iii)
...(iv)
2
2
751.50 20.625 # ]5.35g2

34.375
VA = 2.16 m/s
751.50 20.625 # ]5.35g2
VB =
13.75
VB = 3.42 m/s
Now for parallel pipe A and B ,
voAB = voA + voB
voAB = VA AA + VB AB = ^VA + VB h A
= ^2.16 + 3.42h # p # ]0.08g2
4
DA = DB
= 0.0280 m3 /s
And for Pipe in series
voAB = voC = .
m s
Hence the total volume flow rate
vo = voAB = voC = 0.0280 m3 /s
- 101 m3 /hr
FM 6.53
Correct option is (B)

Let h = roughness . Thus h = ds
Where
And
s = V
u
tw
u =c r m
u =c
Hence
u =;
...(i)
=d
DD p
n
r# l
2 1/2
where w =
Dp
l
since p = f l # V
D
0.0125 # (2) 2 1/2

E = 0.0791 m/s
8
5 (3.65 # 107)
and from eq (i),
s =
= 2.31 # 105 m = 0.0231 mm
0.0791
If the roughness element is smaller than 0.0231 mm it lies within the laminar
sublayer.

Demo Ebook
Page 247
FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 247
FM 6.54
Correct option is (D)
Assume that fluid flows from A to B and A to C .

vo = vo + vo
or
(0.1) 2 V1 = p # (0.08) 2 V2 + p # (0.08) 2 V3
4#
4
4
V = 0.64V2 + 0.64V3 = 0.64 (V2 + V3)
For fluid flowing from A to B with pA = pB = and VA = VB =
zA = zB + f l # V + f l # V
g
g
D
D
...(i)
2
2
60 20 = 0.015 # 200 # V 1
+ 0.020 # 200 # V 2
0.1
2 # 9.81
0.08
2 # 9.81
or
40 = 1.529V 12 + 2.55V 22
Similarly, for fluid flowing from A to C with pA = pC =
zA = zC + f l V + f l V
D g
D g
...(ii)
and VA = VC =
2
2
60 0 = 0.015 # 200 # V 1 + 0.020 # 400 # V 3
0. 1
0.08
2 (9.81)
2 (9.81)
or
60 = 1.529V 12 + 5.10V 32
...(iii)
Solve equation (i), (ii) and (iii) for V , V and V . From equation (i) and (iii)
60 = 1.529 # (0.64) 2 (V2 + V3) 2 + 5.10V 32
60 0.626 (V2 + V3) 2 + 5.10V32
95.8 = (V2 + V3) 2 + 8.14V 32
Subtract equation (ii) from equation (iii)
60 40 = 5.10V 32 2.55V 22 or V =
Thus, from equation (iv) and (v)
...(iv)
V .
...(v)
0 = 8.14V 32 + ( 2V 32 7.84 + V3) 2 95.8

This can be simplified to
...(vi)
2V3 2V 32 7.84 = 103.6 11.14V 32
Squaring both the sides and rearrange to get
V .6 V + . = 0 which can be solved by the quadratic formula
to give
V =
Thus
19.63 ! ( 19.63) 2 4 # 92.5

= 11.77 or 7.86
2
V = 3.43 m/s or V = . 0 m s

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FM 248
Internal Flow
FM 6
Note : The value V =

m s is not a solution of the original equations,
equation (i), (ii) and (iii). With this value the right hand side of equation (vi) is
negative (i.e 103.6 11.14V 32 = 103.6 11.14 (3.43) 2 = 24.5 ). As seen from the
left hand side of equation (vi), this cannot be. This extra root was introduced
by squaring equation (vi).
vo = A V = p # ( .
Thus
) # .
= .
m s
Also, from equation (iii)

or
60 = 1.529V 12 + 5.10 # (2.80) 2 or V = .6 m s

vo = A V = p # (0. 0) # .6 = 0.0
m s
and from equation (i), we get

3.62 = 0.64V2 + 0.64 # 2.80 or V2 = 2. 6 m s
or
vo2 = A2 V2 = p # (0.0 ) 2 # 2. 6 = 0.0
m3 s
FM 6.55

We take point (1) at the free surface of tank and point (2) at the exit of the pipe.
Then, the energy equation between these two points.
2
2
p
p1
+ 1 V 1 + z1 = 2 + a2 V 2 + z2 + hL
g
rg
2g
2g
Since p1 = p2 = patm, V1 , 0, z2 = 0, and V2 = 0 (Velocity head negligible)
Above equation becomes
z1 = hL and h = hL
where h is the liquid height in the tank at any time t .
2
Now
hL = f L # V
2g
d
For fully developed laminar flow
f = 64 = 64
Re Vd/n
2
Thus
hL = 6 # L # V = 6 n2L # V
2g
2g
d
d
Vd
n
The average velocity
o
o
o
V = v = v 2 = v2
Ac
pd
pd
o
o
vo
hL = 6 n2L # 1 # v 2 = 6 n2L #
= 12 nLv
2
2
g
pd
pd # 2g
d
d
g pd
o
...(i)
hL = h = 12 nLv
g pd
From mass conservation, above equation must be equal to change of liquid height
in the tank.
2
vo = pD dh
4 dt
2
2
h = 12 nL # pD # dh = 32nLD dh
dt
dt
gd
g pd

Demo Ebook
Page 249
FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 249
dh
nLD
# h
gd
when h = H to t = t when h = h
t = nLD n b H l
h
gd
dt =
Integrating from t =
FM 6.56
The bottom side of the triangle is

= 2 # 2 sin 40c, 2.57 cm
A = 1 # 2.57 # ]2 cos 40cg = 1.97 cm2
2
and
Perimeter = 2 + 2 + 2.57 = 6.57 cm

Then Hydraulic diameter
4A
= 4 # 1.97 = 1.20 cm
Dh =
perimeter
6.57
rVDh
Re D =
= 870 # 2 # 0.0120 , 201 (Laminar flow)
m
0.104
Then
f = 52.9 = 52.9 = 0.263
201
Re
r
Hence
p = f # L # # V
Dh
= ]0.263g # b 0.6 l # b 870 l # ]2g2
0.012
2
h
- 23000 Pa = 23 kPa
FM 6.57
Correct option is (A)
o
#
V = v =
= .
p
A
#( . )
m s

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FM 250
Internal Flow
FM 6
rVD VD
=
=
m
n
#
<
=
#
The flow is laminar and flow rate is given by ( = 90c)
p (Dp gl ) D 4
lvo
or p = p - p =
+ l
vo =
128ml
D
Thus
= S. G. # g = . # . = .
m
Re =
So that
...(i)
= nr = n (S.G.rH O) = 2.2 # 104 # 0.87 # 999 = 0.191Ns/m2

Equation (i) gives
4
p = 128 # 0.191 # 4 # 44 # 10 + 8.53 # 103 # 4
p # (0.020)
...(ii)
= 1.119 # 105 N/m2 = 111.9 kN/m2
From manometer equation,
and
p = p gh + gm h gh
m = S.G. m g = . # . = .
m
h = h + l h or h + h = h + l
p p = Dp = g (h + h ) gm h = (gm g) h + gl
...(iii)
Combine equation (ii) and (iii), we get
Where
and
Thus
111.9 = (12.74 8.53) h + 8.53 # 4

or
h = 18.5 m
Note: Since h < , the manometer is displaced in the direction opposite that
shown in the original figure.
FM 6.58

The divided cross section of the pipe into 1 cm thick annual regions is shown in
table.
The flow rate is to be determined by using midpoint velocity values for each
section. Therefore
vo =
#V
avg
Ac
dAc = Vavg p r out r in
= p # b 6.4 + 6.1 l # 6(0.01) 2 0@ + p b 6.1 + 5.2 l # 6]0.02g2 ]0.01g2@

2
2
+ p # b 5.2 + 4.4 l # 6]0.03g2 ]0.02g2@ + p b 4.4 + 2.0 l # 6]0.04g2 ]0.03g2@
2
2
+ p # b 2.0 + 0 l # 6]0.05g2 ]0.040g2@
2
3
vo = 0.0297 m /s
FM 6.59
Correct option is (C)
For laminar flow Re # 2100 or
VD
#

Demo Ebook
Page 251
FM 6
Internal Flow
FM 251
Thus the minimum h is h =
(no flow) and the maximum h is for Re = 2100 .

8900
b 9.81 l # V # 0.023
2100 =
0.1
=
g
or
V = 10.06 m/s
For the flowing fluid, Bernoullis equation gives
p
p V
+
+ z = +V + z + f l V
g
g
g
D g
and V = V = V
z =z
p p = f# l V #g
D g
(i)
Thus
And for laminar flow

f = 64 or f =
Re
= .
p = p p = .
# .
From equation (i),

.
( . )
#
# .
= 30439 N/m2
From manometer equation, we get
p + goil (H + h) S.G. g h goil H = p
p = p - p = (S.G. gH O g) h
30439
or
h =
= 0.510 m
(7 # 9800 8900)
Hence
0 # h # 0.510 m
2
FM 6.60
We take point (1) at free surface of the tank and point (2) at the reference level at
exit. By applying energy equation for a control volume between these two points
2
2
p1
p
+ 1 V 1 + z1 + h pump = 2 + a2 V 2 + z2 + hturbine + hL
g
2g
rg
2g
Since p1 = p2 = patm , z2 = , hturbine = , and V1 ,
2
2
z1 = a2 V 2 + hL
hL = f L # V 2
2g
2g
D
So
2
2
z1 = a2 V 2 + f L # V 2
2g
2g
D
2gz1
V2 =
=
a2 + ^ fL/D h
2gz
1 + ^ fL/D h
2 = 1

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Internal Flow
FM 6
where z is the water height relative to the center of the orifice at that time.
Now, the flow rate of water through the pipe during a time interval dt is
gz
o = Ac # V dt = pD o #
dvo = vdt
dt
+ ^ fL Do h
where Do is the diameter of orifice.
From conservation of mass
Flow rate of water through the pipe = decrease in the volume of water tank
2
2gz
dt = Ac, tank dz = pD # dz
4
1 + ^ fL/Do h
+ ^ fL Do h
dz
dt = D
gz
Do
+ ^ fL Do h
= D #
z dz
g
Do
By integrating above equation from t = when z = z to t = t f when z =
(completely drained tank)
t
+ ^ fL Do h
dt = D #
z dz
D
t=
z=z
o
g
+ ^ fL Do h z
t f = D #
Do
g
D o2
4 #
z $ ^ fL Do h.
=D #
Do
g
]10g2
2 # 2 b1 + 0.022 # 25 l
0.03
(0.03)
9.81
= 311965 seconds , 86.6 hours
tf =
***********

FM 7
EXTERNAL FLOW
FM 7.1
The resultant force of 400 N is acting on a body at angle of 30c with the direction
of flow as shown in figure below. What will be the drag and the lift forces acting
on the body, respectively ?
(A) 0, 600 N
(C) 520 N, 300 N
FM 7.2
FM 7.3
(B) 300 N, 520 N

(D) 600 N, 0
For un-powered flight (i.e. for which the lift, drag and weight forces are in
equilibrium) the glide slope angle will be
(A) tan1 c CD m
(B) tan1 c CL m
CL
CD
(C) tan1 ^CD CLh
(D) tan1 c 2CD m
CL
A 3 m long and 0.5 m diameter cylindrical tank is installed on top of a vehicle.
The average speed of vehicle is to be 26.5 m/s and density of air is 1.028 kg/m3
. What will be the drag force acting on the tank when (a) the frontal area is the
front and back of the tank (CD = 0. ) and (b) the frontal area is the sides of the
tank (CD = 0. ), respectively ?
(A) 64 N, 0
(B) 64 N, 433 N
(C) 433 N, 64 N
(B) 0, 433 N
FM 7.4
Water flows at 20c C with 25 cm/s, encounters a creep motion. If a smooth

ceramic sphere (S.G. = . ) is immersed in the flow of water, what will be the
sphere diameter ?
(A) 40 m
(B) 0.04 m
(C) 4 m
(D) 0.4 m
FM 7.5
A laminar boundary layer formed on one side of a plate of length l and produces a
drag FD . For the same upstream velocity, how much must the plate be shortened
if the drag on the new plate is to be FD
?
(B) l = l
(A) l = l
(C) l =
FM 7.6
(D) l = 0.0 l
A hydrofoil of 0.5 m # 4 m cross section moves at 14.5 m/s in sea water. If

hydrofoil = 1025 kg/m3 and = 0.00107 kg/m - s at 20cC . What will be its
drag for a smooth wall ?
(A) 1320 N
(B) 3638 N
(C) 251 N
(D) 125 N
Demo Ebook
Page 254
FM 254
External Flow
FM 7
FM 7.7
The top surface of the passenger bus is 4.0 m wide and 8 m long and the bus
is moving at a velocity of 19.5 m/s. If the outdoor air is 1.184 kg/m3 dense and
kinematic viscosity of air is 1.562 # 105 m2 /s , the drag force acting on the top
surface of the bus is
(A) 22 N
(B) 20 N
(C) 21 N
(D) 42 N
FM 7.8
A 6 m/s stream of SAE 30 oil at 20cC ( = 891 kg/m3 and = 0.29 kg/m - s )
is past over a thin flat plate of 55 by 110 cm. If the stream is parallel to the long
side, the total friction drag is
(A) 30 N
(b) 362 N
(C) 181 N
(D) 60 N

A bicyclist is riding down a hill with a slope of 12c into a head wind (measured
with respect to the ground). The mass of the cyclist and the bicycle is 95 kg. The
air density is to be 1.25 kg/m3 . The rolling resistance and friction at the bearings
are neglected.
FM 7.9
If the bicyclist has a frontal area of 0.45 m2 and drag coefficient of 1.1 in the
upright position, the terminal velocity of the bicyclist is
(A) 29 km/h
(B) 195 km/h
(C) 62 km/h
(D) 90 km/h
FM 7.10
If the bicyclist has a frontal area of 0.4 m2 and a drag coefficient of 0.9 in the
racing position, the terminal velocity of the bicyclist is
(A) 34 km/h
(B) 229 km/h
(C) 73 km/h
(D) 106 km/h
FM 7.11
In a laminar boundary flow the net drag on one side of the two plates having the
cross section l # l parallel to the free stream as shown in figure, is FD . What
will be the drag (in terms of FD ) on the same two plates when they are connected
together as indicated in figure ?
(A) FDl = 0. 0 FD
(C) FDl = 0. 30FD
FM 7.12
(B) FDl = 1. 1 FD
(D) FDl = 0. 3FD
For a laminar flow of a fluid over a flat plate if the free-stream velocity of the fluid
is doubled, the drag force on the plate is (Assume the flow to remain laminar)
(A) FD = . 3FD
(B) FD = FD
(C) FD = . 3FD
(D) FD = 1.1 9FD
1

Demo Ebook
Page 255
FM 7
External Flow
FM 255
FM 7.13
Wind storms sometimes blow off empty containers of trailer tracks. The dimensions
of one type of container are as shown in figure below and the air density is
1.1 kg/m3 .What amount of minimum wind velocity normal to the side of the
container would be required to blow off the container ? (CD = . )
(A) 58 km/h
(C) 181 km/h
FM 7.14
(B) 0.715 km/h

(D) 50 km/h
A 15 m long and 3.4 m wide railway wagon is shown in figure. If the weight of
the wagon is 250 kN, the wind velocity necessary to blow over the wagon is (
CD = . )
(A) 35 m/s
(C) 43.75 m/s
(B) 17.5 m/s

(D) 26.25 m/s
FM 7.15
A 50 mm diameter solid plastic sphere is dropped into water at 20cC . If the

density of sphere is 1150 kg/m3 , the terminal velocity of the sphere in water is (
CD = . )
(A) 4.43 m/s
(B) 0.443 m/s
(C) 0.0443 m/s
(D) 44.3 m/s
FM 7.16
A 65 kN weighs tractor-trailer truck is coasting freely with no brakes down an

8c slope at 1000 m standard altitude (air = 1.112 kg/m3). The truck has drag
area CD A = . m . If the rolling resistance is 120 N for every m/s of speed, the
terminal coasting velocity will be
(A) 33 m/s
(B) 66 m/s
(C) 30 m/s
(D) 17 m/s
FM 7.17
A dust particle of density 1800 kg/m3 is unsettled during high winds and rise to
a height of 350 m. It takes 43 min to fall back to the ground in still air at 1 atm
and 15cC . If stokes law is applicable, what will be the diameter and velocity of
the dust particle, respectively ? (air = 1.802 # 10-5 kg/m -s)
(A) 0.05 mm, 8.14 m/s
(B) 0.05 mm, 0.136 m/s
(C) 0.5 mm, 8.14 m/s
(D) 0.5 mm, 0.136 m/s
FM 7.18
A parachutist jumps from a plane, using an 8.5 m diameter parachute in the

standard atmosphere. The total mass of parachutist and parachute is 135 kg. If
fully open parachute is in quasi steady motion, the time to fall from 2000 m (
air = 1.
kg m ) to sea level ( air = 1.
kg m ) will be (take CD = 1. )

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FM 256
External Flow
FM 7
(A) 321 s
(C) 355 s
FM 7.19
A heavy steel sphere (S G =

) of 3 cm diameter is attached to a string and
should hang at an angle when immersed in a stream of velocity V = m s of
air at standard sea-level ( = 1.225 kg/m3 , = 1.78 # 10-5 kg/m-s ) as shown in
figure below. Neglecting the string drag, the angle is (CD = . )
(A) 18c
(C) 34c
FM 7.20
(B) 72c
(D) 36c
A helium-filled balloon at 20cC and 1 atm is connected with a string of negligible

weight and drag as shown in figure below. The diameter is 50 cm and the balloon
material weighs 0.2 N, not including the helium. If the helium pressure is 120 kPa
and the tilt angle = 87.3c, the airstream velocity U will be (take CD = . and
RHe =
kg )
(A) 20 m/s
(C) 15 m/s
FM 7.21
(B) 168 s
(D) 337 s
(B) 30 m/s
(D) 40 m/s
A shortwave radio antenna is constructed from circular tubing as shown in figure.

If the wind is blowing with 100 km/hr , the wind force on the antenna is(Take
CD = . )
(A) 90 N
(C) 180 N
(B) 135 N
(D) 225 N

Demo Ebook
Page 257
FM 7
External Flow
FM 257
FM 7.22
A fully loaded 400 ton of jet airplane takes off at a speed of 250 km/h. Assume each
passenger with luggage is 140 kg and the wing and flap settings air maintained
the same. The take off speed when the airplane has 150 empty seats, is
(A) 243.5 km/h
(B) 24.3 km/h
(C) 257 km/h
(D) 25.7 km/h
FM 7.23
Wind is blowing across the 6 mm diameter wire of transmission line at a speed

of 40 km/h. The drag force exerted on the wire, when air is at 1 atm and 15cC is
55 N. What will be the length of the wire ?( = 1.47 # 10-5 m2 /s and CD = 1.0 )
(A) 1.21 m
(B) 121 m
(C) 12.1 m
(D) 0.121 m

The wing loading on an aircraft is defined as the aircraft weight divided by the
wing area. An aircraft has a mass of 2800 kg, a wing area of 30 m2 and a lift
coefficient of 0.45 at take off settings.
FM 7.24
The takeoff speed of this aircraft at sea level at standard atmospheric conditions
and the wind loading respectively, are (density of standard air = 1.225 kg/m3 )
(A) 66 km/h, 94 N/m2
(B) 207 km/h, 916 N/m2
(C) 916 N/m2, 207 km/h
(D) 94 N/m2, 66 km/h
FM 7.25
The required power to maintain a constant cruising speed of 300 km/h for a
cruising drag coefficient of 0.035, is
(A) 186 kW
(B) 37.2 kW
(C) 372 kW
(D) 18.6 kW
FM 7.26
Two bike racer rides at 30 km/hr through still air. The second racer drafts
closely behind the first racer rather than riding alongside. If any forces other
than aerodynamic drag is neglected, what percentage will be the power required
and
to overcome aerodynamic drag for the second racer ? (Take CD = 0.
CD = 0.50 )
(A) 43.2%
(B) 3.24%
(C) 4.32%
(D) 32.4%
ND
FM 7.27
A building is approximately 87.5 m wide and 154 m tall. If the velocity profile
against the building is a typical profile for an urban area as shown in figure and
the wind speed halfway up the building is 20 m/s, what will be the drag on the
building ? (Take CD = 1. )
(A) 5.21 MN
(C) 3.13 MN
(B) 41.7 kN
(D) 4.17 MN

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FM 258
External Flow
FM 7
FM 7.28
For the triangular two-dimensional object as shown in figure, the lift and drag
coefficients based on formal area respectively, are (Neglect the shear forces).
(A) 0, 2.125
(C) 0, 1.70
(B) 1.70, 0
(D) 2.125, 0

A 2 m high, 4 m wide signboard is attached to a 4 m wide, 0.15 m high
rectangular concrete signpost (density = 2300 kg/m3 ) by two 5 cm diameter, 4 m
high (exposed part) poles as shown in figure below. The signboard is to withstand
150 km/h winds from any direction. The density of air to be 1.30 kg/m3 , the drag
coefficient for circular rod is CD = 0. , for rectangular signboard CD = 2.0 and the
flow is turbulent.
FM 7.29
The drag forces acting on the signboard and 2 poles respectively, are
(A) 18.06 kN, 136 N
(B) 180.6 kN, 13.6 N
(C) 136 N, 18.06 kN
(D) 180.6 kN, Zero
FM 7.30
What will be the minimum length L of the concrete block for the panel to resist
the winds ?
(A) 18.5 m
(B) 37.1 m
(C) 8.5 m
(D) 3.71 m

A sign that consists of a 0.45 m high, 0.6 m wide and 0.6 m long rectangular
block mounted on top of a cab car. The sign has a frontal area of 0.45 m by 0.6 m
from all four sides. The cab car is driven at an average speed of 50 km/h. The
density of air is 1.25 kg/m3 and CD, rect = 2.2 .

Demo Ebook
Page 259
FM 7
External Flow
FM 259
FM 7.31
The drag force acting on the sign is

(A) 928 N
(C) 95 N
(B) 1237 N
(D) 72 N
FM 7.32
The car is driven 60000 km in a year and the overall efficiency of the engine is
28%. If the density, unit price and heating value of gasoline to be 0.75 kg/L, Rs.
25/L and 42000 kJ/kg, respectively, the increase in the annual fuel cost of car
due to this sign is
(A) No increment
(B) Rs. 2225/year
(C) Rs. 12225/year
(D) Rs. 1225/year
FM 7.33
A ship is encrusted with tide, the ship requires 7000 hp to overcome friction drag
when moving in seawater ( = 1025 kg/m3 and = 0.00107 kg/m - s ) at 20cC
. The ship is 150 m long and has a wetted area of 5000 m2 and neglecting the
wave drag. How fast would the ship move with the same power if the surface were
smooth ?
(A) 11 m/s
(B) 5.5 m/s
(C) 22 m/s
(D) 1.1 m/s
FM 7.34
A 2 m diameter and 40 m high pole is subjected to 22 m/s storm winds at sea

level ( = 1.225 kg/m3 and = 1.78 # 10-5 kg/m-s ). What is the estimated windinduced bending moment about the bottom of the pole ? (take CD = . )
(A) 760 kNm
(B) 380 kNm
(C) 95 kNm
(D) 190 kNm
FM 7.35
A small airplane of 10.2 m2 wing area and 6.22 kN of weight has the cruising
speed of 210 km/hr. If the engine delivers 150 kW at this speed and 60% of this
power is lost in propeller and to overcome body resistance, what will be the drag
coefficient of the wing ?
(A) 4.82
(C) 0.00482
(B) 0.0482
(D) 0.482

The resistance to motion of an automobile consists of rolling resistance and
aerodynamic drag. The rolling resistance is the product of weight and the
coefficient of rolling friction . The total mass of the automobile is 950 kg and
it has a frontal area of 1.8 m2 . The drag coefficient is 0.32 and the coefficient of
rolling friction is 0.04. The maximum power that the engine can deliver to the
wheels is 80 kW and air density is 1.20 kg/m3 .
FM 7.36
The speed at which the rolling resistance is equal to the aerodynamic drag force,
is

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FM 260
External Flow
FM 7
(A) 38 km/h
(C) 11.8 km/h
(B) 118 km/h

(D) 335 km/h
FM 7.37
The maximum speed of this automobile is

(A) 200 km/h
(B) 98 km/h
(C) 156 km/h
(D) 242 km/h
FM 7.38
A 50 cm diameter television-transmitting antenna is on top of a 2.5 m high pipe,

which is on top of a tall building and is subjected to normal winds up to 150 km/h
at 10cC and 100 kPa. What will be the drag force acting on the antenna and the
bending moment at the bottom of its pipe, respectively ?
(A) 231 N, 635 N m

(C) 635 N, 231 N m
(B) 231 N, 0
(D) 635 N, 0
FM 7.39
An 0.80 m diameter, 1.2 m high garbage can is found tipped over in the morning
due to high winds velocity of 135 km/h during the night. If the air density is to
be 1.25 kg/m3 and the drag coefficient of the can to be 0.7, what will be the mass
of the can ?
(B) 443 kg
(A) 90 kg
(C) 180 kg
(D) 886 kg
FM 7.40
A tractor-trailer truck has drag area CD A = m without the deflector and

CD A = .7 m with the deflector added. Its rolling resistance is 112 N for each
m/s of speed. If the truck moves at 24.5 m/s, how much power is reduced due to
deflector added ?
(A) 17%
(B) No Reduction
(C) 4.25%
(D) 8.5%

An airplane weighs 180 kN and has a wing area of 160 m2 . The plane is designed
to land at Vland = . Vstall and the coefficient of lift and drag for this plane are
CL,max = .7 and CD = 0.0 7 , respectively.
FM 7.41
FM 7.42
What is the proper landing speed ?

(A) 27 m/s
(C) 32 m/s
(B) 28 m/s
(D) 39 m/s
What power is required for take off at the same speed ?

(A) 187 kW
(B) 505 kW
(C) 168 kW
(D) 280 kW

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Page 261
FM 7
External Flow
FM 261
FM 7.43
A thin flat plate of 50 cm # 50 cm in size is balanced by a counterweight as shown

in figure below. If air at 101 kPa and 25cC flows downward over both surfaces of
the plate with a free-stream velocity of 36 km/h, the mass of the counterweight
that needs to be added in order to balance the plate is ( = 1.562 # 10-5 m2/s )
(A) 3.54 gram

(C) 7.1 gram
(B) 17.7 gram

(D) 71 gram
FM 7.44
Water droplets of 0.06 m diameter fall through the air under standard sealevel conditions ( = 1.789 # 10-5 N-s/m2 ). If the drops do not evaporate and
the Reynolds number is less than unity, what will be the falling velocity of the
droplets ?
(B) 1.10 # 104 m/s
(A) 1.10 # 105 m/s
(C) 1.10 # 106 m/s
(D) 1.10 # 107 m/s
FM 7.45
A water boat is moving through water ( = 999.1 kg/m2, = 1.138 # 10-3 kg/m -s)
at 15cC with speeds up to 30 km/h. The bottom surface of the boat assume to be
a 1 m wide, 3 m long flat surface. The friction drag exerted on the boat by water
and power needed to overcome it respectively, are
(A) 26.23 N, 2.186 kW
(B) 262.3 W, 2.186 kN
(C) 262.3 N, 2.186 kW
(D) 26.23 kW, 2.186 kN
FM 7.46
A smooth flat plate of cross section 6 m # 4 m is placed in water with an upstream

velocity of U = . m s . If the flow is laminar, what will be the boundary layer
thickness and the wall shear stress respectively at the trailing edge of the plate ?(
= 1.12 # 10-6 m2 /s )
(A) 0.0137 m, 0.0380 N/m2
(B) 0.0183 m, 0.0506 N/m2
(C) 0.183 m, 0.632 N/m2
(D) 0.0229 m , 0.0632 N/m2
FM 7.47
Water at 20cC and 1 atm ( = 998 kg/m3 , = 0.001 kg/m-s ) flows past a thin
flat plate with 20 m/s. What will be the distance x from the leading edge at
which the boundary layer thickness will be 1 mm ?
(A) 0.00442 m
(B) 0.442 m
4
(C) 4.42 # 10 m
(d) 0.0442 m
FM 7.48
Standard air ( = 1.562 # 10-5 m2/s, = 1.184 kg/m3) flows steadily past over a
flat plate with a velocity of 8 m/s. At approximately what location will the flow
become turbulent and the boundary layer thickness at that location, respectively
?
(A) 0.0678 cm, 0.976 m
(B) 0.678 cm, 0.976 m
(C) 0.0976 m, 0.678 cm
(D) 0.976 m, 0.678 cm

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FM 262
External Flow
FM 7
FM 7.49
A 1.22 # 2.44 m sheet of plywood is put on a roof rack of a car as shown in

figure below. The car speed is 15.5 m/s and the sheet is perfectly aligned with
the airflow. What will be the boundary layer thickness at the end and the drag
respectively, if the flow remains laminar ?
(A) 0.77 mm, 7.2 N

(B) 1.54 mm, 1.44 N
(C) 7.7 mm, 0.72 N
(D) 15.4 mm, 14.4 N
FM 7.50
A tractor-trailer truck has a drag area CD A = . m , a rolling resistance of

8339 N, a bearing friction resistance of 350 N and a maximum speed of 110 km/h
on a level road during steady cruising in calm weather with air density of
1.25 kg/m3 . Now a aerodynamic deflector is installed to the front of the rig to
streamline the flow to the top surface and the drag area is reduced to CD A = m
. What will be the maximum speed of the truck with deflector ?
(A) 119 km/h
(B) 32.07 km/h
(C) 33.09 km/h
(D) 116 km/h
FM 7.51
The pivot of a wind turbine with two hollow hemispherical cups is stuck as a
result of some malfunction as shown in figure below. If the diameter of cups is
8 cm and centre to center distance is 50 cm. The maximum torque applied on the
pivot for a wind speed of 15 m/s and air density of 1.25 kg/m3 , is (CD, convex = .
and CD, concave = . )
(A) 0.283 Nm
(C) 0.565 Nm
FM 7.52
(B) 0.1412 N m
(D) 0.353 Nm
Two 7.35 cm diameter base balls weighs 145 g each are connected to a rod of
7 mm diameter and 56 cm long as shown in figure below. At sea-level standard
air and including the drag of the rod, what power is required to keep the system
spinning at 42 rad/s ? (CD, ball = . , CD, rod = . )

Demo Ebook
Page 263
FM 7
External Flow
FM 263
(A) 6.3 W
(C) 4.42 W
FM 7.53
An iceberg ( = 1026 kg/m3 ) floats with approximately 1/7 of its volume in the
air as shown in figure. If the wind velocity is U and the water is stationary, the
speed at which the wind forces the iceberg through the water, is
(A) Ub =
(B) Ub =
(C) Ub =
(D) Ub =
FM 7.54
(B) 5.70 W
(D) 0.58 W
.
.
.
.
U
U
U
U
A thin hinged rod of negligible weight and drag is used to connect two different
size steel (S.G. = . ) balls as shown in figure. A stop is used to restrict the
counter clockwise rotation. What will be the sea-level air velocity U for which the
rod will first begin to rotate clockwise ?(CDa = CDb = . )
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
50 m/s
64.5 m/s
73 m/s
57 m/s

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FM 264
External Flow
FM 7
FM 7.55
The pressure distribution on a cylinder is approximated by the two straight

line segments as shown in figure. Neglecting the shear forces. What is the drag
coefficient for the cylinder ?
(A) 1.91
(B) 1.43
(C) 2.4
(D) 0.95
FM 7.56
A rotary mixer consists of two 1 m long half-tubes rotating around a central arm
as shown in figure below. The fluid is water at 20cC and the maximum driving
power available is 20 kW. What is the maximum rotation speed in rpm ? (
CD = 2.3 )
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
FM 7.57
148
206
74
103
A flag of 2 m by 2.5 m is attached to the top of a 20 m tall and 0.12 m diameter

flag pole. What will be the moment needed at the base of the pole to keep it in
place in a 20 m/s wind ?(CD flag = 0.0 , CD, pole = 1.2 )
(A) 11194 N m
(B) 6716 N m
(C) 895 N m
(D) 8955 N m
FM 7.58
A thin sheet of fiber board weighs 90 N and lies on a rooftop as shown in the
figure. Ambient air at 20cC and 1 atm at 33 m/s is generates enough friction to
dislodge the board. What will be the coefficient of solid friction between board
and roof ?

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Page 265
FM 7
External Flow
FM 265
(A) 0.024
(C) 0.12
FM 7.59
(B) 0.24
(D) 0.012
A fan consists of five blades of cross section 0.80 m # 0.10 m which rotates at
100 rpm. If blades are act as flat plates, the torque needed to overcome the
friction on the blades will be ( = 1.46 # 10-5 m2 /s )
(A) 0.438 Nm
(B) 43.8 N m
(C) 4.38 N m
(D) 0.0438 N m
***********

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External Flow
FM 7
SOLUTIONS
FM 7.1

The drag and lift forces are determined by decomposing the Resultant force into
its components in the flow direction and the normal direction of flow.
Drag force :
FD = FR cos c = 600 # cos 30c = 520 N
Lift force :
FL = FR sin c = 600 # sin 30c = 300 N
FM 7.2
For steady un-powered flight

Fx = 0 gives
FD = W sin q
Fy = 0 gives
FL = W cos q
Thus
Hence
FM 7.3
FD = W sin q = tan q where FD = rU ACD = CD

FL
FL
W cos q
rU ACL CL
tan = CD
CL
= tan1 c CD m
CL

(a) The drag force acting on the tank when the frontal area is the front and
back of the tank is
FD = CD # A #
= 0.9 #
rV
p # (0.5) 2 1.028 # (26.5) 2

#
2
4
= 63.75 N , 64 N
(b) The drag force acting on the tank when the frontal area is the sides of the
tank is
FD = 0.8 # (0.5 # 3) #
FM 7.4
1.028 # (26.5) 2
= 433 N
2

For water at 20cC take = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/m - s and for creep
motion Red = .
rVd
So
Red =
m

Demo Ebook
Page 267
FM 7
External Flow
FM 267
1 = 998 # 0.25 # d
0.001
d = 0.001 # 1 = 4 # 106 m = 4 m
998 # 0.25
or
FM 7.5

FF = 1 rU 2CDf A
2
Friction drag
where CDf = .
el
= .
A = bl where b = p ate width .
and
Ul
n
FF = 1 rU 2 1.328 bl = 0.664rU 3/2 b n l

2
f Ul p
n
Consider two flows with 1 = 2 , U = U , b = b , 1 = 2 and l = l .
So from equation (i),
FF = l
FF
l
So that with
FF = 1 FF1
4
Thus
...(i)
l = 4 or l = l
l
FM 7.6

Reynolds Number for this flow
ReL =
rVL
=
m
#
.
. # .
= 6.9 # 106 (Turbulent flow)

For smooth wall
Drag force
CD = 0.0311/7 1440
ReL
(ReL)
0.031
1440
= 0.00306
=
6 1/7
(6.9 # 106)
(6.9 # 10 )
r
FD = CD # # U # b # L # ( sides)
= 0.00306 # b 1025 l # (14.5) 2 # 4 # 0.5 # 2
2
= 1320 N
FM 7.7

The Reynolds number is
. #
Re L = VL =
#
= .
n
.
#
Since Re L > Re cr = 5 # 105 . Thus the flow is combined laminar and turbulent
and
1742
friction coefficient
C f = 0.074
1/5 Re
L
Re L
0.074
1742
=
= 0.002772
6 1/5
9.987 # 106
(9.987 # 10 )
Then the drag force acting on the surface becomes
.
rV
#( . )
= .
FD = C f A
#( # )#
= 19.97 , 20 N

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External Flow
FM 7
FM 7.8

Reynolds Number for this flow is
rVL
=
ReL =
m
# # .
.
L=
cm
= 20278 (Laminar flow)

and drag coefficient
CD = 1.3281/2 = 1.328 1/2 , 0.00933
(ReL)
(20278)
So, the total drag force due to friction is
FD = 1 # CD # r # V 2 # 2bL
2
= 1 # 0.00933 # 891 # (6) 2 # 2 # 0.55 # 1.1 = 181 N
2
FM 7.9

Terminal velocity is determined by setting.
FD = Wtotal # sin q
FD = mtotal # g # sin c
= 95 # 9.81 # sin 12c , 194 N
rV
FD = CD # A #
Since
V =
# FD
=
r # A # CD
FB =
2 # 194
1.25 # 0.45 # 1.1
= 25.04 m/s , 90 km/h

FM 7.10

Since
FD = Wtotal sin q
V
= mtotal g sin q
CD # A #
V =
=
# mtotal # g # sin q
CD # A # r
2 # 95 # 9.81 # sin 12c
0.9 # 0.4 # 1.25
= 29.3 m/s , 106 km/h

FM 7.11

For case (a):
and A = l
FD = 1 rU 2 CD A where CD = .
= .
2
Ul
Re l
n
...(i)
FD = 1 rU 2 # 1.328 n # l 2 = 0.664rU 3/2 # n l 3/2
2
Ul
Drag force
Thus
For case (b):
FDl = 1 rU 2 CD A Where CD =
2
.
and A = ( l) # l = l
U# l
n
FDl = 1 rU 2 # 1.328 n # l 2 = 1 (0.664rU 3/2 n l 3/2)

2
2Ul
2
By comparing equation (i) and (ii), we see that
Thus

Demo Ebook
Page 269
FM 7
External Flow
FM 269
FDl = 1 FD = 0.707FD
2
FM 7.12

For a laminar flow over a flat plate,
rV
FD = C f A #
where C f = .
rV 2
= 1.328
A
#
#
2
Re0.5
rV
= . . #A#
VL
b n l
0.5
= 0.664V 3/2 A n 0.5 = kV 3/2
L
Re = VL
n
A n . = constant
L
Now for Initial condition
where k = .
FD = kV
If the free stream velocity of fluid is doubled, i.e.
V = 2V1
FD = k (V ) = k ( V )
FD = 2.83FD
Then
= .
k (V )
= .
FD
FM 7.13

The minimum wind velocity normal to the side of the container to blow the
container over will be the terminal velocity.
Since terminal velocity is obtained by setting
W = FD + FB
Here FB = , because no buoyancy force is applied by the air.
Hence
FD = W = m # g =
# . = 49050 N
Now the velocity of wind is determined by
rV
FD = CD # A #
V =
# FD
=
CD # A # rair
#
. #( # )#( .
= 50.3 m/s , 50 m/s

= 50.3 # 3.6 , 181 km/h
FM 7.14
If the railway wagon is about to tip around point O , then MO =
or

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External Flow
FM 7
Hence
Where
2.55FD = 0.75W
0.75 # (250 # 103)
= 7.35 # 10 4 N
FD =
2.55
FD = 1 CD rU 2A
2
U =
or
FM 7.15
2 # (7.35 # 10 4) 1/2
FD =
= 35 m/s
;
1.9 # 1.23 # 3.4 # 15E
C D rA
The terminal velocity of a free falling object is reached when

Weight of solid = Drag force + Buoyant force
W = FD + FB
FD = W FB
CD # A #
f V
C D # D #
f V
= rs gv rf gv
= (rs rf ) g pD
6
r
gD
CD # V = : s D #
rf
r
4gD b s 1l
rf
V =
3CD
=
FM 7.16
4 # 9.8 # (0.05) # b 1150 1l

1000
= 0.443 m/s
3 # 0. 5

Summing forces along the roadway gives
W sin = FD + FRolling
r
= CD A # # V + Croll # V
or
65000 # sin 8c = 8.64 # 1.112 # V 2 + 120V

2
9046.25 = 4.80V 2 + 120V
4.80V 2 + 120V 9046.25 = 0
V + V
. =0
or
V = 32.63 , 33 m/s

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Page 271
FM 7
External Flow
FM 271
FM 7.17

The velocity of dust particle to travel 350 m in 43 min is to be
V = distance = 350 = 0.1356 , 0.136 m/s
time
43 # 60
This velocity of a free falling particle is reached when
FD = W FB
where
FD = 3pmVD (stokes law)
W = rs gv and FB = rf gv
3
v = pD
6
Substituting these values in equation (i), we get
3VD = rs gv rf gv = (rs rf ) g # pD
D =
where
Hence
FM 7.18
V
s
f
...(i)
mV
g (rs rf )
= 1.802 # 105 kg/m s

= 0.136 m/s
= density of dust particle = 1800 kg/m3
= density of air at 1 atm and 15cC
p
.
kg
=
=
= .
.
RT
#
D =
18 # 1.802 # 105 # 0.136 = 5 105 m or 0.05 mm

#
9.81 # (1800 1.225)

If acceleration is negligible,
W = FD
or
r
m # g = CD # U # p D
135 # 9.81 = 1.2 #
or
Thus
r
U 2 # p # (8.5) 2
2#
4
U = 38.89
r
Usea level = 38.89 = 5.64 m/s
1.225
38.89 = 6.22 m/s
U
=
1.0067
Thus the change in velocity is very small, so we can seasonably estimate the
time-to-fall using the average fall velocity.
2000 0
t fall = Dz =
= 337 s
Vavg
[(5.64 + 6.22) /2]
FM 7.19

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External Flow
FM 7
The sphere should hang, so that string tension balances the resultant of drag and
net weight.
rV
rV
p
Drag force
FD = CD #
# A = CD #
# D
Wnet
= 0.5 # 1.225 # (40) 2 # p # (0.03) 2 = 0.346 N

2
4
p 3
= 9(rsphere rair ) g # 6 D C
= 9"^7.86 # 998h 1.225, # 9.81 # p # (0.03) 3C
6
So
FM 7.20
, 1.09 N
tan = Wnet = .
.
Fdrag
= tan1 b 1.09 l , 72c
0.346

For air at 20cC and 1 atm , take air = . kg m and = 1.8 # 10-5 kg/m - s . For
Helium R =
kg .
p
So
He =
= 120000 = 0.197 kg/m3
2077 # 293
RT
The balloon net buoyancy is independent of the flow velocity
Bnet = ^rair rHe h g # p D
= (1.2 0.197) # 9.81 # p # (0.5) 3 , 0.644 N
6
Thus, the net upward force is
Now drag
Also
Fz = ^Bnet W h
= 0.644 0.2 = 0.444 N
FD = Fz # tan q
= 0.444 # tan (87.3c) = 9.42 N
rU
FD = CD #
#A
9.42 = 0.2 # 1.2 # U 2 # p # (0.5) 2
2
4
9.42 = 0.0236U 2
U = 9.42 - 400
0.0236
U = 20 m/s
FM 7.21

The antenna is a composite body consisting of one main pole, one horizontal bar
and four vertical rods. Thus.
FD = FD + FD + FD
= 1 rU 2 [CD A1 + CD A2 + 4CD A 3]
2
U = 100 # 5 = 27.8 m/s and CD = CD = CD = .
18
1
FD = # 1.23 # (27.8) 2 # 1.4 [5 # 0.04 + 1.5 # 0.02 + 4 # 1 # 0.01]
2
1
Where
So that

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Page 273
FM 7
External Flow
FM 273
- 180 N
FM 7.22

Aircraft will take off when lift equals to the total weight.
rV
W = FL = CL A #
(m # g)
W =
rC L A
rC L A
When the airplane is fully loaded, then
Mass
m = 400 ton = 400000 kg and
Velocity
V = 250 km/h
Now, when 150 seats are empty, Mass of airplane
W = mg
V =
m = m1 (150 # 1 0) = 400000 21000 = 379000 kg

and Velocity is V
When the density, lift coefficient and wing area remain constant, the ratio of the
velocities of the under-loaded and fully loaded aircraft becomes
2 (m2 # g) /rCL A
mg
V =
=
= m
V1
2 (m1 # g) /rCL A
m1 g
m1
V = V1 # m
m1
V = 250 # 379000 = 243.34 km/h
400000
, 243.5 km/h
FM 7.23

For given parameter, the Reynolds number
0
b . l # (0.00 )
Re = VD =
= .5 5 # 10
n
1. 0 # 105
The drag coefficient corresponding to this value of Re = 4.535 # 103
CD = 1.0
Then, the drag force becomes
FD = CD # A #
rV
= CD # (L # D) #
rV
where A = frontal area for flow past a cylinder = LD

p
1 atm
At 1 atm and 15cC
=
=
RT
0.
+ 15)
#(

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= 101.325 kPa = 1.225 kg/m3

0.287 # 288
1.225 # b 40 l
3.6
55 = 1.0 # L # 0.006 #
2
2 # 55
L =
2
1.0 # 0.006 # 1.225 # b 40 l
3.6
= 121.22 , 121 m
So
FM 7.24

An aircraft will takeoff when lift equals the total weight.
rV
W = FL = CL A
V =
m#g
=
rC L A
W =
rC L A
#
# .
5# . 5#
= 57.6 m/s or 207 km/h

And wind loading
Floading = FL = W =
A
A
# .
5.
, 916 N/m2
FM 7.25

When the aircraft is cruising steadily constant altitude, the net force acting on
the aircraft is zero and thus thrust provided by the engine must be equal to the
drag force.
. 5#(
. )
rV
= . 5# #
FD = CD A
= 4466.1 N or 4.466 kN
And the power required is to be
P = Thrust # velocity = FD # V
= 4.466 # (300/3.6) , 372 kW
FM 7.26

PND = power when not drafting
= UFD = U # CD rU A = CD rU A
ND
ND
ND
PD = power when drafting = 1 CD rU 3A

2
PND PD = CD CD = . .5
.
PND
CD
Similarly
Thus,
ND
ND
= 0.432 i.e. a 43.2% decrease.

FM 7.27

For an urban area
u = Cy .
Thus with
u = m s at y = h =
m
We obtain
C = 200.4 = 3.52 or u = .5 y
]77g
The total drag is
FD =
# dF
CD ru dA

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Page 275
FM 7
External Flow
FM 275
= 1 rC D
2
154
y=0
(3.52y0.4) 2 # (87.5) dy
= 1 # 1.23 # 1.3 # (3.52) 2 # 87.5

2
= 867 # 1 # (154) 1.8
1.8
154
y0.8 dy
= 4.17 # 106 N = 4.17 MN

FM 7.28
# p cos qdA + # t sin qdA where =

= # p cos qdA + # p cos qdA + # p cos qdA
= # p cos cdA # p cos cdA
FD =
Thus
FD
= 1 rU 2 # b 1 lb l 2 ; 1.20 b 1 rU 2 l cos 45cA2E

2
2
2
b
where
, l = en th o o ect
A = lc
cos c m
Hence
FD = 1.7 b 1 rU 2 l lb
2
1.7 # 1 rU 2 # lb
2
or
= 1.70
CD = FD =
1 rU 2 A
1 rU 2 lb
2
2
Because of symmetry of the object, FL =
or
CL = FL
=0
1 rU 2 A
2
FM 7.29

The drag force acting on the sign,
FD, sign = CD # A #
rV
= 2.0 # (4 # 2) #
1.30 # (150/3.6) 2
2
= 18056 N or 18.06 kN
The drag force acting on the pole,
rV
FD, pole = CD # A #
= 0.3 # (0.05 # 4) #
1.30 # (150/3.6) 2
= 68 N
2

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Therefore, the drag force acting on both poles is

FD, poles = 2 # 68 = 136 N
FM 7.30

The resultant drag force on the sign passes through its centre, the drag force on
the poles passes through the center of the pole and the weight of the sign passes
through the centre of the block.
Taking moment about center of the sign post and setting it equal to zero.
M = 0
FD, sign # ( + + . ) + FD, poles # ( + . ) W # (L ) =
where
W = the weight of concrete signpost
= mg = rgv =
Substituting the values, we get
# .
# (L # # .
) = 13538 L
18060 # 5.15 + 136 # 2.15 13538L # L/2 = 0

L = 3.71 m
FM 7.31

Drag force
FD = CD # A #
Where
CD
A
Hence
rV
= 2.2 for a rectangular sign for Normal flow.
= Frontal area = (0.45 # 0.6) m2

= 1.25 kg/m3
= 50 km/h = 50/3.6 m/
2
1.25 # b 50 l
3.6
FD = 2.2 # (0.45 # 0.6) #
2
= 71.61 N , 72 N
FM 7.32

The amount of work done to overcome this drag force and required energy input
for a distance of 60000 km are
Wdrag = FD # L = #
= 4.3 # 106 kJ/year
W
Energy input
= . #
k year
Einput = drag = . #
hcar
.
Then the amount of fuel that supplies this much energy is
Einput
m fuel
Heating value
=
=
rfuel
rfuel
1.54 # 107
= 42000 = 489 L/year
0.75
And the cost of this much fuel is
Cost of fuel = (Amount of fuel) # (unit cost)
= 489 # 25 = Rs. 12225/year
FM 7.33

If the surface were smooth,
P = F#U
r
= 9CD # U # AC # U

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FM 7
External Flow
FM 277
or
or
rU 2
= = 0.0311/7 #
A
U
CD =
2 # G#
(ReL)
ReL
2
rUL
rU
= = 0.031 1/7 #
AG # U
ReL =
#
m
2
(rUL/m)
2
0.031
1025U
7000 hp = ;
# 5000 # U
1/7 E #
2
(1025 # U # 150/0.00107)
745.7 # 7000 W = 5428U 3 1/7
5.22 # 106 = 5428U 20/7
6
= 5.22 # 10 = 961.7
U
5428
U = (961.7) 7/20 = 11.0 m/s
FM 7.34

Drag force
FD = CD #
rU
# A = CD #
rU
#D#L
1.225 # (22) 2 # 2 # 40
, 9500 N
2
If the flow is uniform, the center of this force should be at approximately mid
depth. Therefore the bottom bending moment is
M = FL = 9500 # 40
2
= 0.4 #
= 190000 Nm = 190 kNm

FM 7.35

We can write
Ptotal = Pbody + Ploss prop + Pwing
where
Pbody + Ploss prop = 0.6Ptotal
= 0.6 # 150 = 90 kW
Thus
Pwing = 150 90 = 60 kW
where
or
FM 7.36
Pwing = FD U = CD rU AU
CD =
Pwing
=
rU A
.
#(
#b
#
#
)
l#
= .

The rolling resistance of the Automobile
FRR = CRR # Wauto = CRR # mauto # g
= 0.04 # 950 # 9.81 = 372.8 N , 373 N
The speed at which the rolling resistance is equal to aerodynamic drag is obtained
by setting.
FD = FRR
V
= 373
CD # A #
373 # 2
#
=
0
.
32
CD # A # r
# 1.8 # 1.2
= 32.85 m/s , 118 km/h
V =
FM 7.37

The power need to overcome drag and rolling resistance is the product of the sum

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of the force drag and the rolling resistance and velocity.

P = (FD + FRR) V
rAV
= cCD #
+ FRR m V
= CD # A #
rV
+ FRR V
80000 = b 0.32 # 1.8 # 1.2 # V l + 373V

2
3
0.3456V 3 + 373V = 80000

The solution of equation (i) gives
...(i)
V = 55.56 m/s , 200 km/h

FM 7.38

rV
Drag force
FD = CD # A #
Where
CD = 1.1 for thin circular disk

2
A = Frontal Area = pd
4
= density of air at 10cC and 100 kPa
p
00
=
=
= . kg m
0. 8 # 8
RT
V = 150 km/h = 150 m/s
3. 6
and
FD = 1.1 #
Thus
2
p # (0.5) 2
1.23 # b 150 l # 1
#
3. 6
2
4
= 230.72 N - 231 N
Now the bending moment at the bottom of pipe
Mbottom = FD # (length of pipe + adius of circular antenna)
= 231 # (2.5 + 0.25) = 635.25 N m
, 635 N m
FM 7.39
When the garbage can is first tipped, the edge on the wind-loaded side of the can
will be off the ground and thus all the reaction forces from the ground will act
on the other side. Taking the moment about on axis passing through the contact
point.
Mcontact = 0
FD # H
= W#D

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FM 7
External Flow
FM 279
C
A rV # H
W = FD # H = D # #
D
D#
Where
Thus
A = Frontal area = 1.2 # 0.8

= 1.25 kg/m3
V = 135 km/h = 135 = 37.5 m/s
3.6
D = 0.8 m and H = 1.2 m
0.7 # (1.2 # 0.8) # 1.25 # (37.5) 2 # 1.2
W =
2 # 0. 8
= 885.93 , 886 N
Mass of the can

FM 7.40
m =W =
g
, 90 kg

For air at sea-level = 1.225 kg/m3 and = 1.78 # 10-5 kg/m - s
without deflector:
r
F = CD A # # V + Rolling Resistance
= 8 # 1.225 # (24.5) 2 + 112 # 24.5
2
Power required
With deflector:
= 2941 + 2744 = 5685 N

P = F#V
= 5685 # 24.5 = 139282.5 W
= 139282.5 , 187 hp
745.7
F = CD A #
# V + Rolling Resistance
= 6.7 # 1.225 # (24.5) 2 + 112 # 24.5

2
= 2463 + 2744 = 5207 N
Power required
P = F#V
= 5207 # 24.5 = 127572 W = 171 hp
Reduction in Power required
FM 7.41
P = 187 171 = 16 hp
% Reduction = 16 # 100 , 8.5%
187
For air at sea-level, = 1.225 kg/m3
W
Vstall =
rCL, a A
2 # 180000
=
= 32.4 m/s
1.225 # 1.75 # 160
Thus
VLanding = 1.2 # Vstall = 1.2 # 32.4

= 38.9 , 39 m/s
FM 7.42

For take off at same speed of 39 m/s, we need a drag estimate

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FD = CD #
#V #A
= 0.087 # 1.225 # (39) 2 # 160 = 12960 N

2
P = F # V = 12960 # 39
= 505752 W , 505 kW
Power required
FM 7.43

(
. )#( . )
= .
Re L = VL =
#
n
.
#
Which is less than the critical Reynolds Number (Re = 5 # 105), Therefore the
flow is laminar. Then
1.328
C f = 1.328
= 0.002347
0.5 =
Re L
(3.201 # 105) 0.5
rV
and
FD = C f # A #
From given values
(Because air flows over both surface of the plate so A = A )

2
1.184 # b 36 l
3.6
FD = 0.002347 # 2 # (0.5 # 0.5) #
2
= 0.0695 N
The mass whose weight is 0.0695 N,
m = FD = .
g
.
FM 7.44
g = 7.1 gram
= .
For steady conditions

D + FB = W
If Re = UD < 1,
n
Also
FD = drag = 3pDUm
W = weight = gH O v = gH O # 4 p b D l
3 2
3
FB = buoyant force = gair v = gair # 4 p b D l
3 2
3
and
Since air <<
That is
or
, we can neglect the buoyant force.

FD = W
3DU = gH O # 4p b D l
3 2
U =
gH O D 2
18m
2

...(i)
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FM 7
External Flow
FM 281
=
FM 7.45
(9.80 # 103) # (6 # 108) 2

= 1.10 # 107 m/s
18 # 1.789 # 105

The Reynolds number at the end of the bottom surface
. #(
. )#
rVL
=
Re =
= 2.2 # 107
m
.
#
5
Since Re >> 2 # 10 , then the flow is turbulent over the entire surface and
friction coefficient is
0.074
C f = 0.074
= 0.00252
1/5 =
Re
(2.2 # 107) 1/5
rV
Now Drag force
FD = C f A #
= 0.00252 # (1 # 3) #
999.1 # (30/3.6) 2
2
= 262.3 N
and Power needed to overcome it
P = FD # V = 262.3 # (30/3.6)
= 2185.9 W , 2.186 kW
FM 7.46

Laminar flat plate boundary layer thickness is given by the relation
=5
And
nx = 5
U
w = 0.332U 3/2
(1.12 # 106) x
= 7.48 # 103 x m
0.5
rm
=
x
= 0.332 # (0.5) 3/2
1000 # 1.12 # 103

x
= .
N m
x
Thus, at the trailing edge ( x = m ),
= 7.48 # 103 6 = 0.0183 m
w = 0.124 = 0.0506 N/m2
6
FM 7.47

Let the flow is turbulent and for turbulent flow
turb = 0.16 =
0.16
1/7
x
(Rex )
(rVx/m) 1/7
.
0.16
or
=
x
(998 # 20 # x/0.001) 1/7
0.16 # (0.001) 1/7
.
=
x
(998 # 20) 1/7 # x 1/7
(0.16) 7 # 0.001
.
b x l = 998 # 20 # x
(0.001) 7 # 998 # 20
or
= 7.44 # 109
x =
(0.16) 7 # 0.003
x = 0.0442 m

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FM 7.48

The flow becomes turbulent where the Reynolds number becomes equal to the
critical Reynolds number Re cr = 5 # 105 .
Re cr = Vxcr
n
# .
#
xcr = Re cr # n = #
= .
V
The thickness of the boundary layer at xcr = .
m is
xcr = 4.91 # 0.976 = 0.00678 m
x = 4.91 #
1/2
(5 # 105) 0.5
Re cr
= 0.678 cm
FM 7.49

For flow remains laminar
.
= . =
L
Re L
(rair UL m)
5.0
=
or
= 0.00315
2.44
1.2 # 15.5 # 2.44
1.8 # 105
or
and drag
Where
Hence
= 0.00315 # 2.44 = 0.00768 m = 7.7 mm

r
FD = CD # # U # A
=
CD = .
ReL
1.328
= 0.00084
1.2 # 15.5 # 2.44
1.8 # 105
FD = 0.00084 # 1.2 # (15.5) 2 # (2.44 # 1.22 # 2 sides)
2
= 0.72 N
FM 7.50

The drag force before deflector at a given velocity of 110 km/h is,
rV
FD = CD # A #
1.25 # (110/3.6) 2
= 5158 N
2
Now, the total resistance forces on the trunk is
= 8.84 #
Ftotal = FD + Fbearing + Frolling

And the power required to overcome these forces is to be,
P = Ftotal # V
= (FD + Fbearing + Frolling) # V
1
= [5158 + 350 + 8339] # (110/3.6)

= 423100 W , 423 kW
The maximum velocity that truck can attain at the same power of 423 kW after
deflector is installed is determined by setting the sum of bearing resistance, rolling
resistance and the drag force in this case equal to 423 kW.
The drag force after deflector
rV
FD = CD A #
= 7 # 1.25 # V 2 = 4.375V 22
2
2
CD A =

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FM 7
External Flow
FM 283
P = [FD + Fbearing + Frolling] # V2

423000 = [4.375V 22 + 350 + 8339] # V2
= 4.375V 23 + 8689V2
By solving above equation for V
Therefore
V = 32.07 m/s = 116 km/h

FM 7.51
The maximum torque occurs when the cups are normal to the wind since the
length of the moment arm is maximum.
Then the drag force of each cup in this position is
rV
Convex side
FD = CD # A #
= (0.4) # p #
(0.08) 2 1.25 # (15) 2

2
4 #
CD = .
= 0.283 N
Concave side
FD = CD # A #
= (1.2) #
= 0.848 N
Taking the moment about the pivot,
M max = FD # .
rV
p # (0.08) 2 1.25 # (15) 2

#
2
4
FD # .
CD = .
= (FD FD ) # 0.50
2
2
= (0.848 0.283) # 0.25 = 0.1412 N m

FM 7.52

For sea-level air, take = 1.225 kg/m3 and = 1.78 # 10-5 kg/m-s . Each ball
moves at a center line velocity
Vb = w # rb = 42 # b 0.56 + 0.0735 l
2
2
= 42 # (0.28 + 0.03675) = 13.3 m/s
Then the drag force on each baseball is approximately,
r
FD, ball = CD # V b # p D
= 0.47 # b 1.225 l # (13.3) 2 # p # (0.0735) 2 = 0.215 N
2
4

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Now the drag force on each rod is calculated.

Firstly
Vrod = wravg
= 42 # b 0.28 l = 5.88 m/s
2
r
And
FD rod = CD # # V rod # Drod # Lrod
= 1.2 # b 1.225 l # (5.88) 2 # 0.007 # 0.28
2
, 0.0498 N
Then with two balls and two rods, the total driving power required is
P = 2FD, ball Vball + 2FD, rod Vrod
= (2 # 0.215 # 13.3) + (2 # 0.0498 # 5.88)
= 5.72 + 0.58 = 6.3 Watt
FM 7.53
Subscript a and w denotes the portion of the iceberg in the air and in the water
respectively.
We have
va = 1 v and vw = v where v = volume of the iceberg
7
For steady motion
Where
with
Thus
FDa = FDw
FDa = 1 CDa ra (U Ub) 2 Aa and FDw = CDw rw U b Aw
2
Ub = speed of the iceberg

1 C (U - U ) 2 A = 1 C r U 2 A
b
a
2 Da a
2 Dw w b w
(U Ub)
C r A
r A
= Dw w w = w w Assume CDa = CDw
CDa ra Aa
ra Aa
Ub
If D is a characteristic length, then v - D and A - D
1v
3
v
7
a
Hence
=
= D a3 or Da = b l
vw
6 v Dw
Dw
7
Aa = Da =
So that
b Dw l b l
Aw
or
...(i)

(U Ub)
= 1026 # (6) 2/3 = 2754.29 - 2760
1.23
Ub
U Ub = 2760 = 52.5
Ub
U = 53.5 & U = 0.0187U
or
b
Ub
FM 7.54

For sea-level air, take = 1.225 kg/m3 and = 1.78 # 10-5 kg/m-s . Let a

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FM 7
External Flow
FM 285
and b denote the large and small balls, respectively. The rod begins to rotate
clockwise when the moments of drag and weight are balanced. The moment
equation is
Mo = Fa #
c Wa # . cos c
Fb . sin c + Wb . cos
. sin
c =
Fa Fb = Wa Wb
or CDa # # U # D a - CDb # # U # D b
or
= (S.G.) # rwater # g a p D a3 p D b3 k
6
6
or # # U 2 # 6CDa # D a2 - CDb # D b2@ = p # S.G. # rwater # g 6D a3 D b3@

2
6
4
or 1 # CDa # # # U 2 6D a2 - D b2@ = p # S.G. # rwater # g # 6D a3 D b3@
8
6
or 1 # 0.47 # # 1.225 # U 2 # 7]0.02g2 - ]0.01g2A
8
= 7.86 # 999 # 9.8 # p # 7]0.02g 3 ]0.01g 3A
6
6.78 # 105 U 2 = 0.282
U = 4160
U =
FM 7.55
4160 , 64.5 m/s

FD =
Drag force
# p cos qdA = # p cos q # (br dq)

q=
=2
p cos q (br) dq
...(i)
for # #
2
= 1 rU 2 :1 6 qD for 0 # #
p
2
2
p = 1 rU 2 if = 0 , p = rU if =
2
2
p = rU
where
and
i.e.
Thus
# p cos d = rU # cos qdq= rU
and
# p cos d = 12 rU #
p/2
sin q
p
p
= rU
...(ii)
6
:1 p qD cos qdq
p/2
= 1 rU 2 :sin q 6 (cos q + q sin q)D
p
2
0
p
1
6
6
2
= rU ;1 a k b lE
p 2
p
2
= 1 rU 2 : 6 2D
p
2
...(iii)
Thus from equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we have

p
p cos qdq = 2br ;1 rU 2 b 6 2 l + rU 2E

p
2
0
= 1 rU 2 b 12br l
p
2
FD = 2br
So that
CD =
2
1
12br
FD =
FD
2 rU # ^ p h
=
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 rU # (2br)
2 rU # (2rb)
2 rU A

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= 6 = 1.91
p
FM 7.56

Consider a strip of half tube of width dr as shown in figure below. The
local velocity is U = wr and the strip frontal area is Ddr . The total torque
(2 tubes) is
T = 2 # rdF = 2 # r 9CD
0
= 2 # CD #
or
Power
FM 7.57
r
(wr) 2 Ddr C
2#
R
r
w 2 # D # r3 dr
#
2
0
= CD # r # w 2 # D # R = 1 CD # r # w 2 D # R 4
4
T = 1 # 2.3 # 998 # w 2 # (0.075) # (1.0) 4 = 43.04 w 2
4
P = T#w
20000 = 43.04 w 2 # w
3 = 20000 = 464.7
43.04
= 7.75 rad/s
or
= 7.75 # 60 , 74 rpm
2p
For equilibrium, moment

M = l1 FD + bl1 D2 l FD
2
2
Where l = 2 m , l2 = 2. m , D = . 2 m and b2 = 2 m .
FD = 1 CD ArU 2 = 1 CD rU 2 # l1 D1
2
2
1

...(i)
Demo Ebook
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FM 7
External Flow
FM 287
and
1 1.2 1.23 (20) 2 (20 0.12) - 708.5 N

#
#
#
#
2#
FD = 1 CD rU 2 l2 b2
2
= 1 # 0.08 # 1.23 # (20) 2 # (2.5 # 2) = 98.4 N
2
...(ii)
...(iii)
By combining equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we obtain

M = 20 # 708.5 + b 20 2 l # 98.4 = 7085 + 1869.6
2
2
= 8954.6 N m - 8955 N m
FM 7.58

For air at 20cC , take = 1.2 kg/m3 and = 1.8 # 10-5 kg/m - s .
Since the dimensions are large and the flow is turbulent.
The drag when the leading edge is not at x = ,
x
# tw dA = # aC f r u
F =
x
x2
k # dA
w = C f #
x2
# c 0.0272brU
x1
=c
#u
r 2
0.027
# ;(rUx
1/7 E # 2 u # b # dx
/m)
x1
Cf =
m 1/7
m # b rU l # x1/7 dx
m 1/7
0.027brU 2
7 x 6/7 x
m
#
#
b
l
:
D
3
6
rU
x
.
(rUx m)
and dA = b # dx
0.031brU 2
m 1/7 6/7
x x 16/7@
=c
m
#
b
2
rU l 6 2
or
5 1/7
F = 0.031 # 2 # 1.2 # (33) 2 # b 1.8 # 10 l # (56/7 26/7)
2
1.2 # 33
= 10.87 N
Since the dislodging friction force
or
or
F = mW
10.87 = m # 90
= 10.87 = 0.12
90
Hence, coefficient of solid friction between board and roof is

= 0.12
FM 7.59
Let
or
Where
dT = torque from the drag on element dA of the blade.

...(i)
dT = (FD, top + FD, bottom) y = 2 # b 1 rU 2 CD dA l y
2
U = wy and = 100 # 1 # 2 = 10.47 rad/s
60
1

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Demo Ebook
Page 288
FM 288
External Flow
FM 7
The maximum Re l will occur at point (1) where y = L

Re l = Ul = wLl =
n
n
#
#
=
#
#
Thus, at all point on the blade Re x < Re x = 5 # 105 and the flow is laminar.
or
cr
CD = 1.328 = 1.328 n
Re l
Ul
So that
From equation (i),
dT = rU # .
n
Ul
# (l dy) y = .
rU
# nl y dy
But with U = wy
dT = 1.328rw 3/2 nl y 5/2 dy
= 1.328 # 1.23 # (10.47) 3/2 61.46 # 105 # 0.1@ 1/2 y 5/2 dy

= 0.0669y5/2 dy N m
Thus the net torque on the five blades is
0.8
0.8
T = 5 dT = 5
0.0669y5/2 dy = 5 # 0.0669 # 2 6y7/2@0
7
y=0
= 0.0438 N m
***********

FM 8
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
FM 8.1
Water at 20cC is flowing uniformly in a wide rectangular channel at an average

velocity of 3 m/s. If the water depth is 0.3 m, the flow is (For water at 20cC
= 998 kg/m3 and = 1.002 # 10-3 kg/m -s )
(A) Laminar and subcritical
(B) turbulent and subcritical
(C) Laminar and supercritical
(D) Turbulent and supercritical
FM 8.2
Water flows in a 3 m wide rectangular channel with a flow rate of 60 m3/s . If the
flow is to be critical, the maximum depth is
(A) 2.58 m
(B) 4.30 m
(C) 3.44 m
(D) 6.88 m
FM 8.3
Water flows critically through a 4 m wide rectangular channel with an average

velocity of 5 m/s. The flow rate of water is
(A) 51 m3/s
(B) 25.5 m3/s
(C) 12.75 m3/s
(D) 5 m3/s
FM 8.4
The ratio of Froude numbers on either side of a hydraulic jump are related by
y
y
(A) b l
(B) b l
y
y
y
y
(C) b l
(D) b l
y
y
FM 8.5
Water ( = 999.7 kg/m3, = 1.307 # 10-3 kg/m -s) in a half-full 4 m diameter

circular channel flows at an average velocity of 2.5 m/s. What will be the hydraulic
radius and flow regime ?
(A) 1 m, supercritical
(B) 1 m, critical
(C) 2 m, supercritical
(D) 1 m, subcritical
FM 8.6
Water is discharged at a rate of 27 m3/s through a trapezoidal channel with a

bottom width of 4 m and a side slope of 45c. If the flow depth is 0.6 m, the flow is
(A) Supercritical
(B) Critical
(C) Subcritical
(D) First subcritical, than critical
FM 8.7
Air flows on the surface of a tank at a speed of 2 m/s. How fast would these air
waves travel respectively if (a) the tank is in an elevator accelerating upward at
a rate of 4 m/s2 , (b) the tank accelerates horizontally at a rate of 9.81 m/s2 and
(c)the tank is aboard the orbiting Space Shuttle ?
(A) 0, 2.37 m/s, 2.38 m/s
(B) 2.37 m/s, 2.38 m/s, 0
(C) 2.38 m/s, 2.37 m/s, 0
(D) 2.37 m/s, 0, 2.38 m/s

FM 290
Demo Ebook
Page 290
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
FM 8.8
Water flows through a 2 m wide rectangular channel with a manning coefficient

of n =
. If the water is 1 m deep and the bottom slope of channel is 0.0105,
the rate of discharge of the channel in uniform flow is
(A) 10.76 m3/s
(B) 6.03 m3/s
(C) 27.11 m3/s
(D) 5.56 m3/s
FM 8.9
Water flows in a V-shaped channel (n = 0.013) section as shown in figure below.

The bottom slope of channel is 0.008727. For a flow depth of 2 m at the centre,
the discharge rate in uniform flow is
(A) 28.8 m3/s

(C) 14.36 m3/s
(B) 22.8 m3/s

(D) 8.45 m3/s
FM 8.10
A circular channel of diameter 75 cm is flowing half-full at an average velocity of

3.4 m/s . If the channel is asphalt lining ^n = 0.01 h, the critical slope is
(A) 0.69
(B) 0.069
(C) 0.00069
(D) 0.0069
FM 8.11
Water flows through two identical channels with square cross sections of 5 m # 5 m
. Now the two channels are combined to form a single 10 m wide channel and the
flow rate is adjusted so that the flow depth remains constant at 5 m. What will
be the percent change in flow rate as a result of combining the channels ?
(A) 50% increase
(B) 31% decrease
(C) 31% increase
(D) No change
FM 8.12
Water flows in a finished-concrete (n = 0.012) channel of 1 m depth and slope of

0.00114 as shown in figure below. What will be the percentage reduction in flow
when the surface is asphalt (n = 0.016) ?
(A) 50%
(C) 25%
(B) 75%
(D) No Reduction
FM 8.13
Consider a uniform flow in a fine gravel-lined (n = 0.02) rectangular channel with

a flow area of 3.6 m2 and a bottom slope of 0.002. For a depth-to-width ratio
y b = 0. , the channel should be classified as
(A) Mild
(B) Critical
(C) Steep
(D) Not determined
FM 8.14
All surfaces of a rectangular channel as shown in figure, are of the same material.
By what percent is the flow rate reduced because of the addition of the thin
center board ?


FM 8
(A) 2.96 %
(C) 23.7 %
Demo Ebook
Page 291
Open Channel Flow
FM 291
(B) 2.37 %
(D) 29.6 %
FM 8.15
Three uniform pipes of diameter D join to form one pipe of diameter D and each
pipe flows half-full. If the Manning coefficient n and the slope are the same for
all of the pipes, what will be the diameter D ?
(A) D = .32D
(B) D = .36D
(C) D = . D
(D) D = . 9D
FM 8.16
The flow rate in the asphalt-lined (n = 0.016) channel shown in figure below is to
be 120 m3/s . What will be the elevation drop of the channel per km ?
(A) 8.52 m
(C) 0.852 m
FM 8.17
A steel painted ^n = .
h rectangular channel flow, creates a 50c full wedge like
wave as shown in figure below. If the depth is 35 cm, the critical depth will be
(A) 62 cm
(C) 31 cm
FM 8.18
(B) 0.0852 m
(D) 85.2 m
(B) 6.2 cm
(D) 3.1 cm
A viscous oil (S.G. = . ) flows down with an average velocity of 50 mm/s

through a wide plate at a uniform depth of 8 mm as shown in figure. If the plate
is on a 3c hill, the average shear stress between the oil and the plate will be
(A) 3.49 N/m2

(C) 2.62 N/m2
(B) 4.36 N/m2

(D) 1.75 N/m2

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FM 292
FM 8.19
(B) 2c
(D) 0.01706c
Consider a trapezoidal aqueduct as shown in figure below, carries a normal flow

of 60 m3 /s . For clay tile ^n = .
h surfaces, the required elevation drop in
m/km will be
(B) 0.0038
(D) 0.38
A Trapezoidal channel with brick lining (n = 0.015) as shown in figure, has a

bottom slope of 0.057. What will be the flow rate of water through the channel ?
(A) 11.1 m3/s

(C) 275.6 m3/s
FM 8.23
(B) 21.62 m3 /s
(D) 17.30 m3 /s
Water flows in the symmetrical, unfinished concrete (n = 0.014) trapezoidal

channel as shown in figure below at a rate of 25 m3/s and flow depth of 0.69 m.
What will be the slope angle () of bottom surface ?
(A) 0.038
(C) 0.00038
FM 8.22
FM 8
The channel shown in figure is built on a slope of 2 m/km and depth is y =

m
. If the surface are smooth concrete lined (n = .
) except for the diagonal
surface, which is gravel with n = .
, the flow rate will be
(A) 0c
(C) 1c
FM 8.21
Page 292
Open Channel Flow
(A) 10.81 m3 /s
(C) 12.97 m3 /s
FM 8.20
Demo Ebook
(B) 43.7 m3/s

(D) 36.4 m3/s
A trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 1.5 m and sides with a slope of
1 : 1 is lined with clean earth (n = 0.022) and is to drain water at uniform rate of
10 m3/s to a distance of 2 km. If it is necessary to keep the flow depth below 1 m
, the required elevation drop is


FM 8
(A) 16.1 m
(C) 3.22 m
FM 8.24
Demo Ebook
Page 293
Open Channel Flow
FM 293
(B) 322 m
(D) 32.2 m
A channel lined with placed wood is to be carry water at a flow rate of 2 m3/s
on a slope of 10 m/800 m . The channel cross section can be either a right angle
triangle or a rectangle with a cross section twice as wide as its depth. Which
would require less wood ?
(A) Triangle
(B) Rectangle
(C) Not defined
(D) Both requires equal amount

Water flows in a channel as shown in figure whose bottom slope is 0.00873.
FM 8.25
What will be the flow rate through the channel ?

(A) 10.5 m3/s
(B) 4.26 m3/s
(C) 44.2 m3/s
(D) 45.56 m3/s
FM 8.26
The effective Manning coefficient for the channel is

(A) 0.0328
(B) 0.000278
(C) 0.0299
(D) 0.0315
FM 8.27
A clay tile ^n = 0.01 h channel is laid out on a 1 : 1400 slope and has a V-shape with
an included angle of 90c as shown in figure below. If the flow rate is 11.35 m3 /s ,
what will the normal depth y ?
(A) 20 m
(C) 2 m
FM 8.28
Water flows in a partially filled 1 m internal diameter circular channel made

of finished concrete (n = 0.012). For a flow depth of 0.25 m at the center with
bottom slope of 0.002, the flow rate is
(A) 1.59 m3/s
(C) 15.9 m3/s
FM 8.29
(B) 4 m
(D) 0.2 m
(B) 0.159 m3/s

(D) 0.0159 m3/s
A storm drain constructed of brickwork ^n = 0.015h has the cross section as

shown in figure below. If it laid on a slope of 1.5 m/km, the normal discharge

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FM 294
Demo Ebook
Page 294
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
when the water level passes through the center of the circle is
(A) 5.8 m3 /s
(C) 46 m3 /s
FM 8.30
In flood stage a natural channel often consists of a deep main channel plus
two flood plains as shown in figure below. If the channel has the slope 1 : 2640
everywhere and main channel with clean-earth ^n = . h and the sides are
heavy brush, what will be the total flow rate ?
(A) 650 m3 /s
(C) 345 m3 /s
FM 8.31
(B) 2.90 m3 /s
(D) 92 m3 /s
(B) 325 m3 /s
(D) 1000 m3 /s
Water flows in a partly full riveted-steel triangular duct ^n = .

figure below. If the critical depth is 50 cm, the critical slope is
(A) 0.00205
(C) 0.0410
h as shown in
(B) 0.0205
(D) 0.205
FM 8.32
Two identical channels, one of rectangular bottom width b and one circular
of diameter D with identical flow rates, bottom slopes and surface linings are
considered. For the flow height of b in rectangular channel and the half full
circular channel, the relation between b and D is
(A) b = .
D
(B) b = . D
(C) b = .
D
(D) b = .
D
FM 8.33
Water discharge uniformly at a rate of 12 m3/s upto a distance of 10 km through

a 2 m internal diameter circular steel (n = 0.012) drain. For the maximum depth
of 1.5 m, the required elevation drop is


FM 8
(A) 2.82 m
(C) 63.7 m
FM 8.34
Demo Ebook
Page 295
Open Channel Flow
FM 295
(B) 6.37 m
(D) 0.0637 m
Water flows in a equilateral triangular cross section channel as shown in figure.

For a given Manning coefficient n and channel slope, the depth that give the
maximum flow rate will be
(A) y = .
(C) y = .
h
h
(B) y = .
(D) y = .
h
h

Water is released from a 5 m deep reservoir into a 1 m wide finished concrete
channel (n = 0.012) of bottom slope of 0.23c through a sluice gate with free
outflow of depth ratio (y1 /a) = 10 . The water encounters a hydraulic jump.
Disregard the bottom slop when analyzing the hydraulic jump.(Cd = . )
FM 8.35
What
(A) y
(B) y
(C) y
(D) y
will be the flow depth, velocity and Froude number before the jump ?
= .
m, V = . m s, Fr = .
= .
m, V = . m s, Fr = .
= .
m, V = .
m s, Fr = .
= .
m, V = . m s, Fr = .

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FM 296
FM 8.36
Demo Ebook
Page 296
Open Channel Flow
The flow depth, velocity

(A) y =
m, V =
(B) y =
m, V =
(C) y =
m, V =
(D) y =
m, V =
FM 8
and Froude Number after the jump are

m s, Fr =
m s, Fr =
m s, Fr =
m s, Fr =

A bore is a hydraulic jump which propagates upstream into a slower moving
fluid as shown in figure below. The slower moving fluid is 4 m deep and the
water behind the bore is 6 m deep.
FM 8.37
What will be propagation speed of the bore ?

(A) 8.6 m/s
(B) 12.15 m/s
(C) 6.5 m/s
(D) 17.2 m/s
FM 8.38
The induced water velocity is

(A) 8.6 m/s
(C) 14.3 m/s
FM 8.39
Water flows in a rectangular channel with a velocity of V = m s . A gate at the

end of the channel is suddenly closed so that a wave (a moving hydraulic jump)
travels upstream with velocity Vw = m s as shown in figure. The depths ahead
of and behind the wave respectively, are
(A) 2.61 m , 1.96 m

(C) 0.653 m , 1.30 m
FM 8.40
(B) 5.72 m/s

(D) 2.87 m/s
(B) 0.653 m , 2.61 m

(D) 1.96 m, 3.26 m
Consider a uniform flow of water at 30 cm depth down a 1c unfinished-concrete

]n = . g slope when a hydraulic jump occurs, as shown in figure below. If the
channel is very wide, the water depth downstream of the jump will be
(A) 39 cm
(C) 91 cm
(B) 120 cm
(D) 65 cm


FM 8
FM 8.41
Page 297
Open Channel Flow
FM 297
Consider a triangular flume as shown in figure, is built to carry the flow rate vo
at a depth of 0.90 m . If the flume is to be able to carry up to twice its flow rate
vo = vo , what will be the freeboard length l ?
(A) 0.378 m
(C) 0.472 m
FM 8.42
Demo Ebook
(B) 0.283 m
(D) 0.236 m
For the triangular channel as shown in figure, what will be the angle for the
best hydraulic cross section (i.e. minimum area A for a given flow rate) ?
(A) 0c
(C) 180c
(B) 90c
(D) 45c
FM 8.43
The water depths upstream and downstream of a hydraulic jump are 0.3 and
1.2 m, respectively. If the channel is 50 m wide, the upstream velocity and the
power dissipated, respectively are
(A) 5.42 m/s, 401 kW
(B) 4.06 m/s, 301 kW
(C) 6.77 m/s, 502kW
(D) 2.71 m/s, 202 kW
FM 8.44
A flow through a wide channel undergoes a hydraulic jump from 40 cm to 140 cm

, the percent dissipation will be
(A) 50%
(B) 46%
(C) 25%
(D) 23%
FM 8.45
A hydraulic jump occurs at the base of a spillway of a dam as shown in figure. If

the spillway is 100 m wide, the head loss and power dissipated by the hydraulic
jump respectively, are
(A) 1.13 m, 9.36 MW

(C) 3.02 m , 25 MW
(B) 1.51 m , 12.5 MW

(D) 1.89 m , 15.65 MW

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FM 298
Demo Ebook
Page 298
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
FM 8.46
During a hydraulic jump in a 10 m wide channel, the flow depth increases from
0.5 m to 4 m. The water flows at a rate of 70 m3/s . What will be the mechanical
power wasted during this jump ?
(A) 4.35 kW
(B) 43.5 MW
(C) 43.5 kW
(D) 4.35 MW
FM 8.47
A hydraulic jump occurs in a wide horizontal channel at a flow depth of 0.35 m

and an average velocity of 12 m/s, the head loss associated with hydraulic jump is
(A) 1.972 m
(B) 9.13 m
(C) 4.56 m
(D) 0.271 m

Water flowing through a sluice gate undergoes a hydraulic jump as shown in
figure below. The velocity of water is 1.5 m/s before reaching the gate and 4 m/s
after the jump.
FM 8.48
The flow depths y and y respectively, are

(A) 8 m, 1.97 m
(B) 8 m, 4.97 m
(C) 1.97 m, 8 m
(D) 8 m, 2.44 m
FM 8.49
What will be the energy dissipation ratio of the jump ?

(A) 0.44
(B) 0.0119
(C) 0.59
(D) 0.55
FM 8.50
Consider a channel contraction section as shown in figure below, often called

a venturi flume. The losses are neglected and the flow is one-dimensional and
subcritical. If b1 = m , b = m , y1 = 1.9 m and y = 1.5 m , what will be the flow
rate ?


FM 8
(A) 97 m3 /s
(C) 0.97 m3 /s
FM 8.51
Demo Ebook
Page 299
Open Channel Flow
FM 299
(B) 9.9 m3 /s
(D) 4.95 m3 /s
A sluice gate is used to control the flow rate of water in a 5 m wide channel. For
flow depth of 1.0 m upstream and 0.50 m downstream from the gate, the flow rate
of water and downstream Froude number respectively, are
(A) 1.8 m3/s, 1.625

(C) 9 m3/s, 1.625
(B) 1.8 m3/s, 0.575

(D) 1.625 m3/s, 0.575
FM 8.52
Water flows in a 0.8 m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 0.25 m and discharge
at a rate of 0.7 m3/s . If the character of flow is to change, the specific energy and
the alternate flow depth of water respectively, are
(A) 0.874 m, 0.815 m
(B) 1.5 m, 0.815 m
(C) 0.0874 m, 8.15 m
(D) 1.5 m, 8.15 m
FM 8.53
Water flows in a 6 m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 0.55 m with a

specific energy of 1.224 m. What will be the alternate depth and critical depth
of the flow ?
(A) y2 = 0.7 2 m, yc = 1.0 m
(B) y2 = 1.0 m, yc = 0.7 2 m
(C) y2 = 0.55 m, yc = 0.7 2 m
(D) y2 = 1.0 m, yc = 0.55 m
FM 8.54
Water is flowing over a 42 cm high bump at a upstream velocity of 2.5 m/s in a

wide channel. If the flow depth is 1.2 m, will the flow be chocked over the bump ?
(A) No
(C) Remains same
FM 8.55
(B) Yes
(D) Not determined
Water flowing in a horizontal open channel with a velocity of 8 m/s and flow
depth of 1 m, encounters a 20 cm high bump. What will be the change in water
surface level over the bump ?
(A) Remains same
(B) Increase of 0.23 m
(C) Decrease of 0.23 m
(D) Increase of 0.03 m

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FM 300
FM 8.56
Page 300
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
A sharp crested triangular weir with a notch angle of 60c is constructed 0.5 m
above the bottom of a 3 m wide channel as shown in figure below. If the flow
depth upstream from the weir is 1.5 m, the flow rate of water through the channel
is (Take discharge coefficient Cd = . )
(A) 2.46 m3/s

(C) 0.818 m3/s
FM 8.57
Demo Ebook
(B) 2.26 m3/s

(D) 0.145 m3/s
A 100c notch angle sharp crested triangular weir is installed to measure the
discharge rate of water in a open-channel. If the notch angle of weir is reduced by
half, the percentage change in flow rate is (Assume the head of weir and discharge
coefficient remain unchanged)
(A) 39.1% reduction
(B) 60.9% reduction
(C) 39.1% increment
(D) No change
FM 8.58
Consider the water flow under a sluice gate with free outflow. The gate is raised
to a gap of 40 cm and the upstream flow depth is measured to be 2.4 m. The flow
depth and the downstream velocity per unit width are (Cd = . )
(A) y = .
m, V = . m s
(B) y = .
m, V = . m s
(C) y = . m, V = .
m s
(D) y = . m, V = . m s
FM 8.59
Water is flowing into a channel as shown in figure below under the sluice gate with
a 6 m wide and 0.5 m high opening at the bottom. If the flow depth upstream is
5 m and flow depth downstream from the gate is measured to be 2.5 m, the rate
of discharge through the gate is (Take discharge coefficient Cd = . )
(A) 13 m3/s
(C) 10 m3/s
(B) 3.76 m3/s

(D) 14.3 m3/s


FM 8
FM 8.60
Demo Ebook
Page 301
Open Channel Flow
FM 301
Water flows over a 4 m wide and 1.5 m high broad-crested weir as shown figure
below. The free-surface well upstream of the weir is at a height of 0.5 m above
the surface of the weir. The flow rate in the channel and the minimum depth of
the water above the weir block respectively, are
(A) 1.7 m3 /s , 0.416 m

(C) 1.36 m3 /s , 0.333 m
(B) 2.04 m3 /s , 0.250 m

(D) 1.02 m3 /s , 0.167 m
FM 8.61
A 1.1 m high sharp crested rectangular weir is used to measured the flow rate
of water in a 6 m wide rectangular channel. If the head above the weir crest is
0.60 m upstream from the weir, the flow rate of water is
(A) 18.35 m3 /s
(B) 2.174 m3 /s
(C) 5.33 m3 /s
(D) 8.234 m3 /s
FM 8.62
What will be the flow rate per unit width q , over a broad-crested weir that is
2.0 m tall and the head H is 0.50 m ?
(A) 0.0350 m3 /s
(B) 0.350 m2 /s
(C) 0.350 m3 /s
(D) 3.50 m2 /s
FM 8.63
Water flows over the rectangular sharp crested weir in a wide channel, which is
lined with unfinished concrete (n = .
) with a bottom slope of 2 m/300 m as
shown in figure. What will be the downstream depth and will it be possible to
produce a hydraulic jump in the channel downstream of the weir ?
(A) 0.415 m, Impossible

(C) 0.311 m , Impossible
(B) 0.311 m , Possible

(D) 0.415 m, Possible
***********

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FM 302
Demo Ebook
Page 302
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
SOLUTIONS
FM 8.1

The Reynolds number of the flow is
rVy
# # . = .
=
Re =
#
m
.
#
Which is greater than critical value of 500. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.
Now the Froude number is
Fr = V =
= .
gy
. # 0.
Which is greater than 1, therefore the flow is supercritical.
FM 8.2

0 = 0
y
#y
0 y
Fr = V =
gy
6 . 1 # y@ 1
o
V = v =
A
We have
Also
where y = depth
= .
y
For critical flow Fr = 1.

Thus
y = (6.39) 2/3 = 3.44 m
FM 8.3

Since flow is critical, then
Fr = V = 1
gy
V =1
gy
(5)
y =V =
g
. 1
y = yc = .55 m
Thus flow rate becomes
vo = VAc = V # b # y = 5 # 4 # 2.55 = 51 m3/s
FM 8.4

From continuity
vo = Vy = constant
or
FM 8.5
gy
V
gy1
Fr2 = V
= #
Fr1 V1 gy1 V1 # gy
o
y1
y
=V #
= v # o1 #
y
y
V1
v
y1
y
= b 1l
y
y

The hydraulic radius is
^pR h R
Ac
=
=
perimeter
pR
= 2 = 1m
2
Rh =
Circular channel is half full


FM 8
Demo Ebook
Page 303
Open Channel Flow
FM 303
When calculating the Froude number, the hydraulic radius should be used.
For non-rectangular channel hydraulic depth is defined as the ratio of the flow
area to top width.
pR 2
Ac
= 2 = pR = p # 2 = p = 1.570 m
yh =
2
4
4
2R
Top width
Now Froude number
.
Fr = V =
= .
gyh
. # .
Since Fr = 0.637 < 1, therefore the flow is subcritical.
FM 8.6
The flow area and average velocity are

2y
bb + b + tan q l
Ac =
#y
2
4 + 4 + (2 # 0.6/ tan 45c)
2
=
# 0.6 = 2.76 m
2
o
V = v =
m s
= .
.
Ac
Ac
.
.
Hydraulic depth y = yh =
= 0.5308 m
=
=
y
Top width
+ # .
b+
tan c
tan q
.
Then Froude number Fr1 = V =
= .
gyh
. # .
Since Fr > 1, therefore the flow is supercritical.
FM 8.7

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FM 304
Demo Ebook
Page 304
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
Since
c = gy
It follows that the tank depth is
=
y =c =
m
g
If the tank accelerates upward with acceleration a , the effective acceleration of
gravity is
geff = g + a =
+ =
m s
Thus
=
c = geff y =
m s
#
If the tank accelerates horizontally with acceleration a , the effective acceleration
is
geff =
Thus
In orbit
FM 8.8
g +a =
m s
c = 13.87 # 0.408 = 2.38 m/s

geff = 0 (weightless). So c =

The flow area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius of this channel are
Ac = b # y = # = m
perimeter = b + y = + # = m
and
Rh = Ac = = . m
p
Now from Manning equation, flow rate
vo = a Ac R h S
n
= 1 # 2 # (0.5) 2/3 # (0.0105) 1/2 = 10.76 m3/s
0.012
FM 8.9

The flow area, wetted perimeter and Hydraulic radius of the channel are
Flow area
Ac = 2h # h = 2 # 2 # 2 = 4 m2
2
2
Wetted perimeter
= 2# h
= 2# 2 = 4 2 m
sin 45c
sin 45c
Ac
Hydraulic Radius
= 4 = 1 = 0.7071 m
Rh =
perimeter 4 2
2
Hence, Discharge rate
vo = a Ac (Rh) # S
n
= 1 # 4 # (0.7071) 2/3 # (0.008727) 1/2
0.013
= 22.8 m3/s
FM 8.10

For a half-full channel, A = pR
The volume flow rate is
, perimeter = pR , Rh = R and b = R .
vo = VA = . # p R
= 3.4 # p # ]0.375g2 = 0.75 m3 /s
2
And
VC =
gh =
gAC
=
b
# 6p # ] .
.
= .

m s

FM 8
Demo Ebook
Page 305
Open Channel Flow
FM 305
So, from mannings formula

SC =
FM 8.11
]0.016g2 # ]1.7g2 = 0.0069

n2 VC2
=
]1g2 # R h4/3 ]1g2 # ]0.1875g 4/3
We denote the flow conditions for two separate channels by subscript 1 and the
conditions for the combined wide channel by subscript 2.
The Manning coefficient, channel slope and the flow area Ac remain constant, the
flow rate in case 2 can be expressed in terms of flow rate in case 1 as
2/3 1/2
2/3
perimeter1 2/3
vo2 = (a/n) Ac R h S 2 = Rh 2/3 = Ac /perimeter2
=
=
G
;
;
E
perimeter2 E
Rh
Ac /perimeter1
vo1
(a/n) Ac R h2/3 S 11/2
For condition 1:
2
perimeter1 = 6 # 5 = 30 cm
For condition 2:
perimeter 2 = 4 # 5 = 20 cm
Substituting these values, we get
vo2 = 30 2/3 = 1.31 (31% increase)
vo1 :20 D
FM 8.12

The hydraulic radius
A
= 3 # 1 = 0.6 m
perimeter 3 + 1 + 1
For finished concrete, flow rate (From Mannings formula)
vo1 = 1 AR h2 3 S 1 2 = 1 # 3 # ( . ) 2 3 # ( . 1 ) 1 2 = 6.65 m3/s
n
. 12
Rh =
Also for asphalt

vo2 = 1 AR h2 3 S 1 2 = 1 # 3 # ( . ) 2 3 # ( .
n
. 1
1 ) 1 2 = 5 m3/s
Percentage reduction
= 6.65 5 # 100 = 25%
6.65
FM 8.13

The flow area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius for this flow are
Ac = y # b = 3. m2
perimeter = 2y + b
y
Since
= 0.4 & y = 0.4b
b
From equation (i) and (ii),
...(i)
...(ii)
0.4 # b # b = 3.6
0.4b2 = 3.6
b2 = 3.6 = 9
0.4

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FM 306
Demo Ebook
Page 306
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
b = 3m
y = 0.4 # 3 = 1.2 m
and
Perimeter = 2 # 1.2 + 3 = 5.4 m
Ac
And hydraulic radius
= 3.6 = 0.6667 m
Rh =
perimeter 5.4
Thus the flow rate
vo = a Ac Rh
S
n
= 1 # 3.6 # (0.6667) 2/3 # (0.002) 1/2 = 6.14 m3/s
0.02
Hence, the critical depth is
o
yc = = v G = =
G = 0.753 m
gb
#] g
Since y > yc, the channel at these flow condition is classified as mild and the flow
is subcritical.
FM 8.14

From mannings equation, the flow rate
vo = a AR h S
n
a = , if S.I. units are used.
Without the center board

A = bb b l = b
And
and perimeter = b + b2 + b2 = 2b
b2
A
= 2 =b
Rh =
4
Perimeter 2b
vowithout = a # b # b b l S
n
With the centerboard vowith = 2vo2
Thus
Where
And
Thus
A = b b l and perimeter = b2 + b2 + b2 =
2
b 2
b2l
Rh =
=b
b
3b l 6
2
2
2/3
vowith = 2 a b b l b b l S 01/2
n 2 6
2
...(i)
...(ii)
3b
2
...(iii)
Dividing equation (iii) by (i) to obtain

2
2/3
2b b l # b b l
6
vowith = 2
= 0.763
2
vowithout
b
b 2/3
b 2 l#b4l
or
100 76.3 = 23.7% reduction
FM 8.15

After joining the three pipes, the net flow rate (vo) becomes
vo = 3vo1
Where
and vo = a A R h S
vo = a AR h S
n
n
With
n = n , S = S , A = pD .

..(i)

FM 8
Demo Ebook
Page 307
Open Channel Flow
FM 307
pD2
A
= 8
=D
Rh =
pD
4
Perimeter
2
p D2
1
A
1
and
= 8
= D1
Rh =
pD
4
Perimeter1
2 1
Thus from equation (i), we get
AR h = 3A1 R h21/3
D1 2/3
D2
D 2/3 = 3 p (D ) 2
#
#
1 #b
b
l
8
8
4 l
4
Hence
FM 8.16
= 3 (D1) 8/3 or D =

The flow area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius of channel are
Flow area
Ac = 1 # (10 + 5) # (2.2) = 16.5 m2
2
p = 5 + 2 # (2.2) 2 + (2.5) 2 = 11.66 m
Wetted perimeter
. = .
Rh = Ac =
m
p
.
Substituting the given parameters into Mannings equation
vo = a Ac R h S
n
And hydraulic radius
a = constant = 1 m1/3 /s , S = Slope

Thus
120 = 1 # 16.5 # (1.415) 2/3 # S 01/2
0.016
S 01 2 = 120 # 0.016 2/3
16.5 # (1.415)
S 0 = 0.008524
Therefore, the elevation drop z across a pipe length of L = 1 m must be
z = S 0 # L = 0.00 2 # 1000
= 8.52 m
Where
FM 8.17

The wave angle and depth give
Fr = 1 = 2.37
sin 25c
V = 2.37
or
c
V = 2.37 # c = 2.37 # gy
Fr = V
c
c=
gy
= 2.37 # 9.81 # 0.35 = 4.39 m/s

Flow rate per meter width
m3 /s
vo = V # y = . # 0. = 1.54
m
Hence
(1. ) 2 1
o2 1
v
yC = ; E = ;
g
. 1 E
o2 1
yC = e v2 o
bg
, 0.62 m = 62 cm
FM 8.18

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FM 308
Demo Ebook
Page 308
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
Average shear stress given by the relation

w = gRh S
Where
For a wide flat plate
FM 8.19
= 0.85 gH O = 0.85 # 9800 = 8330 N/m3

A = by and Perimeter = b
A
= y = 8 # 103 m
perimeter
So that
Rh =
and
Thus
S = sin 3c
w = 8330 # 8 # 103 # sin 3c = 3.49 N/m2
Flow rate
Where
a=
Also
vo = vo + vo = a A R h S + a A R h S
n
n
(for S.I. units), S = .
, n = .
, n = .
A = 1 # 1.0 # 3 = 1.50 m2
2
...(i)
Perimeter1 = 7]1.0g2 + ]3.0g2A = 3.16 m

A1
Rh =
= 1.50 = 0.475 m
Perimeter1 3.16
1/2
A = 3 # 1.5 = 4.5 m2 ,
Perimeter 2 = 0.5 + 3 + 1.5 = 5 m
A2
Rh =
= 4.5 = 0.90 m
5
Perimeter2
and
Hence from equation (i), we get

1
1.50 # (0.475) 2/3 # (0.002) 1/2
0.025 #
+ 1 # 4.5 # (0.90) 2/3 # (0.002) 1/2
0.012
vo - 17.3 m3/s
vo =
or
FM 8.20

From Mannings equation
Where flow area

Hydraulic Radius
vo = a Ac ^Rh h S
n
5 + 5 + ^2 # 0.69h
2
Ac =
# 0.69 = 3.92 m
2
Ac
3.92
Rh =
=
= 0.565 m
perimeter 5 + 2 # 0.69
sin 45c
a = 1 m1/3 /s
n = 0.014 for unfinished surface
vo = 25 m3/s
Substitute these numerical values in equation (i),
Manning coefficient

...(i)

FM 8
Demo Ebook
Page 309
Open Channel Flow
FM 309
1
3.92 # (0.565) 2/3 # S 01/2
0.014 #
25 # 0.014
S =
3.92 # (0.565) 2/3
2
S = ; 25 # 0.014 2/3 E = 0.01706
3.92 # (0.565)
S = tan q = 0.01706
= tan1 (0.01706) = 0.98 , 1c
25 =
Since
FM 8.21

The geometry leads to these values
And
So that
A = by + y cot q
= 5 # 3.2 + (3.2) 2 cot 40c = 28.2 m2
perimeter = b + y cosec q
= 5 + 2 # 3.2 # cosec 40c = 14.96 m
A
Rh =
= 28.2 = 1.885 m
perimeter 14.96
Then flow rate
vo =
60 =
or
FM 8.22
AR h S
1
28.2 # ^1.885h2/3 # S 01/2
0.014 #
S = 0.00038 m/m = 0.38 m/km

2y
y
Ac = 1 # bb + b +
2
tan 30c l #
2
= 1 # b4 + 4 + 2 #
2 = 14.93 m2
2
tan 30c l #
y
Wetted perimeter = b +
= + # = m
sin c
sin c
Ac
Hydraulic radius
= 14.93 = 1.244 m
Rh =
12
perimeter
Flow area
Bottom slope
Hence the flow rate
tan = tan (0.057) = 0.001

vo = a Ac R h S
n
= 1 # 14.93 # (1.244) 2/3 # (0.001) 1/2
0.015
= 36.4 m3/s
FM 8.23
The flow area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius of the channel are
b + b + 2y
1.5 + 1.5 + 2 # 1 1 = 2.5 m2
Ac =
#y =
#
2
2

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FM 310
Demo Ebook
Page 310
Open Channel Flow
perimeter = b +
y +y =
FM 8
+ # ] g +] g =
Ac
= 2.5 = 0.5776 m
perimeter 4.328
From Mannings equation
vo = a Ac R h S
n
10 = 1 # 2.5 # (0.5776) 2/3 # S 01/2
0.022
Rh =
S 0 = 0.0161
Therefore the elevation drop z across a pipe length of L =
m is
z = S 0 L = 0.0161 # 2000 = 32.2 m
FM 8.24

From mannings equation, the flow rate is
...(i)
vo = a AR h S 01
n
Let subscript t and r denotes the triangle cross-section and the rectangular crosssection respectively.
We have
vor = vot = 2 m3 /s , S 0r = S 0t = 10 and nr = nt
00
So that equation (i) becomes
A
where Rh =
Ar R hr = At R ht
erimeter
Thus
Ar = 2y r2 , Perimeterr = 4yr
So that
Also
So that
...(ii)
2y r2 1
= yr
2
4yr
At = 1 (2yt) yt = y t2 , Perimetert = 2 ( 2 yt)
2
y
Rht = t
2 2
Rhr =
Thus from equation (ii),

2/3
2y r2 b 1 yr l = y t c 1 yt m ,
2
1.26 y r8/3 = 0.5 y t8/3
yr = 0.707yt
The amount of wood is proportional to the wetted perimeter.
Since
Perimetert = 2 2 yt = 2 2 yt = 1.00
4yr
4 # 0.707yt
Perimeterr
The triangle requires the same amount of wood as the rectangle.

FM 8.25

The channel involves two parts with different roughness and thus it is appropriate


FM 8
Demo Ebook
Page 311
Open Channel Flow
FM 311
to divide the channel into two subsections.

For subsection 1.
Ac = 3 # 2 = 6 m2
perimeter1 = 3 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 6 m
Ac
Rh =
= 6 = 1m
perimeter1 6
1
Ac = 10 # 1 = 10 m2
perimeter2 = 10 + 1 = 11 m
Ac
Rh =
= 10 = 0.909 m
perimeter 2 11
Applying the Manning equation to each subsection, the total flow rate through
the channel becomes
vototal = vo1 + vo
= a # Ac R h S 1 + a # Ac R h S 1
n1
n
2
= a #=
Ac # R h
A
R
+ c # h G # S1
n1
n
1
6 (1) 2/3 10 # (0.909) 2/3

= 1 #; #
+
E # (0.00873) 1/2
0.020
0.050
= 45.56 m3 /s
FM 8.26

For entire channel
Ac = Ac + Ac = 1 + = 1 m
perimeter = perimeter1 + perimeter 2 = 6 + 11 = 17 m
Ac
Rh =
= 16 = 0.941 m
perimeter 17
1
Hence, the effective Manning coefficient for entire channel

a A
R
S1
neff = # c # o h #
v
1 16 (0.941) 2/3 # (0.00873) 1/2
= # #
= 0.0315
45.56
FM 8.27

For a V-channel
A = y cot q = y cot
perimeter = 2y cosec q
2
and
Thus
or
y
y
A
= cos q = cos 45c
2 2
perimeter 2
vo = 1 AR h S 1
n
1/2
2/3
y
11.35 = 1 # y 2 cot 45c # a cos 45ck # b 1 l
2
0.014
400
Rh =
11.35 = 1.7857 y 8/3

y
= 11.35 = 6.356
1.7857

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FM 312
Page 312
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
y = ]6.356g 3/8 , 2.0 m
or
FM 8.28
Demo Ebook
From geometric considerations

cos =
Ry
= . .
.
R
= .
= cos1 (0.5) = 60c or 60 # p = p radians

180
3
Ac = R (q sin q cos q)
Flow area
= (0.5) 2 9 p sin a p k cos a p kC = 0.1535 m2

3
3
3
R (q sin q cos q)
Rh = Ac =
= q sin q cos q # R
p
Rq
2q
p sin p cos p
3
3 # 0.5 = 0.1466 m
= 3
p
2#
3
Thus the flow rate can be
vo = a Ac R h S
n
= 1 # (0.1535) # (0.1466) 2/3 # (0.002) 1/2
0.012
Hydraulic radius
= 0.159 m3 /s
FM 8.29

The section properties are
A = p R2 + R2 = R2 a1 + p k
4
4
= 12 # a1 + p k = 1.785 m2
4
perimeter = 1 # 2pR + 1 + 1
4
= 1 # 2p # 1 + 1 + 1 = 3.57 m
4
A
So
Rh =
= 1.785 = 0.5 m and S =
perimeter
3.57
Hence
vo =
=
= .
AR h S
1
1.785 # ]0.5g2/3 # ]0.0015g1/2
0.015 #
= 2.90 m3 /s

m m

FM 8
FM 8.30
Demo Ebook
Page 313
Open Channel Flow
FM 313

We compute the flow rate in three pieces with the dashed lines in the figure above
serving as water walls which are not counted as part of the perimeter.
...(i)
vototal = vo + vo
For
So
vo =
A Rh S
n #
A = ^y + y h # b = ^ + . h # =
m
Rh = 132 = 5.077 m
^6 + 20h
1/2
vo = 1 # 132 # ]5.077g2/3 # b 1 l = 344.95 m3 /s
0.022
2640
, 345 m3 /s
For
vo =
A Rh S
n #
A = b # y = 150 # 3.6 = 540 m2

Rh =
So
Thus
vo =
vototal
A
=
. +
y +b
= .
1/2
1
540 # ]3.52g2/3 # b 1 l
#
2640
0.075
= 324.26 m3 /s , 325 m3 /s
= vo + vo
= 345 + 2 # 325
= 995 , 1000 m3 /s
FM 8.31

The cross-section properties are
yC = 0.5 m
h yC
.
= .
b =
.
h
And
Since
or
or
h=
] g ] . g = .
= 0.423 m
AC = 1 # ^0.423 + 1h # 0.5 = 0.356 m2
2
gAC
b
o
g A
g A
VC = # C or v = # C
b
b
AC
) # .
A
g ( .
vo = C # =
.
b
vo = 1.046 m3 /s
VC =
perimeter = 1 + 0.577 + 0.577 = 2.15 m

Rh =
o
VC = v
AC
0.5 = 0.577
sin 60c
A
= 0.356 = 0.165 m
2.15
perimeter
Now the critical slope, from the Mannings formula is

( .
) # . # .
n
g A
SC = # # C =
.
#] . g
b Rh
, 0.0205

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FM 314
FM 8.32
Demo Ebook
Page 314
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
For Rectangular channel

Ac = b
Rh =
perimeter = 3b
2
Ac
= b =b
perimeter 3b 3
vorect. = a Ac # R h S
n
Flow rate
= a b # bb l
n
#S
]b g
=aS #
n
] g
For circular channel flowing half-full
2
Ac = pD , perimeter = pD
8
2
Ac
Rh =
=D
perimeter
4
vocir. = a # Ac R h S
n
and flow rate
= a # pD # b D l # S
n
= a S # pD
n
#
Setting the flow rates in the flow channels are equal, we get
vocir. = vorect.
a
S
n#
FM 8.33
D
= a #S # b
n
]
g
] g
#
8/3
8/3
D
= b 2/3
8 # ]4g2/3
]3g
3/8
b = p # ]3g2/3
= 0.655
=
D
8 # ]4g2/3 G
b = 0.655D
From geometrical consideration


FM 8
Demo Ebook
Page 315
Open Channel Flow
FM 315
cos =
and
Flow area
yR
=
R
= cos1 (0.5) = 60c = 60 # p = p radian

180
3
= p f = p p = 2p = 120c
3
3
Ac = R q n q o q
= ]1g2 :2p sin 2p # cos 2p D = 2.527 m2

3
3
3
2p sin 2p cos 2p
A
q
q
q
sin
cos
3
3 #1
c
=
Rh =
#R = 3
p
2
perimeter
2q
2#
3
= 0.6034 m
Substituting the given values in Mannings equation, we get
vo = a Ac R h S
n
12 = 1 # 2.527 # (0.6034) 2/3 # (S 0) 1/2
0.012
2
12 # 0.012
S =;
2/3 E = 0.00637
1 # 2.527 # (0.6034)
Therefore, the elevation drop z across a pipe length must be
z = S L =
= 63.7 m
FM 8.34
#1
Flow rate
vo = a AR h2 S 1 2
n
From figure
l =
Area
or
and
Thus
Therefore
Perimeter
Rh
vo
2h , b = 2 (h y) , l = y
tan 60c
tan c s sin c
1 [h2 (h y) 2]
= 1 lh 1 b (h y) =
2
2
tan 60c
1 [2hy y2]
=
tan 60c
y
= l + 2ls = 2 b h
+
tan c sin c l
2hy y2
A
=
=
y
Perimeter
2 ah +
cos 60c k
2
2hy y 2
a
1
2
(2hy y )
= #
S1 2
n
y
tan c
>2ah +
H
cos c k

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FM 316
Demo Ebook
Page 316
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
o
For the maximum flow rate dv = , which is equivalent to dF = , where
dy
dy
(2hy y2) 5/3
(y + h cos 60c) 2/3
By differentiation and simplification this gives
F y /
5 (y + h cos 60c) (h y) (2hy y 2) = 0

or
4y 2 + (5h cos 60c 3h) y 5h2 cos 60c = 0
Which can be written as
y 2
y
8a k a k 5 = 0
h
h
1 ! 1 + 4 (8 # 5)
y
=
= 0.731 or + 0.856
16
h
The negative root has no physical meaning.
Thus
y = 0.856h
So that
FM 8.35

For depth ratio of 10 and the discharge coefficient for underflow is Cd = 0.
discharge rate through the slice gate
vo = Cd ba gy1
y1
Since
= 10
a
y
a = 1 = 5 = 0.5
10 10
Thus
FM 8.36
, the
vo = 0.58 # 1 # 0.5 # 2 # 9.81 # 5 = 2.872 m3 /s
For wide channels, hydraulic radius is the flow depth Rh = y . Then from
Mannings equation
vo = a # Ac R h S 01
n
2.872 = 1 # (b # y2) # (y2) 2/3 # [tan (0.23c)] 1/2
0.012
2.872 = 1 # 1 # y2 # y22/3 # (0.004) 1/2
0.012
= 0.545
y2 = 2.872 # 0.012
1 # (0.004) 1/2
y2 = (0.545) 3/5 = 0.6947 m
Now, flow velocity and Froude number before the jump are
o
2.872
V2 = v =
= .1 m s
7
by2 1 # 0.
.1
Fr2 = V2 =
= 1. 8
gy2
.81 # 0.
7
For after the jump condition, flow depth
y = 0.5y2 ( 1 + 1 + 8Fr22 )
= 0.5 # 0.6947 # ( 1 + 1 + 8 # (1.584) 2 = 1.25 m
y
7
Velocity
.1 = 2.3 m/s
V = 2 # V2 = 0.
y
1. 2 #
2. 0
Froude Number Fr 3 = V =
= 0. 7
gy
.81 # 1.2


FM 8
FM 8.37
Thus
Open Channel Flow
FM 317
3 = 1 + 8Fr 12 1
16 = 1 + 8Fr 12
Fr1 = 1.37
V = Fr1 # gy1 = 1.37 # 9.81 # 4 = 8.58 m/s , 8.6 m/s

The bore moves at speed V and induced a velocity V behind it. If viewed in a
frame fixed to the wave as above, the downstream V = V DV .
Vy
Since
V =
= . # = . m s
y
Thus
FM 8.39
Page 317

With the Jump-height ratio
y
= 1 6 1 + 8Fr 12 1@
y
2
6 =1
or
1 + 8Fr 12 1@
2 #6
4
or
FM 8.38
Demo Ebook
V = V V = 8.6 5.73 = 2.87 m/s

For an observer moving to the left with speed Vw = m s the flow appears as
shown below.
Thus treat as a jump with V = m s , V = m s

Since
AV =A V
y
or
=V = =
y
V
From the depth ratio
y
= 1 6 1 + 1 + 8Fr 12 @ = 4
y
2
Fr1 = 3.16
Fr1 = V1 1/2
(gy1)
( )
y = V =
= .
gFr
. #( . )
y = 4y1 = 4 # 0.653 = 2.61 m
However
So that
and
FM 8.40

The upstream velocity is
V =
And
R S
n# h
= 1 # ]0.3g2/3 # ]tan 1cg1/2 = 4.23 m/s
0.014
.
Fr1 = V =
, .
gy
. # .

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FM 318
Demo Ebook
Page 318
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
So from jump-height ratio

y
= 1 6 1 + 8Fr 12 1@ = 1 # 8 1 + 8 (2.465) 2 1B , 3.02
y
2
2
or
FM 8.41
y = 0.3 # 3.02 , 0.91 m = 91 cm

Using the subscript 0 for the design conditions and 2 for denote conditions.
We have
vo = 2vo0
Flow rate
vo = a A R h S where a =
n
A = 2 :1 # 0.9 # 0.9D = 0.81 m2
2
and
perimeter 0 = 2 [ (0.9) 2 + (0.9) 2 ] = 2.55 m

A0
Rh =
= 0.81 = 0.318 m
perimeter 0 2.55
Hence
vo =
or
vo
Also
vo
Where
A =y
.
#( .
n #
.
S
=
n
= a A Rh S
n
S
...(i)
and perimeter 2 = 2 2 y2
y 22
A2
=
= 0.354y2
perimeter 2 2 2 y2
Hence with n = n and S = S
Rh =
vo =
y
( .
n # #
.
vo =
or
S
n
y)
#S
..(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii) with vo = vo , we obtain

or
However
0.500y 28/3 = 2 # 0.377

y = 1.167 m
y . = l sin c
l =
So that
FM 8.42
y2 0.9 1.167 0.9

=
= 0.378 m
sin 45c
sin 45c

Flow rate
vo = a AR h S
n
or with a , n , S constant
dvo = aS ;R dA + A b l R dRh E
h
h
n
dq
dq
d
o
Thus for a given flow rate dv = and for the minimum area dA =
d
d
equation (i) gives
dRh = 0
d
A
Also
Rh =
perimeter

...(i)

FM 8
Since
Page 319
Open Channel Flow
FM 319
A = 1 b # (l cos q) and perimeter = 2l

2
where
or
Demo Ebook
b # l cos q 1
= b cos q
4
2l
it follows that
sin = b or l = b
2l
in q
A = 1 b b b cos q l
2 2 sin q
Rh =
1
2
..(ii)
or
b = 2 A # tan q
Thus equation (ii) becomes
Rh = cos q (2 A # tan q ) = 1 A (sin q cos q) 1/2
2
4
dRh = 1 (sin q cos q) 1/2 1 A1/2 dA
So that
#2
2
d
dq
With dA =
d
+ 1 A # b 1 l (sin q cos q) 1/2 (cos2 q sin2 q)

2
2
(i.e. minimum area), dRh = when cos2 - sin2 = 0
d
= 45c
i.e. the best hydraulic cross-section occurs with a right angle triangle.
or
FM 8.43

The depth- ratio across a hydraulic jump is given by the relation
y
= 1 6 1 + 1 + 8Fr 12 @
y
2
1.2 = 1 7 1 + 1 + 8Fr 2 A
1
0.3
2
(9) 2 = 1 + 8Fr 12 or Fr1 = 3.16
Since
Fr1 = V1 1/2
(gy1)
V = 3.16 # 69.81 # 0.3@ 1/2 = 5.42 m/s
The power dissipated is given by
oL
P = gvh
Where dimension less head loss
hL = 1 y2 + Fr 12 1 y1 2
b y2 l E
y1
2 ;
y
or
and
Thus
FM 8.44
2
(3.16) 2
hL = (0.3) =1 1.2 +
1 b 0.3 l 1G = 0.504 m
'
0.3
2
1.2
vo = A V = y bV = . # # . = . m s
P = 9.8 # 81.3 # 0.504 = 401 kN m/s
= 401 kW

With the jump height ratio
y
= 1 6 1 + 8Fr 12 1@
2
y
140 = 1
1 + 8Fr 12 1@
2 #6
40
7 =
1 + 8Fr 12 1

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FM 320
Demo Ebook
Page 320
Open Channel Flow
or
8 = 1 + 8Fr 12
64 = 1 + 8Fr 12
Fr 12 = 63 = 7.875
8
or
Fr1 , 2.81
Since
FM 8
V = Fr1 gy1 = 2.81 # 9.81 # 0.4 = 5.56 m/s
+
=
m
E = y +V =
g
#
^y2 y1h3
]1.4 0.4g 3
Thus
hf =
= 0.45 m
=
4y1 y2
4 # 0. 4 # 1. 4
Therefore percentage dissipation
h
= f =
, 23%
E
And
FM 8.45

From the depth ratio
y
=
y
3.6 =
0.9
or
But
Thus
And
1 7 1 + 1 + 8Fr 2 A
1
2
1 7 1 + 1 + 8Fr 2 A
1
2
Fr1 = 3.16
Fr1 = V
gy
V = 3.16 59.81 # 0.9? 1/2 = 9.39 m/s
vo = A V = by V =
# . # .
y
y
hL = y = + Fr ' b l 1G
y
y
= (0.9) =1 3.6 +
0.9
The power dissipated is given by
oL
P = gvh
= 845 m3/s
2
(3.16) 2
1 b 0.9 l 1G = 1.51 m
'
2
3.6
= 9.80 # 845 # 1.51 = 12500 kN m/s

= 12500 kW = 12.5 MW
FM 8.46

The average velocities before and after the jump are
o
V = v =
= m s
b#y
# .
o
V = v =
= . m s
b#y
#
Head loss
( ) ( .
hL = y y + V V = ( . ) ( ) +
g
# .
= 6.33 m
The mass flow rate of water is
o = rvo =
m
g s
# =
Then the dissipated mechanical power becomes
o # hL = 70000 # 9.81 # 6.33
Pmechanicl = mg
= 4346811 W - 4.35 MW


FM 8
FM 8.47
Demo Ebook
Page 321
Open Channel Flow
FM 321
Froude number before the hydraulic jump is

Fr1 = V =
= .
gy
. # .
Fr1 > 1, therefore the flow is supercritical before the jump. The flow depth after
the jump is
y = 0.5y1 8 1 + 1 + 8Fr 2 B
1
= 0.5 # 0.35 # 8 1 + 1 + 8 # (6.476) 2 B

= 3.035 m
Vy =Vy
y
V =V
= # .
= .
y
.
Now from the energy equation, head loss is
2
2
hL = (y1 y2) + V 1 V 2
2g
(0.35 3.035) +
m s
(12) 2 (1.384) 2
2 # 9.81
hL = 2.685 + 7.242 = 4.56 m

FM 8.48

Flow depth before the sluice gate is
y =V #y =
= m
. #
V
Now Froude number after the jump
Fr 3 = V =
= .
gy
. #
Then flow depth y is
y = 0.5y 3 [ 1 + 1 + 8Fr 32 ]
= 0.5 # 3 # 8 1 + 1 + 8 # (0.7373) 2 B
= 1.97 m
FM 8.49

Energy dissipation ratio is defined as the ratio of head loss to the energy dissipated.
Dissipation ratio = hL
...(i)
Es
Now, velocity before the jump
y
V = #V =
= 6.092 m/s
y
. #
Head loss due to jump

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FM 322
Demo Ebook
Page 322
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
hL = y y + V V =
g
= 0.0460 m
Specific energy before the jump is
Es = y + V =
+
g
#
Substituting values in equation (i), we get
Dissipation ratio = hL =
= 0.0119
Es
FM 8.50
g =

Applying the Continuity and Energy equations to eliminate V
Continuity :
vo = V y b = V y b
Energy:
E = y +V = y +V
g
g
...(i)
...(ii)
Combining equation (i) and (ii) to eliminate V .

V = 2g (y1 y2) + V 12
= 2g (y1 y2) + V 22 # c
y2 b2 2
y1 b 1 m
from eq. (i)
yb
= 2g (y1 y2)
V = c
y b mG
V1
R
2g ^y1 y2h W 2
S
V =S
y2 b2 2 W
SS )1 c y1 b1 m 3 WW
X
T
g ^y y h
or
vo = V y b = >
H
"b y b y ,
Substitute values, we get
vo = =
FM 8.51
2
2 # 9.81 # ]1.9 1.5g
3
2
2
2 G , 9.9 m /s
2
2
1
.
5
3
1
.
9
] g #] g
] g #] g
1

When frictional effects are negligible and the flow section is horizontal, the specific
energy remains constant.
Es = Es
y +V = y +V
g
g
vo
vo
=y +
y +
g # (b # y )
g # (b # y )
vo2
vo2
=
+
1+
0.5
2 # 9.81 # (5 # 1) 2
2 # 9.81 # (5 # 0.5) 2
0.5 = 0.006114vo2
vo = 9.0 m3/s
Hence, the downstream velocity and Froude number are
o
V = v =
= . m s
b#y
# .
.
and
Fr2 = V =
gy
. # .
= 1.625
o
V= v
by


FM 8
FM 8.52
Demo Ebook
Page 323
Open Channel Flow
FM 323
The specific energy of water is to be

Es = y + V
g
where
y = flow depth = 0.25 m

V = Velocity of water =
Discharg e
0.7
= 3.5 m/s
=
0.25 # 0.8
Ac
(3.5) 2
= 0.874 m
2 # 9.81
Now alternate depth y is to be determined by
( . )
o
Es = y + v
=y +
gb y
# . # . #y
0.874 = y + 0.0
y
Solving above equation y = 0.815 m
There are three roots of this equation. One for subcritical (y = 0.815), one for
supercritical (y = 0.25 m) and third one as a Negative root. Therefore, if the
character of flow is changed from supercritical to subcritical while holding specific
energy constant, the flow depth will rise from 0.25 m to 0.815 m.
Thus
FM 8.53
Es = 0.25 +

Specific energy of flow is to be
Es = y + V
g
V2 = E y
s
2g
V =
2g (Es y) =
= 3.636 m/s
Now, the flow rate becomes
vo = V # b # y = .
Alternate depth is determined from Es = Es
Es = y +
2 # 9.81 # (1.224 0.55)
# # 0.
m s
vo
gb y
( )
# .8 #
2
1.224y 2 = y + 0. 04
y . 4y + 0. 04 = 0
By solving above equation
1.224 = y +
= y + 0. 04
y
#y
y = 1.03 m
Now the critical depth of flow

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FM 324
Demo Ebook
Open Channel Flow
o
yc = e v o
gb
FM 8.54
Page 324
==
FM 8
] g
G
#] g
= 0.742 m

The upstream Froude number and critical depth are
.
Fr1 = V =
= .
gy
. # .
(V by )
o
y V
and
yc = = v G = =
G =; g E
gb
gb
]1.2g2 # ]2.5g2 1/3
=;
E = 0.972 m
9.81
Since Fr11, the flow is subcritical and the flow depth decreases over the bump.
The upstream over the bump and critical specific energies are
( . )
= . m
Es = y + V = ( . ) +
g
# .
Es = Es Dzb = .
= .
Ec = 3 # yc = 3 # 0.972 = 1.46 m
2
2
It is show that Es < Ec . That is specific energy of the fluid decreases below
the level of energy at the critical point, which is minimum energy and this is
impossible. Therefore, the flow at specified conditions cannot exist. The flow is
choked.
FM 8.55
The upstream Froude number and the critical depth are

Fr1 = V =
= .
gy
. #
(V by )
o
V y
] g #] g
yc = = v G = =
E
G =; g E =;
.
gb
gb
= 1.868 m
Since Fr1 > 1, the upstream flow is supercritical and flow depth increases over
the bump.
The upstream, over the bump and critical specific energies are
] g
Es = y + V = +
g
# .
= .
Es = Es Dzb = .
= .
Ec = 3 # yc = 3 # 1.868 = 2.802 m
2
2
The flow depth (y2) over the bump is determined from
y (Es Dzb) y + V y = 0
g


FM 8
Demo Ebook
Page 325
Open Channel Flow
FM 325
y Es y + V y = 0
g
y
#y +
] g
#] g = 0
=0
y
y +
By solving above equation, the physically meaningful root of this equation is
determined to be y = 1.03 m
Therefore, there is a rise of
y y + Dzb = 1.03 1 + 0.2 = 0.23 m
FM 8.56

The discharge rate of water through the channel is
vo = 8 Cd # 2g tan b q l # H 5/2
15
2
Where
Thus
H = Heigh f weir = 1.5 0.5 = 1 m

vo = 8 # 0.60 # 2 # 9.81 # tan b 60c l # ]1g5/2
15
2
= 0.818 m3 /s
FM 8.57

The discharge rate through the triangular weir is
vo = 8 # Cd # tan b q l # 2g # H 5/2
15
2
For constant Cd and H , discharge depends on tan b l
2
Therefore
vo
= k # tan b
k = constant = 8 Cd # 2g # H 5/2
15
Where
and
vo
= k # tan b
50c
vo c = tan _ 2 i = 0.4663 = 0.391
vo c
tan _ 1002 c i 1.1917
When the notch angle is reduced by half, the discharge rate drops to 39.1% of
original level. There for percent change in the discharge is
Percent Reduction = 1 0.391 = 0.609 = 60.9%
Then
FM 8.58
The discharge rate per unit width

vo = Cd ab gy = 0.57 # 0.4 # 1 # 2 # 9.81 # 2.4 = 1.56 m3 /s
When the frictional effects are negligible in horizontal flow, the specific energy

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FM 326
Demo Ebook
Page 326
Open Channel Flow
FM 8
remains constant.
Es = Es
Since
and
vo
g b#y
vo
Es = y +
g b#y
Es = y +
= . +
# .
.
#
# .
= 2.421 m
= .
.
# . # #y
Solving above equation y = 0.238 m for flow depth as the physically meaningful
root (positive and less than 2.4 m).
o
o
.
And downstream velocity
V = v = v =
= 6.55 m/s
Ac by
# .
Thus
FM 8.59
2.421 = y +

The depth ratio y a and the contraction coefficient y a for this flow are
y
y
= . =
= 5 = 10 and
a
0.5
a
.
The discharge coefficient corresponding to these values of (y1 /a) and (y2 /a) is
determined from a experimental graph between Cd and (y1 /a, y2 /a) is Cd = . .
Then the discharge rate becomes
vo = Cd ba gy = . # # . #
# . #
= 14.3 m3/s
FM 8.60

For broad- crested weir, the flow rate is given by the relation
vo = Cwb b g b l
And
where Cwb = Broad crested weir coefficient
0.65 =
0.65
1/2 = 0.563
H 1/2
_1 + 10..55 i
_1 + H i
3/2
vo = 0.563 # 4 # (9.81) 1/2 # b 2 l # (0.5) 3/2 = 1.36 m3/s
3
y min = yc = H = 2 # 0.5 = 0.333 m
3
Cwb =
Thus
and
FM 8.61
The flow rate measure by a rectangular weir is given by

vo = 2 # Cd # 2g # b # H 3/2
3
And
Cd = 0.598 + 0.0897 # H
Hw
= 0.598 + 0.0897 # 0.60 = 0.6469
1. 1
...(i)
Hw = heigh of weir


FM 8
Demo Ebook
Page 327
Open Channel Flow
FM 327
The condition H Hw < is satisfied. Since 0.60/1.1 = 0.55, then the water flow
rate through the channel
vo = 2 # 0.6469 # 2 # 9.81 # 6 # (0.6) 3/2 = 5.33 m3 /s
3
FM 8.62

# g #b l # H
H
+
b
Hw l
H = 0.5 m and Hw = .
o
q =v =
b
We have
Substitute
0.65
2 3/2 (0.5) 3/2
1/2
(9.81)
b
#
#
1/2
3l #
b1 + 20..05 l
= 0.350 m2/s
q =
Thus
FM 8.63

For rectangular sharp crested weir, flow rate is
vo = 2 Cwr 2g bH 3/2 where Cwr = rectangular weir coefficient
3
And
Cwr = 0.611 + 0.075 b H l
Hw
Thus
H = 3 2.2 = 0.8 m and Hw = .

vo = 2 ;0.611 + 0.075 # b 0.8 lE # 62 # 9.81@ 1/2 b (0.8) 3/2
3
2.2
= 1.349b m3/s
o
o
b= .
V = v = v = .
y
by
by
A
For uniform flow (From mannings formula)
where a =
vo = a AR h S
n
S = 2 = 0.00667
300
...(i)
Also for a wide channel

A = by
So that
and perimeter1 = 2y1 + b

by1
A1
=
. y1 if b >> y
Rh =
perimeter1 (2y1 + b)
Thus with n = .
vo = 1.349b =
1
by
(y ) 2/3 (0.00667) 1/2
0.014 # 1 # 1 #
or
y = 0.415 m
Now from equation (i),
V = 1.349 = 3.25 m/s
0.415
.
So that
Fr1 = V =
= 1.61
gy
6. # . @
Since Fr1 > 1, it is possible to produce a jump.
***********

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FM 9
TURBO MACHINERY
FM 9.1
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below
List-I
1.
Dynamic pump
Q. Fans
2.
Positive-Displacement turbine
R. Water-meters
3.
Positive-Displacement Pump
S.
4.
Dynamic turbine
P.
Wind mills
Heart
Codes :
P
(A) 2
(B)
1
(C)
4
(D) 3
FM 9.2
List-II
Q
3
4
1
2
R
4
3
2
1
S
1
2
3
4
Match List I (Machines) with List II (Features) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below :
List-I
List-II
P.
Steam Engine
1.
Velocity compounding
Q.
Impulse turbine
2.
Diagram factor
R.
Reaction turbine
3.
Continuous pressure drop.
S.
Centrifugal compressor
4.
Isentropic efficiency
Codes
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
P
3
2
2
3
Q
4
1
4
1
R
2
3
3
2
S
1
4
1
4
FM 9.3
A water pump increases the pressure of the water passing through it. The flow is
assumed to be incompressible. If outer diameter (Dout) is less than inlet diameter
(Din), how will average water speeds Vout and Vin change across the pump ?
(A) Vout = Vin
(B) Vout 1Vin
(C) Vout 2Vin
(D) None of these
FM 9.4
For each statement about centrifugal pump,

(1) A centrifugal pump with radial blades has higher efficiency than the same
pump with backward-inclined blades.
(2) At the pumps shutoff head, the pump efficiency is zero.
(3) A centrifugal pump with forward-inclined blades is a good choice when
one needs to provide a large pressure rise over a wide range of volume flow

FM 9
Demo Ebook
Page 329
Turbo Machinery
FM 329
rates.
(4) At pumps free delivery, the pump efficiency is zero.
Which of the above is/are TRUE ?
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 and 4
(D) 2, 3 and 4
FM 9.5
Water at 20cC is delivered by a pump with 1500 L/min against a pressure rise of
270 kN/m2 . The driving motor supplies 9 kW of power. If the change in kinetic
and potential energies are negligible, the overall efficiency of the pump is
(A) 68%
(B) 50%
(C) 71%
(D) 75%
FM 9.6
A pump delivers 18.0 L/ min. of water at a net head of 1.6 m at its best efficiency
point. If the maximum pump efficiency is 70% , the power (bhp) required to run
the pump is
(A) 403 W
(B) 6.72 W
(C) 3.3 W
(D) 197 W
FM 9.7
A centrifugal pump delivers 125 m3/h of water at 20cC when the brake horsepower
is 22 and the efficiency is 71% . The pressure rise in kPa, is
(A) 345
(B) 333
(C) 405
(D) 33.3
FM 9.8
Consider a pump runs at 880 rpm to deliver water at 20cC with 35 m3/ min of
flow rate through the system as shown in figure below. If the pipe has 20 cm
diameter and is made of commercial steel (f = 0.0144), what will be the pump
head ?
(A) 55 m
(C) 63 m
FM 9.9
(B) 58 m
(D) 48 m
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below :
List-I
P.
List-II
1.
Kinetic Energy
Q. Pumps
2.
Momentum Exchange
R. Impulse-Turbine
3.
Diffuser
S.
4.
Pressure-rise
Draft tube
Reaction-Turbine
Codes :
P
(A) 3
Q
4
R
1
S
2

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FM 330
Demo Ebook
Page 330
Turbo Machinery
(B)
(C)
(D)
4
2
1
3
1
4
2
4
3
FM 9
1
3
2
FM 9.10
Consider the following statements :

A water turbine governor
1. helps in starting and shutting down the turbo unit.
2. controls the speed of turbine set to match it with the hydroelectric system.
3. sets the amount of load, which a turbine unit has to carry.
Which of these statements are correct ?
(A) 1 and 2
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 1, 2 and 3
(D) 1 and 3
FM 9.11
Water at 20cC is sprinkled at 14 m3/h by a 36 cm diameter turbine as shown in

figure below. If the nozzle exit diameter is 8 mm, the appropriate rotation rate
will be
(A) 1070 rpm

(C) 1030 rpm
(B) 107 rpm

(D) 2054 rpm
FM 9.12
Consider a typical Draft tube for each statement.

P. It permits a negative head to be established at the outlet of runner and
thereby increase the net head on the turbine.
Q. Recovers some of the kinetic energy leaving the turbine.
R. Turns the flow horizontally leaving the turbine runner.
S. It permits a negative head to be established at the outlet of runner and
thereby decrease the net head on the turbine.
Which of the above is/are FALSE ?
(A) P and Q
(B) Q and R
(C) R and S
(D) S only
FM 9.13
If the full-scale turbine is required to work under a head of 30 m and to run at

428 rpm, then a quarter-scale turbine model tested under a head of 10 m must
run at
(A) 988 rpm
(B) 143 rpm
(C) 341 rpm
(D) 428 rpm
FM 9.14
For each statements

If the rpm of a pump is doubled, all else staying the same,
P. the capacity of the pump goes up by a factor of about 2.
Q. the net head of the pump goes up by a factor of about 2.


FM 9
Demo Ebook
Page 331
Turbo Machinery
FM 331
R. the required shaft power goes up by

S. the output shaft power of the pump
Which of the above is/are TRUE ?
(A) P and R
(C) Q and S
a factor of about 4.
goes up by a factor of about 2.
(B) P only
(D) P and S
FM 9.15
A pump delivers water at a rate of 3 m3/s when operating at a speed of 60 rad/s

against a head of 20 m. Which type of pump is this ?
(A) Radial-flow pump
(B) Axial-flow pump
(C) None of these
(D) Mixed-flow pump
FM 9.16
Turbine-A has diameter DA = . m and spins at NA =

rpm . At its best
o
efficiency point, vA = 2 m /s , HA = 2. m of water and bhp A = 132 MW . The
turbine-B will spin at 240 rpm and its net head will be HB = . m . What will
be the diameter DB , voB and bhp B such that it operates most efficiently ?
(A) DB = . m , voB =
m /s , bhpB = 126 MW
(B) DB = 2. m , voB =
m /s , bhpB = 1057 MW
(C) DB = . m , voB = m /s , bhpB = 14 MW
(D) DB = 2.
m , voB = 42 m /s , bhpB = 341 MW
FM 9.17
A centrifugal pump having an impeller diameter of 1 m is to be designed so

that it will supply a head rise of 200 m at a flow rate of 4.1 m3/s of water when
operating at a speed of 1200 rpm. To study the characteristic of this pump, a
1/5 scale, geometrically similar model operated at the same speed is to be tested
in the laboratory. If both model and prototype operate with the same efficiency
(and therefore the same flow coefficient), the required model discharge and head
rise respectively, are
(A) 0.00328 m3 /s , 0.8 m
(B) 0.0328 m3 /s , 8 m
(C) 3.28 m3 /s , 12 m
(D) 0.328 m3 /s , 80 m
FM 9.18
Which one of the following relation is true for dimensionless parameters of two
dynamically similar pumps ?
/4
/4
o /2
o /2
(A) DB = DA # b HA l # c voB m
(B) DB = DA # b HB l # c voB m
HA
HB
vA
vA
/2
/4
o /4
o /2
(C) DB = DA # b HA l # c voB m
(D) DB = DA # b HA l # c voA m
HB
HB
vA
vB
FM 9.19
Which of the following relation is true for specific speed of turbine and specific
speed of the pump ?
(B) NST = NSP # hturbine
(A) NSP = NST
(C) NST = NSP
(D) NST = NSP # hturbine
hturbine
FM 9.20
Which of the following water turbines do not require a draft tube ?

(A) Propeller turbine
(B) Pelton turbine
(C) Kaplan turbine
(D) Francis turbine
FM 9.21
A pump delivers 0.0003 m3/s of water at a net head of 1.6 m at its best efficiency
point. A motor that spins at 1200 rpm is available. If pump is modified by
attaching different motor, for which the rpm is half that of the original pump.
The ratio of specific speed of both the cases will be

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FM 332
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(A) 0.5
(C) 2
FM 9.22
Page 332
FM 9
(B) 1
(D) 0.25
Performance data for a very small (D = 8.25 cm) model water turbine, operating
with an available head of 15 m are as follows :
vo m h
18.7
18.7
18.3
16.7
11.5
rpm
500
1500
2500
3500
14%
38%
65%
11%
It is desired to use a geometrically similar turbine to serve where the available

head and flow rate are 46 m and 0.19 m3/s respectively. What will be the most
efficient horsepower ?
(A) 5 hp
(B) 37 hp
(C) 74 hp
(D) 462 hp
FM 9.23
Consider a hydroelectric power plant operates under the conditions as shown in

figure. The head loss associated with flow from the water level upstream of the
dam, section (1), to the turbine discharge at atmospheric pressure, section (2),
is 20 m. How much power is transferred from the water to the turbine blades ?
(A) 235 MW
(C) 23.5 MW
FM 9.24
(B) 23.5 kW
(D) 2.35 MW
Consider the test pump as shown in the figure below. The data are :
Intel pressure
p1 = 100 mmHg (Vacuum)
Outlet pressure
p2 = 500 mmHg (gage)
Intel diameter
D1 = 12 cm
Outlet diameter
D2 = 5 cm
Flow rate
vo = 0.01136 m3/s
Fluid is light oil
S.G. = 0.91
Efficiency
= 75%
What will be the input power ?


FM 9
Demo Ebook
Page 333
Turbo Machinery
FM 333
(A) 1525 W
(C) 760 W
FM 9.25
(B) 858 W
(D) 1715 W
A liquid (S.G = 0.9) flows through the pump with the flow rate 7.57 # 103 m3 /s .
The pressure gage at (1) indicates a vacuum of 95 mm of mercury and the pressure
gage at (2) indicates a pressure of 80 kPa as shown in figure. If z2 z1 = 0.5 m ,
what will be the actual head rise across the pump ?
(A) 5.5 m
(C) 11.5 m
(B) 8.6 m
(D) 14.4 m

Water at 40cC ( = 9.731 # 103 N/m3, pv = 7.376 # 103 N/m2 ) is pumped from
an open tank through a 200 m long and 50 mm diameter smooth horizontal pipe
( f = 0.0152 ) as shown in figure and discharge into the atmosphere with a velocity
of 3 m/s and at standard atmospheric pressure. Minor losses and the losses in the
short section of pipe connecting the pump to the tank are negligible.
FM 9.26
If the efficiency of the pump is 70%, how much power is being supplied to the
pump ?
(A) 2.07 kW
(B) 1.55 kW
(C) 1.1 kW
(D) 4.14 kW
FM 9.27
What will be the NPSH A at the pump inlet ?

(A) 15.75 m
(B) 9.45 m
(C) 6.3 m
(D) 12.6 m
FM 9.28
A liquid is pumped from an open reservoir through a 0.1 m diameter vertical pipe
into another open reservoir as shown in figure. A valve is located in the pipe and
the minor loss coefficient for the valve, as a function of the valve setting is shown
in figure by the equation ha = 52.0 1.01 # 10 vo2 with ha in meters when vo is in
m3/s . The fluid levels in the two tanks remain constant. If the friction factor for
the pipe is f = 0.02 and all minor losses, except for the valve are negligible, what
will be the flow rate when the valve is fully open (KL = 1) ?

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FM 334
Demo Ebook
Page 334
Turbo Machinery
(A) 5.29 m3 /s
(C) 0.0529 m3 /s
FM 9
(B) 0.00529 m3 /s
(D) 0.529 m3 /s
FM 9.29
Consider a hydraulic turbine which provided with 4.25 m3/s of water at 415 kPa
. A vacuum gage in the turbine discharge 3 m below the turbine inlet center line
reads 250 mm Hg vacuum. The supply and discharge pipe inside diameters are
identically 800 mm. If the turbine shaft output power is 1100 kW , the power loss
through the turbine is
(A) 697.5 kW
(B) 930 kW
(C) 465 kW
(D) 1162.5 kW
FM 9.30
Water moves horizontally through a pump at a rate of 0.02 m3/s . At the upstream
of the pump the pipe diameter and the pressure are 90 mm and 120 kPa,
respectively and at the downstream of the pump the pipe diameter and the
pressure are 30 mm and 400 kPa, respectively. If the loss in energy across the
pump due to fluid friction effects is 170 N m/kg , the hydraulic efficiency of the
pump is
(A) 0.399
(B) 0.879
(C) 0.799
(D) 0.599
FM 9.31
For a given jet speed, volume flow rate, turning angle and wheel radius, the
maximum shaft power produced by a Pelton wheel occurs when
(A) the turbine bucket moves at same the jet speed.
(B) the turbine bucket moves at double the jet speed.
(C) the turbine bucket moves at half the jet speed.
(D) the turbine bucket moves at quarter the jet speed.
FM 9.32
Water flows from the head water through the penstock of a Pelton wheel turbine
as shown in figure. The effective friction factor for the penstock and control valves
is same as 0.032. If the diameter of the jet is 0.20 m, the maximum power output
will be


FM 9
(A) 23.4 MW
(C) 46.8 MW
Demo Ebook
Page 335
Turbo Machinery
FM 335
(B) 17.55 MW
(D) 29.25 MW

Water supplied from a lake at an elevation H above the turbine to run a Pelton
wheel. The penstock that supplies the water to the wheel is of length l and
diameter D . The only losses associated with the flow in the penstock are due to
pipe friction and the minor losses are negligible.
FM 9.33
FM 9.34
FM 9.35
What will be the nozzle diameter D that gives the maximum power output of
the turbine ?
fD
D
(A) D =
(B) D =
^l D h
^ fl D h
fD
D
(C) D =
(D) D =
^ fl D h
^ fl D h
For the maximum power to be developed by the turbine, the velocity head at the
nozzle exit is
(B) 2H
(A) 1 H
3
(C) 2 H
(D) 3 H
3
2
Water at 20cC with flow rate of 3.5 m3/s enters in an idealized radial turbine at
30c and leaves radially inward as shown in figure below. If the flow is absolute
and the blade thickness is constant at 10 cm, the theoretical power developed at
100% efficiency will be
(A) 95.5 kW
(C) 477 kW
(B) 47.7 kW
(D) 239 kW

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FM 336
FM 9.36
FM 9
A centrifugal pump rotates at 1000 rpm. Water enters the impeller normal to
the blades (1 = 0c) and exits at an angle of 35c from radial (2 = 35c). The
inlet radius is r = cm , at which the blade width b = cm . The outlet radius
is r = cm , at which the blade width b = cm . The volume flow rate and
pump efficiency are 0.0573 m3 /s and 76% respectively. What will be the net
head produced by this pump and required brake horsepower, respectively ? (
water =
. kg m )
(B) 4.87 m, 20763 W
(D) 1.55 m, 8662 W
Air flows across the rotor as shown in figure below. The magnitude of the absolute
velocity increases from 15 m/s to 25 m/s and the absolute velocity at the inlet is
in the direction shown. If the fluid puts zero torque on the rotor and air is to be
incompressible, the direction of the absolute velocity at the outlet will be
(A) 45c
(C) 69.25c
FM 9.38
Page 336
Turbo Machinery
(A) 4.87 m, 27320 W

(C) 1.55 m, 6583 W
FM 9.37
Demo Ebook
(B) 41.55c
(D) 55.4c
The shaft torque on the turbomachine is measured to be 60 N m when the

absolute velocities are as indicated in figure. If the magnitude of the shaft power
is 1800 N m/s , the angular velocity and the mass flow rate respectively, are
(A) 215 rpm, 67.3 kg/s

(C) 357 rpm , 112.12 kg/s
(B) 286 rpm , 89.7 kg/s

(D) 250 rpm , 76.8 kg/s


FM 9
Demo Ebook
Page 337
Turbo Machinery
FM 337

A radial flow centrifugal pump delivers gasoline ( = 680 kg/m3) at 20cC . The
pump has d = cm , d = cm , b = cm , b = . cm , 1 = 25c, 2 = 40c and
rotates at 1160 rpm.
FM 9.39
FM 9.40
FM 9.41
The flow rate in m3/hour is

(A) 17.23
(C) 28.72
(B) 0.2872
(D) 1038
What will be the head ?

(A) 48 m
(C) 32 m
(B) 16 m
(D) 64 m
The front and side views of a centrifugal pump rotor or impeller are shown in
figure below. The flow entering the rotor blade row is essentially radial as viewed
from a stationary frame. If the pump delivers 200 L/s of water and the blade
exit angle is 35c from the tangential direction, what will be the power required
associated with flow leaving at the blade angle ?
(A) 348 kW
(C) 522 kW
(B) 261 kW
(D) 696 kW

A 3 mm thickness uniform horizontal sheets of water issue from the slits on the
rotating manifold as shown in figure below. The velocity relative to the arm is a
constant at 3 m/s along each slit.
FM 9.42
What will be the torque needed to hold the manifold stationary ?

(A) 5.06 N m
(B) 3.04 N m
(C) 4.05 N m
(D) 6.1 N m

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FM 338
FM 9.43
Demo Ebook
Page 338
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FM 9
If the resisting torque is negligible, what would be the angular velocity of the
manifold ?
(A) 1.705 rev/s
(B) 17.05 rev/s
(C) 1.278 rev/s
(D) 12.78 rev/s

A Francis radial-flow hydroturbine is being designed with the following dimensions,
where location 2 is inlet and 1 is outlet :
1 m , r1 = 1 2 m , b1 = 2 2 m
r2 = 2 m , b2 =
Where r = radius , b = blade width
Runner blade angle at inlet 2
= 66.2c
Runner blade angle at outlet 1
= 36.1c
Volume flow rate vo
= 340 m3/s
Runner speed N
= 180 rpm
Gross head Hgross
= 90.0 m
For the preliminary design, irreversible losses are neglected.
FM 9.44
What will be the angle 2 through which the wicket gates should turn the flow
and the swirl angle 1 ?
(A) 2 = 30c, 1 = 10c
(B) 2 = 60c, 1 = 80c
(C) 2 = 80c, 1 = 60c
(D) 2 = 10c, 1 = 30c
FM 9.45
The power output and required net head respectively, are

(A) 299.6 MW, 73.9 m
(B) 246 MW, 73.9 m
(C) 246 MW, 90.0 m
(D) 299.6 MW, 90.0 m
FM 9.46
An inward-flow radial turbine involves a nozzle angle 1 = 60c and an inlet rotor
tip speed U1 = m s as shown figure below. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet
diameters is 2.0. The absolute velocity leaving the rotor at section (2) is radial
with a magnitude of 6 m/s. If the fluid is water, the energy transfer per unit mass
of fluid flowing through this turbine is
(A) 7.8 m2 /s2

(C) 7.8 m2 /s2
FM 9.47
(B) 15.6 m2 /s2

(D) 15.6 m2 /s2
An axial flow fan has a blade-tip diameter of 1 m and a root diameter of 80 cm and
it operates in sea-level air at 1200 rpm. The inlet angles are 1 = 55c and 1 = 30c


FM 9
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Page 339
Turbo Machinery
FM 339
while at the outlet 2 = 60c. What will be the horse-power ? ( air = .

(A) 16 hp
(B) 8 hp
(C) 4 hp
(D) 32 hp
FM 9.48
The average radius of a pelton wheel is 1.80 m. A jet of velocity 100 m/s is strikes
to bucket from a nozzle of 10.0 cm exit diameter. The turning angle of bucket
is = 165c. If wheel rotates at 270 rpm and the efficiency of the turbine is 82
percent, the output shaft power in MW is
(A) 9.67
(B) 0.0547
(C) 5.47
(D) 3.16
FM 9.49
An idealized radial turbine is shown in figure below. The absolute flow enters at
25c with the blade angles as shown. The flow rate is 480 m3/min of water at 20cC
. If the blade thickness is constant at 20 cm, the theoretical power developed at
100% efficiency will be
(A) 800 kW
(C) 250 kW
FM 9.50
(B) 400 kW
(D) 375 kW
An inward flow radial turbine involves a nozzle angle of 60c and an inlet rotor
tip speed of 9 m/s as shown in figure. The radial component of velocity remain
constant at 6 m/s through the rotor and the flow leaving the rotor at section (2)
is without angular momentum. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet diameters is 2.0.
If the flowing fluid is air and the static pressure drop across the rotor is 0.07 kPa
, the loss of available energy across the rotor and the rotor efficiency respectively,
are
(A) 21.75 m2 /s2 , 68.9%

(C) 17.4 m2 /s2 , 84.3%
(B) 13.05 m2 /s2 , 42.15%

(D) 34.8 m2 /s2 , 63.25%

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FM 340
FM 9.51
Demo Ebook
Page 340
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FM 9
The velocity triangles for water flow through a radial pump rotor are as shown in
figure below. What will be the energy added to each unit mass (kg) of water as
it flows through the rotor ?
(A) 323 m2 /s2

(C) 505 m2 /s2
(B) 303 m2 /s2

(D) 404 m2 /s2
FM 9.52
A centrifugal water pump having an impeller diameter of 0.5 m operates at

900 rpm. The water enters the pump parallel to the pump shaft and the exit
blade angle 2 is 25c as shown in figure. The uniform blade height is 50 mm .
When the flow through the pump is 0.16 m3/s , the shaft power required to turn
the impeller is
(A) 72.3 kW
(B) 90.38 kW
(C) 45.18 kW
(D) 54.22 kW
FM 9.53
Consider a hydraulic turbine runner as shown in figure. Relative to the rotating

runner, water enters at section (1) ( radius r 1 = 1. m ) at an angle of 100c from
the tangential direction and leaves at section (2) ( radius r 2 = . m ) at an
angle of 50c from the tangential direction. The blade height at sections (1) and
(2) is 0.45 m each and the volume flow rate through the turbine is 30 m3/s . The
runner speed is 130 rpm in the direction shown. What will be the shaft power
developed ?
(A) 12.8 MW
(C) 9.6 MW
(B) 9.6 MW
(D) 12.8 MW
***********


FM 9
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FM 341
SOLUTIONS
FM 9.1

P.
4.
Dynamic turbine
Q. Fans
1.
Dynamic pump
R. Water-meters
2.
Positive-Displacement turbine
3.
Positive-Displacement Pump
S.
FM 9.2
Wind mills
Heart

List-I
FM 9.3
List-II
P.
Steam Engine
2.
Diagram factor
Q.
Impulse turbine
1.
Velocity compounding
R.
Reaction turbine
3.
Continuous pressure drop.
S.
Centrifugal compressor
4.
Isentropic efficiency

Conservation of mass requires that
oout
o in = m
m
in Vin Ain = rout Vout Aout
The cross-sectional area is proportional to the square of diameter
r
Vout = Vin in : Din D = Vin : Din D
rout Dout
Dout
For Dout < Din , the ratio (Din /Dout > 1). Hence Vout > Vin
FM 9.4

(a) False : Actually, backward-inclined blades yield the highest efficiency.
(b) True : There is no flow rate at shutoff head. Thus pump is not doing any
useful work, and the efficiency must be zero.
(c) True : This is the primary reason for choosing forward-inclined blades.
(d) True : There is no head at the pumps free delivery. Thus, the pump is
working against no resistance and is therefore not doing any useful work
and the efficiency must be zero.
FM 9.5

o = voDp
Since
Pwater = rgvH
p = gH
1500
270 = 6.75 kW
1000 # 60 #
output power
=
= 6.75
9.00
input power
=
and Efficiency
= 75%
FM 9.6

The ideal power of the pump is

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FM 342
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FM 9
Pideal = rgHvo
= 998 # 9.81 # 1.6 #
18
60 # 100
18 L/ min. =
18
m3/s
60 # 1000
= 4.7 W
Hence, the actual power (bhp) is
bhp = Pideal # hpump = 4.7 # 0.70 = 3.3 W
FM 9.7

For water at 20cC , take = 998 kg/m3 . The power relation is
o
rgvH
P =
h
998 # 9.81 # b 125 l # H
3600
or
(22 # 745.7) =
22 hp = 22 # 745.7 W
0.71
H = 22 # 745.7 # 0.71 # 3600 , 34 m
998 # 9.81 # 125
Pressure rise
FM 9.8
p = rgH =
# .
= 332873 Pa - 333 kPa

The energy equation for the system.
H pump = Dz + f L V
d g
o
V = v =
p
A
Velocity
,
#( . )
. m s
(18.6) 2
H pump = 11 4 + 0.0144 # 20 + 12 + 8 #
0.2
2 # 9.81
Thus
, 58 m
FM 9.9

P.
Draft tube
3.
Diffuser
Q. Pumps
4.
Pressure rise
R. Impulse-Turbine
1.
Kinetic Energy
S.
2.
Momentum Exchange
Reaction-Turbine
FM 9.10

1. True : Turbine govern helps in starting and shutting down the turbo unit.
2. True : Turbine governor controls the speed of turbine set to match it with
the hydroelectric system.
3. True : Governor sets the amount of load, which a turbine unit has to carry.
FM 9.11

For water at 20cC take = 998 kg/m3 . Each arm takes 7 m3/h .
Vrel
vo
= 2 =
p
Aexit
3
#( .
)2
= 38.7 m/s (At max power)
u = wR = 1 Vrel = 1 .3 m s
2
or
0.18 = 19.35


FM 9
Demo Ebook
Page 343
Turbo Machinery
FM 343
= 19.35 = 107 rad/s

0.18
= 107 # 60 , 1030 rpm
2p
FM 9.12

P True : Draft tube increase the net head on the turbine by providing the
negative head at outlet.
Q. True : Draft tube recovers kinetic energy leaving the turbine.
R. True : Draft tube is a diffuser that also turns the flow downstream
horizontally of a turbine.
S. False : Draft tube does not decreases the net head on the turbine.
FM 9.13

Since dimensionless turbine parameter head coefficient.
gH
gH
CH = 2 2 = 2 2
wD
N D
For full scale turbine A:
gHA
CH A =
NA DA
and for Quarter scale Turbine B : (DB = DA /4)
= 2N
60
gHB
gHB
=
N B D B N B # DA
b
l
CH for both turbine must be same, therefore
CH, A = CH, B
CH B =
gHA
gHB #
=
NADA
NB DA
N B = N A # HB #
HA
NB = NA # HB #
HA
FM 9.14
= 428 #
10
4 = 988 rpm
30 #

Affinity or scaling laws
DB
voB = wB
wA # b DA l
voA
HB = wB
DB
net head
HA a wA k # b DA l
r
bhpB
net Power
= B a wB k # b DB l
rA wA
DA
bhpA
True : Rotation rate appears with an exponent of 1 in the affinity law for
capacity. Thus, the change is linear.
False : Rotation rate appears with an exponent of 2 in the affinity law for
net head. Thus, if r.p.m is doubled, the net head increases by a factor of 4.
False : Rotation rate appears with an exponent of 3 in the affinity law for
shaft power. Thus, if r.p.m is doubled, the shaft power increase by a factor
of 8.
True : rotation rate appears with an exponent of 3 in the affinity law for shaft
power. Thus if r.p.m is doubled, the shaft power increases by factor of 8.
For capacity
For
For
P.
Q.
R.
S.

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FM 344
FM 9.15
Demo Ebook
Page 344
Turbo Machinery
FM 9

w vo
6g # ha@
For = 60 rad/s , vo = m s , g =
m s and ha =
Ns =
Specific speed
60 # 3
= 1.98
69.81 # 20@3/4
, the pump is a mixed-flow pump.
Ns =
For Ns =
FM 9.16

Since the turbine (B) is dynamically similar to the turbine (A).
So, at the best efficiency point, from scaling laws.
DB = DA # HB # b NA l = ( . ) #
#b
l = 2.073 m
HA
NB
.
3
and
voB = voA # b NB lb DB l =
#b
l # b . l = 342 m /s
NA DA
3
5
r
and
bhpB = bhpA # b B l # b NB l b DB l
rA
NA DA
5
3
= 132 # b 998 l # b 240 l # b 2.073 l = 340.71 , 341 MW
998
300
1.5
FM 9.17

For similarity the model pump operate at the same flow coefficient, so that
o
o
c v m =c v m
D m
wD p
where the subscript (m ) refers to the model and (p) to the prototype. Thus,
vom = wm # c Dm m vop
wp
Dp
, and vop = . m s ,
and with m = p , Dm D p =
vom = 1 # b 1 l # 4.1 = 0.0328 m3/s
5
3
We get
Also
So that
gha
gha
2 2m =c 2 2m
D m
w D p
g
ha = p # b wm l # c Dm m # ha
gm
wp
Dp
m
and with g p = gm , m = p , Dm D p =
We get
FM 9.18
ha
, and ha =
m
2
= 1 # (1) 2 # b 1 l # 200 = 8.00 m
5
p

Since the two pumps are dynamically similar, dimensionless pump parameter
head coefficients CH must be the same for both pumps
CH, A = CH, B
gHB
gHA
=
A D A
wB D B
A = HA
DB
...(i)
B
HB # b DA l
Similarly, dimensionless pump parameter capacity coefficient Cvo must be same
for both pumps
Cvo, A = Cvo, B


FM 9
Demo Ebook
Page 345
Turbo Machinery
FM 345
voB
wB D B
voB
wA
...(ii)
wB # voA
get
HA
DB
voB
#
#
HB
DA
voA
o
DB
HA
voB
or DB = DA # b HA l # c voB m
b DA l = HB # vo
H
vA
B
A
voA =
A D A
DB
b DA l =
From equation (i) and (ii), we
DB
b DA l =
FM 9.19

o1/2
Pump specific speed : NSP = wv 3/4
(gH )
w (bhp) 1/2
Turbine specific speed: NST =
(gH) 5/4 # r1/2
Dividing and multiplying equation (ii) by vo ,
w (bhp) 1/2
vo1/2
NST =
5/4
1/2 # 1/2
(gH ) # r
vo
(bhp) 1/2
o1/2
By Rearranging,
NST = = wv 3/4 G # 1/2
(gH)
r # vo1/2 # (gH ) 1/2
b p
NST = NSP # c o m = NSP # hturbine
rvgH
o1/2
bhp
where o
= turbine and v 3/4 = NSP
vgH
(gH)
...(i)
...(ii)
From eq (i)
FM 9.20

Since draft tube is used only in reaction turbines. The propeller turbine, Kaplan
turbine and Francis turbine are of reaction type, but Pelton turbine is a impulse
turbine.
FM 9.21

At homologous points, the affinity laws are used to estimate the operating
conditions. Let the original pump be A and modified pump be B .
Here
voB = voA # wB # b DB l = .
wA
DA
DB = DA , NB = NA and = 2N
60
= . #
m s
pN B
HB = HA # a wB k # b DB l = HA # e
o #( )
wA
DA
pN A
= HA # b NB l = . # b
l = . m
NA
Now, the ratio of specific speeds
1/2
(gHB) 3/4
NSA = wA voA
voA 1/2
HB 3/4
wA
=
#
#
#
b
c
m
3
4
1
2
/
/
o
w
HA l
NSB
vB
B
(gHA)
wB # voB
3/4
o 1/2
= 2pNA # 60 # c voA m # b HB l
60
2p N B
HA
vB
o
.
#
= NA # c voA m # b HB l =
#
#b . l
c
NB
HA
vB
. # m
NSA = 1
NSB
and

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FM 346
FM 9.22
Demo Ebook
Page 346
Turbo Machinery
FM 9

We use best efficiency point (BEP) data to calculate power. At BEP = 65% ,
N=
rpm , vo = . m
= .
m s and at BEP
o #h
Pmodel = rg # vH
= 998 # 9.81 # 0.00464 # 15 # 0.65 = 443 W
First establish the BEP coefficients from the model turbine data.
o
.
= .
Cvo = vm =
ND
)
#( .
.
CH =
gHm
=
Nm D
CP =
Pm =
rN m D
#
l #^ .
#b
l #( .
= .
Now enter new data for geometrically similar turbine

o
Cvo = 0.198 = vt 3 = 0.19 3
Nt D t
Nt # D t
or
Nt # D t = 0.19 = 0.96
0.198
gHt
= . #
CH = 12.45 =
Nt # Dt
Nt # Dt
or
N t # D t = 9.81 # 46 = 36.25
12.45
...(i)
..(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)

Nt = .
Dt
or
or
Then
and N t # D t = 36.25
.
c D m # D t = 36.25
t
( . )
# D t = 36.25
Dt
(0.96) 2
= 0.02542
Dt =
36.25
Dt = 0.399 b 0.40 m and
Nt = . = .
= rps
Dt
( . )
Pt = CP # r # N t # D t
= 1.6 # 998 # (15) 3 # (0.40) 5 = 55185 W
or
FM 9.23
Pt = 55185 = 74 hp
745.7

For flow from section (1) to section (2), energy equation gives
2
p
p2 V 22
+
+ gz2 = 1 + V 1 + gz1 + wshaft net in loss
2
2
r
Since
p2 = p1 = patm , V1 = and wshaft net out = wshaft net in
2
wshaft net out = g (z1 z2) V 2 loss
2
o to get
For power, we multiply equation (i) by the mass flow rate m
2
o (z1 z2) m
oV 2 m
o loss
Pshaft net out = mg
2

...(i)

FM 9
Demo Ebook
Page 347
Turbo Machinery
FM 347
o z z rvoV rvo
Pshaft net out = rvg
o = rvo
m
= (999 # 30 # 9.81 # 100)

999 # 30 #
(2) 2
(999 # 30 # 20 # 9.81)
2
= 23.5 # 106 N m/s = 23.5 MW

FM 9.24

Convert
p =
p =
= 13332 Pa
= 66661 Pa
p = rgH
oil = 0.91 # 9790 = 8909 N/m3

o
V = v = p .
= .
s
A
#( . )
o
V = v = p .
= .
s
A
#( . )
p
p
H = +V + z V z
g
g
g
g
and
So, the head is
(5.79) 2
(1.00) 2
= 66661 +
+ 0.65 13332
0
8909
2 # 9.81
8909
2 # 9.81
= 11.3 m
Therefore input power
Pinput =
FM 9.25
o
gvH
=
h
#( .
)#
.

The head rise gained by fluid flowing through a pump is
p p
ha =
+ z z +V V
g
g
o
Since
= .
m s
V = v = .p #
A
( .
)
= 1525 W
...(i)
VA =VA
V =Vb
l = .
#( ) = .
m s
h
Thus, from equation (i), with p = (hHg) (gHg) = ( .
)^
#
and p = 80 # 103 N/m2 ,
80 # 103 + (0.095) (133 # 103)
(3.19) 2 (0.797) 2
+
+
ha =
0.5
2 # 9.81
0.9 # ^9.80 # 103h
ha = 11.5 m
FM 9.26

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FM 348
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Page 348
Turbo Machinery
p V
p
+
+ z + hp = + V + z + f l V
g
g
g
D g
where p = p = , V = , V = m s , z = m , and z =
Thus,equation (i) becomes
2
z + h p = V 2 b1 + f l l
2g
D
FM 9
...(i)
200
(3) 2
hp =
1 + 0.0152 # b 0.05 lF 3 = 25.3 m
2 # 9.81 <
Hence, Power gained by fluid
o p
P = gvh
= (9.731 # 103) # p (0.05) 2 # 3 # 25.3
4
FM 9.27
= 1.45 # 103 = 1.45 kW

Power gained by fluid
and Power supplied to fluid =
Efficiency
= 1.45 = 2.07 kW
0.7
p
p
We have
...(i)
NPSH = s + V s v
g
g
g
where ps and Vs refer to the pressure and velocity at the pump inlet, respectively.
p
p V
Also,
+
+ z = s + V s + zs + h L
g
g
g
So that with p = patm , V = , zs = and hL =
patm
p
...(ii)
+ z = s + Vs
g
g
and therefore from equation (i) and (ii), the available NPSH is
p
p
..(iii)
NPSH A = atm + z v
g
g
With z positive (since pump is below reservoir) and hL = .
Thus, from equation (ii) with patm. =
Pa
3
(7.376 # 103)
NPSH A = 101 # 10 3 + 3
= 12.6 m
9.731 # 10
(9.731 # 103)
FM 9.28


FM 9
Demo Ebook
Page 349
Turbo Machinery
FM 349
From Bernoullis equation at section 1 and 2,

2
p
p1 V 12
...(i)
+
+ z1 + h p = 2 + V 2 + z2 + hL
g
g
2g
and with p1 = p2 = , V1 = V2 = , and z2 z1 = m , equation (i) becomes
...(ii)
h p = 33 + hL
The head loss term can be expressed as
2
hL = bKL + f # l lV
D 2g
With KL = 1, f = . 2 , l = m , D = .1 m , equation (ii) can be written as
2
h p = 33 + ;1.0 + 0.02 # 30 E # V
0.1
2 # 9.81
o
vo
V = v =
p ( .1) 2
A
and with
h p = 33 + 61.0 + 6.0@ # 826 # vo2

h p = 33 + 5.78 # 103 vo2
Since the pump equation is
h p = 52.0 1.01 # 103 vo2
equation (iii) becomes
or
...(iii)
...(iv)
...(v)
Equation (iv) and (v) can be equated to determine the flow rate. Thus,
33 + 5.78 # 103 vo2 = 52.0 1.01 # 103 vo2
and
FM 9.29
vo = 0.0529 m3/s

We consider the turbine inlet and discharge to be sections (1) and (2).
For flow from sections (1) to (2), energy equation gives
p p2
loss = 1
...(i)
+ g (z1 z2) wshaft net out
r
Since
V1 = V2 and wshaft net out = wshaft net in
For power loss through the turbine we need to multiply equation (i) by the mass
o . Thus
flow rate, m
o b p1 p2 l + mg
o (z1 z2) Pshaft net out
...(ii)
Ploss = m
r
o = rvo =
However
m
g s
# .2 = 2
Also
p2 = (0.25 m of Hg) # rHg # g
or
= 0.25 # 13.6 # 999 # 9.81 - 33300 N/m2
From equation (ii), we get
(415000 + 33300)
Ploss = 4246 #
+ 4246 # 9.81 # 3 1.1 # 106
999
= 930346 N m/s - 930 kW
FM 9.30

The efficiency of the pump is given by
ideal work required
actual work required loss
=
=
actual work required
actual work required
loss
w
= shaft net in
wshaft net in
Now find wshaft net in , by using the energy equation
2
p pin V out
V in2 + loss
wshaft net in = out
+
r
2
...(i)

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FM 350
Demo Ebook
Page 350
Turbo Machinery
From the volume flow rate, we obtain

o
o
Vout = v = v =
Aout
pD out
p#
FM 9
m s
Also from principle of mass conservation,

Vin = Vout D out =
=
m s
#
D in
Thus from equation (i), we get
(400000 120000) [(28.29) 2 (3.143) 2]
+
+ 170
wshaft net in =
999
2
Then
FM 9.31
= 846 N m/kg
= 846 170 = 0.799
846

Output shaft power for Pelton wheel is
...(i)
Pshaft = rwrvo(Vj wr) ( cos b)
Differentiate equation (i) with respect to and set the derivative equal to zero.
Pmax = d 6rwrvo(Vj wr) ( cos b)@ = 0
dw
rvo( - cos ) d (Vj - r) = 0
d
d (V - r) = 0
d j
Vj wr = 0
where r =Turbine bucket speed and Vj = Jet speed
Hence
Turbine bucket speed = 1 # jet speed
2
FM 9.32
The power output for a Pelton wheel is given by

o (U V ) ( cos b)
Pshaft = rvU
For maximum power = 180c and U = V
Thus,
Pshaft max = rvoV
From the Bernoullis equation at section (0) and (1),

p0 V 0
p
+
+ z 0 = 1 + V 1 + z1 + f l V
g
g
g
D g

...(i)

FM 9
Demo Ebook
Page 351
Turbo Machinery
FM 351
where p = p = , z =
,z =
and V =
z = z +V + f l V
g
D g
D 2V = p D 2V
A V = AV or
4 1 1
4
Hence
Also
V = bD l V = b . l V = .
.
D
That is
...(ii)
So that equation (ii) becomes.

975 = 250 +
V 12
1 + 0.032 # b 1020 l (0.0494) 2E
2 # 9.81 ;
0.9
V = 114.3 m/s
or
vo = A V = p ( . ) #
Hence
. = .59 m s
Therefore, from equation (i), we get

Pshaft max = (999) # 3.59 #
(114.3) 2
= 23.4 # 106 N m/s
2
= 23400 kW = 23.4 MW
FM 9.33

Since the power output of the pelton wheel is
o (U V ) ( cos b)
Pshaft = rvU
So the maximum power output occurs with = 180c and U = V .
Thus,
= rvoV (In magnitude)
P
shaft
...(i)
At section (0) and (1), from Bernoullis equation

p0 V 0
p
+
+ z 0 = 1 + V 1 + z1 + f l V
g
g
g
D g
But p 0 = p1 = 0 , V0 = 0 , and z 0 z1 = H
2
2
Thus,
h = V1 + f l V
2g
D 2g
Since
A1 V1 = AV or D 12 V1 = D2 V
4
4
We have
From (ii),
and equation (i) gives
...(ii)
V1 = c D m V Therefore,
D1
2
4
2
h = V 1 ;1 + f l D 14 E or V 1 =
2g
2g
DD
h
<1 + fl D 15 F
D
4

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FM 352
Demo Ebook
Page 352
Turbo Machinery
Pshaft
rg # p D 12 V1 h
o
rvgh
4
=
=
1/2
l
4
c1 + f 5 D 1 m c1 + f l 5 D 14 m
D
D
V =
but from (ii),
FM 9
2gh
1/2
c1 + f l 5 D 14 m
D
...(iii)
...(iv)
For this problem f , l , D , and h are constants; D is variable

Thus, from equation (iii) and (iv)
KD 12
where K = const. and C = const. = f # l
Pshaft =
4 3/2
D
(1 + CD 1 )
Note : Pshaft = as D " and as D "3. To find the D that gives maximum
dPshaft
power over all, set
=
dD
3
2
b 2 l KD 1
dPshaft
2
KD
3
1
=
4 3/2 +
4 5/2 # 4CD 1 = 0
dD
(1 + CD 1 )
(1 + CD 1 )
2KD1
3CD 14
or
G=0
4 3/2 =1
(1 + CD 14)
(1 + CD 1 )
1 + CD 14 = 3CD 14
D =
Thus,
FM 9.34
1
l 1/4
b 2 # f # D5 l
& D =
=
D
l 1/4
b2 # f # D l
For the flow through the penstock,

p V
p
+
+ z = +V + z + f l V
g
g
g
D g
where p = p = , V = , and z z = H
Thus
But
2
2
H = V1 + f l V
2g
D 2g
A V = AV or D 12 V1 = p D2 V
4
4
V = bD l V
D
From previous part, the maximum power occurs if D =
D
...(i)
So that
or
b f# l l
D
1
bD l =
D
2#f# l
D


FM 9
Demo Ebook
Page 353
Turbo Machinery
FM 353
`V =
So that
1 V2
l l 1
b 2f D
Thus,equation (i) becomes

2
H = V1 1 + b f l l #
2g >
D
V 12 = 2 H
2g
3
or
FM 9.35

For water, take = 998 kg/m3
u = wr = b
Here
and
Thus,
FM 9.36
2
= 3 # V1
2g
l lH 2
b2 # f D
l # . = 9.90 m/s
2 = 30c, 1 = 90c
3. 5
Vn = 3.5 =
, 7.96 m/s
2pr2 b2 2p # 0.7 # 0.1
Vt = Vn 2 = 7.96 = 13.8 m/s
tan a2 tan 30c
Vt = Vn1 = Vn1 = 0
tan a1 tan 90c
o Vt = 998 # 3.5 # 9.90 # 13.8
Ptheoretical = rvu
= 477213 W , 477 kW

Normal velocity components at Inlet and Outlet are,
o
0.573
V ,n = v =
= 4.224 m/s
2pb1 r1 2 # p # 0.12 # 0.18
o
0.573
V ,n = v =
= 2.715 m/s
2pr2 b2 2 # p # 0.24 # 0.14
and tangential velocity components at Inlet and Outlet are,
V ,t = V ,n # tan a = .
# tan c =
V ,t = V ,n # tan a = .
# tan c = . m s
Now, the net head produced by the pump is
H = w # 6r V , t r V , t@ = pN # r V , t
g
#g
H = 2p # 1000 # 0.24 # 1.9 = 4.87 m
60 # 9.81
V ,t =
and required brake power at 76% efficiency is

o # hpump
bhp = rgvH
= 998.0 # 9.81 # 0.573 # 4.87 # 0.76 = 20763 W
FM 9.37

Since
then
But V = V sin
Hence,
FM 9.38
o (r Vq r Vq ) = ,
T =m
r V = r Vq
c = sin c = . m s and V = V sin q =
1.9 # 13 = 25 sin q # 1.2 or = 55.4c

Torque
# sin q
o (r Vq r Vq )
T =m

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FM 354
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Page 354
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FM 9
Substituting numerical values,
o 6 # # sin c
60 = m
# # sin c@
o = 89.7 N s/m = 89.7 kg/s
m
P = wT
=P =
= 30 # b 1 l # 60 = 286 rpm
2p
T
or
Also,
So that
FM 9.39
We have
N = 1160 rpm
= 2p # 1160 = 121.5 rad/s
60
u = wr =
. #b . l = .
m s
Vn = u tan b = .
# tan c = 5.1 m/s
vo = 2pr1 b1 # Vn1 = 2p # 0.09 # 0.10 # 5.1
= 0.2882 m3/s = 0.2882 # 3600
, 1038 m3/hour
FM 9.40

o
0.2882
Vn = v =
= 3.71 m/s
2pr2 b2 2p # 0.165 # 0.075
and
Finally
FM 9.41
u = wr =
. # .
= 20.05 m/s
Vt = u Vn cot c = 20.05 3.71 # cot 40c = 15.60 m/s
o Vt =
Pideal = rvu
# .
# . # . = 61297 W
61297
Head H = P o =
, 32 m
(rgv) 680 # 9.81 # 0.2882

From the shaft power equation with V =
o Vq
We have
Pshaft = rvo(U Vq U Vq ) = rvU
p#
where
U =r w= . #
= . m s
To evaluate V we use the exit velocity triangle shown below.
Thus,
V = U
with
Vr =
Vr
tan c
vo =
0.20
= 7.07 m/s
2pr 2 b2 2p # 0.15 # 0.03

...(i)

FM 9
Page 355
Turbo Machinery
FM 355
V = 47.1 7.07 = 37.0 m/s

tan 35c
Hence,
Pshaft = 999 # 0.20 # 47.1 # 37.0 - 3.48 # 105 N m/s

= 348 kW
From eq. (i),

FM 9.42
Demo Ebook

From the moment of momentum equation, the shaft torque
o (r Vq r Vq )
T =m
For this continuously distributed outflow with V = , it becomes.
T =2
# rV dmo
q
o= .
where V = m s and dm
FM 9.43
# r # ( ) dr
0.4
Thus,
T =2
or
T = :53.9 r D = 4.05 N m
2 0.1
r # 3 # 0.003 # 999 # (3) dr
r = 0.1
2 0.4
T =2
With
# rV dmo = 0
o = rWh dr =
dm
where
...(i)
# #( .
) dr = 8.99 dr and
From the figure

V = W wr = wr
Thus, from equation (i)
0 =2
0.4
0.1
r (3 wr) (8.99 dr) =
0.4
0.1
(3r wr2) dr
= b 3 r2 1 wr3 l = 0.225 0.021w

2
3
0.1
= 10.7 # 1 = 1.705 rev/s
2p
0.4
or
FM 9.44

Normal component of velocity at inlet and outlet are
o
340
V ,n = v =
= 37.0 m/s
2pr2 b2 2 # p # 2 # 0.731
o
340
V ,n = v =
= 17.33 m/s
2pr1 b1 2 # p # 1.42 # 2.2
and tangential velocity components at inlet and outlet are
V ,n
37
V ,t = wr
= 2p # 180 # 2
60
tan b
tan (66.2c)
and
V ,t
= 21.38 m/s
V ,n
= wr
=
tan b
# .
= 2N
60
.
= 3.0 m/s
tan ( . ) c

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FM 356
Demo Ebook
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Turbo Machinery
=V
V
tan 2 =
V
Since
n
t
n
FM 9
# tan a
=
2 = tan1 (0.58) = 30c

V t = V n # tan a
V
tan 1 = t =
V n
and
1 = tan1 (0.174) = 9.9c , 10c

FM 9.45

The shaft power is estimated from the Eulers turbo-machine equation
Pshaft = rwvo(r V t r V t)
= 998 # 18.85 # 340 # [2 # 21.38 1.42 # 3.0]
= 2.46 # 108 W b 246 MW
. Since the irreversibility neglected. Therefore
bhp
#
H = o=
rgv
# . #
Assuming turbine =
Net Head
= 73.9 m
FM 9.46

The energy transfer per unit mass of fluid is given by the relation
wshaft = U Vq U Vq
o = 2pr 1 bVr1 = 2pr 2 bVr 2
m
V = r V
= #
r cos c
cos
Also
or
= m s
V = V sin a = # sin c = . m s and V =

wshaft = U Vq = ( ) # . = 15.6 m2 /s2
Then
Thus
FM 9.47
The average radius

Thus,
Also
or
Then
and
Finally
R = R1 + R2 = 0.5 + 0.4 = 0.45 m

2
2
p
u = wR = b
#
l # ( . ) = 56.6 m/s
u = Vn (cot a + cot b ) = Vn (cot a + cot b )

u
.
Vn = Vn =
=
(cot c + cot c) cot c + cot
Vn = Vn , . m s
vo = Vn A = . # p ( . ) ( . ) = 6.56 m3/s
gH = u uVn (cot a + cot b )
= (56.6) 2 (56.6) # (23.2) (cot 55c + cot 60c) = 1520 m2/s2
o
P = rvgH
= 1.205 # 6.56 # 1520 = 12000 W b 16 hp


FM 9
FM 9.48
Demo Ebook
Page 357
Turbo Machinery
FM 357

The volume flow rate of the jet is
vo = Vj # p D j =
# .
( .
= 0.785 m3/s
= 2pN = 2 # p # 270 = 28.26 rad/s

60
60
and
The ideal shaft power is

Pideal = rwrvo(Vj wr) ( cos b)
= 998 # 28.26 # 1.8 # 0.785 (100 28.26 # 1.8) # (1 cos 165c)
= 3.85 MW
and actual shaft power is
PActual = Pideal # hturbine = .
FM 9.49
# .
= .

The inlet (2) and outlet (1) velocity vector diagrams are shown below. The
normal velocities are.
b
l
o
8
=
= 5.31 m/s
Vn2 = v =
2p # 1.2 # 0.2
A2 2p # r2 # b2
o
o
Vn1 = v = v =
= 7.96 m/s
2p # . # . 2
2
r
p
A1
1 b1
From these we can compute the tangential velocities at each section.

u2 = wr2 = # b 2p l # 1.2 = 10.1 m/s
u1 = wr1 =
Then,
FM 9.50
2p
# . = 6.70 m/s
Vt2 = Vn2 cot 2 c = 5.31 cot 25c = 11.4 m/s

Vt1 = Vn1 cot c = 7.96 # cot 30c = 2.11 m/s
Ptheoretical = rvo(u2 Vt 2 u1 Vt 1)
= 998 # 8 # [(10.1 # 11.4) (6.70 # 2.11)]
= 800000 W , 800 kW

We know
Where
and
Thus,
loss =
p 1 p 2
+ wshaft
r
p 1 p 2 = stagnation pressure drop across rotor = Dps

since V2 =
wshaft = U2 Vq2 U1 Vq1 = U1 Vq1
2 2
wshaft = (9) # (12 cos 30c) = 93.5 m /s

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FM 358
Demo Ebook
Page 358
Turbo Machinery
Also
FM 9
p s = p p + r V V
= 0.07 + 1 # 1.23 # 6(12) 2 (6) 2@c 1 3 m
2
10
Thus
and
FM 9.51
= (0.07 + 0.0664) kPa = 0.1364 kPa

3
loss = 0.1364 # 10 93.5 = 17.4 m2/s2
1.23
wshaft
=
=
= 0.843 = 84.3%
Dp s
b
l
d
r n

From shaft power equation
...(i)
wshaft = U Vq U Vq
Since the relative velocity at the exit is in the radial direction (see the figure
below),
V = U = m s
Also, from the inlet conditions,

= Vr tan c, where the minus sign means that V
of U .
(with 1 = 2 )
= Vr A = W A
Vr = W # A = W # pr b = W # r
b =b
r
pr b
A
V
is in the opposite direction
From conservation of mass
We have
Vr A
Thus,
Also,
U = r w and U = r w
or
r =U =
= .
r
U
Vr = 16 = 32 m/s
0. 5
Thus
So that
From eq. (i),
FM 9.52
V = Vr # tan c = ( ) tan c = . m s
wshaft = 16 # 16 8 # ( 18.5) = 404 m2/s2 = 404 N m/kg

Power
Pshaft = Tshaft w = Tshaft #
and
Tshaft = rvo(r Vq r Vq )
o Vq
With V =
Tshaft = rvr
pN

...(i)

FM 9
From figure
So that
For
Since the flow rate is,

or
Demo Ebook
Page 359
Turbo Machinery
FM 359
cot 2 = U Vq
Vr
...(ii)
V = U Vr ot b
r = 0.5 = 0.25 m and = 2 # 900 = 94.2 rad/s
2
60
U =r w= . # . = . m
vo = 2pr 2 b2 Vr 2
o
0.16
Vr = v
=
= 2.04 m/s
2pr 2 b2 2p # 0.25 # 0.05
Thus, from equation (ii),

V = (23.6 2.04 cot 25c) m/s = 19.22 m/s
Tshaft = 999 # 0.16 # 0.25 # 19.22 = 768 N m
Pshaft = 768 # 94.2 = 72346 - 72.3 kW
So
FM 9.53

Note that the shaft power calculated below, Pshaft is less than the power lost by
the fluid because some of the power lost by the fluid is due to the fluid and shaft
bearing friction while the rest is available at the shaft.
o (U Vq U Vq )
...(i)
Pshaft = m
o = rvo =
where
m
g s
# =
and
U = wr with = 2p # 130 = 13.6 rad/s
60
Hence,
and
U = wr =
U = wr =
. # . = . m s
. # . = . m s
From the figure,
V = U + W cos
...(ii)

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FM 360
Demo Ebook
Page 360
Turbo Machinery
and since
or
Thus, from (ii),
FM 9
vo = 2pr 1 bW1 sin 80c

30 = 2p # 1.5 # (0.45) W1 sin 80c
W = 7.18 m/s
V = 20.4 + 7.18 cos 80c = 21.6 m/s
vo = 2pr 2 bW2 sin 50c

30 = 2p # 0.85 # (0.45) W2 sin 50c
or
W = 16.3 m/s
Thus,
V = U W cos c =
cos
Substitute these values in equation (i), we get
Similarly, since
c = 1.08 m/s
Pshaft = (29970) 611.56 # 1.08 20.4 # 21.6@

= 1.28 # 107 N m/s = 12.8 MW
***********


Fluid Mechanics For GATE

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NODIA AND COMPANY

Multiple Choice Questions

NODIA AND COMPANY

APPLIED MECHANICS AND DESIGN

FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL SCIENCES

MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Basic Concepts and Properties of Fluids

Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fluid Kinematics & Bernouli Equation

Flow Analysis Using Control Volumes

Flow Analysis Using Differential Method

Open Channel Flow

Basic Concepts & Modes of Heat-Transfer

Steady Heat Conduction

Transient Heat Conduction

Free and Force Convection

Radiation Heat Transfer

Basic Concepts and Energy Analysis

Properties of Pure Substances

Energy Analysis of Closed System

Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volume

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Gas Power Cycles

Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Common Data For Q. 1 and 2

The specific gravity of a gas contained in a tank at the temperature of 25cC is

A 30 m3 cylinder contains Hydrogen at 25cC and 200 kPa What amount of

GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA

Basic Concepts and Properties of Fluids

A compressed air tank contains 24 kg of air at a temperature of 80cC . If the

A 72 m long and 30 m diameter blimp is approximated by a prolate spheroid

GATE MCQ Mechanical Engineering (4-volumes)

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GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA

Basic Concepts and Properties of Fluids

the plate with velocity of 1 m/ sec ?

(B) 20 N/m2 , 15 N/m2

(A) 10 N/m2 , 15 N/m2

(B) A (Vp - Vm) h2

For more GATE Resources, Mock Test and Study material

GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA

Basic Concepts and Properties of Fluids

is given by the relation:

(C) 5.71U N/m2

A 50 cm # 30 cm # 20 cm block of 15 kg mass is to be moving at a constant

(A) 100 Pa, 460

(B) 10 Pa, 4600

The velocity profile in a pipe flow is given by u = u ( rn Rn), where r is the

GATE MCQ Mechanical Engineering (4-volumes)

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GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA

Basic Concepts and Properties of Fluids

of the pipe is (R = radius of circular pipe).

For more GATE Resources, Mock Test and Study material

GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA

Basic Concepts and Properties of Fluids

A shaft of 8.0 cm diameter and 30 cm length is pulled steadily at V =

Viscosity does not vary with rate of deformation

Fluid of zero viscosity

The hydrogen bubbles have diameter D - . 1 mm . Assume an air-water

GATE MCQ Mechanical Engineering (4-volumes)