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TRNG I HC HNG HI
B MN: K THUT MY TNH
KHOA: CNG NGH THNG TIN
BI GING
KIN TRC MY TNH
TN HC PHN
M HC PHN
TRNH O TO
DNG CHO SV NGNH
HI PHNG - 2010
MC LC
Chng I: GII THIU CHUNG .......................................................................................... 7
1.1. Lch s pht trin v phn loi ..................................................................................... 7
1.1.1. Lch s pht trin .................................................................................................. 7
1.1.2. Phn loi my tnh ................................................................................................ 8
1.2. Biu din thng tin trn my tnh ............................................................................... 10
1.2.1. H m ............................................................................................................... 10
1.2.2. i s thp phn ra s nh phn hoc ngc li................................................... 11
1.2.3. Cc loi m......................................................................................................... 12
1.2.4. Biu din s nguyn theo m nh phn ................................................................ 12
1.2.5. Biu din s thc theo m nh phn .................................................................... 12
1.2.6. Biu din cc dng thng tin khc ....................................................................... 13
1.3. Cc loi my tnh c nhn .......................................................................................... 13
Chng II: B X L TRUNG TM ............................................................................... 15
2.1. T chc b x l ....................................................................................................... 15
2.2. T chc thanh ghi ...................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1. User-Visible Registers: ....................................................................................... 16
2.2.2. Control and Status Registers: .............................................................................. 17
2.3. n v s hc v logic ALU (Arithmetic and logic unit) ............................................ 18
2.4. n v iu khin CU(Control Unit).......................................................................... 19
2.4.1 Tn hiu iu khin: ............................................................................................. 20
2.4.2. n v iu khin vi chng trnh ...................................................................... 21
2.4.3. Mt s m rng ca vi x l my tnh cho n ngy nay.................................... 21
2.5. Cu trc kt ni - BUS .............................................................................................. 22
2.6. Tp lnh v cc Mode a ch .................................................................................... 23
2.6.1. Tp lnh ca CPU ............................................................................................... 23
2.6.2. Cc nhm lnh ca CPU ..................................................................................... 24
2.6.3. Hp ng (Assembly) .......................................................................................... 30
2.6.4. Cc Mode a ch ................................................................................................ 34
Chng III: H THNG NH ............................................................................................ 37
3.1. Khi qut v h thng nh ......................................................................................... 37
3.2. Phn cp b nh ........................................................................................................ 38
3.3. B nh bn dn ......................................................................................................... 38
3.3.1. Cc loi b nh bn dn...................................................................................... 38
3.3.2. T chc b nh ................................................................................................... 39
3.4. Cache Memory .......................................................................................................... 39
3.4.1. Nguyn tc ......................................................................................................... 39
3.4.2. K thut nh x b nh cache ............................................................................. 40
3.5. Qun l b nh .......................................................................................................... 43
3.5.1. Cc k thut qun l b nh................................................................................ 43
-1
3.5.2. B nh o ........................................................................................................... 46
3.5.3. S phn on ...................................................................................................... 48
3.6. K thut gii m a ch ............................................................................................. 49
3.6.1. Cu to mt vi mch nh .................................................................................... 49
3.6.2. Gii m a ch cho b nh ................................................................................. 50
Chng IV: H THNG VO RA ...................................................................................... 53
4.1. Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................ 53
4.1.1. Cc thit b ngoi vi ............................................................................................ 53
4.1.2. Modul vo ra ...................................................................................................... 53
4.2. Ghp ni my tnh vi thit b ngoi vi ...................................................................... 54
4.2.1. Ghp ni song song ............................................................................................ 54
4.2.2. Ghp ni ni tip ................................................................................................ 56
4.3. Cc phng php iu khin vo ra ........................................................................... 56
4.3.1. Vo ra iu khin bng cch thm d .................................................................. 56
4.3.2. Vo ra iu khin bng Ngt ............................................................................... 57
4.3.3. Vo ra iu khin bng DMA ............................................................................. 61
Chng V: THIT B NHP D LIU .............................................................................. 64
5.1. Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................ 64
5.2. Bn phm ................................................................................................................... 64
5.1.1. K thut d phm ................................................................................................. 64
5.1.2. K thut qut phm (Scan) ................................................................................... 65
5.3. Chut ........................................................................................................................ 66
5.4. Cc thit b nhp liu tin tin ................................................................................... 66
Chng VI: THIT B XUT D LIU ............................................................................. 67
6.1. Nhng khi nim c bn ............................................................................................ 67
6.1.1. Nguyn l ca phng php hin th hnh nh video. .......................................... 67
6.1.2. Nhng c im chung ca mn hnh ................................................................. 67
6.2. Mn hnh mu CRT (Cathod Ray Tube) .................................................................... 68
6.2.1. Cu to ............................................................................................................... 68
6.2.2. Phng php qut dng ...................................................................................... 69
6.2.3. S ghp ni v hot ng: .............................................................................. 69
6.2.4. K thut lm ti hnh nh .................................................................................. 70
6.3. My in ....................................................................................................................... 70
Chng VII: THIT B LU TR ...................................................................................... 71
7.1. Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................ 71
7.2. a t (Magetic) ........................................................................................................ 71
7.2.1. Tham s c ghi (u t) ................................................................................... 71
7.2.2. Tham s a t .................................................................................................... 72
72.3. Cc cng ngh sn xut a t .............................................................................. 73
7.2.4. Chun b mt a cng a vo s dng ......................................................... 74
7.3. a Quang (Optical Disk) .......................................................................................... 74
7.3.1. c im ............................................................................................................ 74
7.3.2. Nguyn tc c/ghi thng tin .............................................................................. 74
-2
-3
L thuyt
60
Thc hnh/Xemina
15
T hc
0
Loi hc phn: 2
Khoa ph trch: CNTT
Tng s TC: 4
Bi tp ln
0
n mn hc
0
TN CHNG MC
1. H thng nh
2. Phn cp h thng nh
II. B nh bn dn
1. T chc ca b nh bn dn
2. Cc loi b nh bn dn
II. B nh Cache
1. Khi nim
2. Cc phng php nh x d liu
IV. K thut gii m a ch
1. Khi nim
2. K thut gii m a ch
V. K thut qun l b nh
1. Cc k thut qun l b nh
2. Qun l b nh o
Chng IV: H thng vo ra
I. Tng quan
1. Cc Thit b ngoi vi
2. Cc M un vo ra
II. Ghp ni vo ra
1. Ghp ni ni tip
2. Ghp ni song song
III. Cc phng php vo ra
1. Vo ra bng phng php thm d
2. Vo ra bng Ngt
3. Vo ra bng phng php truy nhp trc tip b nh
Chng V: Thit b nhp d liu
1. Khi nim
2. Bn phm
3. Chut
4. Cc thit b nhp liu tin tin
ChngVI : Thit b xut d liu
1. Gii thiu chung
2. Mn hnh
4. My in
Chng VII : Thit b lu tr
1. Cc khi nim
2. a t
3. a quang
4. Cc thit b lu tr khc
8
2
11
5
0,5
3
1
0,5
5
0,5
3,5
1
6
1
3
0,5
1,5
-5
TN CHNG MC
Chng VIII : Thit b ghp ni v truyn thng
1. Gii thiu chung
2. B chuyn i ADC DAC
3. Cc chun ghp ni v truyn thng
4. Thit b iu khin ghp ni truyn thng
-6
R e g is te r
ALU
CU
I/O
My tnh
gm CPU, Memory, I/O.
CPU gm:
thanh ghi (regiser)
ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit)
CU (Control Unit).
c im :
Thc hin ln lt tng lnh mt
Tc chm
Cn c gi l kin trc SISD(Single Instruction Stream-Single Data Stream)
Kin trc song song
+ SIMD (Single Instruction Stream-Multiple Data Stream)
T n h i u i u k h i n
CU
ALU 1
l n h
DL
ALU 2
DL
m e m o ry
c im:
o C mt n v iu khin, n phn t x l
o n v iu khin: iu khin ng thi tt c cc phn t ti cng mt thi
im cc phn t x l thc hin cng mt thao tc trn cc tp d liu khc
nhau.
-9
CU1
Tn hiu iu khin
ALU1
lnh
ALU2
CU2
DL
DL
memory
c im:
o My gm hai hoc nhiu b vi x l tng t v kh nng, c th thc hin
nhng php ton khc nhau tren cc DL khc nhau.
o Tt c cc CPU cng chia x mt b nh chung. Mt s b nh cc b cng c
th c dng.
o Tt c CPU cng x dng chung cc thit b vo ra, c th dng chung mt s
knh hoc dng cc knh khc nhau dn n cng mt thit b.
o H thng c iu khin bi h thng hot ng tch hp .N cung cp s nh
hng ln nhau gia CPU v cc chng trnh chy trn chng task, file,cc
thnh phn d liu...
+ MISD (Multiple Instruction Stream-Single Data Stream)
c im:
o C nhiu n v iu khin
o Thc hin lnh theo cc cng on, ti mt thi im mi n v iu khin x
l mt cng on nh vy c th tit kim c s chu k my cn x l
lnh.
o y cng l nguyn tc ca Pipeling khi chia lnh thnh cc cng on: nhn
lnh F (Fetch), gii m lnh D (Decode), thc hin lnh E (Execute), v ghi kt
qu W (write back). Nh vy vi 4 lnh c th tit kim ti 9 chu k my
1.2. Biu din thng tin trn my tnh
1.2.1. H m
a. H m bt k
Bt k mt h m no u biu din mt s nguyn theo nguyn tc sau:
n 1
ai s i
(1.1)
i0
- 10
1.2.3. Cc loi m
a. M BCD
Dng 4 bit h 2 biu din mt s h 10
b. M ASCII
Dng 7 bit m ho, bit cui cng l bit kim tra chn l, pht hin li khi truyn
1.2.4. Biu din s nguyn theo m nh phn
Dng s nh phn khng du:
n bit biu din 2n s t 0 n 2n-1
Dng s nh phn c du:
n bit biu din 2n s t -2n-1 n +2 n-1-1
S b 2:
- S b 1: 1 i thnh 0, 0 i thnh 1
- S b 2: s b 1 cng 1
1.2.5. Biu din s thc theo m nh phn
a. Biu din du chm c nh
Cch biu din du chm c nh trong h nh phn hon ton ging cch biu din s
thc thng thng ca h thp phn
R = an-1...a0, b0...bm-1 =
n 1
n 1
i0
i0
ai s i +
ai s i
E7-E0
nh tr(M1- M23)
V d:
428CE9FCh = 0100 0010 1000 1100 1110 1001 1111 1100
Phn du (bit cao nht): 0 = s dng
Phn m: 28 + 22 + 2 0 -127= 133-127 =6
Phn nh tr: 2-4 + 2 -5 + 2-8 + 2-10 + 2 -12 + 2-15 + 2-16 + 2 -17 + 2-18 + 2-19 + 2 -20 + 2-21
- 12
c. Cc i lng vt l khc
Thit b vo
INPUTDEVICE
B nh ngoi
Thit B Ra
MAIN MEMORY
B S hc -logic
ALU
B iu khin CU
CU HI V BI TP
1.1. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh ch v cc giai on pht trin ca my tnh in t
1.2. Trnh by v phn loi my tnh theo kin trc
1.3. i s 23786d, -17456d sang s nh phn nguyn c du 16 bt
1.4. i s 3476,0655d sang s thc nh phn 32 bt theo chun IEEE754 1995
1.5. Trnh by cu trc chung mt my tnh in t
- 14
CPU
Registers
ALU
Control Unit
Control
BUS
Data
BUS
Address
BUS
SystemBUS
- 15
Status Flags
Registers
Complementer
Arithmetic and
Boolean Logic
Internal CPUBus
Shifter
Control Unit
Control BUS
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Registers
BUS
A&L
Shiffer
MUX
BUS
Flag
Control Unit
Contro l Bus
Control Signals
Within CPU
Clock
Control Signals to
System Bus
- 20
Control Unit
Decorder
ALU
Flags
Sequencing
Logic
Clock
Read
Control Memory
Decorder
Next Address Control
Control Signals
Within CPU
Control Signals to
System Bus
- 21
- 25
V d:
INC
WORD;
WORD nhn gi tr WORD + 1
* Lnh NEG (negavi): lnh NEG dng ph nh ni dung ca ton hng ch, thay th
ni dung bi phn b 2
C php:
NEG
ch
Ton hng ch c th l 1 thanh ghi hay nh
* Cc lnh MUL (Multiply) v IMUL (Integer MUL): Lnh nhn gi tr s hc. Khi
xt cc s c du v khng du th kt qa thc hin php ton l khc nhau, vi cc s c
du ta dng lnh IMUL, cc s khng du ta dng lnh MUL
C php:
MUL
ton hng ngun
IMUL
ton hng ngun
Khi nhn cc byte vi nhau, 1 s c cha trong ton hng ngun, s cn li c
gi thit cha trong AL. Ton hng ngun c th l 1 thanh ghi hay nh.
* Cc lnh DIV (Device) v IDIV (Integer DIV): Lnh chia s hc. Khi xt cc s c
du v khng du th kt qa thc hin php ton l khc nhau, vi cc s c du ta dng lnh
IDIV, cc s khng du ta dng lnh DIV
C php:
DIV
s chia
IDIV
s chia
Dng byte: s chia l thanh ghi hay nh 1 byte, s b chia: 16 bit c gi
nh cha trong AX thng 8 bit cha trong AL, s d 8 bit trong AH
Dng word: s chia 16 bit, s b chia gi nh cha trong DX:AX, thng 16
bit cha trong AX, s d 16 bit trong DX
c. Cc lnh logic dch v quay
* Cc lnh logic: AND, OR, NOT, XOR: thay i tng bit trong my
C php:
AND
ch,ngun
OR
ch,ngun
XOR
ch,ngun
nh hng ti cc c:
SF, ZF, PF phn nh kt qu lnh
AF khng xc nh
CF, OF=0
Lnh AND: xo cc bit nht nh ca ton hng ch trong khi gi nguyn cc bit
cn li, cc bit cn xo c AND vi 0
Lnh OR: thit lp cc bit xc nh ca ton hng ch khi vn gi nguyn cc
bit cn li, cc bit cn thit lp c OR vi 1
Lnh XOR: o cc bit xc nh
S dng:
i m ASCII ca 1 s thnh s tng ng: khi c 1 k t t bn phm,
AL
s cha m ASCII ca k t v vy dng lnh AND i m ASCII ca k t ra
gi tr thp phn tng ng
- 26
V d:
S 5 m ASCII l 35h v vy khi i ra gi tr thp phn thc hin php:
AND AL,0Fh
i ch thng thnh ch hoa:
c th dng lnh SUB
SUB ch,20h
hoc dng lnh AND:
AND ch,0DFh
Xo 1 thanh ghi:
XOR ch,ngun; ch=ngun
V d:
MOV
AX,0
SUB
AX,AX
XOR
AX,AX
Kim tra xem 1 thanh ghi c bng 0 hay khng:
OR
ch,ngun; ch=ngun
V d:
OR
CX,CX;(CMP CX,0)
* Lnh NOT: ly s b 1 ca ton hng ch
C php:
NOT ton hng ch; khng nh hng ti c
* Lnh TEST: thc hin php AND gia ton hng ch vi ton hng ngun nhng
khng lm thay i ton hng ch m ch thit lp c
C php:
TEST ton hng ch,ton hng ngun
Cc c b tc ng:
SF, ZF, PF: phn nh kt qu
AF: khng xc nh
CF, OF=0
d. Cc lnh dch v quay
Quay v dch cc bit trong ton hng ch sang tri hoc phi 1 hoc 1 s v tr.
Lnh dch: cc bit b dch ra khi ton hng s b mt
Lnh quay: cc bit b dch ra 1 pha ca ton hng ch s c a tr li pha
bn kia quay 1 v tr
C php:
Quay, dch 1 v tr
M lnh
Ton hng ch,1
Quay, dch N v tr
M lnh
Ton hng ch,CL; CL cha N
* Cc lnh dch tri
Lnh SHL(Shift Left):
Dch cc bit ca ton hng sang tri 1 v tr:
SHL
ton hng ch,1;
Gi tr 0 s c a vo v tr bn phi nht ca ton hng, cn MSB ca n s c
a vo CF N v tr
SHL
ton hng ch,CL
- 27
K hiu
JNO
JS
JNS
JP/JPE
Chc nng
iu kin nhy
Nhy nu khng trn
OF=0
Nhy nu du m(Jump if Signed)
SF=1
Nhy nu du dng
SF=0
Nhy nu chn (Jump if Parity, Jump if Parity PF=1
Even)
JNP/JPO
Nhy nu l (Jump if Parity Odd)
PF=0
Lnh CMP (compare)
Cc iu kin nhy thng c cung cp bi lnh CMP
C php:
CMP
ch,ngun
So snh cc ton t ch vi ton t ngun bng cch ly ton t ch tr i ton t
ngun
Ton t ch khng th l hng s, cc ton t khng cng l nh
Lnh JMP (Jump)
Lnh JMP dn n vic chuyn iu khin khng iu kin
C php:
JMP
ch
ch phi l 1 nhn trong cng 1 on vi lnh JMP
* Cu trc lp
Lp: cho php lp li 1 on chng trnh no , s ln lp c th bit trc hoc
khng bit trc
Vng lp FOR
FOR s ln lp DO
cc dng lnh
END_FOR
Thc hin: dng lnh LOOP
C php:
LOOP nhn ch
B m vng lp l thanh ghi CX, c khi to bng s ln lp
Mi ln thc hin LOOP thanh ghi CX t ng gim i 1, v nu CX<>0 th iu
khin c chuyn ti nhn ch. Nu CX=0 th lnh tip theo LOOP s c thc
hin
2.6.3. Hp ng (Assembly)
a. C php ca hp ng
Cc chng trnh hp ng c dch ra cc ch th my bng mt chng trnh bin
dch v vy khi vit phi ph hp vi cc khun mu ca trnh bin dch
Cc dng lnh:
Chng trnh l tp hp ca cc dng lnh, bao gm:
o Lnh m trnh bin dch dch ra m my
o Lnh dn hng bin dch
C php:
Tn Ton t
Ton hng Ch thch
- 30
- 31
v d:
ALPHA
DW ?
Bin kiu Mng
Mng: chui byte nh hay t nh
nh ngha:
Tn Kiu gi tr khi to
Phn t u tin ca mng chnh l tn mng
Mng byte: tn+1 l phn t tip theo
Mng word: tn+1 l phn t tip theo
v d:
ARRAY
DB
4h,5h,6h
phn t 1: ARRAY
phn t 2: ARRAY+1
phn t 3: ARRAY+2
Ch : byte thp v byte cao trong mt t
v d:
WORD
DB
1234h
byte thp: WORD, ni dung: 34h
byte cao: WORD+1, ni dung: 12h
Chui k t
C th c khi to bng bng m ASCII
CHAR DB
ABC
hoc
CHAR DB
41h,42h,43h
cng c th kt hp cc k t v s:
MSG
DB
HELLO,0Ah,$
hoc
MSG
DB
48h,45h,4Ch,4Fh,0Ah,24h
ch phn bit ch hoa v ch thng
c. Cc hng c tn
Dng cc tn tng trng biu din cc hng s
C php:
Tn
EQU
Hng s
v d:
CONST
EQU
0Ah
cng c th dng chui:
MSG
EQU
hello
ch : b nh khng dnh ch cho cc hng c tn
d. Cu trc chng trnh
DOS thi hnh c hai loi tp tin: dng .COM v .EXE. Tp tin dng .EXE thng dng
xy dng cc chng trnh ln, cn cc tp tin .COM to cc chng trnh nh hn. ASM cho
php to c hai loi tp tin ni trn song cch vit l khc nhau:
- 32
MAIN PROC
MOV
AX,@DATA
MOV DS,AX
; cc lnh
...
MOV AX,4Ch
INT 21h; v DOS
MAIN ENDP
; cc lnh chng trnh con
END
MAIN
e. Cc ch dn
.MODEL: xc nh kiu b nh dnh cho on m v on d liu
Cc kiu b nh thng dng:
TINY: m v d liu nm trong phm vi 1 on
SMALL: m nm trong phm vi on 64K, d liu nm trong on khc
MEDIUM: m nm trong on >64K, d liu nm trong on 64K
COMPACT: m nm trong phm vi on 64K, v d liu nm trong on
>64K
LARGE: m v d liu nm trong on >64K, nhng mt mng d liu <64K
HUGE: m v d liu nm trong on >64K, mng d liu >64K
.STACK: kch thc Stack khi c chng trnh con
Qui nh kch thc Stack l 512byte(100h)
Mc nh: 1K
.CODE: im bt u on m chng trnh
.DATA: im bt u on d liu
.MAIN PROC
;thn chng trnh
END MAIN
f. To lp v chy mt chng trnh
o Dng cc phn mm son tho vn bn (SK, NC...) to lp tp vn bn chng
trnh gc bng hp ng, ui tp l ASM
o Dng chng trnh dch MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembly) hoc
TASM(Turbo...) dch tp .ASM ra m my di dng tp .OBJ(Object)
o Dng chng trnh LINK hoc TLINK kt ni cc OBJ li vi nhau thnh
chng trnh .EXE
o Nu chng trnh vit ra dch ra kiu .COM th dng chng trnh EXE2BIN
ca DOS dch tip t .EXE sang .COM
o Chy chng trnh
V d: vit chng trnh a ra mn hnh li cho Hello
2.6.4. Cc Mode a ch
Ch a ch dng xc nh ton hng, bao gm:
Ch a ch thanh ghi: ton hng l thanh ghi
Ch a ch tc th: ton hng l hng s
Ch a ch trc tip: ton hng l bin nh
- 34
MOV
AX[BX]+W
V d 2: Cho mng ALPHA
DW 0123h,0456h,0789h,0ABCh
trong on nh a ch bi DS
BX cha 2, offset 0002 cha 1084h
SI cha 4, offset 0004 cha 2BACh
DI cha 1
Vi cc lnh
Lnh
Offset ton hng
S c chuyn
Mov ax,[alpha+bx]
Alpha+2
0456h
Mov bx,[bx+2]
2+2
2BACh
Mov cx,alpha[si]
Alpha+4
0789h
Mov ax,-2[si]
-2+4
1084h
Mov bx,[alpha+3+di]
Alpha+3+1
0789h
V d 3: thay th ch thng trong chui thnh ch hoa
ASM:
MOV
XOR
CX,N
SI,SI
CMP
JE
AND
MSG[SI],
Next
MSG[SI],0DFH
INC
LOOP lap
SI
Lap:
Next:
CU HI V BI TP
2.1. Trnh by kin trc chung ca my tnh theo nguyn l VonNewman? Nu
chc nng tng n v? Phn loi my tnh theo kin trc?
2.2 Trnh by s cu trc, chc nng nhim v ca b x l trung tm (Nu r chc nng
ca tng n v)
2.3. Trnh by t chc thanh ghi trong vi x l 8086?
2.4. Trnh by chc nng nhim v cu to ca n v s hc v logic ALU?
2.5. Cc loi tn hiu iu khin ca n v x l trung tm (V s gii thch)?
2.6. Trnh by s cu trc, chc nng nhim v ca n v iu khin vi chng trnh ?
2.7. Trnh by khi nim v BUS? Phn loi BUS
- 36
C th xo c/ khng th xo c
3.2. Phn cp b nh
Thanh ghi
Cache
Main memory
Disk Cache
Magnetic disk
Magnetic Tape
Optical Disk
- 38
Phn loi:
Maskable ROM: ghi khi ch to
PROM (Programable ROM) ch ghi mt ln.
EPROM (Erasable PROM) xo c bng tia cc tm.
Flash ROM : Flash memory c th xo c bng tn hiu in .
Flash ROM c th xo v ghi li c bng tn hiu in. Thm na n c th
ch xo cc khi nh thay v phi xo ton b chp. Flash memory s dng mt
transistor trn mt bit, v do ginh c mt cao.
3.3.2. T chc b nh
Da trn cc mch Flip- flop
C 2 N ngn nh -> N chn a ch.
di mi ngn nh m bits
Dung lng 2N*m
Truy nhp
Memory
Buffer
Address
RAS
CAS
Data
mn tn hiu tham chiu b nh, hu nh nhng tham chiu tng lai s l nhng t nh khc
ca khi nh.
B nh chnh bao gm ti 2 n t nh c th nh a ch, vi mi t nh c mt a ch n
bit duy nht. Cho mc ch nh x, b nh ny coi nh bao gm mt s ca di nhng
Memory
Address
Data
1
2
3
Tag
Block
(K word)
Block
0
1
2
3
Block Length
( K Words)
2^n-1
Word
Length
b) Cache
a) Main memory
Tag
Line
Main Memory
Tag Data
Memory Address
Word
Compare
Hit in cache
Miss in cache
Memory Address
Tag
Tag
W0
Cache
Data
W1
W2
Word
W3
L0
X
X
Compare
Hit in Cache
L1
L2
Miss in cache
- 41
word
Tag
W0
W1
W2
W3
Cache Data
L0
Compare
L1
X
Hit in cache
L2
Miss in cache
16kb
214
5 29 -> n2 = 9 bit
32byte 2
Tag = 32 9 5 = 18 bit
* Vi lin kt hon ton
Tag=32 5 = 27 bit
* Vi lin kt tp hp (2 ng)
S ng trong cache: n2 =
16kb
214
2 8 -> n2 = 8 bit
5
32byte.2line 2 .2
Tag = 32 8 5 = 19 bit
- 42
Trc tip
18
Hon ton
27
Tp hp
19
5
5
8
3.5. Qun l b nh
3.5.1. Cc k thut qun l b nh
Trong mt h thng lp trnh n nhim, b nh chnh c chia thnh hai phn:
Mt phn dnh cho h iu hnh (resident monitor)
Mt phn dnh cho chng trnh ang c thc hin.
Trong mt h thng lp trnh a nhim, phn ca b nh dnh cho chng trnh cn
phi c chia nh hn na cung cp cho cc tin trnh phc tp. Cng tc chia nh c
qun l ng bi h iu hnh v cn c bit dui tn qun l b nh (memory
management).
Process
Request
Long Term
Queue
Short Term
Queue
END
CPU
I/O
I/O Queue
I/O
I/O Queue
I/O
I/O Queue
- 43
ca cc chng trnh pht trin rt nhanh khi gi b nh gim xung. Kt qu cc tin trnh
cha chc tng ln trong khi c dung lng b nh ln hn.
Disk
Storage
Main Memory
Operating
System
Completed Jobs
and User
Sessions
Main Memory
Intermediate
Queue
Operating
System
Completed Jobs
and User
Sessions
Long Term
Queue
(b) Swapping
Figure 7.15. The use of swapping
384K
Figure 7.16 Example of
Fixed Partioning
Ch rng, mc d cc phn vng c kch thc c nh, chng khng c kch thc
bng nhau. Khi mt tin trnh c ti vo b nh, n c t vo mt phn vng nh nht
c th.
- 44
Thm ch vi vic s dng nhng partition kch thc c nh khng bng nhau; s c
s lng ph b nh. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mt tin trnh s khng yu cu chnh xc
dung lng b nh c cung cp bi mt phn vng. V d, mt tin trnh yu cu
128kbytes b nh c th c t vo phn vng dung lng 192kbytes, lng ph 64 kbytes
khng th dng bi tin trnh khc.
Mt cch tip cn hiu qu hn l s dng cc phn vng kch thc thay i c. Khi
mt tin trnh c np vo trong b nh, n c cp chnh xc dung lng b nh n yu
cu v khng hn. B nh chnh ban u rng, tr phn cung cp cho h iu hnh (a). N b
mc mt l hng phn cui b nh v qu nh cho tin trnh th 4. Khi tin trnh 2 c
tro i ra ngoi (b) c mt ch trng cho tin trnh th 4 . Tin trnh 4 nh hn tin trnh 2,
mt l trng nh c to ra. Nh v d trnh by, phng thc ny khi u tt nhng
cui cng dn n mt trng thi trong c rt nhiu l trng nh trong b nh . Cng
ngy, b nh cng b phn mnh v khng tn dng c b nh. Mt k thut khc phc vn
ny l compaction. T tr i, h iu hnh lun chuyn cc tin trnh trong b nh
t tt c l trng li vi nhau trong mt khi. y l mt th tc lng ph thi gian, lng
ph thi gian s l ca CPU.
Trc khi xem xt cch gii quyt vi s thiu st ca s phn vng, chng ta phi gii
quyt mt vn . Nu ngi c cn nhc mt cht, n c th tr ln r rng rng mt tin
trnh hu nh khng c ti vo trong cng mt ch trong b nh mi ln n c tro i
vo. Hn na, nu compaction c thc hin mt tin trnh c th phi lun chuyn trong
b nh chnh. By gi, tin trnh trong b nh bao gm cc ch lnh v d liu. Cc ch lnh
s bao gm a ch cc v tr trong b nh thuc 2 loi:
a ch ca mc d liu.
a ch ca cc ch lnh s dng cho s phn nhnh ch lnh
Nhng by gi chng ta thy rng nhng a ch khng c nh. Chng s thay i
mi ln tin trnh c tro i. gii quyt vn ny, mt s phn bit c to ra gia
a ch logic v a ch vt l. a ch logic c biu din mt v tr lin quan ti khi u
ca chng trnh. Cc ch lnh trong chng trnh bao hm ch mt a ch logic. a ch vt
l l v tr thc trong b nh chnh. Khi CPU thc hin mt tin trnh, n t ng chuyn i
t a ch logic sang i ch vt l bng vic cng thm v tr khi u hin ti ca tin trnh,
c gi l a ch c s, cho mi a ch logic. Mt v d khc ca CPU l c tnh phn
cng c thit kt tung thch vi yu cu ca h iu hnh. trng thi t nhin chnh xc
ca c trng phn cng ph thuc vo chin thut qun l b nh c s dng.
c. Phn trang
C cc phn vng kch thc c nh v thay i u khng hiu qu trong vic s dng
b nh. Gi nh, b nh c phn vng vo cc chunks lin kt nh c kch thc c
nh bng nhau, v mi tin trnh cng c phn chia vo trong mt s cc chunks . Sau
cc chunks ca mt chng trnh, c gi l cc trang, c th c phn b vo cc
chunks c th trong b nh, gi l cc frame (khung), hoc trang khung. Tt nhin phn b
nh lng ph ca tin trnh ny l mt phn nh trn trang cui cng.
(Hnh v)
- 45
B x l
V irtual A ddress
D ata
MMU
Physical A ddress
Cache
Data
M ain m emory
DM A
B nh ngo i
M M U:M em ory
M an agerm ent U nit
Danh mc
bng
10
Danh mc bng
offset
10
12
Trang 4 kbyte
bng trang
/C vt l
PTE
PDE
1024PDE*1024PTE=2^20 Trang
CR3(pdbr )
32
Hnh v cho ta thy cch dng danh mc trang v bng trang khi nh x a ch tuyn
tnh sang trang4 kbyte. Gi tr trong danh mc trang tr n mt v tr trong bng trang, gi tr
tng ng trong bng trang tr n trang cn truy nhp trong b nh vt l. C ch ny cho
php truy nhp 2 20 trang hay mt khng gian b nh vt l gm (232 byte = 4 Gbyte).
bin dch a ch tuyn tnh sang a ch vt l, a ch tuyn tnh c chia lm 3
phn:
Gi tr danh mc trang: bit 22 n 31, l gi tr lch ca mt v tr (PDE) trong
bng danh mc (c tt c 210 PDE), PDE cho bit v tr bng trang cn truy nhp.
Gi tr bng trang: bit 12 n bit 21 l gi tr lch ca mt v tr (PTE) trong bng
trang. PTE cho bit a ch c s ca mt trang trong b nh vt l.
a ch lch trong trang: bit 0 n bit 11 cho bit v tr ca byte cn truy nhp
trong trang c trn bng gi tr PTE.
a ch c s ca danh mc trang
a ch c s ca danh mc trang hin ti c lu tr trong thanh ghi iu khin CR3
(v vy thanh ghi ny cn c gi l thanh ghi c s danh mc trang PDBR-page directory
base register). Nu dng c ch phn trang, thanh ghi PDBR cn c np ngay khi khi
ng my (trc khi cho php c ch phn trang). Ni dung ca thanh ghi PDBR c th c
thay i t ng khi thay i nhim v bng lnh MOV.
3.5.3. S phn on
C mt cch qun l b nh khc gi l phn on b nh. Trong khi vic phn trang
cho php cung cp cho lp trnh vin mt khng gian a ch ln hn, s phn on thng
cung cp cho lp trnh vin mt tin ch cho vic t chc cc chng trnh v d liu, v nh
l mt phng tin cho vic tch hp quyn u tin v cc thuc tnh bo v vi cc ch lnh
v d liu.
S phn on cho php ngi lp trnh xem xt b nh nh l vic bao gm nhiu
khng gian a ch hay cc on. Cc on l bin i, ng v kch thc. c bit, ngi
lp trnh hoc h iu hnh s phn b cc chng trnh v d liu vo cc on khc nhau.
C th c mt s lng cc on chng trnh cho cc kiu chng trnh khc nhau ging
nh mt s lng cc on d liu. Mi on c th c phn b truy nhp v quyn s
- 48
Chn V
Tn
hiu
d
liu
WR: Write
WE: write enable
OE: output enable
CS: Chip select
RD: read
WE
CS
D0 D1 D2 Dn
WR
A0 A1 A2 Am
tn
hiu
tin hieu dia chi
a
ch
OE
RD
CS1
CS2
CS3
Mch gii m
a ch
tn
hiu
iu
khin
Cc tn
hiu chn
v
CSn
Tn hiu iu khin : IO/ M dng phn bit i tng m CPU chon lm vic l
b nh hay thit b vo ra.
Tn hiu a ch : l cc bit a ch c quan h nht nh n vic chn v u ra.
Thng thng khi thit k mch gii m ngi ta thng tnh di ra d phng, sao
cho sau ny co th tng thm dung lng b nh.
b. Gii m a ch bng cc mch NAND
V d mch gii m n gin cho EPROM 2761-1 dung lng 2Kx8 c a ch nm
trong khong FF800h-FFFFFh (vng a ch c cha a ch khi ng ca CPU 8088)
S mch gii m:
A0-A7
D0-D7
2716-1
CE
A11
A12
...
A19
OE
RD
2716-1
l
EPROM
2KB
IO/M
- 50
A19 A18 A17 A16 A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =FF800h
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 =FFFFFh
S chn a ch trong CPU 8088 l 20 chn nh s t A0 n A19. Trong mch gii m
ny ERPROM dung lng 2KB -> s dng 11 bt a ch thp t A0 n A10 chn t nh
trong ERPROM . Cc bt cao cn li A11 n A19 kt hp vi xung IO/M ( c o) to
xung chn v cho 2KB t ti vng nh cao nht ca CPU 8088
c. Gii m dng mch gii m kiu 74LS138
S mch gii m LS138
B
x
x
x
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
C
x
x
x
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
G2B
1
x
x
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G2A
x
1
x
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G1
x
x
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
y0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
y1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
y2
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
y3
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
y4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
y5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
y6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
y7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
A19 c a vo G1
Nu dng EPROM 2Kb -> cn s dng 32 mch nh.->s dng 4 b gii m LS138
chn chp nh tng ng.
Dung lng ca EPROM l 2kb -> s dng 11 bit thp A0A10 xc nh t nh trong
mch nh.
Cc bit A11A13 c a vo chn chn v ca cc b gii m LS138
Bit A14 a vo chn G2A ca b gii m LS138 1 v 3; qua mch NOT i thnh
xung m a vo chn G2A ca b gii m LS138 2v 4.
Bit A15 c a vo chn G2B ca b gii m LS138 1 v 2; qua mch NOT thnh
xung m a vo chn G2B ca b gii m 3,4 .
Cc chn A16A19 Kt hp vi xung tn hiu IO/M ( c i du) qua mch AND
a vo chn G1.
S ghp ni EPROM v gii m a ch:
CU HI V BI TP
3.1. Trnh by khi nim, nguyn tc hot ng ca b nh Cache?
2.2. Trnh by k thut qun l b nh (Khi nim, k thut hon i, phn vng, phn trang)
3.3. Trnh by khi nim b nh o (Virtual memory)? Cch qun l trang v phng php
bin dch a ch tuyn tnh?
3.4. Cho b nh chnh 32 MB, kch thc cache 8 kB, kch thc khi 32 byte. Xc nh a
ch do CPU pht ra theo 3 phng php nh x
3.5. Trnh by s ghp ni v gii m a ch vng nh 8 KB c a ch F0000hFFFFFh
s dng mch gii m LS138 v EPROM 1Kx4
- 52
modul vo
ra
m d
liu
d liu t mi
trng ngoi
Chuyn i tn
hiu
Logic iu khin
Logic iu khin:
Nhn tn hiu iu khin ca CPU
Pht tn hiu iu khin TBNV
Pht tn hiu trng thi bo cho CPU bit trng thi ca TBNV
m d liu: cha tm thi d liu trao i gia TBNV v Modul vo ra
Chuyn i tn hiu: chuyn tn hiu dng phi in nng thnh tn hiu in nng.
4.1.2. Modul vo ra
Cng
IO
d liu
d liu
iu khin
trng thi
Thanh ghi iu
khin v trng thi
a ch
iu khin
Logic iu khin
Cng
IO
d liu
iu khin
trng thi
- 53
Chc nng:
iu khin v nh thi gian cho qu trnh trao i
Trao i thng tin vi CPU
Trao i thng tin vi TBNV
m d liu
Pht hin li
Cu trc: (Hnh v trang trc)
Ngi lp trnh c th can thip vo ni dung ca cc cng v thanh ghi iu khin
trng thi.
Ni dung thanh ghi trng thi s quyt nh ch lm vic cho cc cng
4.2. Ghp ni my tnh vi thit b ngoi vi
Ghp ni gia CPU v Modul vo ra: song song
Ghp ni gia Modul vo ra v TBNV: song song s to ra cng LPT, ni tip s
to ra cng COM
4.2.1. Ghp ni song song
Nguyn tc: Cc ca vo ra c ghp ni trc tip vi b x l, ghp ni song song
iu khin bng chng trnh dng mch 8255A (PPI:Programable peripheral inteface)
Mch ghp ni vo ra song song lp trnh c 8255A
* Cu trc 8255A
Bus ni b
iu
khin
nhm
A
m
bus D
Nhm
A Cng
A
Nhm
A
PA0-PA7
PC4-PC7
Cng C
(cao)
iu
khin
nhm
B
RD
WR
A0
Logic
iu
khin
ghi /
c
A1
Nhm
B
Cng C
(thp)
PC0-PC3
Nhm
B
Cng B
PB0-PB7
CS
D6
D5
D4
0
1
0
1
PA
PB
PC
CWR
D3
D2
D1
D0
1
Ch ca A
00-Ch 0
01-Ch 1
1x- Ch 2
Nhm B
Chiu Ca Cl
1- Vo
2- Ra
Chiu ca A
1: Vo
0: Ra
Chiu ca B
1- Vo
2- Ra
Chiu ca Ch
1: Vo
0: Ra
Ch ca B
1 :Ch 1
1: Ch 0
Nhm A
* Cc ch hot ng ca 8255
Ch 0 (ch vo ra c s):
Cc cng A, B, C c s dng c lp nhau
Cc cng A, B, C c th l cng vo hoc cng ra tu gi tr t iu khin ghi
trong thanh ghi t iu khin.
Khng c s i thoi vi VXL cng nh TBN. Nu mun c tn hiu i thoi phi
dng bit ca cng no (thng l cng C) xc lp bit 1 v sau xo v 0 bng
cch ghi s liu (1 hoc 0) hoc bng cch xc lp/ xo mt bit PCi ca cng C bng
lnh vi D7 bng 0.
- 55
Tuy nhin trong thc t khng phi lc no CPU cng lm vic vi cc i tng "lin
tc sn sng" nh trn. Thng thng khi CPU mun lm vic vi mt i tng no ,
trc tin n phi kim tra xem thit b c ang trng thi sn sng lm vic hay khng,
nu c th n mi thc hin vic trao i d liu. Nh vy, nu lm vic theo phng php
thm d th h thng thng l CPU phi c dnh ring cho vic trao i d liu v n phi
lin tc kim tra trng thi sn sng ca thit b ngoi vi thng qua cc tn hiu mc ni
(Handshake Signal). Cc tn hiu ny c ly t mch phi ghp, do ngi thit k to ra,
chng trnh thm d hot ng trn .
V d: Mt cng vo s 0 (C a ch 00) c dng c trng thi sn sng ca 2
thit b ngoi vi ni trn. Tn hiu sn sng ca thit b ngoi vi s 1 (cng vo 01) c t
vo bit D0, tn hiu sn sng ca thit b ngoi vi s 2 (cng vo 02) c t vo bit D1. Cc
thit b ny s c gi tr 1 khi thit b ngoi vi tng ng trng thi sn sng lm vic vi
CPU v chng s c a vo Bus d liu khi CPU c n bng lnh c cng vo s 0.
M t hot ng ca phn mch vo d liu.
Khi thit b vo s 1 c 1 Byte s liu cn trao i, n a ra xung STB cho php
mch cht 8 bit ly Byte d liu ng thi kch cho mch lt D (mch to tn hiu sn sng)
lm vic. CPU s thm d trng thi sn sng ca thit b vo s 1 qua bit D0 khi n c cng
D0. n khi CPU c 1 Byte d liu vo th n ng thi xo lun mch to trng thi sn
sng chun b cho ln lm vic ti vi 1 Byte d liu khc.
- 58
V mt cu trc chng trnh, khi c ngt xy ra th chng trnh chnh (CTC) lin h vi
chng trnh con phc v ngt (CTCPVN), iu ny c m t trn hnh di y.
- 59
Trong thc t cc ngt mm INT N bao trm cc loi khc CPU bi v INTEL
quy nh mt s kiu ngt c bit c xp vo u dy ngt mm INT N:
o INT 0: ngt mm do php chia cho s 0 gy ra.
o INT 1: Ngt mm chy tng lnh ng vi trng hp c TF = 1
o INT 2: Ngt cng do tn hiu tch cc ti chn NMI gy ra
o INT3: Ngt mm t im dng ca chng trnh ti mt a ch no
o INT4 (hoc lnh INTO): Ngt mm ng vi trng hp c trn OF = 1
Cc kiu ngt khc cn li th c dnh cho INTEL v cho ngi s dng (IBM khng
hon ton tun th cc quy nh ny khi ch to cc my PC/XT v PC/AT)
o INT5 INT 1FH: Dnh ring cho INTEL trong cc b vi x l cao cp khc.
o INT20 INT FFH: dnh cho ngi s dng.
Cc kiu ngt N trong INT N u tng ng vi cc a ch xc nh ca CTCPVN m
ta c th tra c trong bng cc vc t ngt. INTEL quy nh bng ny nm trong RAM bt
u t a ch 00000H v di 1KB (8088 c tt c 256 kiu ngt, mi kiu ngt ng vi mt
vect ngt, mi vc t ngt cn c 4 Byte cha a ch y cho CS : IP ca CTCPVN.
Bng vct ngt ca 8088 ti 1 KB RAM u tin c ch ra nh hnh di y:
- 60
VXL hon thnh lnh ang thc hin, ngt chng trnh chuyn sang chng trnh
con khi pht DMA (ghi a ch ban u khi nh, s li trao i, hng thay i a ch) v
a ra tn hiu xc nhn DMA (GT0, GT1 hay HLDA) v t treo trng thi in tr cao (c
lp) nhng quyn s dng BUS cho DMAC.
DMAC tin hnh:
a tn hiu xc nhn DACK cho TBN
Tin hnh trao i DMA cho ti khi kt thc (m li trao i tr v 0)
Kt thc tn hiu HOLD, tr quyn iu khin bus cho VXL
VXL nhn bit s kt thc tn hiu HOLD v kt thc tn hiu HLDA, dnh li
quyn iu khin Bus.
* Chui hnh ng ca DMAC trong trao i tin DMA
Bus iu khin
(4)
Khi
nh M
Bus a ch
8086 v
lgic iu
khin
ng
dy (bus)
Bus s liu
Khi
Khi
ghp ni
TBN
ghp
ni
Thit b
Vo /
Ra
Hold
(5)
HLDA
iu
khin
DMA
(2)
(1) Khi
ghp ni
sn sng
nhn s liu.
Yu cu
DMA c
to thnh
(3)
(9)
(8)
7. KGN:
Cht s liu (khi ghi) trao i vi TBN. Hai hnh ng 6 v 7 c th tro i
vi nhau nn ghi s liu t khi ghp ni vo khi nh thng qua thanh ghi m
ca KGN.
Thanh ghi a ch tng ln 1.
Thanh ghi m li gim i 1. Nu ni dung thanh ghi m li ny cha bng 0, lp
li cc bc 6, 7 trao i vi cc li tin khc.
8. KGN kt thc tn hiu yu cu HOLD
9. VXL kt thc tn hiu HLDA dnh li quyn chim bus t DMAC
c. Cc ch trao i DMA
* Trao i tin khi :
Trao i nhiu (khi) li tin ln lt t gi tr m li tin n ti 0 (ht)
* Trao i ly nn chu k tng phn:
DMAC pht hin ng dy bus ri (VXL khng s dng ng dy bus) thc hin
trao i DMA.
DMAC phi c :
Thit b pht hin ng dy ri
Thit b bo m VXL b treo cho ti khi DMAC khng s dng bus, khin VXL
ch mt thi gian Tw ti khi DMAC thc hin trao i xong mt phn ca trao i
tin v tip tc nt phn ly ln chu k sau cho ti khi kt thc trao i tin khi tin
DMA.
* Ly ln chu k trong sut:
Ch ny cng ging ch trn l ly ln chu k nhng bt VXL ch vi Tw ln
hn cho ti khi trao i xong mt khi tin trn vn.
Khi iu khin DMAC
a. Nhim v ca khi
b. Cu trc khi DMAC
c. Vi mch 8237,8257
CU HI V BI TP
4.1. Trnh by vai tr, nhim v, phn loi khi ghp ni? V s cu trc chung ca mt
khi ghp ni?
4.2. Vi mch iu khin vo ra bng chng trnh 8255A ca mt my tnh IBM/PC c a
ch c s l 60h. Hy xc nh a ch cc cng PA, PB, PC, thanh ghi t iu khin CWR?
4.3. Vi mch iu khin vo ra bng chng trnh 8255A ca mt my tnh IBM/PC c a
ch c s l 60h. Hy xc nh gi tr thanh ghi t iu khin CWR 8255A hot ng ch
vo ra c s vi PA, PCh l cng vo, v vi PB, PCl l cng ra?
4.4. Khi nim, phn loi v ngt? Nu phng php iu khin vo ra bng ngt.
4.5. Trnh by khi nim, cc th tc trao i tin, cc ch trao i DMA.
4.6. Trnh by phng php vo ra bng chng trnh? So snh phng php vo ra bng
chng trnh v phng php vo ra bng DMA
- 63
5.2. Bn phm
Bn phm l mt thit b ngoi vi dng giao tip gia ngi v my tnh (dng
nhp s liu, chng trnh hoc ra lnh cho my ...).
Chc nng chung ca bn phm:
Pht hin s n phm
Kh rung
M ho phm
Phn loi: bn phm c chia lm 3 loi chnh:
Bn phm k t: dng a ch ci, ch s, du hiu v mt s k t iu khin
vo my tnh.
Bn phm s: chuyn dng a s vo my tnh. Thng c ghp cng bn
phm k t(bn phi bn phm hin i).
Bn phm c nhim: dng cho cc thit b iu khin t ng (c s dng b vi x
l...).
Cng ngh:
in dung: hai trng thi ca phm n khc nhau v in dung (hnh v)
Hiu ng Hall (hnh v)
Bn phm quang in
Bn phm li Pherit
5.1.1. K thut d phm
Bn phm c t chc thnh ma trn, giao ca hng v ct s cho php xc
nh phm c nhn:
5V
Out 7
Out 1
- 64
K0
K1
K7
Out2
K t c m
ho
Out7
NOR
IRQ
K0
Tr & to xung
Reset
Gii m
3 bit cao
M nh phn
0
1
;
Gii m
3 bit cao
To xung
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
B m 6 bit
Clear
VXL 8079
PA0 PA5
- 65
Numlock
P 29
P 17
P 28
P 27
T1
8049
P 26
T0
Clk
P 27
T1
P 10-P 22
P 26
T0
Scrolllock
Caplock
Ma trn bn phm
CU HI V BI TP
5.1. Trnh by k thut d phm.
5.2. Trnh by k thut qut phm
- 66
B phn sng in t
Gm 3 sng in t c nhim v bn ra 3 chm tia in t mnh,chuyn ng nhanh
bay ln p vo mt im ca lp hunh quang trn mn hnh, lm cho im pht sng.
Cc b phn chnh ca sng in t:
Ca-tt: catt ca CRT khi c t nng s pht x ra mt m my in t.
Cc in cc gia tc cho chm tia in t. in cc Anot nm trn mn hnh
c tc dng gia tc cho chm tia in t. Hiu in th t ln 2 cc t 14
nghn V n 25.000V.
H thng cc in cc hi t chm tia in t (G2 v G3) c tc dng lm cho
chm tia in t hi t li thnh mt tia rt mnh. Ngoi ra chng cng c tc
dng tng tc cho chm tia in t.
H thng li tia:
Vic li tia in t c thc hin bng in trng hoc t trng. Thng
thng vic li tia in t c thc hin bng t trng. Gn c n hnh
ngi ta t 2 cp cun dy song song vi nhau v cho cc dng in c dng
bin thin ph hp, c tn s nht nh chy qua, dng in s to ra t trng
bin thin theo phng trng vi trc ca cun dy.. Trong lng n hnh c 2
vect t trng theo phng nm ngang v thng ng, chng tc ng ln
- 68
ng hi ngang
ng hi dc
Clk
CPU
MUX
DM
CRTC
CG
Shift
Syn
Gii
m
thuc
tnh
B Shift:
Nhn s liu t CG v y ra tn hiu Video
Kt hp vi b gii m thuc tnh to ra cc tn hiu cho sng RGB
Kt hp vi cc tn hiu ng b t CRTC a ra tn hiu hn hp.
6.2.4. K thut lm ti hnh nh
Lm ti (Refresh): qu trnh hin hnh nh lp i lp li lin tc vi mt tn sut
ln mt ngi khng cm thy lp lo.
Nguyn tc: chuyn ni dung b nh ln mn hnh dng phng php DMA
S :
CPU
RAM
DMAC
Buffer #1
MUX
MUX
Buffer #2
CU HI V BI TP
6.1. Trnh by cc nguyn l ca phng php hin th hnh nh video
6.2. Trnh by nhng c im chung ca mn hnh
6.3. Trnh by cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca mn hnh CRT mu
6.4. Trnh by s tng qut, nguyn l hot ng ca khi ghp ni iu khin mn hnh
CRT.
6.5. Trnh by k thut lm ti mn hnh
- 70
- 71
Vi phng php FM khong cch gia 2 xung ng h l 1 bit, gia bit xung s
liu c ghi.
C xung s liu: bit d liu l 1
Khng c xung s liu: bit d liu l 0
- 72
Giao din:
Chun ST 506 (Seagate Technology):
Cc tn hiu iu khin 34 dy
Tn hiu s liu: 20 dy
Cng ngh MFM loi RLL (Run Length limited)
S Sec/Track: 17 -> 26
Tc 1 Mb/s
Chun ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface):
Tn hiu tng ng ST 506
S Sec/Track: 34 -> 36
Tc 10 Mb/s
Chun SCSI (Small Computer Device Interface):
Tn hiu: 50 dy hoc 68 dy
Tc c th ln ti 5 Mbyte/s
Chun IDE (Interlligent Device Electronic):
Tn hiu : 40 dy (hoc 44 dy) tu theo cc chun ATA (AT Attachment)
Tc c th ln ti 4 Mbyte/s
7.2.4. Chun b mt a cng a vo s dng
nh dng cp thp (Low Level Format): nh dng 1 ln ngay khi ch to.
Phn khu a (Partion):
a vt l c th c phn thnh cc phn khu c lp nh 1 logic. Cc phn khu:
DOS chnh (Primary DOS partion)
DOS m rng (Extended DOS partion)
Phi DOS (Non- partion DOS)
Thng tin mi phn khu:
a ch vt l u
a ch vt l cui
a ch logic cui
S Sec/phn khu
Thc hin: FDISK (Fixed Disk)
nh dng cp cao (High Level Format)
To cc phn vng h thng, d liu trn a
nh du cc vng a li
Thc hin: FORMAT
7.3. a Quang (Optical Disk)
7.3.1. c im:
Mt ghi thng tin cao
Dung lng ln
Gi thnh: thp
Tc truy xut: nh hn a cng
7.3.2. Nguyn tc c/ghi thng tin
a. Ghi thng tin:
Cc a CDROM c to bng cch dng 1 tia lazer mnh t chy cc hc ng
knh 1 mm trn 1 a ch, t a ch ny to ra mt khun to ra cc bn copy trn
cc a cht do.
- 74
- 75
Actuator
Sensor #1
Conditioner #1
Transducer
#1
Conditioner #2
Analog
S&H
MUX
Sensor #N
Isolator
Conditioner #N
DAC
ADC
Trong :
Cc Sensor: cc thit b, vt liu dng bin i cc i lng, cc gi tr vt l khc
thnh gi tr in hay gn vi in.
Cc Transducer: thit b chun ho tn hiu tn hiu ra l tn hiu c gii hn xc
nh.
Conditioner : cc tn hiu t cc Sensor l cc tn hiu nh, phi tuyn nn dng cc
b khuch i (OpAmp) dng b phi tuyn v nng mc tn hiu cho ph hp vi
gi tr u vo ADC.
Analog MUX: b dn knh 2n u vo mt u ra.
S&H (Sample and Hold): ly mu tn hiu v trch mt phn tn hiu
Ghp vi h thng thu thp tn hiu bin thin nhanh m ADC c thi gian chuyn
i ln.
Thu hp cc ca s bt nh ca ADC thnh cc ca s bt nh S&H.
Isolator, Actuator: cch li bng bin p xung quang hc.
8.2. B chuyn i tn hiu
8.2.1. B chuyn i tn hiu s - tng t: DAC (Digital Analog Converter)
Nguyn tc: bin i cc m s trc tip ra dng in hay in p.
EOut= Ein(B1.2-1+ B2.2 -2++ Bn.2-n)
n: s bit
Bi: cc bit.
c im
Lng ra khng lin tc
Gi tr ra ln nht khi tt c cc bit l 1
S thay i ca in p hay dng ng vi s thay i ca LSB.
- 76
Cc loi DAC:
DAC thang chia nh phn
B so snh
+
E0
Ngun
E
EOu
DAC
B1
B2
Out
Clock
Count
B m
nh phn
Reset
Start
Logic
iu khin
EOC
- 77
Khi c tn hiu xo b m E0 = 0.
Khi E0<EIN th tn hiu ra Analog l 1, tng b m ln 1
Khi E0>EIN th tn hiu ra l), xo b m
ADC gin tip dng b xp x (Successive approximation)
B xp x
EIN
Clock
+
_
Start
EOC
A1
E0
DAC
- 78
iu bin
FSK
PSK
ASK/PSK
PSK
PSK
ASK/PSK
ASK/PSK
ASK/PSK
- 80
u ni 25 chn v 9 chn dng cho RS-232C, cn vic nh ngha chc nng ca cc chn
c lit k bng k tip.
Tiu chun RS-232C quy nh r vic s dng u ni thng nht tt c cc sn
phm u tng thch vi nhau. V vy th t v chc nng ca cc chn c quy nh
rt c th v phi tun th mt cch nghim ngt. d dng nhn ra th t cc chn, bn
cnh cc chn u c in r s th t trn phn nha ca phch cm cng nh cm. Nhn xt
ny cn c lu khi kim tra cp ni hoc t hn mt cp mi.
Cc chn v chc nng trn u ni 25 chn v 9 chn.
25
9
Tn
Vit
Chc nng
chn chn
tt
Ch :
=>: Li vo
<=: Li ra
1
Frame Ground
FG
Chn ny thng c ni vi v bc kim ca dy cp,
(t - v my)
vi v my, vi ai bao ngoi u ni hoc t thc s.
2
20
22
Transmit Data
(Truyn d liu)
Receive Data
(Nhn d liu)
Request to Send
(Yu cu gi)
Clear to Send
(Xo gi)
TXD
<=
RXD
=>
RTS
<=
CTS
=>
DSR
=>
SG
DCD
=>
DTR
<=
RI
=>
m
pht
//nt
A0
A1
A2
RD
WR
CS2
CS1
CS0
MS
Logic
iu
khin
ghi c
iu
khin
thu
pht &
modem
RS232
m
thu
IRQ
nt//
- 82
A2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
A1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
- 83
Vit vo b m TX/
RX
c vo b m TX/
RX
3F8h
B m TX
B m RX
TD
3F8h
RD
- 84
Tc baud
mun c
50
2304
900
75
1536
600
110
1047
417
0,026
134,5
857
359
0,058
150
768
300
300
384
180
600
192
0C0
1200
96
060
1800
64
040
2000
58
03A
0,69
2400
48
030
3600
32
020
4800
24
018
7200
16
010
9600
12
00C
vi hai cht s chia. Cc cht s chia bao gm 16 bit hay hai byte, c sp xp thnh cc bit
c gi tr thp LSB (Least Significant byte) v bit c gi tr cao hn MSB (Most Significant
bit), c s dng trong vic t tc baud ca h thng truyn thng.
Bi v cc cht s chia c rng l hai byte, gi tr 060 Hex cn c chia ra ct
gi trn hai thanh ghi LSB v MSB. Vi gi tr tc baud bng 1200 trong th d ny, 60
Hex c ct gi trong LSB (bit c gi tr thp) v gi tr 0 c ct trong MSB (bit c gi tr
cao hn).
Mt s tc baud v cc gi tr s chia tng ng di c hai dng thp phn v thp
lc phn (Hex). Gi tr ny ca s chia c np vo b m TX/ RX khi bit DLAB c mt
gi tr logic 1 t vo.
Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn.
Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn (LSR: Line Status Register) thanh ghi 8 bit, cha
thng tin v qu trnh d liu qua cng ni tip cn cung cp cho b vi x l.
Bit 0, c dng thng bo cho bit d liu nhn c (DR: Data Received).
Khi bit 0 c gi tr logic 1 c ngha l d liu c nhn v sn sng b x
l c.
Bit 1: Mt gi tr logic 1 bit ny c ngha l k t nhn trc b mt v n
khng c c trc khi mt k t mi c nhn nn k t mi ghi ln k
t trc.
Bit 2: Mt gi tr logic 1 bit li chn l c ngha l k t c nhn c tnh
chn l sai. Khi thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn (LSR) c c th bit ny li
c t v gi tr logic 0.
Bit 3: y l bit li khung truyn. Nu k t nhn khng c mt bit dng hp
l, ngha l c li khung truyn, th bit 3 trong thanh ghi LSR c t vo mt gi
tr logic 1.
Bit 4: c quy nh l bit gin on ngt (break interrupt bit). Bit ny c t
ng t vo mt gi tr logic 1 khi d liu nhn c c gi mt mc
trng trn ton b chiu di ca mt t d liu.
Bit 5: c quy nh l bit bo hiu trng thi rng ca b m truyn (THRE:
Transmit Holding Register Empty). Bit ny bo hiu l cng ni tip sn sng tip
nhn k t khc c truyn ti.
Bit 6: Bit ny l mt bit ch c. Khi bit ny c gi tr logic 1 th b m truyn
ang cn trng.
Bit 7: khng c s dng v lun c t gi tr logic 0.
Khi vit phn mm truy nhp thanh ghi ln thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn ta cn lu
ti mt s chc nng ca thanh ghi ny. Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn (LSR: Line
- 86
- 87
iu
t li ngt
-
khin
c thanh ghi m b
nhn
- 88
Th ba
B m
truyn
trng
Trng
thi
modem
B m truyn trng
d liu
pht
TxD
//nt
Reset
Clk
C/D
Logic
iu
khin
ghi c
iu
khin
pht
RS232
RD
WR
iu
khin
thu
CS
DSR
DTR
CTR
RTS
iu
khin
modem
m
thu
RxD
nt//
- 89
Thanh ghi t ch
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
S2
S1
EP
PEN L2
L1
B2
B1
Bit 0,1 c dng ng b v h s nhn tc
00 ng b
01
nhn 1
10 nhn 16
11
nhn 64
Bit 2,3: S bit m k t
00 5
01
6
10 7
11
8
Bit 4: cho php dng Parity hay khng
Bit 5: Parity bit
Bit 6,7: S bit STOP
00 khng hp l
01
1
10 11/2
11
2
Thanh ghi t lnh
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
EH
IR
RTS ER
SBRK RxE DTR TxEN
Bit 0: Cho php pht tn hiu
Bit 1: DTE sn sng
Bit 2: Cho php thu
Bit 3: Gi k t gin on (k t vi tt c cc bit la 0)
Bit 4: Xo c li
Bit 5: Yu cu truyn
Bit 6: Reset ni b
Bit 7: Tm kim k t ng b
Thanh ghi trng thi
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
DSR SYNDET FE
OE
PE
TxEMPTY RxRDY TxRDY
Bit 0: Bn pht sn sng
Bit 1: Bn thu sn sng
Bit 2: m pht rng
Bit 3: Li Parity
Bit 4: Li thu
Bit 5: Li Frame
Bit 6: K t ng b
Bit 7: Modem sn sng
CU HI V BI TP
8.1. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v b bin i ADC, DAC.
8.2. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v Modem
8.3. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn trong mch iu khin
truyn thng d b vn nng UART 8255A
- 90
8.4. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn trong mch iu khin
truyn thng d b vn nng UART 8255A
8.5. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi cho php ngt trong mch iu khin truyn
thng d b vn nng UART 8255A
8.6. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi nhn dng ngt trong mch iu khin truyn
thng d b vn nng UART 8255A
8.7. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi t ch trong mch iu khin truyn thng
ng b, d b vn nng USART 8251A
8.8. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi t lnh trong mch iu khin truyn thng ng
b, d b vn nng USART 8251A
8.9. Trnh by ngha cc bit ca thanh ghi t trng thi trong mch iu khin truyn thng
ng b, d b vn nng USART 8251A
8.10. Xy dng chng trnh c v thit lp cc thng s cho cc thanh ghi ca cng COM
8.11. Xy dng chng trnh truyn d liu qua cng COM gia hai my tnh
- 91
3:
Cu 1: Tham kho v d i s
Cu 2:
- Trnh by s cu trc chung, gii thch chc nng ca tng n v CU, ALU
- Phn loi kin trc my tnh: tun t, song song
Cu 3
- Da vo cc vi lnh cu CPU gii thch v xc nh vi lnh cn thc hin
Cu 4: Tham kho v d v xc nh t iu khin ca CPU
Cu 5: Tham kho v d v thit k b nh
4 + 5: Tham kho 3
- 94